Merge branch 'main' of https://github.com/fhdsl/AI_for_Decision_Makers …

…into main

docs/00-intro.md

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 How can understanding AI help you be a better leader? 
 
-![](resources/images/00-intro_files/figure-docx//13QC5DTLefV5AIUd_3QPW42D-Zf2Yf6tgrJivIf7jbaQ_g1965a5f7f0a_0_44.png){width=100%}
+<img src="resources/images/00-intro_files/figure-html//13QC5DTLefV5AIUd_3QPW42D-Zf2Yf6tgrJivIf7jbaQ_g1965a5f7f0a_0_44.png" title="CAPTION HERE" alt="CAPTION HERE" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
 
 We think understanding AI is essential for executives. It helps today's leaders make strategic decisions, drive innovation, enhance efficiency, and foster a culture that embraces the transformative power of these technologies. Specifically, AI proficiency can help leaders in the following ways:
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ This specialization is intended for executives, decision-makers, and business le
 
 We also believe that learning is a life-long process. This specialization is targeted toward those who value continuous learning and want to stay ahead in today's fast-paced technology landscape.
 
-![](resources/images/00-intro_files/figure-docx//13QC5DTLefV5AIUd_3QPW42D-Zf2Yf6tgrJivIf7jbaQ_g2a3e68cb5a3_0_16.png){width=100%}
+<img src="resources/images/00-intro_files/figure-html//13QC5DTLefV5AIUd_3QPW42D-Zf2Yf6tgrJivIf7jbaQ_g2a3e68cb5a3_0_16.png" title="CAPTION HERE" alt="CAPTION HERE" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
 
 ## Curriculum  
 

docs/01a-AI_Possibilities-intro.md

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 
 This course aims to help decision makers and leaders understand artificial intelligence (AI) at a strategic level. Not everyone will write an AI algorithm, and that is okay! Our rapidly evolving AI landscape means that we need executives and managers who know the essential information to make informed decisions and use AI for good. This course specifically focuses on the essentials of what AI is and what it makes possible, to better harmonize expectations and reality in the workplace.
 
-
 ## Motivation
 
 This course will help you with your understanding of AI, helping you make strategic decision and cultivate a business environment that embraces the benefits of AI, while understanding its limitations and risks.
@@ -45,3 +44,7 @@ We will learn how to:
 <div class = disclaimer>
 **Disclaimer:** The thoughts and ideas presented in this course are not to be substituted for legal or ethical advice and are only meant to give you a starting point for gathering information about AI policy and regulations to consider.
 </div>
+
+# VIDEO Introduction to Exploring AI Possibilities
+
+You can find the Google Slides for this video [here](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1M6lqJoN0yQDPJtO8nGWYrb7pI6kNv3uZeKcB8y5iPok/edit?usp=sharing).

docs/01b-AI_Possibilities-what_is_ai.md

@@ -9,21 +9,21 @@ You can find the Google Slides for this video [here](https://docs.google.com/pre
 
 The term "artificial intelligence", or AI, often makes people envision humanoid robots. For some of us, this prompts concerns about their ability to outsmart us. The notion of robots passing tests that blur the line between human and machine, often depicted in science fiction, adds to these worries, particularly when considering the potential for AI systems to act in self-interest and make decisions independently.
 
-![](resources/images/01b-AI_Possibilities-what_is_ai_files/figure-docx//1-Mm-Vym3xdtB8xLRHR24jNCLSbNgFHw6N62iJrYe63c_g2a68fa11a90_0_0.png){width=100%}
+<img src="resources/images/01b-AI_Possibilities-what_is_ai_files/figure-html//1-Mm-Vym3xdtB8xLRHR24jNCLSbNgFHw6N62iJrYe63c_g2a68fa11a90_0_0.png" title="CAPTION HERE" alt="CAPTION HERE" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
 
 ## Specific and General Intelligence
 
 Currently, no AI system can perform all the intellectual tasks that a human can. This is an active area of research, specifically into what's called **artificial general intelligence**. We aren't there yet. Currently, artificial intelligence systems are optimized to perform a specific task well, but not for general, multi-purpose tasks. For example, the AI application for recognizing voices can not be directly applied to drive cars, and vice versa. Similarly, a language translation app could not recognize images, and vice versa.
 
-![](resources/images/01b-AI_Possibilities-what_is_ai_files/figure-docx//1-Mm-Vym3xdtB8xLRHR24jNCLSbNgFHw6N62iJrYe63c_gcf1264c749_0_130.png){width=100%}
+<img src="resources/images/01b-AI_Possibilities-what_is_ai_files/figure-html//1-Mm-Vym3xdtB8xLRHR24jNCLSbNgFHw6N62iJrYe63c_gcf1264c749_0_130.png" title="CAPTION HERE" alt="CAPTION HERE" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
 
 ## Shifting Goalposts
 
 Defining what AI is can be tricky because what experts consider to be AI changes frequently. John McCarthy, one of the leading early figures in AI once said, "As soon as it works, no one calls it artificial intelligence anymore".
 
