upgrade to Python 3.12. (#298)

.gitignore

@@ -11,3 +11,4 @@
 .DS_Store
 
 playground/
+a.py

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -29,19 +29,19 @@ repos:
         # supported by your project here, or alternatively use
         # pre-commit's default_language_version, see
         # https://pre-commit.com/#top_level-default_language_version
-        language_version: python3.11
+        language_version: python3.12
   - repo: https://github.com/pycqa/isort
     rev: 5.13.2
     hooks:
       - id: isort
         name: isort (python)
-        language_version: python3.11
+        language_version: python3.12
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
     rev: v1.14.1
     hooks:
       - id: mypy
         additional_dependencies: [pydantic, types-redis, aiomqtt]
-        language_version: python3.11
+        language_version: python3.12
   - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/pylint
     rev: v3.3.3
     hooks:
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ repos:
             types-redis,
             aiomqtt,
           ]
-        language_version: python3.11
+        language_version: python3.12
   - repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
     rev: v3.19.1
     hooks:

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -22,7 +22,11 @@
     "isort.severity": {
         "E": "Error"
     },
+    "mypy-type-checker.args": [
+        "--enable-incomplete-feature=NewGenericSyntax"
+    ],
     "pylint.args": [
+        "--py-version=3.12",
         "--load-plugins=pylint.extensions.bad_builtin,pylint_pydantic",
         "--ignore=CVS,.git,__pycache__,.mypy_cache,tests",
         "--disable=no-self-argument",

Pipfile

@@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ pylint-pydantic = "*"
 #pre-commit = "*"
 
 [requires]
-python_version = "3.11"
+python_version = "3.12"

README.md

@@ -90,10 +90,13 @@
 - [Literal: `typing.Literal`](https://lucas-six.github.io/python-cookbook/cookbook/core/type_hint/type_hint_for_literal)
 - [Any: `typing.Any` and `object`](https://lucas-six.github.io/python-cookbook/cookbook/core/type_hint/type_hint_for_any)
 - [Type objects](https://lucas-six.github.io/python-cookbook/cookbook/core/type_hint/type_hint_for_type)
+- [Type Alias](https://lucas-six.github.io/python-cookbook/cookbook/core/type_hint/type_hint_for_type_alias)
 - [Callable objects](https://lucas-six.github.io/python-cookbook/cookbook/core/type_hint/type_hint_for_callable)
 - [Class Variables: `typing.ClassVar`](https://lucas-six.github.io/python-cookbook/cookbook/core/type_hint/type_hint_for_class_var)
 - [Restricting Inheritance and Overriding: `@typing.final`](https://lucas-six.github.io/python-cookbook/cookbook/core/type_hint/type_hint_for_inheritance)
 - [`typing.NoReturn`](https://lucas-six.github.io/python-cookbook/cookbook/core/type_hint/type_hint_for_noreturn)
+- [Generic Function and Class](https://lucas-six.github.io/python-cookbook/cookbook/core/type_hint/type_hint_for_generic)
+- [Override](https://lucas-six.github.io/python-cookbook/cookbook/core/type_hint/type_hint_for_override)
 
 ### I/O, File-Like Object
 
@@ -233,9 +236,7 @@
 
 - [**`aiomqtt`**: Async](https://lucas-six.github.io/python-cookbook/cookbook/system_services/mqtt_aiomqtt)
 
-## Recipes
-
-### Language Core (语言核心)
+## TODO: Language Core (语言核心)
 
 - Parallelism and Concurrent (并发)
   - [Multi-Threads Parallelism for **I/O-bound** tasks](https://lucas-six.github.io/python-cookbook/recipes/core/multi_threads)
@@ -272,7 +273,7 @@
 ## More Details
 
 - [Linux Cookbook](https://lucas-six.github.io/linux-cookbook/)
-- [Cookbook collections](https://lucas-six.github.io/)
+- [Lucas' Cookbook](https://lucas-six.github.io/)
 
 ## License
 

cookbook/core/text/str_fmt_spec.md

@@ -170,3 +170,4 @@ Combination examples:
 
 - [PEP 3101 – Advanced String Formatting](https://peps.python.org/pep-3101/)
 - [PEP 498 – Literal String Interpolation](https://peps.python.org/pep-0498/)
+- [PEP 701 – Syntactic formalization of f-strings](https://peps.python.org/pep-0701/)

cookbook/core/type_hint/type_hint.md

@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@ are handled by evaluating them in `globalns` and `localns` namespaces.
 - [PEP 3107 – Function Annotations](https://peps.python.org/pep-3107/)
 - [PEP 484 – Type Hints](https://peps.python.org/pep-0484/)
 - [PEP 483 – The Theory of Type Hints](https://peps.python.org/pep-0483/)
-- [PEP 586 – Literal Types](https://peps.python.org/pep-0586/)
 - [PEP 563 – Postponed Evaluation of Annotations](https://peps.python.org/pep-0563/)
 - [`mypy` Documentation](https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
 - [GitHub - `typeshed`](https://github.com/python/typeshed)

