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11 changes: 8 additions & 3 deletions _posts/mathematics/calculus/2024-08-11-stokes-theorem.md
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Expand Up @@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ excerpt: "ํšŒ์ „(curl)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ •๋ฆฌ. ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ณก๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ curl ๋ฒก
๋ณต์ˆ˜์ „๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™๊ณผ์˜ ์กธ์—…์‹œํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•™๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. [๋ฏธ์ ๋ถ„ํ•™ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์ „์ฒด ๋ณด๊ธฐ](/categories/calculus)
{: .notice--info}


์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฑ•ํ„ฐ๋Š” [Joel Feldman - CLP Calculus](https://personal.math.ubc.ca/~CLP/) ๊ต์žฌ์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
{: .notice}

# Stokes' Theorem

![](/images/mathematics/calculus-2/stokes-theorem.png){: .align-center style="max-height: 260px;" }
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -75,13 +79,14 @@ $$
[Youtube: The intuition behind Stokes Curl theorem](https://youtu.be/ztvKq1gzrZA?si=wGwsECLw5b4TnXdI)
{: .align-caption .text-center .small .gray }

์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ—ท๊ฐˆ๋ ธ๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š”, ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์žฅ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์˜ค์ง curl ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์žฅ $\nabla \mathbf{F}$์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชป ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. curl ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฏธ์†Œ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํšŒ์ „์ด ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ณณ์˜ ํšŒ์ „๊ณผ ์ƒ์‡„๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด ๋‹ซํžŒ ๊ณก๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ๋ถ„์€ "0"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.
์Šคํ† ํฌ์Šค ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ—ท๊ฐˆ๋ ธ๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š”, ๋ช…์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์žฅ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์˜ค์ง curl ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์žฅ $\nabla \times \mathbf{F}$์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชป ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. curl ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฏธ์†Œ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํšŒ์ „์ด ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ณณ์˜ ํšŒ์ „๊ณผ ์ƒ์‡„๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด, ๊ณก๋ฉด์˜ ์ ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ์„ ์ ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ซํžŒ ๊ณก๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ๋ถ„์ด "0"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค.


## ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ ๋ง›๋ณด๊ธฐ

์œ„์˜ ๋‹ซํžŒ ๊ณก๋ฉด์˜ ์˜ˆ์ œ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์Šฌ์ฉ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ๋ถ„์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ๋กœ, ๋ถ€ํ”ผ $V$์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ณก๋ฉด $\partial V$์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ฆฌ๋‹ค.

<div class="definition" markdown="1">
<div class="theorem" markdown="1">

[curl ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ์ ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ by ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ]

Expand All @@ -92,5 +97,5 @@ $$

</div>

์ด๋•Œ, [$\nabla \cdot (\nabla \times \mathbf{F}) = 0$๋ผ๋Š” ์„ฑ์งˆ](/2024/07/24/curl-and-divergence/#curl-and-div)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ์ ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฐ’์ด 0์ด ๋˜๊ณ , ๋ฉ๋‹ฌ์•„ curl ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ๋ถ„ ๊ฐ’๋„ 0์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
์ด๋•Œ, [$\nabla \cdot (\nabla \times \mathbf{F}) = 0$๋ผ๋Š” ํ•ญ๋“ฑ์‹](/2024/07/24/curl-and-divergence/#curl-and-div)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ์ ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฐ’์ด 0์ด ๋˜๊ณ , ๋ฉ๋‹ฌ์•„ curl ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ๋ถ„ ๊ฐ’๋„ 0์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.

80 changes: 80 additions & 0 deletions _posts/mathematics/calculus/2024-08-14-divergence-theorem.md
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---
title: "Divergence Theorem"
toc: true
author: bluehorn_math
toc_sticky: true
categories: ["Calculus"]
excerpt: "๋ฐœ์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ์ ๋ถ„์€, ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ณก๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด์ ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ์ •๋ฆฌ."
---


๋ณต์ˆ˜์ „๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™๊ณผ์˜ ์กธ์—…์‹œํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•™๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. [๋ฏธ์ ๋ถ„ํ•™ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์ „์ฒด ๋ณด๊ธฐ](/categories/calculus)
{: .notice--info}


์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฑ•ํ„ฐ๋Š” [Joel Feldman - CLP Calculus](https://personal.math.ubc.ca/~CLP/) ๊ต์žฌ์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
{: .notice}

# Divergence Theorem

์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ์ฒด $V$์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ(div) ๊ฐ’($\nabla \cdot \mathbf{F}$)์„ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ์ ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด $\partial V$์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ์ •๋ฆฌ. ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

<div class="theorem" markdown="1">

Let $V$ be a bounded solid with a piecewise smooth surface $\partial V$.

Let $\mathbf{F}$ be a vector field that has continuous first partial derivatives at every point of $V$.

Then

$$
\iint_{\partial V} \mathbf{F} \cdot \mathbf{n} \, dS
= \iiint_{V} \nabla \cdot \mathbf{F} \, dV
$$

</div>

์ด๋•Œ, ์ฃผ์˜ํ•  ์ ์€ ์ •๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ๋ถ€ํ”ผ $V$ ์•ˆ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์žฅ $\mathbf{F}$๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์†์ด๊ณ , 1์ฐจ ํŽธ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์›์ ์—์„œ ์ •์˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋…€์„.

$$
\mathbf{F} = \frac{\mathbf{r}}{\left| \mathbf{r} \right|^3}
$$


# with Stokes Theorem

![](/images/mathematics/calculus-2/stokes-theorem-closed-curve.png){: .align-center style="max-height: 260px;" }
[CLP Calculus Textbook](https://personal.math.ubc.ca/~CLP/CLP4/)
{: .align-caption .text-center .small .gray }

<div class="theorem" markdown="1">

[curl ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ์ ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ by ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ]

$$
\iint_{\partial V} \nabla \times \mathbf{F} \cdot d\mathbf{S}
= \iiint_{V} \nabla \cdot (\nabla \times \mathbf{F}) \, dV = 0
$$

</div>

์ง์ „ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์ธ [์Šคํ† ์Šคํฌ ์ •๋ฆฌ](/2024/08/11/stokes-theorem/)์—์„œ ๋‹ซํžŒ ๊ณก๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ์ „ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฐ’์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ 0์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ 2๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,

> ๋‹ซํžŒ ๊ณก๋ฉด์„ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณก๋ฉด $S_1$, $S_2$๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•˜๊ณ , ์Šคํ† ์Šคํฌ ์ •๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‘ ๊ณก๋ฉด์˜ ์ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ณก์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ์ ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พผ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ๋‘ ์„ ์ ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ณก์„ ์„ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ ๋ถ„ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์„ ์ ๋ถ„์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ƒ์‡„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ ๋ถ„๊ฐ’์€ 0.
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด์„์œผ๋กœ๋Š”

> ๋ฉด์ ๋ถ„์ด ๋‹ซํžŒ ๊ณก๋ฉด์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ์ฒด $V$์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ณก๋ฉด์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ž. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด, ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฉด์ ๋ถ„์ด ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ์ ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ , ํšŒ์ „ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์žฅ $\nabla \times \mathbf{F}$์— ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•ด ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, $\nabla \cdot (\nabla \times \mathbf{F}) = 0$์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ ๋ถ„๊ฐ’์€ 0.

# An Application of the Divergence Theorem

๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณต์Šตํ•  ๋•Œ, ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ข€ ์ฑ„์›Œ๋ณด์ž... ํž›...!

## the Heat Equation

TDB

## Buoyancy

TDB

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