src: improve error handling in multiple c++ files

[jasnell]

Move away from ToLocalChecked() uses and handle errors properly in those cases

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 63.63636% with 32 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 89.19%. Comparing base (c4fb331) to head (af38a30).
Report is 2 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/node_contextify.cc	61.90%	6 Missing and 10 partials ⚠️
src/encoding_binding.cc	56.25%	4 Missing and 3 partials ⚠️
src/inspector_agent.cc	37.50%	5 Missing ⚠️
src/node_credentials.cc	75.00%	1 Missing and 3 partials ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #56915      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   89.21%   89.19%   -0.02%     
==========================================
  Files         665      665              
  Lines      192514   192540      +26     
  Branches    37040    37057      +17     
==========================================
- Hits       171744   171736       -8     
- Misses      13613    13617       +4     
- Partials     7157     7187      +30     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/inspector_js_api.cc	86.39% <100.00%> (+0.10%)	⬆️
src/node_credentials.cc	68.43% <75.00%> (-0.29%)	⬇️
src/inspector_agent.cc	79.49% <37.50%> (-0.26%)	⬇️
src/encoding_binding.cc	78.45% <56.25%> (-1.78%)	⬇️
src/node_contextify.cc	80.71% <61.90%> (-0.66%)	⬇️

... and 32 files with indirect coverage changes

[aduh95]

Linter is failing