Update Poetry, GitHub Actions and devcontainer to latest versions

[DerDreschner]

This pull request does the following:

• Update Poetry to the latest version 2.0. To achieve this, I had to rewrite the pyproject.toml to include all the breaking changes and new recommendations. See this blog post for more information.
• Run poetry update.
• Update all GitHub Actions to their latest versions. This way, there are no more warnings about unsupported node versions in the pipeline runs (like they appear here).
• Update the used base image for the dev container to the latest Ubuntu image, as focal is getting a bit old. Additionally, I removed the whitespace in the toolsToInstall parameter as the devcontainer build fails because of that when using PyCharm.
• Remove unsupported Python versions from setup.py and add 3.13 instead.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 91.31%. Comparing base (b8ce4f2) to head (97493e3).
Report is 5 commits behind head on master.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##           master     #151   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   91.31%   91.31%           
=======================================
  Files           4        4           
  Lines         380      380           
  Branches      100       94    -6     
=======================================
  Hits          347      347           
  Misses         15       15           
  Partials       18       18           

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