Implement Storage Extension

[duckontheweb]

Related Issue(s):

• Closes Implement Storage Extension #734

Description:

Implements the Storage Extension, including tests + docs.

PR Checklist:

• Code is formatted (run pre-commit run --all-files)
• Tests pass (run scripts/test)
• Documentation has been updated to reflect changes, if applicable
• This PR maintains or improves overall codebase code coverage.
• Changes are added to the CHANGELOG. See the docs for information about adding to the changelog.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Merging #745 (f88541e) into main (dfc1cc2) will increase coverage by 0.12%.
The diff coverage is 99.31%.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #745      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   94.39%   94.51%   +0.12%     
==========================================
  Files          77       79       +2     
  Lines       11292    11582     +290     
  Branches     1343     1366      +23     
==========================================
+ Hits        10659    10947     +288     
- Misses        455      457       +2     
  Partials      178      178              

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
pystac/__init__.py	100.00% <ø> (ø)
pystac/extensions/eo.py	93.15% <ø> (ø)
pystac/extensions/storage.py	98.26% <98.26%> (ø)
tests/extensions/test_storage.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)

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