Use hierarchical namespaces in name resolution

[sezna]

Note: I see the performance degradation in the memory and performance benchmarks, and am looking into that

This PR introduces a feature called hierarchical namespaces, a module-like system that maintains backward compatibility. It is the foundational groundwork that will pave the way for:

1. Naked namespaces (files without namespace declarations)
2. Package publishing and sharing
3. Explicit item imports
4. Exports and re-exports
5. and the rest of the stuff here

Key changes include:

1. VecIdent type introduction: This abstraction over Vec<Ident> represents the new namespaces in the AST. Alternate names could be DotIdent or Path, but those names were already loaded with meaning in our codebase. I'm open to feedback on nomenclature here.
2. NamespaceId usage: This replaces our previous flat map-style Rc<str> -> Res item tracking.
3. NamespaceTree: This tracks the namespace hierarchy separately in low-cost data structure, and allows us to keep our basic tys and terms maps relatively untouched.
4. Name resolution algorithm update: The algorithm in resolve.rs received a heavy facelift. Not only did I try to simplify the existing code, but I also added the required functionality to check candidate partially-opened or re-opened namespaces.

This PR maintains 100% backward compatibility with the existing resolution engine, preserving features like re-opening namespaces, shadowing semantics, merging namespaces via aliases, and absolute-path opens. It also introduces the ability to reference a function in a different namespace if its parent namespace is opened.

Additional notes:

1. Katas used a form of shadowing that wasn't tested in our compiler. This PR adds a test for that.
2. Pursuing Use debug printing for expect_test in the parser and other places. #1321 could help differentiate user-facing and compiler-engineer-facing string representations of structs, which are increasingly conflated.
3. There's potential for refactoring ast, fir, and hir to use shared generic types, reducing duplicate Ident/etc types.
4. Completions functionality remains the same, but it's not yet aware of the ability to partially open namespaces (e.g. open Microsoft.Quantum. This will be addressed in future updates.

Also closes #1336

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Change in memory usage detected by benchmark.

Memory Report for 7ee63da

Test	This Branch	On Main	Difference
compile core + standard lib	16678037 bytes	15969785 bytes	708252 bytes

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Benchmark for 7ee63da

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Test	Base	PR	%
Array append evaluation	340.6±2.32µs	340.4±3.75µs	-0.06%
Array literal evaluation	206.3±3.42µs	194.9±3.53µs	-5.53%
Array update evaluation	426.7±2.34µs	424.4±1.93µs	-0.54%
Core + Standard library compilation	17.2±0.52ms	21.6±1.31ms	+25.58%
Deutsch-Jozsa evaluation	5.0±0.04ms	5.0±0.15ms	0.00%
Large file parity evaluation	33.6±0.28ms	33.7±0.73ms	+0.30%
Large input file compilation	11.5±0.27ms	13.6±0.38ms	+18.26%
Large input file compilation (interpreter)	46.1±1.62ms	52.7±3.10ms	+14.32%
Large nested iteration	33.3±0.59ms	33.3±0.16ms	0.00%
Perform Runtime Capabilities Analysis (RCA) on Deutsch-Jozsa sample	1507.5±55.75µs	1491.4±31.45µs	-1.07%
Perform Runtime Capabilities Analysis (RCA) on large file sample	7.9±0.15ms	7.7±0.09ms	-2.53%
Perform Runtime Capabilities Analysis (RCA) on teleport sample	1419.6±77.27µs	1406.5±34.38µs	-0.92%
Perform Runtime Capabilities Analysis (RCA) on the core and std libraries	21.2±0.21ms	21.3±0.62ms	+0.47%
Teleport evaluation	81.0±3.99µs	78.7±3.71µs	-2.84%

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Change in memory usage detected by benchmark.

Memory Report for 96435a5

Test	This Branch	On Main	Difference
compile core + standard lib	16680437 bytes	15969785 bytes	710652 bytes

