feat: 예외 처리 구현

src/main/java/com/programmers/urlshortener/common/exception/BusinessException.java

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+package com.programmers.urlshortener.common.exception;
+
+import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
+
+import lombok.Getter;
+
+@Getter
+public class BusinessException extends RuntimeException {
+
+    private HttpStatus status;
+    private String message;
+
+    protected BusinessException(ExceptionRule exceptionRule) {
+        super(exceptionRule.getMessage());
+        this.status = exceptionRule.getStatus();
+        this.message = exceptionRule.getMessage();
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/programmers/urlshortener/common/exception/ErrorResponse.java

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+package com.programmers.urlshortener.common.exception;
+
+import lombok.AccessLevel;
+import lombok.Builder;
+import lombok.Getter;
+import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
+
+@Getter
+@NoArgsConstructor(access = AccessLevel.PROTECTED)
+public class ErrorResponse {
+
+    private int statusCode;
+    private String message;
+
+    @Builder
+    private ErrorResponse(int statusCode, String message) {
+        this.statusCode = statusCode;
+        this.message = message;
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/programmers/urlshortener/common/exception/ExceptionRule.java

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+package com.programmers.urlshortener.common.exception;
+
+import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
+
+import lombok.Getter;
+import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
+
+@Getter
+@RequiredArgsConstructor
+public enum ExceptionRule {
+
+    SHORTENURL_NOT_EXIST(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND, "해당 URL은 단축된 URL 목록에서 찾을 수 없습니다."),
+    NOT_FOUND(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND, "요청하신 URL은 없는 URL입니다."),
+    BAD_REQUEST(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST, "잘못된 요청입니다. 입력 값을 다시 확인해주세요."),
+    INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "서버에서 알 수 없는 오류가 발생했습니다. 관리자에게 문의해주세요."),
+    ;
+
+    private final HttpStatus status;
+    private final String message;
+}

src/main/java/com/programmers/urlshortener/common/exception/GlobalExceptionHandler.java

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+package com.programmers.urlshortener.common.exception;
+
+import static com.programmers.urlshortener.common.exception.ExceptionRule.*;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
+import org.springframework.validation.FieldError;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.MethodArgumentNotValidException;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ExceptionHandler;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestControllerAdvice;
+
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+
+@Slf4j
+@RestControllerAdvice
+public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
+
+    @ExceptionHandler(MethodArgumentNotValidException.class)
+    public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleMethodArgumentNotValidException(MethodArgumentNotValidException e) {
+        List<FieldError> errors = e.getBindingResult()
+            .getAllErrors()
+            .stream()
+            .map(FieldError.class::cast)
+            .toList();
+
+        log.error("[에러]: {}", e.getMessage(), e);
+
+        errors.forEach(
+            error -> log.error("메시지: {} / 원인: {} : {}", error.getDefaultMessage(), error.getField(),
+                error.getRejectedValue()));
+
+        ErrorResponse errorResponse = ErrorResponse.builder()
+            .statusCode(BAD_REQUEST.getStatus().value())
+            .message(BAD_REQUEST.getMessage())
+            .build();
+
+        return ResponseEntity.status(BAD_REQUEST.getStatus()).body(errorResponse);
+    }
+
+    @ExceptionHandler(BusinessException.class)
+    public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleBusinessException(BusinessException e) {
+        log.error("[에러]: {}", e.getMessage(), e);
+
+        ErrorResponse errorResponse = ErrorResponse.builder()
+            .statusCode(e.getStatus().value())
+            .message(e.getMessage())
+            .build();
+
+        return ResponseEntity.status(e.getStatus()).body(errorResponse);
+    }
+
+    @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
+    public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleException(Exception e) {
+        log.error("[에러]: {}", e.getMessage(), e);
+
+        ErrorResponse errorResponse = ErrorResponse.builder()
+            .statusCode(INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.getStatus().value())
+            .message(INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.getMessage())
+            .build();
+
+        return ResponseEntity.status(INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.getStatus()).body(errorResponse);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/programmers/urlshortener/common/exception/UrlException.java

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+package com.programmers.urlshortener.common.exception;
+
+public class UrlException extends BusinessException {
+
+    public UrlException(ExceptionRule exceptionRule) {
+        super(exceptionRule);
+    }
+}