Vim 坚持着模式编辑的理念. 这意味着他提供了多种模式，并根据模式，同一按键有不同含义。你可以在 普通模式_下浏览文件, 在 插入模式_下插入文本, 在_可视模式_下选择行, 在_命令模式_下执行命令. 这一开始听起来可能很复杂, 但是这有一个很大的优点: 你不需要让你的手指因为一次要同时按住很多键而受苦, 大多数时候你只要一个接着一个按.越常用的任务，所需要的按键数量越少.

动作和操作符是一个能在模式编辑中表现良好的概念._操作符_开始一些行为, e.g. 修改, 删除, 或者选择文本.之后你要用_动作_选择你要使用那些行为的文本区域。为了去改变括号内的内容, 使用 ci( (read change inner parentheses). 删除整个段落的内容, 使用 dap (read delete around paragraph).

如果你能看见Vim高级用户工作,你会发现他们使用Vim语言就像钢琴师处理自己的乐器一样。复杂的操作只需要几个案件就能完成。他们甚至不用刻意去想，因为这已经成为肌肉记忆了. 这减少认识负荷并帮助人们专注与实际任务.

开始

Vim自带一个交互式的教程,内含你需要了解的最基础的信息,你可以通过运行以下命令打开教程:

$ vimtutor

不要因为这个看上去很无聊而推迟，按照此教程多练习。你以前用的IDEs或者其他编辑器大多数都是无模式的。因此一开始在模式之间切换将会看上去很笨拙。但是你使用VIM越多，肌肉记忆将更加强大。

Vim 基于 Stevie, a vi 克隆, 支持两种操作模式: "compatible" 和 "nocompatible". 使用兼容模式 vim 意味着使用vi默认设置 , 相对于VIM 默认设置. 只要你没有新建一个用户的vimrc 或者使用 vim -N 命令启动VIM ，兼容模式将被使用! 不要使用VIM的兼容模式.

下一步:

创建你自己的vimrc. TODO
在第一周准备备忘录.
通读基础一节知道做什么是可能的.
了解需求! 你永远不能够学完VIM. 如果你遇到了任何问题，那就在网络上去寻找。你的问题可能早就被解决了。VIM 拥有大量的参考文档，所有知道如何去利用这些参考文档就很有必要了:获取离线帮助.
浏览附加资源.

最后一个建议: 请先学会正确使用VIM在你开始使用那些只是实现VIM原生功能的插件.

Minimal vimrc

用户的vimrc配置文件可以放在~/.vimrc或者为了更好的分离放在~/.vim/vimrc. 后者更容易让整个配置处于版本控制之下并且上传, 比方说github.

你可以在网上发现许多精简的vimrc配置文件, 我的版本可能并不是最简单的版本, 但是我的版本提供了一套我认为良好的，理智的设置.

最终你需要阅读完那些设置，然后自行决定需要使用哪些. :-)

vimrc地址: minimal-vimrc

如果你有兴趣, 这里是我的 vimrc.

建议: 大多数插件作者都维护一些插件并且将他们的vimrc放在Github上展示(通常放在叫做"vim-config" 或者 "dotfiles"的仓库中), 所以当你发现你喜欢的插件时, 去插件维护者的 Github 主页看看有没有这样的仓库.

What kind of Vim am I running?

使用:version命令将给你展示你所需要知道的当前正在运行的vim是如何编译的的所有信息.

第一行告诉你这个二进制文件的编译时间和版本号 e.g. 7.4. 接下来的一行呈现Included patches: 1-1051, 这是补丁版本. 因此你VIM确切的版本号是7.4.1051.

另一行显示着一些向Tiny version without GUI 或者Huge version with GUI的信息. 很显然这些信息告诉你你的VIM是否包含着GUI支持, e.g. 从Shell中运行gvim 或者从VIM内部的终端仿真器运行:gui . 另一个重要的信息是 Tiny 和Huge. Vim的特性集区分被叫做tiny, small, normal, big, and huge, 所有的都实现不同的功能子集.

:version 主要的输出内容是特性列表.+clipboard 意味这剪贴板功能被编译了, -clipboard 意味着剪贴板特性没有被编译.

为了让他们工作一些VIM功能需要被编译. E.g. 为了让:prof工作, 你需要带有huge 功能集合的VIM, 因为那个功能集确保了+profile 特性.

如果你的输出情况并不是那样并且你是从包管理器安装Vim的, 确保你安装了vim-x, vim-x11, vim-gtk, vim-gnome 这些包或者相似的, 因为这些包通常带有较大的功能集.

你也可以测试你的VIM的版本或者编程功能：

" Do something if running at least Vim 7.4.42 with +profile enabled.
if (v:version > 704 || v:version == 704 && has('patch42')) && has('profile')
  " do stuff
endif

Cheatsheets

为了避免版权问题, 我只贴出链接:

http://people.csail.mit.edu/vgod/vim/vim-cheat-sheet-en.png
https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0165/4168/files/preview.png
http://www.nathael.org/Data/vi-vim-cheat-sheet.svg
http://michael.peopleofhonoronly.com/vim/vim_cheat_sheet_for_programmers_screen.png
http://www.rosipov.com/images/posts/vim-movement-commands-cheatsheet.png

Basics

Buffers, windows, tabs?

Vim 是一个文本编辑器. 每次文本都是作为缓冲区的一部分显示的.每一份文件都是在他们自己独有的缓冲区打开的. 插件显示的东西在他们自己的缓冲区中.

缓冲区有很多属性, 比如这个缓冲区的内容是否可以修改,或者这个缓冲区是否和文件相关联，是否需要同步保存到磁盘上.

窗口是缓冲区的视窗. 如果你想同时查看几个文件或者查看同一文件的不同位置，那样你会需要窗口.

请别把他们叫做_分离_. 你可以把一个窗口分割成两个, 但是这并没有让这两个窗口_分离_.

窗口可以水平或者竖直分割并且现有窗口的高度和宽度都是可以被调节设置的.因此你可以使用你喜欢的窗口布局.

标签页 (标签) 是窗口的集合. 因此使用标签当你想使用多种窗口布局的时候.

简单的说, 如果你启动VIM的时候没有附带任何参数,你会得到一个包含着一个呈现一个缓冲区的窗口的标签.

顺带提一下, 缓冲区列表是全局可见的，你可以从任一一个标签中进入任何一个缓冲区.