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Benchmark for 96435a5

Click to view benchmark

Test	Base	PR	%
Array append evaluation	346.3±6.45µs	351.1±18.69µs	+1.39%
Array literal evaluation	199.2±1.70µs	192.8±1.11µs	-3.21%
Array update evaluation	432.0±7.60µs	438.1±7.95µs	+1.41%
Core + Standard library compilation	19.5±1.05ms	97.4±0.99ms	+399.49%
Deutsch-Jozsa evaluation	5.0±0.07ms	5.2±0.09ms	+4.00%
Large file parity evaluation	33.8±0.21ms	34.3±0.11ms	+1.48%
Large input file compilation	13.8±0.36ms	30.7±0.63ms	+122.46%
Large input file compilation (interpreter)	51.2±2.26ms	147.2±4.06ms	+187.50%
Large nested iteration	33.3±0.37ms	34.3±0.29ms	+3.00%
Perform Runtime Capabilities Analysis (RCA) on Deutsch-Jozsa sample	1565.3±185.38µs	1507.5±42.56µs	-3.69%
Perform Runtime Capabilities Analysis (RCA) on large file sample	7.8±0.12ms	7.8±0.11ms	0.00%
Perform Runtime Capabilities Analysis (RCA) on teleport sample	1473.3±161.65µs	1424.1±51.35µs	-3.34%
Perform Runtime Capabilities Analysis (RCA) on the core and std libraries	22.4±0.29ms	21.6±0.26ms	-3.57%
Teleport evaluation	80.6±4.19µs	83.0±4.23µs	+2.98%

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Change in memory usage detected by benchmark.

Memory Report for bb286cf

Test	This Branch	On Main	Difference
compile core + standard lib	16680437 bytes	15969785 bytes	710652 bytes

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Benchmark for bb286cf

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Test	Base	PR	%
Array append evaluation	335.6±2.29µs	336.9±7.57µs	+0.39%
Array literal evaluation	180.7±1.68µs	183.4±6.25µs	+1.49%
Array update evaluation	420.5±7.16µs	418.9±3.09µs	-0.38%
Core + Standard library compilation	17.0±0.29ms	18.2±0.12ms	+7.06%
Deutsch-Jozsa evaluation	5.0±0.15ms	5.0±0.04ms	0.00%
Large file parity evaluation	33.6±0.32ms	34.0±0.43ms	+1.19%
Large input file compilation	11.6±0.28ms	11.8±0.09ms	+1.72%
Large input file compilation (interpreter)	45.4±1.84ms	46.1±1.62ms	+1.54%
Large nested iteration	32.7±0.16ms	32.8±0.36ms	+0.31%
Perform Runtime Capabilities Analysis (RCA) on Deutsch-Jozsa sample	1499.9±39.25µs	1493.2±40.28µs	-0.45%
Perform Runtime Capabilities Analysis (RCA) on large file sample	7.8±0.27ms	7.6±0.08ms	-2.56%
Perform Runtime Capabilities Analysis (RCA) on teleport sample	1420.0±75.29µs	1402.3±29.25µs	-1.25%
Perform Runtime Capabilities Analysis (RCA) on the core and std libraries	21.5±0.26ms	21.5±0.19ms	0.00%
Teleport evaluation	81.2±4.35µs	81.0±6.63µs	-0.25%

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Change in memory usage detected by benchmark.

Memory Report for f49b284

Test	This Branch	On Main	Difference
compile core + standard lib	16680437 bytes	15969785 bytes	710652 bytes

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Change in memory usage detected by benchmark.

Memory Report for ae43fef

Test	This Branch	On Main	Difference
compile core + standard lib	16680437 bytes	15969785 bytes	710652 bytes

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Benchmark for ae43fef

Click to view benchmark

Test	Base	PR	%
Array append evaluation	342.7±11.82µs	341.3±11.54µs	-0.41%
Array literal evaluation	180.1±1.13µs	176.5±1.99µs	-2.00%
Array update evaluation	433.5±5.50µs	423.5±7.30µs	-2.31%
Core + Standard library compilation	19.2±1.09ms	20.9±1.02ms	+8.85%
Deutsch-Jozsa evaluation	5.0±0.03ms	5.0±0.05ms	0.00%
Large file parity evaluation	33.7±0.14ms	34.3±0.27ms	+1.78%
Large input file compilation	12.6±0.74ms	13.5±0.67ms	+7.14%
Large input file compilation (interpreter)	49.5±1.86ms	52.7±2.98ms	+6.46%
Large nested iteration	33.6±0.27ms	33.1±0.31ms	-1.49%
Perform Runtime Capabilities Analysis (RCA) on Deutsch-Jozsa sample	1531.9±83.24µs	1538.8±135.75µs	+0.45%
Perform Runtime Capabilities Analysis (RCA) on large file sample	8.2±0.18ms	7.9±0.16ms	-3.66%
Perform Runtime Capabilities Analysis (RCA) on teleport sample	1440.6±94.90µs	1446.1±72.60µs	+0.38%
Perform Runtime Capabilities Analysis (RCA) on the core and std libraries	22.3±0.58ms	21.9±0.34ms	-1.79%
Teleport evaluation	82.1±4.30µs	81.6±3.34µs	-0.61%