cookbook/core/type_hint/type_hint_for_generic.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Type Hint for Generic
+
+## Recipes
+
+### Generic Function
+
+```python
+def generic_func[T](arg: T) -> T:
+    return arg + 1
+```
+
+```python
+# Python 3.11-
+
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+# Generic Type Variables
+T = TypeVar['T', int, float]
+
+def generic_func(arg: T) -> T:
+    return arg + 1
+```
+
+### Generic Class
+
+```python
+class GenericClass[T]:
+    pass
+```
+
+```python
+# Python 3.11-
+
+from typing import TypeVar, Generic
+
+# Generic Type Variables
+T = TypeVar['T', int, float]
+
+class GenericClass(Generic[T]):
+    pass
+```
+
+## More Details
+
+- [Type Hint](type_hint)
+
+## References
+
+- [PEP 695 – Type Parameter Syntax](https://peps.python.org/pep-0695/)

cookbook/core/type_hint/type_hint_for_override.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Type Hint for Override
+
+New in Python **3.12**.
+
+## Recipes
+
+```python
+from typing import override
+
+class Parent:
+    def foo(self) -> int:
+        return 1
+
+    def bar(self, x: str) -> str:
+        return x
+
+class Child(Parent):
+    @override
+    def foo(self) -> int:
+        return 2
+
+    @override
+    def baz(self) -> int:  # Type check error: no matching signature in ancestor
+        return 1
+```
+
+## More Details
+
+- [Type Hint](type_hint)
+
+## References
+
+- [Python - `typing.override` module](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.override)
+- [PEP 698 – Override Decorator for Static Typing](https://peps.python.org/pep-0698/)

cookbook/core/type_hint/type_hint_for_type_alias.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Type Hint for Type Alias
+
+## Recipes
+
+```python
+# Python 3.12+
+
+type Vector = list[float]
+type Point[T] = tuple[T, T]
+type IntOrStrSequence[T: (int, str)] = Sequence[T]  # 带约束的 TypeVar
+type IntFunc[**P] = Callable[P, int]  # ParamSpec
+```
+
+```python
+# Python 3.11-
+
+from typing import TypeAlias
+
+Vector: TypeAlias = list[float]
+```
+
+## More Details
+
+- [Type Hint](type_hint)
+
+## References
+
+- [`typing.TypeAliasType` - Python](https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3.12/library/typing.html#typing.TypeAliasType)

cookbook/core/type_hint/type_hint_for_typeddict.md

@@ -5,19 +5,28 @@
 ## Recipes
 
 ```python
-from typing import TypedDict, NotRequired
+from typing import TypedDict, NotRequired, Unpack
 
-class MyDict(TypedDict):
+class KwArgs(TypedDict):
     key_a: int
     key_b: float
     label: NotRequired[str]
 
 
 # functional syntax: alternative syntax
-MyDict = TypedDict('MyDict', {'key_a': int, 'key_b': float, 'label': NotRequired})
+KwArgs = TypedDict('MyDict', {'key_a': int, 'key_b': float, 'label': NotRequired})
 
 
-d: MyDict = {}
+# Using `Unpack` since Python 3.12.
+def func(**kwargs: Unpack[KwArgs]) -> None:
+    pass
+
+
+d: KwArgs = {'key_a': 1, 'key_b': 1.2}
+func(**d)
+func(key_a=1, key_b=1.2)
+d1: dict[int, float] = {'key_a': 1, 'key_b': 1.2}
+func(**d1)  # WRONG!
 ```
 
 ## More Details
@@ -29,4 +38,5 @@ d: MyDict = {}
 - [Python - `typing.TypedDict` module](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.TypedDict)
 - [Python - `typing.NotRequired` module](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.NotRequired)
 - [PEP 655 – Marking individual `TypedDict` items as required or potentially-missing](https://peps.python.org/pep-0655/)
+- [PEP 692 – Using TypedDict for more precise **kwargs typing](https://peps.python.org/pep-0692/)
 - [typing - `Required`/`NotRequired`](https://typing.readthedocs.io/en/latest/spec/typeddict.html#required-notrequired)

pyproject.toml

@@ -3,15 +3,15 @@ name = "python-cookbook"
 description = "Recipes for Python. Hands-on code examples and snippets for daily work."
 authors = [{ name = "Li Yun", email = "[email protected]" }]
 readme = "README.md"
-requires-python = "~=3.11"
+requires-python = "~=3.12"
 license = { file = "LICENSE" }
 maintainers = [{ name = "Li Yun", email = "[email protected]" }]
 keywords = ["cookbook", "recipe", "fastapi", "mongodb"]
 classifiers = [
     "Development Status :: 1 - Planning",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
-    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython",
     "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules",
     "Topic :: Utilities",
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ extend_skip = [".gitignore", ".env", ".dockerignore"]
 extend_skip_glob = []
 
 [tool.mypy]
-python_version = "3.11"
+python_version = "3.12"
 plugins = ["pydantic.mypy"]
 exclude = []
 follow_imports = "silent"
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ ignore_missing_imports = true
 
 [tool.pylint.main]
 recursive = true
-py-version = 3.11
+py-version = 3.12
 jobs = 0
 ignore = "CVS,.git,__pycache__,.mypy_cache,tests"
 ignore-paths = "tests"
@@ -197,4 +197,4 @@ exclude = [".git", "**/__pycache__", "**/.mypy_cache"]
 reportGeneralTypeIssues = "none"
 reportUnboundVariable = "none"
 stubPath = ""
-pythonVersion = "3.11"
+pythonVersion = "3.12"