Active, loaded, listed, named buffers?

用类似 vim file1的命令启动VIM. 这个文件的内容将会被加载到缓冲区.你现在有一个载入的缓冲区.如果你在VIM中保存这个文件，缓冲区内容将会被同步到磁盘上(写回文件中).

由于这个缓冲区也在一个窗口上显示, 所以他也是一个活动缓冲区. 如果你现在通过:e file2命令加载另一个文件, file1 将会变成一个隐藏缓冲区,并且file2变成活动缓冲区.

使用:ls我们能够得到缓冲区列表的输出. 插件缓冲区和帮助缓冲区通常被标记为列表外的缓冲区, 因为那并不是你会经常编辑的常规文件. 通过:ls!`命令可以显示被放入缓冲区列表的和未被放入列表的缓冲区.

未命名缓冲区是一种没有关联特定文件的缓冲区,这种缓冲区经常被插件使用. 比如:enew将会创建一个无名临时缓冲区. 添加一些文本然后使用:w /tmp/foo将他写入到磁盘, 这样这个缓冲区就会变成一个命名缓冲区.

Argument list?

全局缓冲区列表是VIM中的特性. 在这之前的VI中,仅仅只有参数列表, 参数列表在VIM中依旧可以使用.

每一个通过shell命令传递给VIM的文件名都被记录在一个参数列表中.可以有多个参数列表:默认情况下所有参数都被放在全局参数列表下, 但是你可以使用:arglocal命令去创建一个本地窗口的参数列表.

使用:args命令可以列出当前参数. 使用:next, :previous, :first, :last 命令可以在切换在参数列表中的文件.通过使用:argadd, :argdelete or :args等命令加上一个文件列表可以改变参数列表.

偏爱缓冲区列表还是参数列表是一个个人品味问题.我的印象中大多数人都是使用缓冲区列表的.

然而参数列表在有些情况下被大量使用: 批处理使用 :argdo! 一个简单的重构例子:

:args **/*.[ch]
:argdo %s/foo/bar/ge | update

这条命令将替换掉当前目录下以及当前目录的子目录中所有的C源文件和头文件中的"foo",并用"bar"代替.

Mappings?

使用:map命令家族你可以定义属于你自己的快捷键. 该家族的每一个命令都限定在特定的模式下.从技术上来说VIM自带高达12中模式, 其中6种可以被映射另外一些命令作用于多种模式:

Recursive	Non-recursive	Modes
`:map`	`:noremap`	normal, visual, operator-pending
`:nmap`	`:nnoremap`	normal
`:xmap`	`:xnoremap`	visual
`:cmap`	`:cnoremap`	command-line
`:omap`	`:onoremap`	operator-pending
`:imap`	`:inoremap`	insert

E.g. 这个自定义的快捷键只在普通模式下工作:

:nmap <space> :echo "foo"<cr>

使用:nunmap <space>可以取消这个映射.

对于更少数，不常见的模式(或者他们的组合), 查看:h map-modes.

到现在为止还好.对新手而言有一个问题会困扰他们: :nmap 是递归执行的!结果是, 右边执行可能的映射.

你自定义了一个简单的映射去输出"Foo":

:nmap b :echo "Foo"<cr>

但是如果你想要映射b (回退一个单词)的默认功能到一个键上?

:nmap a b

如果你敲击a,我们期望着光标回退到上一个单词,但是实际情况是"Foo"被输出到命令行里! 因为在右边, b已经被映射到别的行为上了,换句话说就是:echo "Foo"<cr>.

解决此问题的正确方法是使用一种_非递归_的映射代替:

:nnoremap a b

经验法则: 除非递归是必须的，否则总是使用非递归映射.

通过不给一个右值来检查你的映射. 比如:nmap 显示所以普通模式下的映射,:nmap <leader> 显示所有以键开头的普通模式下的映射.

如果你想禁止用标准映射, 把他们映射到特殊字符 <nop>上, e.g. :noremap <left> <nop>.

Mapleader?

The mapleader is simply a placeholder than can be used with custom mappings and is set to \ by default.

nnoremap <leader>h :helpgrep<space>

This mapping is triggered by \h. If you want to use <space>h instead:

let mapleader = ' '
nnoremap <leader>h :helpgrep<space>

Moreover, there is <localleader> that is the local counterpart to <leader> and is supposed to be used for mappings that are local to the buffer, eg. filetype-specific plugins. It also defaults to \.

Note: Set the mapleaders before mappings! All leader mappings that are in effect already, won't change just because the mapleader was changed. :nmap <leader> will show all normal mode leader mappings with the mapleader resolved already, so use it to double-check your mappings.

See :h mapleader and :h maplocalleader for more.

Registers?

Registers are slots that save text. Copying text into a register is called yanking and extracting text from a register is called pasting.

Vim provides the following registers:

Type	Character	Filled by?	Readonly?	Contains text from?
Unnamed	`"`	vim	[ ]	Last yank or deletion. (`d`, `c`, `s`, `x`, `y`)
Numbered	`0` to `9`	vim	[ ]	Register `0`: Last yank. Register `1`: Last deletion. Register `2`: Second last deletion. And so on. Think of registers `1`-`9` as a read-only queue with 9 elements.
Small delete	`-`	vim	[ ]	Last deletion that was less than one line.
Named	`a` to `z`, `A` to `Z`	user	[ ]	If you yank to register `a`, you replace its text. If you yank to register `A`, you append to the text in register `a`.
Read-only	`:`, `.`, `%`	vim	[x]	`:`: Last command, `.`: Last inserted text, `%`: Current filename.
Alternate buffer	`#`	vim	[ ]	Most of the time the previously visited buffer of the current window. See `:h alternate-file`
Expression	`=`	user	[ ]	Evaluation of the VimL expression that was yanked. E.g. do this in insert mode: `<c-r>=5+5<cr>` and "10" will be inserted in the buffer.
Selection	`+`, `*`	vim	[ ]	`*` and `+` are the clipboard registers.
Drop	`~`	vim	[x]	From last drag'n'drop.
Black hole	`_`	vim	[ ]	If you don't want any other registers implicitly affected. E.g. `"_dd` deletes the current line without affecting registers `"`, `1`, `+`, `*`.
Last search pattern	`/`	vim	[ ]	Last pattern used with `/`, `?`, `:global`, etc.

