-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 1
/
Copy pathstatistics.py
191 lines (128 loc) · 7 KB
/
statistics.py
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
# Code based on Data Science from Scratch
# with corrections for Scripps College
# DS002, Spring 2022
# Professor Douglas Goodwin
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
# Imports
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
# python imports
from collections import Counter
from typing import List
import math
# local code imports
from .linear_algebra import sum_of_squares
from .linear_algebra import dot
# other imports
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
# Let's go!
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
num_friends = [100.0,49,41,40,25,21,21,19,19,18,18,16,15,15,15,15,14,14,13,13,13,13,12,12,11,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]
friend_counts = Counter(num_friends)
xs = range(101) # largest value is 100
ys = [friend_counts[x] for x in xs] # height is just # of friends
plt.bar(xs, ys)
plt.axis([0, 101, 0, 25])
plt.title("Histogram of Friend Counts")
plt.xlabel("# of friends")
plt.ylabel("# of people")
# plt.show()
num_points = len(num_friends) # 204
assert num_points == 204
largest_value = max(num_friends) # 100
smallest_value = min(num_friends) # 1
assert largest_value == 100
assert smallest_value == 1
sorted_values = sorted(num_friends)
smallest_value = sorted_values[0] # 1
second_smallest_value = sorted_values[1] # 1
second_largest_value = sorted_values[-2] # 49
assert smallest_value == 1
assert second_smallest_value == 1
assert second_largest_value == 49
def mean(xs: List[float]) -> float:
return sum(xs) / len(xs)
mean(num_friends) # 7.333333
assert 7.3333 < mean(num_friends) < 7.3334
# The underscores indicate that these are "private" functions, as they're
# intended to be called by our median function but not by other people
# using our statistics library.
def _median_odd(xs: List[float]) -> float:
"""If len(xs) is odd, the median is the middle element"""
return sorted(xs)[len(xs) // 2]
def _median_even(xs: List[float]) -> float:
"""If len(xs) is even, it's the average of the middle two elements"""
sorted_xs = sorted(xs)
hi_midpoint = len(xs) // 2 # e.g. length 4 => hi_midpoint 2
return (sorted_xs[hi_midpoint - 1] + sorted_xs[hi_midpoint]) / 2
def median(v: List[float]) -> float:
"""Finds the 'middle-most' value of v"""
return _median_even(v) if len(v) % 2 == 0 else _median_odd(v)
assert median([1, 10, 2, 9, 5]) == 5
assert median([1, 9, 2, 10]) == (2 + 9) / 2
assert median(num_friends) == 6
def quantile(xs: List[float], p: float) -> float:
"""Returns the pth-percentile value in x"""
p_index = int(p * len(xs))
return sorted(xs)[p_index]
assert quantile(num_friends, 0.10) == 1
assert quantile(num_friends, 0.25) == 3
assert quantile(num_friends, 0.75) == 9
assert quantile(num_friends, 0.90) == 13
def mode(x: List[float]) -> List[float]:
"""Returns a list, since there might be more than one mode"""
counts = Counter(x)
max_count = max(counts.values())
return [x_i for x_i, count in counts.items()
if count == max_count]
assert set(mode(num_friends)) == {1, 6}
# "range" already means something in Python, so we'll use a different name
def data_range(xs: List[float]) -> float:
return max(xs) - min(xs)
