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<!doctype html><html lang=en-US><head><meta name=generator content="Hugo 0.135.0"><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta http-equiv=Cache-Control content="no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate"><meta http-equiv=Pragma content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv=Expires content="0"><title>Research and Teaching Companion</title>
<!doctype html><html lang=en-US><head><meta name=generator content="Hugo 0.136.2"><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta http-equiv=Cache-Control content="no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate"><meta http-equiv=Pragma content="no-cache"><meta http-equiv=Expires content="0"><title>Research and Teaching Companion</title>
<meta name=referrer content="no-referrer-when-downgrade"><link rel=stylesheet href=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/scss/main.min.f6fd1e90cdf88b5095620c56e1969432bf11e07c895fdf5b8f89f6d8a8cbaaad.css><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml href=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/index.xml title="Research and Teaching Companion"><script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-Q73EJ8XGXM"></script><script>var dnt,doNotTrack=!1;if(!1&&(dnt=navigator.doNotTrack||window.doNotTrack||navigator.msDoNotTrack,doNotTrack=dnt=="1"||dnt=="yes"),!doNotTrack){window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)}gtag("js",new Date),gtag("config","G-Q73EJ8XGXM")}</script></head><body><header><nav class=nav><a class=home-link href=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/><img alt="Research and Teaching Companion project logo" src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/img/mk-banner-logo.png>
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<label for=mobile-nav-toggle><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M3 18h18v-2H3v2zm0-5h18v-2H3v2zm0-7v2h18V6H3z"/></svg></label><ul><li class=nav-item><a href=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/introduction/><span>Introduction</span></a></li><li class=nav-item><a href=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/resources/><span>Resources</span></a></li><li class=nav-item><a href=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/about/><span>About M&amp;K</span></a></li><li class=nav-item><a href=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/credits/><span>Credits</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main><div class="bg-maroon-gradient accent-bar"></div><content class=homepage><p>Welcome to the Making and Knowing Project’s Research and Teaching Companion to <a href=https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/><em>Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France. A Digital Critical Edition and English Translation of BnF Ms. Fr. 640</em></a>. In this Companion, you will find resources for teaching courses that integrate hands-on learning, as well as for engaging with <em>Secrets of Craft and Nature</em> through historical and digital research, and for making use of the edition’s data for research and visualization. In addition to these resources for hands-on research and teaching, the Companion includes the experiences of our collaborators in using the Project’s resources over the years since the edition was published in 2020. We hope you will join them in the growing community of making and knowing around <em>Secrets of Craft and Nature</em>!</p><ul class=resources><li><a href=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/resources/syllabi/>Making & Knowing Syllabi</a></li><li><a href=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/resources/activity-sheets/>Lesson Plans for Hands-On</a></li><li><a href=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/resources/case-studies/>M&K Resources in Use</a></li><li><a href=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/resources/student-projects/>Student Projects</a></li><li><a href=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/resources/reflection/>Reflections on Hands-On</a></li><li><a href=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/resources/digital/>Digital Making & Knowing</a></li></ul><p><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/sp18_mk-lab.jpg alt="Making and Knowing Lab Spring 2018" width=640 height=360><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/sp22_azurite-session.jpg alt="Making and Knowing Lab azurite session" width=640 height=360></p></content></main><footer><div class=top><div class=copyright><p><a class=symbols target=_blank href=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/><svg width="64" height="64" viewBox="5.5 -3.5 64 64"><circle fill="transparent" cx="37.785" cy="28.501" r="28.836"/><path fill="#fff" d="M37.441-3.5c8.951.0 16.572 3.125 22.857 9.372 3.008 3.009 5.295 6.448 6.857 10.314 1.561 3.867 2.344 7.971 2.344 12.314.0 4.381-.773 8.486-2.314 12.313-1.543 3.828-3.82 7.21-6.828 10.143-3.123 3.085-6.666 5.448-10.629 7.086-3.961 1.638-8.057 2.457-12.285 2.457s-8.276-.808-12.143-2.429c-3.866-1.618-7.333-3.961-10.4-7.027-3.067-3.066-5.4-6.524-7-10.372S5.5 32.767 5.5 28.5c0-4.229.809-8.295 2.428-12.2 1.619-3.905 3.972-7.4 7.057-10.486C21.08-.394 28.565-3.5 37.441-3.5zm.116 5.772c-7.314.0-13.467 2.553-18.458 7.657-2.515 2.553-4.448 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able to get a sense of how people understand their bodies, materials,
