diff --git a/pkg/api/publishWorker.go b/pkg/api/publishWorker.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aac28612
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/api/publishWorker.go
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+package api
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/xmtp/xmtpd/pkg/db"
+	"github.com/xmtp/xmtpd/pkg/db/queries"
+	"github.com/xmtp/xmtpd/pkg/registrant"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+type PublishWorker struct {
+	listener     <-chan []queries.StagedOriginatorEnvelope
+	registrant   *registrant.Registrant
+	store        *sql.DB
+	subscription db.DBSubscription[queries.StagedOriginatorEnvelope]
+}
+
+func StartPublishWorker(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	reg *registrant.Registrant,
+	store *sql.DB,
+	notifier <-chan bool,
+) (*PublishWorker, error) {
+	query := func(lastSeenID int64, numRows int32) ([]queries.StagedOriginatorEnvelope, int64, error) {
+		results, err := queries.New(store).SelectStagedOriginatorEnvelopes(
+			ctx,
+			queries.SelectStagedOriginatorEnvelopesParams{
+				LastSeenID: lastSeenID,
+				NumRows:    numRows,
+			},
+		)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, 0, err
+		}
+		if len(results) > 0 {
+			lastSeenID = results[len(results)-1].ID
+		}
+		return results, lastSeenID, nil
+	}
+	subscription := db.NewDBSubscription(
+		query,
+		0, // lastSeenID
+		db.PollingOptions{Interval: 5 * time.Second, Notifier: notifier, NumRows: 100},
+	)
+	listener, err := subscription.Start()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	worker := &PublishWorker{
+		subscription: *subscription,
+		listener:     listener,
+		registrant:   reg,
+		store:        store,
+	}
+	go worker.start()
+
+	return worker, nil
+}
+
+func (p *PublishWorker) start() {
+	for new_batch := range p.listener {
+		for _, stagedEnv := range new_batch {
+			originatedEnv, sid, err := p.registrant.SignStagedEnvelope(stagedEnv)
+			if err != nil {
+				panic("TODO(rich)")
+			}
+			originatedBytes, err := proto.Marshal(originatedEnv)
+			if err != nil {
+				panic("TODO(rich)")
+			}
+			q := queries.New(p.store)
+			// TODO(rich) Verify context
+			// q.InsertGatewayEnvelope(context.Background(), queries.InsertGatewayEnvelopeParams{
+			// 	OriginatorSid:      sid,
+			// 	Topic:              originatedBytes,
+			// 	OriginatorEnvelope: proto.Marshal(originatedEnv),
+			// })
+
+			// Start transaction
+			// Sign envelope
+			// Insert into all envelopes
+			// Delete envelope from staged_originator_envelopes
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/api/service.go b/pkg/api/service.go
index 32367558..3065cc8a 100644
--- a/pkg/api/service.go
+++ b/pkg/api/service.go
@@ -17,19 +17,33 @@ import (
 type Service struct {
 	message_api.UnimplementedReplicationApiServer
 
-	ctx        context.Context
-	log        *zap.Logger
-	registrant *registrant.Registrant
-	queries    *queries.Queries
+	ctx                 context.Context
+	log                 *zap.Logger
+	notifyStagedPublish chan<- bool
+	registrant          *registrant.Registrant
+	store               *sql.DB
+	worker              *PublishWorker
 }
 
 func NewReplicationApiService(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	log *zap.Logger,
 	registrant *registrant.Registrant,
-	writerDB *sql.DB,
+	store *sql.DB,
 ) (*Service, error) {
-	return &Service{ctx: ctx, log: log, registrant: registrant, queries: queries.New(writerDB)}, nil
+	notifier := make(chan bool, 1)
+	// worker, err := StartPublishWorker(ctx, store, notifier)
+	// if err != nil {
+	// 	return nil, err
+	// }
+	return &Service{
+		ctx:                 ctx,
+		log:                 log,
+		notifyStagedPublish: notifier,
+		registrant:          registrant,
+		store:               store,
+		// worker:              worker,
+	}, nil
 }
 
 func (s *Service) Close() {
@@ -71,12 +85,12 @@ func (s *Service) PublishEnvelope(
 		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "could not marshal envelope: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	stagedEnv, err := s.queries.InsertStagedOriginatorEnvelope(ctx, payerBytes)
+	stagedEnv, err := queries.New(s.store).InsertStagedOriginatorEnvelope(ctx, payerBytes)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "could not insert staged envelope: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	originatorEnv, err := s.registrant.SignStagedEnvelope(stagedEnv)
+	originatorEnv, _, err := s.registrant.SignStagedEnvelope(stagedEnv)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Internal, "could not sign envelope: %v", err)
 	}
diff --git a/pkg/registrant/registrant.go b/pkg/registrant/registrant.go
index e642a7e1..7471124f 100644
--- a/pkg/registrant/registrant.go
+++ b/pkg/registrant/registrant.go
@@ -62,14 +62,14 @@ func (r *Registrant) signKeccak256(data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 
 func (r *Registrant) SignStagedEnvelope(
 	stagedEnv queries.StagedOriginatorEnvelope,
-) (*message_api.OriginatorEnvelope, error) {
+) (*message_api.OriginatorEnvelope, uint64, error) {
 	payerEnv := &message_api.PayerEnvelope{}
 	if err := proto.Unmarshal(stagedEnv.PayerEnvelope, payerEnv); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Could not unmarshal payer envelope: %v", err)
+		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("Could not unmarshal payer envelope: %v", err)
 	}
 	sid, err := r.sid(stagedEnv.ID)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, 0, err
 	}
 	unsignedEnv := message_api.UnsignedOriginatorEnvelope{
 		OriginatorSid: sid,
@@ -78,12 +78,12 @@ func (r *Registrant) SignStagedEnvelope(
 	}
 	unsignedBytes, err := proto.Marshal(&unsignedEnv)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, 0, err
 	}
 
 	sig, err := r.signKeccak256(unsignedBytes)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, 0, err
 	}
 
 	signedEnv := message_api.OriginatorEnvelope{
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func (r *Registrant) SignStagedEnvelope(
 		},
 	}
 
-	return &signedEnv, nil
+	return &signedEnv, sid, nil
 }
 
 func getRegistryRecord(
diff --git a/pkg/registrant/registrant_test.go b/pkg/registrant/registrant_test.go
index 858767c2..17164417 100644
--- a/pkg/registrant/registrant_test.go
+++ b/pkg/registrant/registrant_test.go
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ func TestSignStagedEnvelopeInvalidEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
 	_, r, cleanup := setupWithRegistrant(t)
 	defer cleanup()
 
-	_, err := r.SignStagedEnvelope(
+	_, _, err := r.SignStagedEnvelope(
 		queries.StagedOriginatorEnvelope{
 			ID:             1,
 			OriginatorTime: time.Now(),
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ func TestSignStagedEnvelopeSIDExhaustion(t *testing.T) {
 	payerBytes, err := proto.Marshal(&message_api.PayerEnvelope{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	_, err = r.SignStagedEnvelope(
+	_, _, err = r.SignStagedEnvelope(
 		queries.StagedOriginatorEnvelope{
 			ID:             0b0000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000,
 			OriginatorTime: time.Now(),
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ func TestSignStagedEnvelopeSuccess(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	env, err := r.SignStagedEnvelope(
+	env, _, err := r.SignStagedEnvelope(
 		queries.StagedOriginatorEnvelope{
 			ID:             50,
 			OriginatorTime: time.Now(),