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_projects/1_project.md

@@ -2,14 +2,12 @@
 layout: page
 title: Small-scale turbines for ORC power systems
 description: supersonic turbine design and experimental testing for ORC CHP system
-img:
+img: assets/img/turbo3.png
 importance: 1
 category: work&research
-related_publications: Spale20221226,Weiß2020
+related_publications: Spale20221226,Weiß2020,Mascuch20202882
 ---
-## Motivation
-
-### Organic Rankine cycle
+# Organic Rankine cycle
 
 (ORC) power systems became an unrivalled technical solution and an industrial standard in several applications, such as low temperature heat utilization in geothermal systems, combined heat and power (CHP) systems in the scale of several MWs down to hundreds of kW or waste heat recovery (WHR) power systems down to dozens of kilowatts. ORC systems in small to micro scale domestic CHPs face mainly economical barriers with economy-of-scale and large cost per installed kilowatt in micro scale units. [1,2]
 
@@ -18,7 +16,7 @@ laboratory units and prototypes have been built and tested. Regardless of these
 
 Another great reason which disfavours small scale ORC power systems is **the lack of reliable, efficient and cost-effective expansion machines.**
 
-### ORC expansion machines
+# ORC expansion machines
 
 For medium and large-scale ORC power systems, a turbine is the state-of-the-art vapour expansion device. For the small to micro scale systems though, volumetric expanders dominate the market. Main reason for that is the possibility to derive the design of a small volumetric expander from an off-the-shelf volumetric compressor, common machine in refrigeration and compressed air technology, connected with low investment costs and reliability. [4]
 
@@ -38,7 +36,11 @@ Turboexpanders for small scale ORC plants are nowadays rather scarce and seldom
 
 More information about the work-in-progress can be found in [5,6].
 
-## **References**
+# My involvement
+
+We (me and colleagues from [CTU UCEEB](https://www.uceeb.cz/en/decentralized-energy/)) are working long term on development and commercial application of ORC power systems (biomass-fired CHP ORC units). Currently our units are in operation with a [rotary vane expander](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036054421931792X), though for increased longevity and reliability and eventually even efficiency, a turbine solution would be favourable. That's why we are developing an original turbine for this dedicated purpose within a [joint research project between CTU in Prague, NTNU Trondheim, SINTEF Energi AS and company GT-Progress s.r.o. with duration between 10/2020 and 04/2024.](https://dexpand.cz/en/) Oh and also it's a topic of my dissertation thesis!
+
+# **References**
 
 [1]        Macchi E, Astolfi M. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Power Systems: Technologies and Applications. Woodhead Publishing; (2016).
 