and the notion of cosmetics. Thus, let’s compare ingredients that early
modern European people used with the ingredients that we often use in
our present daily life to see what has changed.</p><h3 id=table-1-whitening-the-teeth>Table 1: Whitening the teeth</h3><table><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><thead><tr class=header><th><strong>Recipe Source</strong></th><th><strong>Ingredients</strong></th><th><strong>Image</strong></th></tr><tr class=odd><th>Ms. Fr. 640 recipes</th><th><a href=https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/folios/46r/tl><u>Fol. 46r</u></a>, “For the teeth, oil of sulfur:” oil of sulfur, clove oil, rose honey</th><th><p><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image7.jpg alt="Scooper filled with dried clove next to brown glass vial"></p><p>clove oil</p></th></tr><tr class=header><th>Contemporary remedy</th><th>Toothpaste with hydrogen peroxide</th><th><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image6.jpg alt="Cardboard box for tube of toothpaste"></th></tr></thead><tbody></tbody></table><h3 id=table-2-against-redness-of-the-face>Table 2: Against redness of the face</h3><table><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><thead><tr class=header><th><strong>Recipe Source</strong></th><th><strong>Ingredients</strong></th><th><strong>Image</strong></th></tr><tr class=odd><th>Ms. Fr. 640 recipes</th><th><a href=https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/folios/77r/f/77r/tl><u>Fol. 77r</u></a>, “Against redness of the face:” lead (likely a lead compound)</th><th><p><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image4.jpg alt="Ceramic pot filled with white pucks"></p><p>(Venetian ceruse - lead carbonate)</p><p>Makeup pot with molded tablets of white lead found in a tomb from the fifth c. BC; at the Kerameikos Archaeological Museum.<a href=#fn1 class=footnote-ref id=fnref1 role=doc-noteref><sup>1</sup></a></p></th></tr><tr class=header><th>Contemporary remedy</th><th>Soothing products such as creams and lotions containing ingredients such as niacinamide, sulfur, allantoin, caffeine, licorice root, chamomile, aloe, and cucumber</th><th><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image9.jpg alt="Green tub of lotion">Aloderma Soothing & Repairing Cream, <a href=https://aloderma.com/><u>https://aloderma.com/</u></a></th></tr></thead><tbody></tbody></table><section class=footnotes role=doc-endnotes><hr><ol><li id=fn1 role=doc-endnote><p>Strangeremains, “Beauty to Die for: How Vanity Killed an 18th Century Celebutante,” Strange Remains, January 31, 2017, <a href=https://strangeremains.com/2017/01/31/beauty-to-die-for-how-vanity-killed-an-18th-century-celebutante/><u>https://strangeremains.com/2017/01/31/beauty-to-die-for-how-vanity-killed-an-18th-century-celebutante/</u></a>.<a href=#fnref1 class=footnote-back role=doc-backlink>↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section><h3 id=table-3-whitening-the-face>Table 3: Whitening the face</h3><table><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><thead><tr class=header><th><strong>Recipe Source</strong></th><th><strong>Ingredients</strong></th><th><strong>Image</strong></th></tr><tr class=odd><th>Ms. Fr. 640 recipes</th><th><a href=https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/folios/20v/f/20v/tl><u>Fol. 20v</u></a>, “For whitening the face:” Puffball and water, or wheat starch and water</th><th><p><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image3.jpg alt="Glass bowl containing milky-translucent paste"></p><p>Wheat starch and water</p></th></tr><tr class=header><th>Contemporary remedy</th><th>Niacinamide, Vitamin C (usually contained in skin care products to brighten skin tone)</th><th><p><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image1.jpg alt="Vial with dropper"></p><p>Niacinamide serum</p></th></tr></thead><tbody></tbody></table><h3 id=table-4-getting-rid-of-the-redness-of-eyes-or-bruising>Table 4: Getting rid of the redness of eyes or bruising</h3><table><thead><tr><th style=text-align:left><strong>Recipe Source</strong></th><th style=text-align:left><strong>Ingredients</strong></th><th