measures of center (#2229)

lessons/Data-Science/dot-plots-variability/langs/en-us/index.adoc

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-= From Dot Plots to Histograms
+= Histograms and Variability
 
 @description{Students are introduced to Histograms by comparing them to bar charts, learning to construct them by hand and in the programming environment.}
 

lessons/Data-Science/dot-plots-variability/langs/en-us/pages/workbook-pages.txt

@@ -1 +1,2 @@
-compare-dot-plots-histograms.adoc
+compare-dot-plots-histograms.adoc
+match-dot-plots-histograms.adoc

lessons/Data-Science/histograms-variability/langs/en-us/assessments/assessments.adoc

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+= Assessments
+
+== Published Assessment
+
+- Desmos File:
+
+== Question Text
+
+@n question 1
+
+- objective:
+
+@n question 2
+
+- objective:
+
+== Links to Documents Used for Thinking and Generating Content
+
+- Desmos file?
+- Pyret file?
+- Google Doc?
+- Google Sheet?

lessons/Data-Science/histograms-variability/langs/en-us/images/lesson-images.json

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+{  
+  "histogram-a.png": {
+    "description": "Histogram with 6 columns whose respective heights from left to right are 1, 1, 3, 3, 1, 1",
+    "source" : "Created by the Bootstrap Team based on contrived data",
+    "license" : "Creative Commons 4.0 - NC - SA"
+  },
+  "histogram-b.png": {
+    "description": "histogram with 10 bars equal in height based on contrived data",
+    "source" : "Created by the Bootstrap Team",
+    "license" : "Creative Commons 4.0 - NC - SA"
+  },
+  "histogram-c.png": {
+    "description": "Histogram with 9 bars whose heights from left to right are 0,1,3,3,1,0,0,1,1",
+    "source" : "Created by the Bootstrap Team based on contrived data",
+    "license" : "Creative Commons 4.0 - NC - SA"
+  },
+  "histogram-d.png": {
+    "description": "Histogram with 9 bars whose heights from left to right are 0,1,1,0,0,1,3,3,1",
+    "source" : "Created by the Bootstrap Team based on contrived data",
+    "license" : "Creative Commons 4.0 - NC - SA"
+  },
+  "histogram-e.png": {
+    "description": "Histogram with 11 bars whose heights from left to right are 0,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,1,2,2",
+    "source" : "Created by the Bootstrap Team based on contrived data",
+    "license" : "Creative Commons 4.0 - NC - SA"
+  },
+  "pounds.png": {
+    "description": "Histogram for the pounds column of the animals dataset",
+    "source": "Created by the Bootstrap Team",
+    "license": "Creative Commons 4.0 - NC - SA"
+  }, 
+  "weeks.png": {
+    "description": "Histogram for the weeks column of the animals dataset",
+    "source": "Created by the Bootstrap Team",
+    "license": "Creative Commons 4.0 - NC - SA"
+  }
+}