Each register that is not readonly can be set by the user:

:let @/ = 'register'

Afterwards n would jump to the next occurrence of "register".

There are numerous exceptions when registers get implicitly filled, so be sure to read :h registers.

Yank with y and paste with p/P, but mind that Vim distinguishes between characterwise and linewise visual selections. See :h linewise.

Example: linewise

yy (or just Y) yanks the current line, move the cursor somewhere else, use p to paste below the current line P for pasting above it.

Example: charwise

Yank the first word with 0yw, move somewhere else, paste after the cursor on the current line with p and before the cursor with P.

Example: explicit naming of register

"aY yanks the current line into register a. Move to another line. "AY appends the current line to register a.

I suggest playing around with with all these registers a bit and constantly checking :reg, so you can see what's actually happening.

Fun fact: In Emacs "yanking" stands for pasting (or reinserting previously killed text) not copying.

Ranges?

Ranges are pretty easy to understand, but many Vimmers don't know about their full potential.

Many commands take ranges.
An address denotes a certain line.
A range is either a single address or a pair of addresses separated by either , or ;.
Ranges tell commands which lines to act on.
Most commands act only on the current line by default.
Only :write and :global act on all lines by default.

The usage of ranges is pretty intuitive, so here are some examples (using :d as short form of :delete):

Command	Lines acted on
`:d`	Current line.
`:.d`	Current line.
`:1d`	First line.
`:$d`	Last line.
`:1,$d`	All lines.
`:%d`	All lines (syntactic sugar for `1,$`).
`:.,5d`	Current line to line 5.
`:,5d`	Also current line to line 5.
`:,+3d`	Current line and the next 3 lines.
`:1,+3d`	First line to current line + 3.
`:,-3d`	Current line and the last 3 lines. (Vim will prompt you, since this is a reversed range.)
`:3,'xdelete`	Lines 3 to the line marked by mark x.
`:/^foo/,$delete`	From the next line that starts with "foo" to the end.
`:/^foo/+1,$delete`	From the line after the line that starts with "foo" to the end.

Note that instead of ,, ; can be used as a separator. The difference is that in the case of from,to, the to is relative to the current line, but when using from;to, the to is relative to the address of from! Assuming you're on line 5, :1,+1d would delete lines 1 to 6, whereas :1;+1d would only delete lines 1 and 2.

The / address can be preceded with another address. This allows you to stack patterns, e.g.:

:/foo//bar//quux/d

This would delete the first line containing "quux" after the first line containing "bar" after the first line containing "foo" after the current line.

Sometimes Vim automatically prepends the command-line with a range. E.g. start a visual line selection with V, select some lines and type :. The command-line will be populated with the range '<,'>, which means the following command will use the previously selected lines as a range. (This is also why you sometimes see mappings like :vnoremap foo :<c-u>command. Here <c-u> is used to remove the range, because Vim will throw an error when giving a range to a command that doesn't support it.)

Another example is using !! in normal mode. This will populate the command-line with :.!. If followed by an external program, that program's output would replace the current line. So you could replace the current paragraph with the output of ls by using :?^$?+1,/^$/-1!ls. Fancy!

Related help:

:h cmdline-ranges
:h 10.3

Marks?

You use marks to remember a position, that is line number and column, in a file.

Marks	Set by..	Usage
`a` - `z`	User	Local to file, thus only valid within one file. Jumping to a lowercase mark, means jumping within the current file.
`A` - `Z`	User	Global, thus valid between files. Also called file marks. Jumping to a file mark may switch to another buffer.
`0` - `9`	viminfo	`0` is the position when the viminfo file was written last. In practice this means when the last Vim process ended. `1` is the position of when the second last Vim process ended and so on.

Put '/g' or `/g` in front of a mark to form a motion.

Use mm to remember the current position with mark "m". Move around the file and then jump back via 'm (first non-blank) or `m (exact column). Lowercase marks will be remembered after exiting Vim, if you tell your viminfo file to do so, see :h viminfo-'.

Use mM to remember the current position with file mark "M". Switch to another buffer and switch back via 'M or `M.

Other motions include:

Motion	Jump to..
`'[`, `[	First line or character of previously changed or yanked text.
`']`, `]	Last line or character of previously changed or yanked text.
`'<`, `<	Beginning line or character of last visual selection.
`'>`, `>	Ending line or character of last visual selection.
`''`, ``	Position before latest jump.
`'"`, `"	Position when last exiting the current buffer.
`'^`, `^	Position where last insertion stopped.
`'.`, `.	Position where last change was made.
`'(`, `(	Start of current sentence.
`')`, `)	End of current sentence.
`'{`, `{	Start of current paragraph.
`'}`, `}	End of current paragraph.

Marks can also be used in a range. You probably saw this before and wondered what it means: Select some text in visual mode and do :, the command-line will be prepended with :'<,'>, which means the following command would get a range that denotes the visual selection.

Use :marks to list all marks. Read everything in :h mark-motions.

Completion?

Vim provides many different kinds of insert mode completions. If there are multiple matches, a popup menu will let you navigate to the match of your choice.

Typical kinds of completion are tags, functions from imported modules or libraries, file names, dictionary or simply words from the current buffer.

Vim provides a mapping for each kind of completion and they all start with <c-x> (remember to use them in insert mode):

Mapping	Kind	Related help
`<c-x><c-l>`	whole lines	`:h i^x^l`
`<c-x><c-n>`	keywords from current file	`:h i^x^n`
`<c-x><c-k>`	keywords from `'dictionary'` option	`:h i^x^k`
`<c-x><c-t>`	keywords from `'thesaurus'` option	`:h i^x^t`
`<c-x><c-i>`	keywords from current and included files	`:h i^x^i`
`<c-x><c-]>`	tags	`:h i^x^]`
`<c-x><c-f>`	file names	`:h i^x^f`
`<c-x><c-d>`	definitions or macros	`:h i^x^d`
`<c-x><c-v>`	Vim commands	`:h i^x^v`
`<c-x><c-u>`	user defined (as specified in `'completefunc'`)	`:h i^x^u`
`<c-x><c-o>`	omni completion (as specified in `'omnifunc'`)	`:h i^x^o`
`<c-x>s`	spelling suggestions	`:h i^Xs`

People might be confused about the difference between user defined completion and omni completion, but technically they do the same thing. They take a function that inspects the current position and return a list of suggestions. User defined completion is defined by the user for their own personal purposes. (Surprise!) It could be anything. Omni completion is meant for filetype-specific purposes, like completing struct members or class methods, and is often set by filetype plugins.