assert data_range(num_friends) == 99
def de_mean(xs: List[float]) -> List[float]:
"""Translate xs by subtracting its mean (so the result has mean 0)"""
x_bar = mean(xs)
return [x - x_bar for x in xs]
def variance(xs: List[float]) -> float:
"""Almost the average squared deviation from the mean"""
assert len(xs) >= 2, "variance requires at least two elements"
n = len(xs)
deviations = de_mean(xs)
return sum_of_squares(deviations) / (n - 1)
assert 81.54 < variance(num_friends) < 81.55
def standard_deviation(xs: List[float]) -> float:
"""The standard deviation is the square root of the variance"""
return math.sqrt(variance(xs))
assert 9.02 < standard_deviation(num_friends) < 9.04
def interquartile_range(xs: List[float]) -> float:
"""Returns the difference between the 75%-ile and the 25%-ile"""
return quantile(xs, 0.75) - quantile(xs, 0.25)
assert interquartile_range(num_friends) == 6
daily_minutes = [1,68.77,51.25,52.08,38.36,44.54,57.13,51.4,41.42,31.22,34.76,54.01,38.79,47.59,49.1,27.66,41.03,36.73,48.65,28.12,46.62,35.57,32.98,35,26.07,23.77,39.73,40.57,31.65,31.21,36.32,20.45,21.93,26.02,27.34,23.49,46.94,30.5,33.8,24.23,21.4,27.94,32.24,40.57,25.07,19.42,22.39,18.42,46.96,23.72,26.41,26.97,36.76,40.32,35.02,29.47,30.2,31,38.11,38.18,36.31,21.03,30.86,36.07,28.66,29.08,37.28,15.28,24.17,22.31,30.17,25.53,19.85,35.37,44.6,17.23,13.47,26.33,35.02,32.09,24.81,19.33,28.77,24.26,31.98,25.73,24.86,16.28,34.51,15.23,39.72,40.8,26.06,35.76,34.76,16.13,44.04,18.03,19.65,32.62,35.59,39.43,14.18,35.24,40.13,41.82,35.45,36.07,43.67,24.61,20.9,21.9,18.79,27.61,27.21,26.61,29.77,20.59,27.53,13.82,33.2,25,33.1,36.65,18.63,14.87,22.2,36.81,25.53,24.62,26.25,18.21,28.08,19.42,29.79,32.8,35.99,28.32,27.79,35.88,29.06,36.28,14.1,36.63,37.49,26.9,18.58,38.48,24.48,18.95,33.55,14.24,29.04,32.51,25.63,22.22,19,32.73,15.16,13.9,27.2,32.01,29.27,33,13.74,20.42,27.32,18.23,35.35,28.48,9.08,24.62,20.12,35.26,19.92,31.02,16.49,12.16,30.7,31.22,34.65,13.13,27.51,33.2,31.57,14.1,33.42,17.44,10.12,24.42,9.82,23.39,30.93,15.03,21.67,31.09,33.29,22.61,26.89,23.48,8.38,27.81,32.35,23.84]
daily_hours = [dm / 60 for dm in daily_minutes]
def covariance(xs: List[float], ys: List[float]) -> float:
assert len(xs) == len(ys), "xs and ys must have same number of elements"
return dot(de_mean(xs), de_mean(ys)) / (len(xs) - 1)
assert 22.42 < covariance(num_friends, daily_minutes) < 22.43
assert 22.42 / 60 < covariance(num_friends, daily_hours) < 22.43 / 60
def correlation(xs: List[float], ys: List[float]) -> float:
"""Measures how much xs and ys vary in tandem about their means"""
stdev_x = standard_deviation(xs)
stdev_y = standard_deviation(ys)
if stdev_x > 0 and stdev_y > 0:
return covariance(xs, ys) / stdev_x / stdev_y
else:
return 0 # if no variation, correlation is zero
assert 0.24 < correlation(num_friends, daily_minutes) < 0.25
assert 0.24 < correlation(num_friends, daily_hours) < 0.25
outlier = num_friends.index(100) # index of outlier
num_friends_good = [x
for i, x in enumerate(num_friends)
if i != outlier]
daily_minutes_good = [x
for i, x in enumerate(daily_minutes)
if i != outlier]
daily_hours_good = [dm / 60 for dm in daily_minutes_good]
assert 0.57 < correlation(num_friends_good, daily_minutes_good) < 0.58
assert 0.57 < correlation(num_friends_good, daily_hours_good) < 0.58