lessons/Data-Science/histograms-variability/langs/en-us/index.adoc

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+= From Dot Plots to Histograms
+
+@description{Students are introduced to Histograms by comparing them to bar charts, learning to construct them by hand and in the programming environment.}
+
+@ifproglang{pyret}{
+@lesson-prereqs{contracts-tables-visualizations, ds-intro}
+}
+
+@ifproglang{codap}{
+@lesson-prereqs{codap-dot-plots-bar-charts}
+}
+
+@keywords{histogram, bin, interval}
+
+@add-to-lang{histogram}
+
+[@lesson-intro-table]
+|===
+| Lesson Goals
+| Students will be able to...
+
+@objectives
+@objective{histograms-pyret}
+@objective{Make charts displaying frequency in Pyret and interpret them.}
+
+| Student-facing Lesson Goals
+|
+
+- Let's create histograms for datasets and learn how to interpret them.
+
+| Materials
+|[.materials-links]
+
+@material-links
+
+| Preparation
+|
+@preparation{
+- There is an interactive Desmos activity in the lesson, as well as Desmos formative assessments.
+  * Open the Desmos activity you plan to use (@starter-file{histograms}, @assessment{histograms-check1-desmos}, or @assessment{histograms-check2-desmos}) and make a code or link to share with students.
+  * If you are using our Google Slides, add the appropriate link to the slide deck. 
+  * _If you're a first-time Desmos user, fear not!_ @dist-link{pages/desmos-instructions.adoc, _Here's what you need to do._}
+- There is an optional kinesthetic activity in this lesson that requires a ball of play-dough for each group of 3.
+}
+
+| Assessments
+| @assessments
+
+|===
+
+
+== Introduction to Dot Plots
+
+=== Overview
+
+=== Launch
+
+=== Investigate
+
+=== Synthesize
+
+
+== From Dot Plots to Histograms
+
+=== Overview
+
+=== Launch
+
+A histogram is another data visualization commonly used to display quantitative data. Let's explore the ways that histograms are similar to and different from dot plots.
+
+
+@QandA{
+@Q{What do you Notice about the dot plot (left) and the histogram (right), which both display the same quantitative dataset?}
+@A{Possible responses: the histogram has bars that are touching; I can see that the gaps and peaks are in the same place; I can't see individual data points.}
+
+@Q{What do you Wonder about the dot plot and histogram?}
+@A{Possible responses: Why do we need two displays that are so similar? How do I read and interpret a histogram? What are histograms useful for?}
+
+[cols="^.^8a,^.^1,^.^8a", frame="none", grid="none"]
+|===
+
+| @image{images/pounds.png, 350}  | | @image{images/pounds.png, 350}
+
+|===
+
+}
+
+
+=== Investigate
+
+Now, let's think more deeply about the sort of information that dot plots and histograms provide us.
+
+
+@lesson-instruction{
+- Turn to @printable-exercise{compare-dot-plots-histograms.adoc}. At the top of the page, there is a dot plot on the left and a histogram on the right.
+- First: Use *only the dot plot* to answer the questions. Record your responses in the *middle* column of the table. If there is a question that you *cannot* answer, put an X.
+}
+
+
+Next, we'll use a histogram to answer the same questions.
+
+@QandA{
+@Q{Given that this is your first time interpreting a histogram: What questions do you have about doing reading a histogram?}
+
+@A{Possible questions include:
+- *How is this different from a bar chart?* Histograms show the distribution of quantitative data, not categorical. Histograms' bars cannot be reordered, as they allow us to see the shape of a dataset. We can reorder bars in a bar chart.
+- *Are the values on the tick marks included in the bar?* On a histogram, each bar _includes_ the left-end value but not the right-end value.}
+- *How was the size of the intervals (bins) determined?* We will explore this in a different lesson; bin size varies depending on the data being displayed.
+}
+
+@lesson-instruction{
+- Return to @printable-exercise{compare-dot-plots-histograms.adoc}.
+- Use *only the histogram* to answer the same set of questions. Record your responses in the *right-hand* column of the table. If there is a question that you cannot answer, put an X.
+- Respond to the questions in the Reflection section.
+}
+
+@teacher{Invite students to share their responses, emphasizing the important idea that histograms display aggregate information rather than individual cases.}
+
+@strategy{Histograms Don't Display Individual Data Points!}{
+
+Dot plots and histograms have a lot in common... so why is interpreting histograms a challenge for many students?
+
+According to research conducted by Bakker, Biehler, and Konold (2014), students are inclined to view data as _individual cases_. Histograms, however, display _aggregate information_.
+
+How do we prevent this misconception? The authors have two recommendations:
+
+- Spend ample time learning about data visualizations _where individual cases are visible_ to establish a solid foundation.
+- When aggregate plots *are* introduced, pair them with representations that allow students to see individual cases.
+
+}
+
+Lets think more deeply about dot plots and histograms, two data visualizations of both the frequency and distribution of quantitative data.
+
+@lesson-instruction{
+- Complete @printable-exercise{match-dot-plots-histograms.adoc}.
+- What was your strategy for matching dot plots and histograms?
+}
+
+
+
+=== Synthesize
+
+
+@QandA{
+
+@Q{How are the two displays alike?}
+@A{They both display the frequency and distribution of quantitative data. They both show the total number of values.}
+
+@Q{How are the two displays different?}
+@A{We can see individual points on the dot plot, but on the histogram, we just get a collective overview of the data. There is no way to single out one particular animal's weight on the histogram.}
+
+@Q{When might a histogram be more useful than a dot plot? WHen might a dot plot be more useful than a histogram?}
+@A{If we have a large dataset and we want to get a collective overview of the data, a histogram would be more useful. If we need to look at individual data points in a smaller dataset, we should use a dot plot.}
+
+}

lessons/Data-Science/histograms-variability/langs/en-us/pages/compare-dot-plots-histograms.adoc

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+= Comparing Dot Plots and Histograms
+
+
+== Notice and Wonder
+
+@vspace{1ex}
+
+[cols="^.^1a,^.^1a"]
+|===
+| @image{../images/weeks.png, 250} 	| @image{../images/weeks.png, 250}
+
+|===
+
+@n What do you Notice about the dot plot (left) and the histogram (right), which both display the same quantitative dataset (weeks at the shelter)? @fitb{}{}
+
+@fitb{}{}
+
+@fitb{}{}
+
+@n What do you Wonder? @fitb{}{}
+
+@fitb{}{}
+
+@fitb{}{}
+
+
+== Dot Plots versus Histogram
+
+@vspace{1ex}
+
+[cols="<.^4a,^.^1a, ^.^1a", options="header", shading="none"]
+|===
+
+| Question  | Dot Plot 	| Histogram
+
+| (a) How many animals were in the shelter for fewer than 10 weeks? | |
+| (b) How many animals were in the shelter for exactly 30 weeks? | |
+| (c) What is the longest amount of time that an animal stayed in the shelter? | |
+| (d) How many animals were in the shelter for at least 5 weeks but not more than 25? | |
+| (e) Are there any gaps in the data? | |
+| (f) Are there any peaks in the data? | |
+
+|===
+
+== Reflect
+
+@n When you answered the questions using the dot *plot*:
+
+... Which questions were *easy* to answer? @fitb{10em}{}
+... Which questions were *hard* to answer? @fitb{10em}{}
+... Which questions were *impossible* to answer? @fitb{10em}{}
+
+@n When you answered the questions using the *histogram*:
+
+... Which questions were *easy* to answer? @fitb{10em}{}
+... Which questions were *hard* to answer? @fitb{10em}{}
+... Which questions were *impossible* to answer? @fitb{10em}{}
+
+
+

lessons/Data-Science/histograms-variability/langs/en-us/pages/match-dot-plots-histograms.adoc

