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第11章 表达错误 | ||
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- 自相矛盾 | ||
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如何克服:检查你所说的和所写的。一旦察觉到任何自相矛盾,就仔细考察并判定其是否可解释, | ||
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或它是否构成了自相矛盾。 | ||
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- 循环论证 | ||
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如何克服:仅阅读并同意你自己的观点是不够的。你必须确凿地查实,你支持自己观点的证据不只是 | ||
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以不同的词语对该观点的陈述。 | ||
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- 无意义论述 | ||
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如何克服:像核查他人所说的内容一样,核查你自己所说的东西。提问:我的确是在做有意义的陈述吗? | ||
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- 误用权威 | ||
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如何克服:查实你引用的权威意见,拥有你正在撰写的特定主题上的专业知识。 | ||
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- 错误类比 | ||
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如何克服:核查你的类比,确保他们所声称的相似之处是真实和合理的,不存在重要的差异。 | ||
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- 不合理诉求 | ||
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如何克服:看这种诉求是否伴随着你为何应当接受它的解释。如果提供了一个解释,并证明它是合理的, | ||
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那么这个诉求就是理性的;如果没有提供解释或所提供的解释不可信,那么这个诉求就是非理性的。 | ||
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第12章 反应错误 | ||
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- 自动拒绝 | ||
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如何克服:在你的观点与你的自我之间设置一些情感上的距离。你不等同与你的观点 | ||
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- 转换话题 | ||
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如何克服:迎头面对困难的问题。如果你知道答案,就陈述它;如果问题太复杂不能给出一个确定的答案, | ||
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那就陈述你认为可能发生的事情并解释你的推理;如果你缺乏道出其可能性的足够知识,那就坦率地讲出来。 | ||
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- 转移举证责任 | ||
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如何克服:记住谁主张谁举证,学习在表达自己的想法前已经预期它们会被怀疑和批评,并且准备好如何回应 | ||
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- 稻草人 | ||
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如何克服:在引用和解说他人的话时,需要准确无误。 | ||
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- 攻击批评者 | ||
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如何克服:不要用对人们自身的推测或判断代替对其想法的判断。 | ||
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