Vim also allows for completing multiple kinds at once by setting the 'complete' option. By default that option includes quite a lot, so be sure to trim it to your taste. You can trigger this completion by using either <c-n> (next) and <c-p> (previous), which also happen to be the keys used for choosing entries in the popup menu. See :h i^n and :h 'complete' for more on this.

Be sure to check out :h 'completeopt' for configuring the behaviour of the popup menu. The default is quite sane, but I prefer adding "noselect" as well.

Related help:

:h ins-completion
:h popupmenu-keys
:h new-omni-completion

Motions? Operators? Text objects?

Motions move the cursor. You all know h/j/k/l. Or w and b. Even / is a motion. They also take a count. 2?the<cr> jumps to the second last occurrence of "the".

See :h navigation and everything below for all available motions.

Operators act on a region of text, e.g. d, ~, gU, > to name just a few. They get used in two contexts, either in normal or visual mode. In normal mode, operators come first followed by a motion, e.g. >j. In visual mode, operators simply act on the selection, e.g. Vjd.

Like motions, operators take a count, e.g. 2gUw makes the rest of the current word and the next one uppercase. Since motions and operators take counts, 2gU2w works just as well and executes gU2w twice.

See :h operator for all available operators. Use :set tildeop to make ~ act as an operator.

Text objects act on the surrounding area, opposed to motions that act into one direction. Actually they work on objects, e.g. a whole word, a whole sentence, everything between parentheses, and so on.

Text objects can't be used to move the cursor in normal mode, because even the most-skilled cursors can't jump into two directions at the same time. It works in visual mode though, because then one side of the object is already selected and the cursor simply jumps to the other side.

Text objects start with either i (think inner) or a (think around) followed by a character denoting the object. With i it only acts on the object itself, with a on the object plus trailing whitespace. E.g. diw deletes the current word and ci( changes everything between parentheses.

Text objects take a count. Imagine ((( ))) and the cursor on or between the most inner parentheses, then d2a( will remove the 2 inner pairs of parentheses and everything in between.

See :h text-objects for all available text objects.

Autocmds?

On many occasions, Vim emits events. You hook into these events by using autocmds.

You wouldn't use Vim if there weren't autocmds. They're used all the time, even if you don't even know it. Don't believe me? Check :au, but don't let the output overwhelm you. These are all the autocmds that are in effect right now!

See :h {event} for a quick overview of all available events and :h autocmd-events-abc for more details.

A typical example would be setting filetype-specific settings:

autocmd FileType ruby setlocal shiftwidth=2 softtabstop=2 comments-=:#

But how does a buffer even know that it contains Ruby code? Because another autocmd detected it as that and set the filetype accordingly which again triggered the FileType event.

One of the first things everyone adds to his vimrc is filetype on. This simply means that filetype.vim is read at startup which sets autocmds for almost all filetypes under the sun.

If you're brave enough, have a look at it: :e $VIMRUNTIME/filetype.vim. Search for "Ruby" and you'll find that Vim simply uses the file extension .rb to detect Ruby files:

NOTE: Autocmds of the same event are executed in the order they were created. :au shows them in the correct order.

au BufNewFile,BufRead *.rb,*.rbw  setf ruby

The BufNewFile and BufRead events in this case are hardcoded in the C sources of Vim and get emitted everytime you open a file via :e and similar commands. Afterwards all the hundreds of filetypes from filetype.vim are tested for.

Putting it in a nutshell, Vim makes heavy use of events and autocmds but also exposes a clean interface to hook into that event-driven system for customization.

Changelist? Jumplist?

The positions of the last 100 changes are kept in the changelist. Several small changes on the same line will be merged together, but the position will be that of the last change nevertheless (in case you added something in the middle of the line).

Every time you jump, the position before the jump is remembered in the jumplist. A jumplist has up to 100 entries. Each window has its own jumplist. When you split a window, the jumplist is copied.

A jump is one of the following commands: ', `, G, /, ?, n, N, %, (, ), [[, ]], {, }, :s, :tag, L, M, H and commands that start editing a new file.

List	List all entries	Go to older position	Go to newer position
jumplist	`:jumps`	`[count]<c-o>`	`[count]<c-i>`
changelist	`:changes`	`[count]g;`	`[count]g,`

When you list all entries, a marker > will be used to show the current position. Usually that will be below position 1, the latest position.

If you want both lists to persist after restarting Vim, you need to use the viminfo file and :h viminfo-'.

NOTE: The position before the latest jump is also kept as a mark and can be jumped to via `` or ''.

Related help:

:h changelist
:h jumplist

Undo tree?

The latest changes to the text state are remembered. You can use undo to revert changes and redo to reapply previously reverted changes.

The important bit to understand it that the data structure holding recent changes is not a queue but a tree! Your changes are nodes in the tree and each (but the top node) has a parent node. Each node keeps information about the changed text and time. A branch is a series of nodes that starts from any node and goes up to the top node. New branches get created when you undo a change and then insert something else.

ifoo<esc>
obar<esc>
obaz<esc>
u
oquux<esc>

Now you have 3 lines and the undo tree looks like this:

     foo(1)
       /
    bar(2)
   /      \
baz(3)   quux(4)

The undo tree has 4 changes. The numbers represent the time the nodes were created.

Now there are two ways to traverse this tree, let's call them branch-wise and time-wise.

Undo (u) and redo (<c-r>) work branch-wise. They go up and down the current branch. u will revert the text state to the one of node "bar". Another u will revert the text state even further, to the one of node "foo". Now <c-r> goes back to the state of node "bar" and another <c-r> to the state of node "quux". (There's no way to reach node "baz" using branch-wise commands anymore.)

Opposed to this, g- and g+ work time-wise. Thus g- won't revert to the state of node "bar", like u does, but to the chronologically previous state, node "baz". Another g- would revert the state to the one of node "bar" and so on. Thus, g- and g+ simply go back and forth in time, respectively.