 For instance, 20 years ago, the idea of an email spam checker was new. People were surprised that an algorithm could identify junk email accurately, and called it “artificial intelligence”. Since this type of algorithm has become so common, it is no longer called "artificial intelligence". This transition happened because we no longer think it is surprising that computers can filter spam messages. Because it is not learning something new and surprising, it is no longer considered intelligent.
 
-![](resources/images/01b-AI_Possibilities-what_is_ai_files/figure-docx//1-Mm-Vym3xdtB8xLRHR24jNCLSbNgFHw6N62iJrYe63c_g2a162964683_1_176.png){width=100%}
+<img src="resources/images/01b-AI_Possibilities-what_is_ai_files/figure-html//1-Mm-Vym3xdtB8xLRHR24jNCLSbNgFHw6N62iJrYe63c_g2a162964683_1_176.png" title="CAPTION HERE" alt="CAPTION HERE" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
 
 We often look at human intelligence the same way. For example, many years ago, only a few people knew how to use the internet. These people might have been considered extremely talented and intelligent. Now, the massive growth of online resources and social media mean that fluent internet use is almost required!
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ At its core, AI is about problem solving [@fogel2022]. But how does it do this?
 
 1. **Interface**: AI needs a physical interface or software for the trained algorithm to receive a data input and execute the human-like task in the real world. For example, you might interface with a chatbot in your web browser.
 
-![](resources/images/01b-AI_Possibilities-what_is_ai_files/figure-docx//1-Mm-Vym3xdtB8xLRHR24jNCLSbNgFHw6N62iJrYe63c_g2a64e94b13a_0_0.png){width=100%}
+<img src="resources/images/01b-AI_Possibilities-what_is_ai_files/figure-html//10PZ8gQQIIxIjC8ELCMZdshoOUxrIMo1iKjbKspM2J4E_g2a972176106_0_178.png" title="CAPTION HERE" alt="CAPTION HERE" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
 
 As an example, consider Amazon Echo’s voice control device [@wikiECHO]. The data set consists of customer voices talking to Amazon Echo or other devices. The algorithm predicts what a new customer voice is asking it to do. Given human voice request, it may set a kitchen timer. Lastly, the interface, is a physical device with a microphone, speaker, and computer software running the algorithm and accessing the data. It is the part that will interact with humans.
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Let's look at a few of examples. We can then decide whether or not the examples
 
 ### Smartphones
 
-![](resources/images/01b-AI_Possibilities-what_is_ai_files/figure-docx//1-Mm-Vym3xdtB8xLRHR24jNCLSbNgFHw6N62iJrYe63c_g263dd3c9316_30_0.png){width=70%}
+<img src="resources/images/01b-AI_Possibilities-what_is_ai_files/figure-html//10PZ8gQQIIxIjC8ELCMZdshoOUxrIMo1iKjbKspM2J4E_g2a972176106_0_185.png" title="CAPTION HERE" alt="CAPTION HERE" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
 
 The name "smartphone" implies these devices are making decisions and are powered by AI. Let's consider our three criteria:
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ While there are some features on smartphones that are powered by AI models, like
 
 ### Calculators
 
-![](resources/images/01b-AI_Possibilities-what_is_ai_files/figure-docx//1-Mm-Vym3xdtB8xLRHR24jNCLSbNgFHw6N62iJrYe63c_g263dd3c9316_30_8.png){width=70%}
+<img src="resources/images/01b-AI_Possibilities-what_is_ai_files/figure-html//10PZ8gQQIIxIjC8ELCMZdshoOUxrIMo1iKjbKspM2J4E_g2a972176106_0_193.png" title="CAPTION HERE" alt="CAPTION HERE" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
 
 Many of us use basic calculators, as you might find in Microsoft Excel, every day. AI also makes many calculations. Is it just a scaled-up calculator?
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ Traditional calculators are not considered AI, because everything they can do is
 
 ### Computer Programs
 
-![](resources/images/01b-AI_Possibilities-what_is_ai_files/figure-docx//1-Mm-Vym3xdtB8xLRHR24jNCLSbNgFHw6N62iJrYe63c_g263dd3c9316_30_15.png){width=70%}
+<img src="resources/images/01b-AI_Possibilities-what_is_ai_files/figure-html//10PZ8gQQIIxIjC8ELCMZdshoOUxrIMo1iKjbKspM2J4E_g2a972176106_0_200.png" title="CAPTION HERE" alt="CAPTION HERE" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
 
 Like calculators, computers follow set procedures for problem solving and computation. Everyday computers use these procedures to help automate repetitive tasks and save time. However, this isn't generally considered AI, because the computer's algorithms aren't being trained with new data you supply. AI systems exhibit the ability to adapt and handle new inputs for tasks that might be more complicated.
 
