Fix predefined rule value caching behavior

[jchadwick-buf]

At least in some cases, the value of rule can get inappropriately cached. This PR attempts to fix the issue and refactor the code to make it a bit less likely to appear in the future.

This should allow the rule value for predefined rules to still get resolved during compile time, but will hopefully ensure that the environment can't get polluted by the cache.

Closes #187.

[github-actions]

The latest Buf updates on your PR. Results from workflow Buf / validate-protos (pull_request).

Build	Format	Lint	Breaking	Updated (UTC)
✅ passed	✅ passed	✅ passed	✅ passed	Feb 12, 2025, 1:43 AM

[jchadwick-buf]

Benchmark before/after:

$ git checkout main && go test -bench=. -benchmem
goos: darwin
goarch: arm64
pkg: github.com/bufbuild/protovalidate-go
cpu: Apple M1 Max
BenchmarkValidator/ColdStart-10                     1641            708476 ns/op         2682114 B/op      22067 allocs/op
BenchmarkValidator/Lazy/Valid-10                 2023678               600.2 ns/op             8 B/op          1 allocs/op
BenchmarkValidator/Lazy/Invalid-10               2845416               432.5 ns/op          1280 B/op         33 allocs/op
BenchmarkValidator/Lazy/FailFast-10             11363515               100.0 ns/op           248 B/op          7 allocs/op
BenchmarkValidator/PreWarmed/Valid-10            2051448               589.4 ns/op             8 B/op          1 allocs/op
BenchmarkValidator/PreWarmed/Invalid-10          2758561               445.7 ns/op          1280 B/op         33 allocs/op
BenchmarkValidator/PreWarmed/FailFast-10                12198266                99.44 ns/op          248 B/op          7 allocs/op
PASS
ok      github.com/bufbuild/protovalidate-go    11.811s

$ git checkout jchadwick/issue-187 && go test -bench=. -benchmem
goos: darwin
goarch: arm64
pkg: github.com/bufbuild/protovalidate-go
cpu: Apple M1 Max
BenchmarkValidator/ColdStart-10                     1530            673609 ns/op         2683355 B/op      22084 allocs/op
BenchmarkValidator/Lazy/Valid-10                 2033733               591.0 ns/op             8 B/op          1 allocs/op
BenchmarkValidator/Lazy/Invalid-10               2857659               416.9 ns/op          1280 B/op         33 allocs/op
BenchmarkValidator/Lazy/FailFast-10             11410802               108.7 ns/op           248 B/op          7 allocs/op
BenchmarkValidator/PreWarmed/Valid-10            2014646               595.8 ns/op             8 B/op          1 allocs/op
BenchmarkValidator/PreWarmed/Invalid-10          2702216               427.6 ns/op          1280 B/op         33 allocs/op
BenchmarkValidator/PreWarmed/FailFast-10                11902192                97.62 ns/op          248 B/op          7 allocs/op
PASS
ok      github.com/bufbuild/protovalidate-go    12.012s

No significant changes.