Command / Mapping	Action
`[count]u`, `:undo [count]`	Undo [count] changes.
`[count]<c-r>`, `:redo`	Redo [count] changes.
`U`	Undo all all changes to the line of the latest change.
`[count]g-`, `:earlier [count]?`	Go to older text state [count] times. The "?" can be either "s", "m", "h", "d", or "f". E.g. `:earlier 2d` goes to the text state from 2 days ago. `:earlier 1f` will go to the state of the latest file save.
`[count]g+`, `:later [count]?`	Same as as above, but other direction.

The undo tree is kept in memory and will be lost when Vim quits. See Handling backup, swap, undo, and viminfo files for how to enable persistent undo.

If you're confused by the undo tree, undotree does a great job at visualizing it.

Related help:

:h undo.txt
:h usr_32

Quickfix and location lists?

Every time an action has to return a list of locations, quickfix or location lists can be used. In this case a location is a file, a line number and optionally a column.

Examples are compiler errors assembled in a quickfix list or matches of an external grep tool assembled in a location list.

The big advantage over just putting that stuff in an empty buffer is that you get a nice uniform interface for browsing the entries.

At all time there's only one quickfix list, but every window can has its own location list. Both type of lists feel the same, but use slightly different commands for navigation.

Most common commands:

Action	Quickfix	Location
open window	`:copen`	`:lopen`
close window	`:cclose`	`:lclose`
next entry	`:cnext`	`:lnext`
previous entry	`:cprevious`	`:lprevious`
first entry	`:cfirst`	`:lfirst`
last entry	`:clast`	`:llast`

See :cc and everything below for all commands.

Example:

Let's use our good old friend grep for searching the files in the current directory recursively for a certain query and put the results in the quickfix list.

:let &grepprg = 'grep -Rn $* .'
:grep! foo
<grep output - hit enter>
:copen

Assuming any files contained the string "foo", it should be shown now in the quickfix window.

Macros?

Vim allows recording typed characters into a register. It's a great way to automate certain tasks on the fly. (For more elaborate tasks, Vim scripting should be used instead.)

Start recording by typing q followed by the register, e.g. q. (The command-line will signify this via "recording @q".)
Stop recording by hitting q once again.
Execute the macro via [count]@q.
Repeat the last used macro via [count]@@.

Example 1:

Insert a line and repeat it 10 times:

qq
iabc<cr><esc>
q
10@q

(The same could be done without macros: oabc<esc>10.)

Example 2:

For adding line numbers in front of all lines, start on the first line and add "1. " to it manually. Increment the number under the cursor by using <c-a>, displayed as ^A.

qq
0yf jP0^A
q
1000@q

Here we simply hope that the file doesn't contain more than 1000 lines when using 1000@q, but we can also use a recursive macro, which executes until the macro can't be applied to a line anymore:

qq
0yf jP0^A@q
q
@q

(The same could be done without macros: :%s/^/\=line('.') . '. ')

Mind that I also show how to achieve the same without using macros, but this mostly works only for such simple examples. For more complex automation, macros are the bomb!

Also see: Quickly edit your macros

Related help:

:h recording
:h 'lazyredraw'

Colorschemes?

Colorschemes are the way to style your Vim. Vim consists of many components and each of those can be customized with different colors for the foreground, background and a few other attributes like bold text etc. They can be set like this:

:highlight Normal ctermbg=1 guibg=red

This would paint the background of the editor red. See :h :highlight for more information.

So, colorschemes are mostly a collection of :highlight commands.

Actually, most colorschemes are really 2 colorschemes! The example above sets colors via ctermbg and guibg. The former definition will only be used if Vim was started in a terminal emulator, e.g. xterm. The latter will be used in graphical environments like gVim.

If you ever happen to use a certain colorscheme in Vim running in a terminal emulator and the colors don't look like the colors in the screenshot at all, chances are that the colorscheme only defined colors for the GUI.

I use gruvbox for the GUI and janah for the terminal.

More colorschemes: here

Folding?

Every text (or source code) has a certain structure. If you have a structure, it means you have regions of logically separated text. Folding allows to "fold" such a region into a single line and displaying a short description. There are many commands that act on these regions called folds. Folds can be nested.

Vim distinguishes between several types of fold methods:

'foldmethod'	Usage
diff	Used in diff windows to fold unchanged text.
expr	Uses `'foldexpr'` to basically create a new fold method.
indent	Folds based on indentation.
manual	Create folds yourself via `zf`, `zF`, and `:fold`.
marker	Folds based on markers in the text (often in comments).
syntax	Folds based on syntax, e.g. folding `if` blocks.

NOTE: Folding can be computationally intensive! If you experience any performance drawbacks (small delays when typing), have a look at FastFold, which prevents Vim from updating folds when it's not needed.

Related help:

:h usr_28
:h folds

Sessions?

If you save a view (:h :mkview), the current state of the window (and options and mappings) gets saved for later use (:h :loadview).

A session saves the views of all windows plus global settings. It basically makes a snapshot of your current Vim instance and saves it in a session file.

This makes it perfect for saving your projects and easy to switch between them.

Try it right now! Open a few windows and tabs and do :mksession! Foo.vim. If you omit the filename, Session.vim will be assumed. The file will be saved to the current working directory, check :pwd. Restart Vim and do :source Foo.vim and voilà, the buffer list, window layout, mappings, working directory etc. should all be the same as before you saved the session.

Note that a session file is really just a collection of Vim commands, so feel free to take a look at it: :vs Foo.vim.

You can tell Vim what things to save in a session by setting 'sessionoptions'.

Related help:

:h Session
:h 'sessionoptions'

Locality?

Many of the concepts mentioned above also have local counterparts:

Global	Local	Scope	Help
`:set`	`:setlocal`	buffer or window	`:h local-options`
`:map`	`:map <buffer>`	buffer	`:h :map-local`
`:autocmd`	`:autocmd * <buffer>`	buffer	`:h autocmd-buflocal`
`:cd`	`:lcd`	window	`:h :lcd`
`<leader>`	`<localleader>`	buffer	`:h maplocalleader`

Variables also sport different scopes, but will be explained in Vim scripting.

Usage

Getting help offline

Vim comes with great documentation in the form of single text files with a special layout. Vim uses a system based on tags for accessing certain parts of those help files.

First of all, read this: :help :help. This will open the file $VIMRUNTIME/doc/helphelp.txt in a new window and jump to the :help tag within that file.

