[Backport release-3_40] CI: upgrade to ubuntu 24.04 #36386

Job	Run time
build (24.04, 5, true, OFF, ON, ON, ON, ON, OFF, OFF, OFF, OFF, ON, false)	1h 48m 52s
build (39, 6, true, ON, OFF, ON, ON, OFF, OFF, ON, ON, ON, OFF, false)	3h 12m 0s
clang-tidy (24.04, 5)	5m 40s
Run tests (5, ALL_BUT_PROVIDERS)	30m 11s
Run tests (5, POSTGRES)	8m 20s
Run tests (5, HANA)	13m 12s
Run tests (6, ALL_BUT_PROVIDERS)	38m 8s
Run tests (5, ORACLE, 24.04, binary-for-oracle)	6m 45s
	6h 43m 8s

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