ci: add Dockerfile for CI

.dockerignore

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+*
+!.clang-format
+!.clang-tidy
+!cmake
+!CMakeLists.txt
+!include
+!src
+!test

Dockerfile

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+FROM alpine:3.20.3
+
+RUN apk add --no-cache clang18 cmake git gtest-dev make
+
+ENV CXX=clang++-18
+ENV CC=clang-18
+
+WORKDIR /build
+
+ENV OPENTELEMETRY_CPP_VERSION=v1.16.1
+RUN \
+    git clone https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-cpp.git \
+        --depth=1 -b "${OPENTELEMETRY_CPP_VERSION}" --single-branch && \
+    cd opentelemetry-cpp && \
+    cmake \
+        -B build \
+        -DWITH_DEPRECATED_SDK_FACTORY=OFF -DWITH_NO_DEPRECATED_CODE=ON -DWITH_OTLP_HTTP=OFF \
+        -DBUILD_TESTING=OFF -DWITH_BENCHMARK=OFF -DWITH_FUNC_TESTS=OFF -DWITH_EXAMPLES=OFF && \
+    cmake --build build -j "$(nproc)" && \
+    cmake --install build
+
+WORKDIR /build/opentelemetry_exporter_syslog_logs
+COPY . .
+RUN cmake -B build && cmake --build build && cmake --install build && ctest --test-dir build