A few simple rules:

options are enclosed in single quotes, e.g. :h 'textwidth'
VimL functions end in (), e.g. :h reverse()
commands start with :, e.g. :h :echo

You can use <c-d> (this is ctrl+d) to list all tags that match the currently entered query. E.g. :h tab<c-d> will get you a list of all tags from tab over 'softtabstop' to setting-guitablabel.

You want to list all VimL functions? Simple: :h ()<c-d>. You want to list all VimL functions that concern windows? :h win*()<c-d>.

This quickly becomes second nature, but especially in the beginning, you sometimes don't know any part of the tag you are looking for. You can only imagine some keywords that could be involved. :helpgrep to the rescue!

:helpgrep backwards

This will look for "backwards" in all documentation files and jump to the first match. The matches will be assembled in the quickfix list. Use :cn/:cp to jump to the next/previous match. Or use :copen to open the quickfix window, navigate to an entry and hit <cr> to jump to that match. See :h quickfix for the whole truth.

Getting help offline (alternative)

This list was compiled by @chrisbra, one of the most active Vim developers, and posted to vim_dev.

It's reposted here with minor changes.

If you know what you are looking for, it is usually easier to search for it using the help system. Because the subjects follow a certain style guide.

Also the help has the advantage of belonging to your particular Vim version, so that obsolete topics or topics that have been added later won't turn up.

Therefore, it is essential to learn the help system and the language it uses. Here are some examples (not necessarily complete and I might have forgotten something).

Options are enclosed in single quotes. So you would use :h 'list' to go to the help topic for the list option. If you only know, you are looking for a certain option, you can also do :h options.txt to open the help page which describes all option handling and then you can search using regular expressions e.g. /width. Certain options have their own namespace, e.g. :h cpo-a, :h cpo-A, :h cpo-b, and so on.
Normal mode commands are just that. Use :h gt to go to the help page for the "gt" command.
Regexp items always start with "/", so :h /\+ takes you to the help item for the "+" quantifier in Vim regexes. If you need to know anything about regular expressions, start reading at :h pattern.txt.
Key combinations. They usually start with a single letter indicating the mode for which they can be used. E.g. :h i_CTRL-X takes you to the family of CTRL-X commands for insert mode which can be used to auto complete different things. Note that certain keys will always be written the same, e.g. Control will always be CTRL. Note, for normal mode commands, the "n" is left away, e.g. :h CTRL-A. In contrast :h c_CTRL-R will describe what CTRL-R does when entering commands in the command line and :h v_Ctrl-A talks about incrementing numbers in visual mode and :h g_CTRL-A talks about the g command (thus you have to press "g" then ). Here the "g" stand for the normal command "g" which always expect a second key before doing something similar to the commands starting with "z".
Registers always start with "quote" so use :h quote to find out about the special ":" register.
Vim script (VimL) is available at :h eval.txt. Certain aspects of the language are available at :h expr-X where 'X' is a single letter, e.g. :h expr-! will take you to the topic describing the '!' (Not) operator for VimL. Also important, see :h function-list to find a short description of all functions available.
Mappings are talked about in the help page :h map.txt. Use :h mapmode-i to find out about the :imap command. Also use :map-topic to find out about certain subtopics particular for mappings (e.g. :h :map-local for buffer-local mappings or :h map_bar for how the '|' is handled in mappings.
Command definitions are talked about at :h command-*, so use :h command-bar to find out about the '!' argument for custom commands.
Window management commands always start with CTRL-W, so you find the corresponding help at :h CTRL-W_* (e.g. :h CTRL-W_p for switch to the previously accessed window). You can also access :h windows.txt and read your way through, if you are looking for window handling command.
Ex commands always start with ":", so :h :s covers the ":s" command.
Use CTRL-D after typing a topic and let Vim try to complete to all available topics.
Use :helpgrep to search in all help pages (usually also includes help pages by installed plugins). See :h :helpgrep for how to use it. Once you have searched for a topic, all matches are available in the quickfix (or location) window which can be opened with :copen or :lopen. There you can also use / to further filter the matches.
:h helphelp contains some information on how to use the help.
The user manual. This describes help topics for beginners in a rather friendly way. Start at :h usr_toc.txt to find the table of content (as you might have guessed). Skimming over that help finding certain topics, .e.g you will find an entry "Digraphs" and "Entering special characters" in chapter 24 (so use :h usr_24.txt to go to that particular help page).
Highlighting groups always start with hl-*. E.g. :h hl-WarningMsg talks about the "WarningMsg" highlighting group.
Syntax highlighting is namespaced to ":syn-topic", e.g. :h :syn-conceal talks about the conceal argument for the :syn command.
Quickfix commands usually start with ":c", while location list commands usually start with ":l".
:h BufWinLeave talks about the BufWinLeave autocmd. Also :h autocommands-events talks about all possible events.
Startup arguments always start with "-", so :h -f takes you to the help of the "-f" command switch of Vim.
Compiled extra features always start with "+", so :h +conceal talks about the conceal support.
Error codes can be looked up directly in the help. :h E297 takes you exactly to the description of the error message. Sometimes however, those error codes are not described, but rather are listed at the Vim command that usually causes this. E.g. :h hE128 takes you directly to the :function command.
Documentation for included syntax files is usually available at :h ft-*-syntax. E.g. :h ft-c-syntax talks about the C syntax file and the options it provides. Sometimes, additional sections for omni completion (:h ft-php-omni) or filetype plugins (:h ft-tex-plugin) are available.

Also a link to the user documentation (which describes certain commands more from a user perspective and less detailed) will be mentioned at the top of help pages if they are available. So :h pattern.txt mentions the user guide topics :h 03.9 and :h usr_27.

Getting help online

If you have an issue you can't resolve or are in need of general guidance, see the vim_use mailing list. Another great resource is using IRC. The channel #vim on Freenode is huge and usually full of helpful people.

If you want to report a Vim bug, use the vim_dev mailing list.

Clipboard

Required features: +clipboard and optionally +xterm_clipboard if you want to use the 'clipboard' option on a Unix system with a Vim that doesn't have GUI support.

Related help:

:h 'clipboard'
:h gui-clipboard
:h gui-selections

Also see: Bracketed paste (or why do I have to set 'paste' all the time?)

Clipboard usage (Windows, OSX)

Windows comes with a clipboard and OSX comes with a pasteboard.