_projects/2_project.md

@@ -2,9 +2,25 @@
 layout: page
 title: High Temperature Heat Pumps
 description: Electrifying industrial process heat to enable decarbonization in industry
-img:
+img: assets/img/HP_TSECOIHX.drawio.png
 importance: 2
 category: work&research
 giscus_comments: false
 ---
-## 🚧 HTHP project is currently under construction 🚧
+# **High-Temperature Heat Pumps: Powering the Future**
+
+In an age where _sustainable solutions_ and _energy efficiency_ dominate the global dialogue, there's a game-changer that's quietly revolutionizing the way we think about heating (both space and industrial process): **high-temperature heat pumps**.
+
+Most of us are familiar with traditional heat pumps, which play a pivotal role in warming our homes during chilly winters and cooling them during scorching summers. However, high-temperature heat pumps are the evolved cousins (kind of a second Pokemon evolution) of these familiar machines, specifically engineered to operate efficiently at much higher temperature levels. These are not just about staying comfortable in our homes; they open doors to numerous industrial applications, from drying processes in the food industry to heat-intensive operations in the chemical sector.
+
+> What makes these devices truly fascinating is their ability to convert low-grade waste heat into high-grade useful heat. In a world striving to reduce its carbon footprint, the potential of high-temperature heat pumps to repurpose waste heat can't be stressed enough. Imagine a future where industries don't just cut down on their waste but turn it into an asset. That's the promise of high-temperature heat pumps, a key enabling technology for decarbonization of industry.
+
+## Motivation
+
+The worldwide ambitions to decrease the greenhouse gas emissions require a considerable reduction of fossil-fuel based heat supply for industrial processes. In 2015 European process heating and cooling accounted for approximately 50 % of the final energy consumption of the industry. Electrically driven heat pumps are a promising technology for increasing system efficiencies and decreasing GHG emissions, using potentially emission free electricity.
+
+However, the commercially available heat pumps are limited to supply temperatures below 100 °C, while the availability of systems capable of higher supply temperatures is limited. The European statistics shows that 67 % of the demand between 100 °C and 200 °C was directly covered by fossil fuels. From this, a considerable application potential for industrial heat pumps and the associated emission reductions can be derived for the range between 100 °C and 200 °C. High-temperature heat pumps are expected to have the most promising performance in terms of levelized cost of heat in a variety of applications. Extending the range of application to supply temperatures of up to 200 °C would allow high-temperature heat pumps to cover 37 % of the entire process heat demand of the European industry. (source [https://heatpumpingtechnologies.org/annex58/](https://heatpumpingtechnologies.org/annex58/))
+
+## My involvement
+
+Within my fellowship at Purdue University, Ray W. Herrick Lab, I am working as a member of DOE funded [CoolScrew project](https://www.coolingpost.com/world-news/heat-pump-projects-receive-doe-funding/) together with ORNL, NIST, Trane Technologies, Shrieve Chemical Company and Chemours. We are developing "*the world's hottest heat pump*" - a proof of concept vapour compression unit achieving 200°C sink temperatures. I provide thermodynamic modelling in Python, screeening of working fluids and simulations on various cycle architectures.

_projects/3_project.md

@@ -2,9 +2,39 @@
 layout: page
 title: Carnot Battery - Pumped Thermal Energy Storage
 description: utility-scale energy storage for the high renewables penetration future energy systems
-img: assets/img/7.jpg
-redirect: https://unsplash.com
+img: assets/img/1557825622969.jpeg
 importance: 3
 category: work&research
+related_publications: Basta2022,Novotny2022
 ---
-## 🚧 HTHP project is currently under construction 🚧
+![1697417100141](image/3_project/1697417100141.png)
+
+# Introduction
+
+Carnot batteries are a quickly developing group of technologies for medium and long duration electricity storage. It covers a large range of concepts which share processes of a conversion of power to heat, thermal energy storage (i.e., storing thermal exergy) and in times of need conversion of the heat back to (electric) power. Even though these systems were already proposed in the 19th century, it is only in the recent years that this field experiences a rapid development, which is associated mostly with the increasing penetration of intermittent cheap renewables in power grids and the requirement of electricity storage in unprecedented capacities.
+
+Compared to the more established storage options, such as pumped hydro and electrochemical batteries, the efficiency is generally much lower, but the low cost of thermal energy storage in large scale and long lifespans comparable with thermal power plants make this technology especially feasible for storing surpluses of cheap renewable electricity over typically dozens of hours and up to days. Within the increasingly extensive scientific research of the Carnot Battery technologies, commercial development plays the major role in technology implementation.
+
+The share of renewable generation in electricity production is ever increasing with the feasibility of a 100% renewable supply supported by multiple studies. The intermittent nature of these sources puts increasing requirements on electricity storage and system flexibility. Lithium batteries are a well-established technology within this field, provide high efficiency (95%, though in real operation, auxiliaries and performance decay by wearing and ageing can notably decrease this value) and relatively low cost per unit power (€/kW). For grid scale medium and long duration applications, however, they are economically well fitted to no more than several hours of capacity due to the high cost per unit capacity (€/kWh). Investigation of a hypothetical 100% of renewable scenario for the UK has found, that, apart from the required installation of certain over-generation, it is the medium duration energy storage in the range of multiple hours to days, through which the majority of the stored electricity needs to flow. The lifetime of electrochemical batteries, typically below 10 years, furthermore stresses the need to search for other solutions. Currently, pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) largely dominates the installed storage capacity in comparison to other solutions.
+
+Carnot batteries (CB) comprise a set of multiple technologies which have a common underlying principle of converting the electricity to thermal exergy, storing it in thermal energy storage (TES) systems, and in a time of need converting the heat back to electricity. Based on this principle, alternative terms are also used as power to heat to power (P2H2P) or electric thermal (or electro-thermal) energy (electricity) storage (ETES).
+
+# Working principle
+
+A general principle of the CB is illustrated below.
+
+    ![Energies 15 00647 g002 550](https://www.mdpi.com/energies/energies-15-00647/article_deploy/html/images/energies-15-00647-g002-550.jpg)
+
+Carnot Batteries use surplus electricity as an input of a power to heat (P2H) system to create a temperature gradient (thermal exergy). It can have a form of hot and cold storage systems, or just one of those (hot or cold) with the temperature gradient defined against the environment. During the discharging process, the thermal exergy is converted back to work (electricity) by heat to power (H2P) system, in principle a heat engine. Various concepts of CB can be illustrated regarding the P2H and H2P conversion processes and thermal integration of the heat source.
+
+    ![Energies 15 00647 g003 550](https://www.mdpi.com/energies/energies-15-00647/article_deploy/html/images/energies-15-00647-g003-550.jpg)
+
+CB concepts regarding thermal integration of heat sources and conversion systems. ( **a** ) direct heat to power conversion, ( **b** ) reversible thermodynamic cycle, ( **c** ) with heat source integration and hot storage or ( **d** ) cold storage.
+
+# My involvement
+
+Together with my colleagues, esp. [Václav N](https://www.linkedin.com/in/v%C3%A1clav-novotn%C3%BD-04a2b26b/)., we are modelling systems for power to heat and heat to power from thermodynamic perspective. We represent the Czech Republic in the [IEA Energy Storage Technology Collaboration Programme](https://iea-es.org/) as country delegates and actively participate in [Task36 Carnot Batteries](https://www.eces-a36.org/) within the TCP. Current step is investigating and evaluating the proficiency of early-stage pilot plants Carnot Batteries in Czech Republic, a district heating CHP plants.
+
+For more information on this subject, you are welcome to read our [co-authored open-access paper](https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/2/647).
+
+(header img. source DLR, rest authors' collective)

