Add initial version of APDB documentation

docs/APDB.md

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+Alert Production Database (APDB) Schema
+=======================================
+
+The [apdb](./python/lsst/sdm_schemas/schemas/apdb.yaml) schema describes the Alert Production Database (APDB).
+This database is updated by the [Alert Production Pipeline](https://github.com/lsst/ap_pipe) and used for nightly [ap_verify](https://github.com/lsst/ap_verify) runs within continuous integration.
+Previous processing runs may differ from the current schema.
+The user-queryable Prompt Products Database (PPDB) is expected to have a very similar schema to the APDB.
+
+Schema Versioning
+-----------------
+
+The versioning system of the APDB is outlined in [DMTN-269](https://dmtn-269.lsst.io/).
+The deployed database schema is a product of the [schema in sdm_schemas](yml/apdb.yaml) and processing by tools in the [dax_apdb](https://github.com/lsst/dax_apdb) repository.
+Compatibility of the client executable with the actual database schema is determined by the version number in `apdb.yaml` and that which is stored in the database metadata.
+
+Backward compatibility in the context of the APDB implies that a client using an interface derived from a schema with a higher `MINOR` version number will be able to read and write into a database with a lower `MINOR` version.
+But a client using a lower `MINOR` version number will not be compatible with a database that contains the changes from a higher version.
+There may be cases where significant schema changes may still be compatible if the client can handle them transparently.
+
+Typical Schema Changes
+----------------------
+
+Here are some guidelines for incrementing the version number based on what changes are being performed:
+
+| Operation | Increment | Notes |
+|--------|-----------|-------|
+| Add table | `MAJOR` | The client using the new schema will typically want to read or write into that column, which will make it incompatible.|
+| Add column | `MAJOR` | Clients using the new schema will not care about a removed column, so this should be backward compatible.|
+| Remove olumn | `MINOR` or `PATCH` | This may or may not be fully backward compatible, depending on downstream client implementation and behavior.|
+| Change column type | `MINOR` or `PATCH` | This may or may not be completely transparent and so could be either backward compatible or fully compatible.
+| Add index | `PATCH` | This should be fully backward compatible.|
+| Change object metadata | - | This does not affect the database schema and should not require a version change.|
+
+Client Compatibility
+--------------------
+
+Changes to the APDB schema must be propagated to the API defined in the [api_packet](https://github.com/lsst/alert_packet) repository, following the instructions under [Adding a new schema](https://github.com/lsst/alert_packet/tree/main?tab=readme-ov-file#adding-a-new-schema).
+
+Database Migrations
+-------------------
+
+The APDB database schema is upgraded using a special migration tool defined in the [dax_apdb_migrate](https://github.com/lsst-dm/dax_apdb_migrate) repository. For every version change to `apdb.yaml`, a new migration script needs to be added to that repository. The details of the migration process are described in the [package documentation](https://pipelines.lsst.io/modules/lsst.dax.apdb/index.html). Migration scripts should normally be implemented on the same Jira ticket as the corresponding schema change.
+
+Reviewers
+---------
+
+- [Andy Salnikov](https://github.com/andy-slac)