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+= Comparing Dot Plots and Histograms
+
+
+== Notice and Wonder
+
+@vspace{1ex}
+
+[cols="^.^1a,^.^1a"]
+|===
+| @image{../images/weeks.png, 250} 	| @image{../images/weeks.png, 250}
+
+|===
+
+@n What do you Notice about the dot plot (left) and the histogram (right), which both display the same quantitative dataset (weeks at the shelter)? @fitb{}{}
+
+@fitb{}{}
+
+@fitb{}{}
+
+@n What do you Wonder? @fitb{}{}
+
+@fitb{}{}
+
+@fitb{}{}
+
+
+== Dot Plots versus Histogram
+
+@vspace{1ex}
+
+[cols="<.^4a,^.^1a, ^.^1a", options="header", shading="none"]
+|===
+
+| Question  | Dot Plot 	| Histogram
+
+| (a) How many animals were in the shelter for fewer than 10 weeks? | |
+| (b) How many animals were in the shelter for exactly 30 weeks? | |
+| (c) What is the longest amount of time that an animal stayed in the shelter? | |
+| (d) How many animals were in the shelter for at least 5 weeks but not more than 25? | |
+| (e) Are there any gaps in the data? | |
+| (f) Are there any peaks in the data? | |
+
+|===
+
+== Reflect
+
+@n When you answered the questions using the dot *plot*:
+
+... Which questions were *easy* to answer? @fitb{10em}{}
+... Which questions were *hard* to answer? @fitb{10em}{}
+... Which questions were *impossible* to answer? @fitb{10em}{}
+
+@n When you answered the questions using the *histogram*:
+
+... Which questions were *easy* to answer? @fitb{10em}{}
+... Which questions were *hard* to answer? @fitb{10em}{}
+... Which questions were *impossible* to answer? @fitb{10em}{}
+
+
+

lessons/Data-Science/histograms-variability/langs/en-us/pages/workbook-pages.txt

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+compare-dot-plots-histograms.adoc

lessons/Data-Science/histograms-variability/langs/en-us/proglang.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pyret
+codap

lessons/Data-Science/histograms-variability/langs/en-us/slides-codap.id

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1K97Xfu1mxcjCVis3_v-kyCH9x8AakiTdl73uWkIcMZo

lessons/Data-Science/histograms-variability/langs/en-us/slides-pyret.id

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1U-hMS-iXKL13NFD4szyOWVuoXdTWPk79GilEROa8cSw

lessons/Data-Science/measures-of-center/langs/en-us/images/lesson-images.json

@@ -38,5 +38,36 @@
     "description": "number line with dots above the line representing the weight of each of the animals. There is a big cluster between 0 and 17, a small cluster in the 30s and another small cluster in the 40s and individual dots spread out along the number line til a little above 120.",
     "source" : "Created by the Bootstrap Team in CODAP based on contrived data",
     "license" : "Creative Commons 4.0 - NC - SA"
+  },
+  "buildings-by-height.png": {
+    "description": "An infographic of the 6 tallest buildings (1908-1974) arranged by height, with the median value circled",
+    "source" : "Wikimedia Commons",
+    "license" : "Creative Commons 4.0 - NC - SA"
+  },
+  "jeans-cost-6th.png": {
+    "description": "A histogram showing cost of jeans purchased by sixth graders",
+    "source" : "Created by the Bootstrap Team based on contrived data",
+    "license" : "Creative Commons 4.0 - NC - SA"
+  },
+  "jeans-cost-8th.png": {
+    "description": "A histogram showing cost of jeans purchased by eighth graders",
+    "source" : "Created by the Bootstrap Team based on contrived data",
+    "license" : "Creative Commons 4.0 - NC - SA"
+  },
+  "number-children.png": {
+    "description": "A histogram showing number of children per home in a neighborhood",
+    "source" : "Created by the Bootstrap Team based on contrived data",
+    "license" : "Creative Commons 4.0 - NC - SA"
+    },
+  "sat-verbal.png": {
+    "description": "A histogram showing SAT verbal scores for a group of 205 students",
+    "source" : "Created by the Bootstrap Team based on contrived data",
+    "license" : "Creative Commons 4.0 - NC - SA"
+  },
+  "income.png": {
+    "description": "A histogram income levels for families in Knoxville",
+    "source" : "Created by the Bootstrap Team based on contrived data",
+    "license" : "Creative Commons 4.0 - NC - SA"
+    }
   }
 }