style=text-align:left><strong>Image</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style=text-align:left>Ms. Fr. 640 recipes</td><td style=text-align:left><a href=https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/folios/11v/f/11v/tl><u>Fol. 11v</u></a>, “For getting rid of the redness of eyes or bruising:” sliced raw mutton flesh (applied to the skin/eyes)</td><td style=text-align:left><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image8.jpg alt="Thin slices of raw meat in container"></td></tr><tr><td style=text-align:left>Contemporary remedy</td><td style=text-align:left>Ice (leave an ice pack in place for 10-20 min), or cool compresses over closed eyes</td><td style=text-align:left><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image11.jpg alt="Ice cubes"></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=table-5-against-burns>Table 5: Against burns</h3><table><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><thead><tr class=header><th><strong>Recipe Source</strong></th><th><strong>Ingredients</strong></th><th><strong>Image</strong></th></tr><tr class=odd><th>Ms. Fr. 640 recipes</th><th><a href=https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/folios/20v/f/20v/tl><u>Fol. 20v</u></a>, “Against burn:” onion and verjuice, or black soap</th><th><p><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image12.png alt="Stacked blocks of soap"></p><p>Raw natural black soap</p></th></tr><tr class=header><th>Contemporary remedy</th><th>For minor burns: petroleum jelly or aloe vera</th><th><p><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image5.jpg alt="Tub of petroleum jelly ointment"></p><p>Petroleum jelly</p></th></tr></thead><tbody></tbody></table><h3 id=table-6-against-wounds>Table 6: Against wounds</h3><table><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><thead><tr class=header><th><strong>Recipe Source</strong></th><th><strong>Ingredients</strong></th><th><strong>Image</strong></th></tr><tr class=odd><th>Ms. Fr. 640 recipes</th><th><a href=https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/folios/55r/f/55r/tl><u>Fol. 55r</u></a>, “Against wounds:” sap, pestled semperviva plant</th><th><p><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image2.jpg alt="Dried yellow flowers and plant matter in bowl"></p><p>Semperviva herb</p></th></tr><tr class=header><th>Contemporary remedy</th><th>Antibiotic ointment or petroleum jelly</th><th><p><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image10.jpg alt="Cardboard box for tube of ointment"></p><p>Antibiotic ointment</p></th></tr></thead><tbody></tbody></table><h3 id=summary-of-the-recipes>Summary of the Recipes</h3><p>Although recipes from each period (sixteenth and twenty-first centuries)
our present daily life to see what has changed.</p><h3 id=table-1-whitening-the-teeth>Table 1: Whitening the teeth</h3><table><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><thead><tr class=header><th><strong>Recipe Source</strong></th><th><strong>Ingredients</strong></th><th><strong>Image</strong></th></tr><tr class=odd><th>Ms. Fr. 640 recipes</th><th><a href=https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/folios/46r/tl><u>Fol. 46r</u></a>, “For the teeth, oil of sulfur:” oil of sulfur, clove oil, rose honey</th><th><p><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image7.jpg alt="Scooper filled with dried clove next to brown glass vial"></p><p>clove oil</p></th></tr><tr class=header><th>Contemporary remedy</th><th>Toothpaste with hydrogen peroxide</th><th><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image6.jpg alt="Cardboard box for tube of toothpaste"></th></tr></thead><tbody></tbody></table><h3 id=table-2-against-redness-of-the-face>Table 2: Against redness of the face</h3><table><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><thead><tr class=header><th><strong>Recipe Source</strong></th><th><strong>Ingredients</strong></th><th><strong>Image</strong></th></tr><tr class=odd><th>Ms. Fr. 640 recipes</th><th><a href=https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/folios/77r/f/77r/tl><u>Fol. 77r</u></a>, “Against redness of the face:” lead (likely a lead compound)</th><th><p><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image4.jpg alt="Ceramic pot filled with white pucks"></p><p>(Venetian ceruse - lead carbonate)</p><p>Makeup pot with molded tablets of white lead found in a tomb from the fifth c. BC; at the Kerameikos Archaeological Museum.