adding facial reg stuff

02e-Avoiding_Harm-consent_and_ai.Rmd

@@ -10,9 +10,10 @@ Much of the world is developing data privacy regulations, as many individuals va
 
 While data collection concerns have been increasing up for years, AI systems present new challenges (@pearce_beware_2021; @tucker_privacy_2018):
 
-- **Accountability** - it is more difficult to determine who is accountable at times when separate parties may collect vs use data
-- **Data reuse** - data collected for one purpose is getting reused for other purposes that may dramatically change over time. For example data collected on food purchases for food companies could get reused by insurance companies to determine health risk based on dietary behavior.
-- **Data spillover** - accidental data collection due to collection for a different purpose, for example a photo of someone with other individuals in the background
+- **Accountability** - It is more difficult to determine who is accountable at times when separate parties may collect versus redistribute data, versus use data
+- **Data Persistence** - Since data rapidly be redistributed it can be difficult to remove data (@gangarapu_ethics_2022).
+- **Data reuse** - Data collected for one purpose is getting reused for other purposes that may dramatically change over time. For example data collected on food purchases for food companies could get reused by insurance companies to determine health risk based on dietary behavior.
+- **Data spillover** - Accidental data collection due to collection for a different purpose, for example a photo of someone with other individuals in the background
 - **Trickier Consent** - Consent to allow data collection is trickier as it is less clear that users understand the potential risks (@andreotta_ai_2022)
 - **Easier Data Collection/Translation** - AI makes it really easy to collect and record new forms of data about individuals such as transcriptions of meetings. This is making it easier for people to record people without their consent and poses privacy risks (@elefant_can_2023).
 
@@ -21,4 +22,17 @@ Consent is especially a concern for healthcare research, where potential partici
 
 See https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00146-021-01262-5 for deeper discussions on the topic.
 
+<div class = example>
+
+Real-World Example
+
+Facial Recognition technology has been an especially debated topic. There have many instances of unethical practices including collecting and reusing data without consent, collecting data on particularly vulnerable populations that could easily be misused, and creating tools that perpetuate bias and harm, such as a tool that was aimed at predicting if someone was likely to be a criminal. 
+
+A Berlin-based artist Adam Harvey created a [project and website](https://exposing.ai/) that flags questionable datasets and discussing ethical issues around facial recognition.
+
+> I wanted to uncover the uncomfortable truth that many of the photos people posted online have an afterlife as training data (@van_noorden_ethical_2020)
+
+See these articles for more information: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03187-3 and https://learn.g2.com/ethics-of-facial-recognition
+
+</div>
 

book.bib

@@ -486,3 +486,40 @@ @misc{Leek2017
 	language = {en},
 	year= {2017}
 }
+
+
+@misc{gangarapu_ethics_2022,
+	title = {Ethics of {Facial} {Recognition}: {Key} {Issues} and {Solutions}},
+	shorttitle = {Ethics of {Facial} {Recognition}},
+	url = {https://learn.g2.com/ethics-of-facial-recognition},
+	abstract = {Facial recognition is one of the most advanced forms of biometric security facing ethical issues. Learn more about these issues and ways to mitigate them.},
+	language = {en},
+	urldate = {2023-12-15},
+	author = {Gangarapu, Katam Raju},
+	year = {2022},
+}
+
+
+@article{van_noorden_ethical_2020,
+	title = {The ethical questions that haunt facial-recognition research},
+	volume = {587},
+	copyright = {2021 Nature},
+	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03187-3},
+	doi = {10.1038/d41586-020-03187-3},
+	abstract = {Journals and researchers are under fire for controversial studies using this technology. And a Nature survey reveals that many researchers in this field think there is a problem.},
+	language = {en},
+	number = {7834},
+	urldate = {2023-12-15},
+	journal = {Nature},
+	author = {Van Noorden, Richard},
+	month = nov,
+	year = {2020},
+	note = {Bandiera\_abtest: a
+Cg\_type: News Feature
+Number: 7834
+Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
+Subject\_term: Machine learning, Ethics, Politics, Computer science},
+	keywords = {Computer science, Ethics, Machine learning, Politics},
+	pages = {354--358}
+}
+