@@ -128,53 +128,3 @@ The definition of artificial intelligence (AI) has shifted over time. We use the
 <div class = disclaimer>
 **Disclaimer:** The thoughts and ideas presented in this course are not to be substituted for legal or ethical advice and are only meant to give you a starting point for gathering information about AI policy and regulations to consider.
 </div>
-
-
-# AI Case Studies
-
-The following are case studies that can help us conceptualize AI in the real world.
-
-## Amazon Recommendations
-
-Amazon's recommendation engine uses AI algorithms to analyze user behavior and past purchases, providing personalized product recommendations. This enhances the shopping experience, increases customer engagement, and drives sales.
-
-TODO: Text here.
-
-## Financial Forecasting
-
-In this case study, we will look at how artificial intelligence has been utilized in governmental financial services. National banks, such as the Federal Reserve of United States and the European Central bank of the European Union, have started to explore how Artificial Intelligence can be used for data mining and economic forecast prediction. 
-
-There are many uses of AI for improving financial institutions, each with potential benefits and risks. Most financial institutions weigh the benefits and risks carefully before implementation.
-
-For instance, if a financial institution takes a high-risk prediction seriously, such as predicting a financial crisis or a large recession, then it would have huge impact on a bank’s policy and allows the bank to act early. However, many financial institutions are hesitant to take action based on artificial intelligence predictions because the prediction is for a high-risk situation. If the prediction is not accurate then there can be severe consequences. Additionally, data on rare events such as financial crises are not abundant, so researchers worry that there is not enough data to train accurate models [@nelson2023].
-
-Many banks prefer to pilot AI for low-risk, repeated predictions, in which the events are common and there is a lot of data to train the model on.
-
-Let’s look at a few examples that illustrate the potential benefits and risks of artificial intelligence for improving financial institutions.
-
-### Categorizing Businesses
-
-![](resources/images/01b-AI_Possibilities-what_is_ai_files/figure-docx//1b8ivojtu3UA0HcACLqcghS300Ia4Wu7iXmgp6KacEJw_g2639341f200_0_58.png){width=100%}
-
-An important task in analysis of economic data is to classify business by institutional sector. For instance, given 10 million legal entities in the European Union, they need to be classified by financial sector to conduct downstream analysis. In the past, classifying legal entities was curated by expert knowledge [@moufakkir2023].
-
-Text-based analysis and machine learning classifiers, which are all considered AI models, help reduce this manual curation time. An AI model would extract important keywords and classify into an appropriate financial sector, such as “non-profits”, “small business”, or “government”. This would be a low-risk use of AI, as one could easily validate the result to the true financial sector.
-
-### Incorporating new predictors for forecasting
-
-![](resources/images/01b-AI_Possibilities-what_is_ai_files/figure-docx//1b8ivojtu3UA0HcACLqcghS300Ia4Wu7iXmgp6KacEJw_g2639341f200_0_70.png){width=100%}
-
-Banks are considering expanding upon existing traditional economic models to bring in a wider data sources, such as pulling in social media feeds as an indicator of public sentiment. The National bank of France has started to use social media information to estimate the public perception of inflation. The Malaysian national bank has started to incorporate new articles into its financial model of gross domestic product estimation. However, the use of these new data sources may may raise questions about government oversight of social media and public domain information [@omfif2023]. 
-
-### Using Large Language Models to predict inflation
-
-![](resources/images/01b-AI_Possibilities-what_is_ai_files/figure-docx//1b8ivojtu3UA0HcACLqcghS300Ia4Wu7iXmgp6KacEJw_g2639341f200_0_14.png){width=100%}
-
-The US Federal Reserve has researched the idea of using pre-trained large language models from Google to make inflation predictions. Usually, inflation is predicted from the Survey of Professional Forecasters, which pools forecasts from a range of financial forecasts and experts. When compared to the true inflation rate, the researchers found that the large language models performed slightly better than the Survey of Professional Forecasters [@stlouisfed2023].
-
-A concern of using pre-trained large language models is that the data sources used for model training are not known, so the financial institution may be using data that is not in line with its policy. Also, a potential risk of using large language models that perform similarly is the convergence of predictions. If large language models make very similar predictions, banks would act similarly and make similar policies, which may lead to financial instability [@omfif2023]. 
-
-<br>
-<div class = disclaimer>
-**Disclaimer:** The thoughts and ideas presented in this course are not to be substituted for legal or ethical advice and are only meant to give you a starting point for gathering information about AI policy and regulations to consider.
-</div>