<a href=#fn1 class=footnote-ref id=fnref1 role=doc-noteref><sup>1</sup></a></p></th></tr><tr class=header><th>Contemporary remedy</th><th>Soothing products such as creams and lotions containing ingredients such as niacinamide, sulfur, allantoin, caffeine, licorice root, chamomile, aloe, and cucumber</th><th><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image9.jpg alt="Green tub of lotion">Aloderma Soothing & Repairing Cream, <a href=https://aloderma.com/><u>https://aloderma.com/</u></a></th></tr></thead><tbody></tbody></table><section class=footnotes role=doc-endnotes><hr><ol><li id=fn1 role=doc-endnote><p>Strangeremains, “Beauty to Die for: How Vanity Killed an 18th Century Celebutante,” Strange Remains, January 31, 2017, <a href=https://strangeremains.com/2017/01/31/beauty-to-die-for-how-vanity-killed-an-18th-century-celebutante/><u>https://strangeremains.com/2017/01/31/beauty-to-die-for-how-vanity-killed-an-18th-century-celebutante/</u></a>.<a href=#fnref1 class=footnote-back role=doc-backlink>↩︎</a></p></li></ol></section><h3 id=table-3-whitening-the-face>Table 3: Whitening the face</h3><table><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><thead><tr class=header><th><strong>Recipe Source</strong></th><th><strong>Ingredients</strong></th><th><strong>Image</strong></th></tr><tr class=odd><th>Ms. Fr. 640 recipes</th><th><a href=https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/folios/20v/f/20v/tl><u>Fol. 20v</u></a>, “For whitening the face:” Puffball and water, or wheat starch and water</th><th><p><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image3.jpg alt="Glass bowl containing milky-translucent paste"></p><p>Wheat starch and water</p></th></tr><tr class=header><th>Contemporary remedy</th><th>Niacinamide, Vitamin C (usually contained in skin care products to brighten skin tone)</th><th><p><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image1.jpg alt="Vial with dropper"></p><p>Niacinamide serum</p></th></tr></thead><tbody></tbody></table><h3 id=table-4-getting-rid-of-the-redness-of-eyes-or-bruising>Table 4: Getting rid of the redness of eyes or bruising</h3><table><thead><tr><th><strong>Recipe Source</strong></th><th><strong>Ingredients</strong></th><th><strong>Image</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Ms. Fr. 640 recipes</td><td><a href=https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/folios/11v/f/11v/tl><u>Fol. 11v</u></a>, “For getting rid of the redness of eyes or bruising:” sliced raw mutton flesh (applied to the skin/eyes)</td><td><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image8.jpg alt="Thin slices of raw meat in container"></td></tr><tr><td>Contemporary remedy</td><td>Ice (leave an ice pack in place for 10-20 min), or cool compresses over closed eyes</td><td><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image11.jpg alt="Ice cubes"></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id=table-5-against-burns>Table 5: Against burns</h3><table><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><thead><tr class=header><th><strong>Recipe Source</strong></th><th><strong>Ingredients</strong></th><th><strong>Image</strong></th></tr><tr class=odd><th>Ms. Fr. 640 recipes</th><th><a href=https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/folios/20v/f/20v/tl><u>Fol. 20v</u></a>, “Against burn:” onion and verjuice, or black soap</th><th><p><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image12.png alt="Stacked blocks of soap"></p><p>Raw natural black soap</p></th></tr><tr class=header><th>Contemporary remedy</th><th>For minor burns: petroleum jelly or aloe vera</th><th><p><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image5.jpg alt="Tub of petroleum jelly ointment"></p><p>Petroleum jelly</p></th></tr></thead><tbody></tbody></table><h3 id=table-6-against-wounds>Table 6: Against wounds</h3><table><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><col style=width:33%><thead><tr class=header><th><strong>Recipe Source</strong></th><th><strong>Ingredients</strong></th><th><strong>Image</strong></th></tr><tr class=odd><th>Ms. Fr. 640 recipes</th><th><a href=https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/folios/55r/f/55r/tl><u>Fol. 55r</u></a>, “Against wounds:” sap, pestled semperviva plant</th><th><p><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image2.jpg alt="Dried yellow flowers and plant matter in bowl"></p><p>Semperviva herb</p></th></tr><tr class=header><th>Contemporary remedy</th><th>Antibiotic ointment or petroleum jelly</th><th><p><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-lin-sundar/image10.jpg alt="Cardboard box for tube of ointment"></p><p>Antibiotic ointment</p></th></tr></thead><tbody></tbody></table><h3 id=summary-of-the-recipes>Summary of the Recipes</h3><p>Although recipes from each period (sixteenth and twenty-first centuries)
are limited to varying degrees by the technology of the times, we can
still compare them in general terms. From the six examples presented in
the above tables, we can find a pattern that people in early modern

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<a href=https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/folios/145r/f/145r/tl><u>145r</u></a>).