_projects/4_project.md

@@ -2,12 +2,11 @@
 layout: page
 title: Travelling
 description: travelling the world is fun
-img:
+img: assets/img/52451793614_15552c1bac_k.jpg
 importance: 3
 category: fun
 ---
-Travelling for me does not mean just visiting places or ticking boxes from the bucket list, but understanding people of different cultures, backgrounds and expanding horizons in a pursue to become at least slightly less narrow-minded. :-) 
-
+Travelling for me does not mean just visiting places or ticking boxes from the bucket list, but understanding people of different cultures, backgrounds and expanding horizons in a pursue to become at least slightly less narrow-minded. :-)
 
 <div class="row">
     <div class="col-sm mt-3 mt-md-0">
@@ -17,3 +16,5 @@ Travelling for me does not mean just visiting places or ticking boxes from the b
 <div class="caption">
     An interactive animated map of the places I visited - never been to the South Hemisphere so far!
 </div>
+
+If I feel like (read if I prioritize ever this enough), I may eventually publish some blogposts or pictures from my travels.

_projects/5_project.md

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 layout: page
 title: photography
 description: I like to think taking photos is art, but actually I'm just hiding behind the camera
-img:
+img: assets/img/53238478067_22ffe73601_k.jpg
 importance: 3
 category: fun
 ---
-## 🚧 photography project is currently under construction 🚧
+Here in the future you will find a collection my photos (maybe?).
 
-Here in the future you will find a collection my photos.
+For now, feel free to check out my [Instagram](https://www.instagram.com/janspale/) to browse through them. I mostly enjoy taking pictures of landscapes, nature, animals, but also sports (mountain biking) or street photography.

_projects/6_project.md

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 layout: page
 title: my impossible list
 description: Not a plain ol' bucket list, but an ever evolving dynamic list of my goals
-img:
-importance: 4
+img: assets/img/
+importance: 1
 category: fun
 ---
 ## Life goals