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alexhernandezgarcia committed Dec 13, 2023
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17 changes: 9 additions & 8 deletions slides/crystal-gfn-ai4mat23.md
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Expand Up @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Here, we are concerned mainly with _inorganic crystals_, where the constituents

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A crystal structure is characterized by its .highlight1[unit cell], a small imaginary box containing atoms in a specific spatial arrangement with certain symmetry. The unit cell repeats iself periodically in all directions.
A crystal structure is characterized by its .highlight1[unit cell], a small imaginary box containing atoms in a specific spatial arrangement with certain symmetry. The unit cell repeats itself periodically in all directions.

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Expand All @@ -56,17 +56,17 @@ Many solid state materials are crystal structures and they are a core component

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Accelerating .highlight1[material discovery is key in the climate crisis] .cite[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, 2022]:
Accelerating .highlight1[material discovery is key in the climate crisis]. From the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, 2022:
* Improving material efficiency can reduce 0.93 ($\pm$ 0.23) GtCO₂-eq per year.
* Fuel switching can reduce 2.1 ($\pm$ 0.52) GtCO₂-eq per year, only in the industry sector.
* Carbon capture and storage can reduce 0.54 ($\pm$ 0.27) GtCO₂-eq per year in the energy sector.

.smaller[.footnote[Global anthropogenic emissions in 2019 were estimated in 59 ($\pm$ 6.6) GtCO₂-eq. The budget from 2020 to limit warming to 1.5°C is estimated in 510 ($\pm$ 180) GtCO₂-eq.]]
.smaller[.footnote[Global anthropogenic emissions in 2019 were estimated in 59 ($\pm$6.6) GtCO₂-eq. The budget from 2020 to limit warming to 1.5°C is estimated in 510 ($\pm$180) GtCO₂-eq.]]

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However, .highlight1[material modelling is very challenging]:
* Limited data: only about 200 K known inorganic materials, but potentially $10^{180}$ possible stable materials (for reference: more than a billion molecules are known)
* Limited data: only about 200k known inorganic materials, but potentially $10^{180}$ possible stable materials (for reference: more than a billion molecules are known)
* Sparsity: .highlight2[stable materials] only exist in a low-dimensional subspace of all possible 3D arrangements.

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Expand Down Expand Up @@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ Example: .highlight2[MatterGen]: An evolution of CDVAE that performs diffusion n
Instead of optimising the atom positions by learning from a small data set, we draw .highlight1[inspiration from theoretical crystallography to sample crystals in a lower-dimensional space of crystal structure parameters].

.left-column[
.center[![:scale 60%](../assets/images/slides/crystals/crystal_systems_table.png)]
.center[![:scale 65%](../assets/images/slides/crystals/crystal_systems_table.png)]
]
.right-column[
.center[![:scale 30%](../assets/images/slides/crystals/unit_cell.png)]
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## Results

.context[10,000 crystals randomly sampled.]
.context[10,000 crystals sampled from a randomly initialised, untrained Crystal-GFN.]

.center[![:scale 80%](../assets/images/slides/crystals/distributions_fe_val_rand.png)]

Expand All @@ -296,8 +296,9 @@ count: false
- 5 out of 8 crystal-lattice systems in the top-100.
- All 5 point symmetries in the top-100.
- All 12 elements found in the 10,000 samples.
- 10 out of 12 elements in the top-100
- 10 out of 12 elements in the top-100.
- 80 out of 113 space groups (70 %) found in the 10,000 samples
- 19 out of 113 spacce groups in the top-100.

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Expand All @@ -315,7 +316,7 @@ class: title, middle
* Discovering new crystal structures with desirable properties can help mitigate the climate crisis.
* There are infinitely many conceivable crystals. Only a few are stable. Only a few stable crystals have interesting properties. This is a hard problem.
* Crystal-GFN introduces .highlight1[physicochemical and structural constraints], reducing the search space.
* Crystal-GFN was .highlight1[trained in 12 hours in a CPU-only machine].
* Crystal-GFN was trained in 12 hours in a CPU-only machine.
* Our results show that we can generate .highlight1[diverse, high scoring samples with the desired constraints].
* The .highlight1[framework can be flexibly extended] with more constraints, crystal structure descriptors (atomic positions) and other properties.

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