Both work like most users would expect them to work. You copy selected text with ctrl+c/cmd+c and paste them in another application with ctrl+v/cmd+v.

Note that copied text is actually transferred to the clipboard, so you can close the application you copied from before pasting in another application without problems.

Whenever this happens, the clipboard register * gets filled with the selection. From Vim use "*y and "*p to yank and paste from the clipboard respectively.

If you don't even want to specify the * register all the time, put this in your vimrc:

set clipboard=unnamed

Usually all yank/delete/put operations fill the " register, now the * register is used for the same operations, therefore simply y and p will be enough.

Let me repeat: Using the option above means that every yank/paste, even when only used in the same Vim window, will alter the clipboard. Decide for yourself if this is useful or not.

If you're even too lazy to type y, you can send every visual selection to the clipboard by using these settings:

set clipboard=unnamed,autoselect
set guioptions+=a

Related help files:

:h clipboard-unnamed
:h autoselect
:h 'go_a'

Clipboard usage (Linux, BSD, ...)

If your OS uses X, things work a bit different. X implements the X Window System Protocol which happens to be at major version 11 since 1987, hence X is also often called X11.

Prior, in X10, cut buffers were introduced that kind of worked like a clipboard as in copied text was actually hold by X and it was accessible by all ofter applications. This mechanism still exists in X, but its use is deprecated now and most software doesn't use it anymore.

Nowadays data is transferred between applications by the means of selections. From the 3 selection atoms defined, only 2 are used in practice: PRIMARY and CLIPBOARD.

Selections work roughly like this:

Program A: <ctrl+c>
Program A: assert ownership of CLIPBOARD
Program B: <ctrl+v>
Program B: note that ownership of CLIPBOARD is hold by Program A
Program B: request data from Program A
Program A: respond to request and send data to Program B
Program B: receives data from Program A and inserts it into the window

Selection	When used?	How to paste?	How to access from Vim?
PRIMARY	Selecting text	`middle-click`, `shift+insert`	`*` register
CLIPBOARD	Selecting text and `ctrl+c`	`ctrl+v`	`+` register

NOTE: Selections (no, not even the CLIPBOARD selection) are never kept in the X server! Thus you lose the data copied with ctrl+c when the application closes.

Use "*p to paste the PRIMARY selection or "+y1G to yank the entire file to the CLIPBOARD selection.

If you happen to access one of the two registers all the time, consider using:

set clipboard^=unnamed      " * register
" or
set clipboard^=unnamedplus  " + register

(The ^= is used to prepend to the default value, :h :set^=.)

This will make all yank/delete/put operations use either * or + instead of the unnamed register ". Afterwards you can simply use y or p for accessing your chosen X selection.

Related help:

:h clipboard-unnamed
:h clipboard-unnamedplus

Restore cursor position when opening file

Without this, you will always be at line 1 when opening a file. With this, you will be at the position where you left off.

Put this in your vimrc:

autocmd BufReadPost *
    \ if line("'\"") > 1 && line("'\"") <= line("$") |
    \   exe "normal! g`\"" |
    \ endif

This simply does g`" (jump to position where you left off without changing jumplist) if that position still exists (the file might have fewer lines since it was altered by another program).

This requires the use of a viminfo file: :h viminfo-'.

Handling backup, swap, undo, and viminfo files

Depending on the options, Vim creates up to 4 kinds of working files.

Backup files:

You can tell Vim to keep a backup of the original file before writing to it. By default Vim keeps a backup but immediately removes it when writing to the file was successful (:set writebackup). If you always want the latest backup file to persist, :set backup. Or you disable backups altogether, :set nobackup nowritebackup.

Let's see what I added last to my vimrc..

$ diff ~/.vim/vimrc ~/.vim/files/backup/vimrc-vimbackup
390d389
< command! -bar -nargs=* -complete=help H helpgrep <args>

Related help: :h backup

Swap files:

You came up with an idea for the best scifi novel ever. After being in the flow for hours and writing several thousands of words.. power outage! That's the moment you realize that the last time you saved ~/wicked_alien_invaders_from_outer_space.txt was.. well, you never did.

But not all hope is lost! When editing a file, Vim creates a swap file that contains unsaved changes. Try it for yourself, open any file and get the current swap file by using :swapname. You can also disable swap file by putting :set noswapfile in your vimrc.

By default the swap file is created in the same directory as the edited file and called something like .file.swp, updated either all 200 characters or when you haven't typed anything for 4 seconds, and deleted when you stop editing the file. You can change these numbers with :h 'updatecount' and :h 'updatetime'.

Due to the power outage, the swap file was never deleted. If you do vim ~/wicked_alien_invaders_from_outer_space.txt, Vim will prompt you to recover the file.

Related help: :h swap-file and :h usr_11

Undo files:

The undo tree is kept in memory and will be lost when Vim quits. If you want it to persist, :set undofile. This will save the undo file for ~/foo.c in ~/foo.c.un~.

Related help: :h 'undofile' and :h undo-persistence

Viminfo file:

When backup, swap, and undo files are all about text state, viminfo files are used for saving everything else that would otherwise be lost when quitting Vim. The viminfo file keeps histories (command line, search, input), registers, marks, buffer list, global variables etc.

By default the viminfo is written to ~/.viminfo.

Related help: :h viminfo and :h 'viminfo'

If you're anything like me, you prefer keeping all these files in the same place, e.g. ~/.vim/files:

set backup
set backupdir   =$HOME/.vim/files/backup/
set backupext   =-vimbackup
set backupskip  =
set directory   =$HOME/.vim/files/swap//
set updatecount =100
set undofile
set undodir     =$HOME/.vim/files/undo/
set viminfo     ='100,n$HOME/.vim/files/info/viminfo

The directory ~/.vim/files has to be created beforehand, otherwise Vim will spew errors. If you often work on new hosts, you might want to automate it:

if exists('*mkdir') && !isdirectory($HOME.'/.vim/files')
  call mkdir($HOME.'/.vim/files')
endif

NOTE: If you edit a file on a multi-user system and Vim prompts you that a swap file already exists, it probably means that someone else is editing the file at the moment. You lose this "feature" when you save your swap files in the home directory.

Editing remote files

Vim comes with the netrw plugin that enables editing remote files. Actually it transfers the remote file to a local temporary file via scp, opens a buffer using that file, and writes the changes back to the remote file on saving.