For more detail and a replication of these recipes, see Boyd, Palframan,
and Smith, <a href=https://doi.org/10.7916/1dc2-rn58><u>Molding with Cuttlefish
Bone</u></a>.<sup id=fnref:2><a href=#fn:2 class=footnote-ref role=doc-noteref>2</a></sup></p><table><thead><tr><th style=text-align:left><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-donald/image2.png alt=IMAGE></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style=text-align:left><strong>Figure 1.</strong> Casting of tin in the cuttlefish bone mold of a ring. Emily Boyd and Jef Palframan, 2014. Note the gate at the top through which the metal was poured and the vents. Also visible are the pegs that hold the two halves of the mold together. © Making and Knowing Project (<a href=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/><u>CC BY-NC-SA</u></a>).</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The species of cuttlefish referenced in Ms. Fr. 640 is most likely the
Bone</u></a>.<sup id=fnref:2><a href=#fn:2 class=footnote-ref role=doc-noteref>2</a></sup></p><table><thead><tr><th><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-donald/image2.png alt=IMAGE></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Figure 1.</strong> Casting of tin in the cuttlefish bone mold of a ring. Emily Boyd and Jef Palframan, 2014. Note the gate at the top through which the metal was poured and the vents. Also visible are the pegs that hold the two halves of the mold together. © Making and Knowing Project (<a href=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/><u>CC BY-NC-SA</u></a>).</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The species of cuttlefish referenced in Ms. Fr. 640 is most likely the
common or European cuttlefish, <em>Sepia officinalis</em>. Native to the
Mediterranean, North, and Baltic Seas (see <strong>Fig. 2</strong>), this is a
relatively abundant sea creature related to the octopus and squid. The
cuttlefish is unique because of its cuttlebone, a lightweight, porous,
bony material that cuttlefish use to regulate buoyancy, akin to an
internal shell.</p><table><thead><tr><th style=text-align:left><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-donald/image3.png alt=IMAGE><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-donald/image4.png alt=IMAGE></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style=text-align:left><strong>Figure 2</strong>. Map of the distribution of the common cuttlefish, <em>Sepia officinalis</em>.<sup id=fnref:3><a href=#fn:3 class=footnote-ref role=doc-noteref>3</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><p>How was cuttlebone acquired and transported for casting and goldsmithing
internal shell.</p><table><thead><tr><th><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-donald/image3.png alt=IMAGE><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-donald/image4.png alt=IMAGE></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Figure 2</strong>. Map of the distribution of the common cuttlefish, <em>Sepia officinalis</em>.<sup id=fnref:3><a href=#fn:3 class=footnote-ref role=doc-noteref>3</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><p>How was cuttlebone acquired and transported for casting and goldsmithing
around the time of the author-practitioner of Ms. Fr. 640 in the
sixteenth century? Sources on this are unfortunately scant, which is
telling in itself. Today, cuttlefish are largely caught as fishing
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
object into the interior, the object is removed and the two halves are
pressed back together and filled with molten metal. Cuttlebone is able
to withstand high temperatures, although the author-practitioner of Ms.
Fr. 640 warns against overheating the metal alloy.</p><table><thead><tr><th style=text-align:left><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-donald/image1.png alt=IMAGE></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style=text-align:left><strong>Figure 3</strong>. The author-practitioner’s sketch of cuttlefish bone patterning, Ms. Fr. 640, fol. <a href=https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/folios/145r/f/145r/tl><u>145r</u></a>. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris. Source: gallica.bnf.fr.</td></tr></tbody></table><table><thead><tr><th style=text-align:left><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-donald/image5.jpg alt=IMAGE></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style=text-align:left><strong>Figure 4</strong>. Cuttlefish bone pattern (interior). Maia Donald, 2022. © Making and Knowing Project (<a href=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/><u>CC BY-NC-SA</u></a>).</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The absence of cuttlefish in the historical record also comes as a
Fr. 640 warns against overheating the metal alloy.</p><table><thead><tr><th><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-donald/image1.png alt=IMAGE></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Figure 3</strong>. The author-practitioner’s sketch of cuttlefish bone patterning, Ms. Fr. 640, fol. <a href=https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/#/folios/145r/f/145r/tl><u>145r</u></a>. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris. Source: gallica.bnf.fr.</td></tr></tbody></table><table><thead><tr><th><img src=https://cu-mkp.github.io/research-teaching-companion/images/media-donald/image5.jpg alt=IMAGE></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Figure 4</strong>. Cuttlefish bone pattern (interior). Maia Donald, 2022. © Making and Knowing Project (<a href=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/><u>CC BY-NC-SA</u></a>).</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The absence of cuttlefish in the historical record also comes as a
surprise because cuttlefish were also a source of ink, called sepia. Ink
secreted by live cuttlefish is highly effective even at low
concentrations, turning up to a thousand gallons of water dark and

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