This is extremely useful if you want to use your local configuration opposed to ssh'ing into a server and use whatever the admins want you to use.

:e scp://bram@awesome.site.com/.vimrc

If you have a ~/.ssh/config set up already, this gets used automatically:

Host awesome
    HostName awesome.site.com
    Port 1234
    User bram

Assuming the above content in ~/.ssh/config, this works just as well:

:e scp://awesome/.vimrc

Similar can be done with a ~/.netrc, see :h netrw-netrc.

Make sure to read :h netrw-ssh-hack and :h g:netrw_ssh_cmd.

Another possibility is using sshfs which uses FUSE to mount a remote filesystem into your local filesystem.

Managing plugins

Pathogen was the first popular tool for managing plugins. Actually it just adjusts the runtimepath (:h 'rtp') to include all the things put under a certain directory. You have to clone the repositories of the plugins there yourself.

Real plugin managers expose commands that help you installing and updating plugins from within Vim. Hereinafter is a list of commonly used plugin managers in alphabetic sequence:

neobundle
plug
vim-addon-manager
vundle

Plug is my favorite, but your mileage may vary.

Block insert

This is a technique to insert the same text on multiple consecutive lines at the same time. See this demo.

Switch to visual block mode with <c-v>. Afterwards go down for a few lines. Hit I or A and start entering your text.

It might be a bit confusing at first, but text is always entered for the current line and only after finishing the current insertion, the same text will be applied to all other lines of the prior visual selection.

So a simple example is <c-v>3jItext<esc>.

If you have lines of different length and want to append the same text right after the end of each line, do this: <c-v>3j$Atext<esc>.

Sometime you need to place the cursor somewhere after the end of the current line. You can't do that by default, but you can set the virtualedit option:

set virtualedit=all

Afterwards $10l or 90| work even after the end of the line.

See :h blockwise-examples for more info. It might seem complicated at first, but quickly becomes second nature.

If you want to get real fancy, have a look at multiple-cursors.

Running external programs and using filters

Disclaimer: Vim is single-threaded, so running an external program in the foreground will block everything else. Sure, you can use one of Vim's programming interfaces, e.g. Lua, and use its thread support, but during that time the Vim process is blocked nevertheless. Neovim fixed that by adding a proper job API.

(Apparently Bram is thinking about adding job control to Vim as well. If you have a very recent version, see :helpgrep startjob.)

Use :! to start a job. If you want to list the files in the current working directory, use :!ls. Use | for piping in the shell as usual, e.g. :!ls -1 | sort | tail -n5.

Without a range, the output of :! will be shown in a scrollable window. On the other hand, if a range is given, these lines will be filtered. This means they will be piped to the stdin of the filter program and after processing be replaced by the stdout of the filter. E.g. for prepending numbers to the next 5 lines, use this:

:.,+4!nl -ba -w1 -s' '

Since manually adding the range is quite burdensome, Vim also provides some helpers for convenience. As always with ranges, you can also select lines in visual mode and then hit :. There's also an operator ! that takes a motion. E.g. !ip!sort will sort the lines of the current paragraph.

A good use case for filtering is the Go programming language. The indentation is pretty opinionated, it even comes with a filter called gofmt for indenting Go source code properly. So plugins for Go often provide helper commands called :Fmt that basically do :%!gofmt, so they indent all lines in the file.

People often use :r !prog to put the output of prog below the current line, which is fine for scripts, but when doing it on the fly, I find it easier to use !!ls instead, which replaces the current line.

:h filter
:h :read!

MatchIt

Since Vim is written in C, a lot of features assume C-like syntax. By default, if your cursor is on { or #endif, you can use % to jump to the corresponding } or #ifdef respectively.

Vim comes bundled with a plugin called matchit.vim which is not enabled by default. It makes % also cycle through HTML tags, if/else/endif constructs in VimL etc. and introduces a few new commands.

To always load the plugin, put this in your vimrc:

if !exists('g:loaded_matchit')
  runtime macros/matchit.vim
endif

Since the documentation of matchit is pretty extensive, I suggest also doing the following once:

:!mkdir -p ~/.vim/doc
:!cp $VIMRUNTIME/macros/matchit.txt ~/.vim/doc
:helptags ~/.vim/doc

The plugin is ready to use now. See :h matchit-intro for the supported commands and :h matchit-languages for the supported languages.

That said, it's easy to define your own matching pairs:

autocmd FileType python let b:match_words = '\<if\>:\<elif\>:\<else\>'

Afterwards you can cycle through these 3 statements in any Python file by using % (forward) or g% (backward).

Related help:

:h matchit-install
:h matchit
:h b:match_words

Tips

Saner behavior of n and N

The direction of n and N depends on whether / or ? was used for searching forward or backward respectively. This is pretty confusing to me.

If you want n to always search forward and N backward, use this:

nnoremap <expr> n  'Nn'[v:searchforward]
nnoremap <expr> N  'nN'[v:searchforward]

Saner command-line history

If you're anything like me, you're used to going to next and previous items via <c-n> and <c-p> respectively. By default, this also works in the command-line and recalls older or more recent command-lines from history.

So far, so good. But <up> and <down> are even smarter! They recall the command-line whose beginning matches the current command-line. E.g. :echo <up> may change to :echo "Vim rocks!".

Of course I don't want you to reach to the arrow keys, just map it instead:

cnoremap <c-n>  <down>
cnoremap <c-p>  <up>

I depend on this behaviour several times a day.

Saner CTRL-L

By default <c-l> clears and redraws the screen (like :redraw!). The following mapping does the same, plus de-highlighting the matches found via /, ? etc., plus fixing syntax highlighting (sometimes Vim loses highlighting due to complex highlighting rules), plus force updating the syntax highlighting in diff mode:

nnoremap <leader>l :nohlsearch<cr>:diffupdate<cr>:syntax sync fromstart<cr><c-l>

Disable audible and visual bells

set noerrorbells
set novisualbell
set t_vb=

See Vim Wiki: Disable beeping.

Quickly move current line

Sometimes I need a quick way to move the current line above or below:

nnoremap [e  :<c-u>execute 'move -1-'. v:count1<cr>
nnoremap ]e  :<c-u>execute 'move +'. v:count1<cr>

These mappings also take a count, so 2]e moves the current line 2 lines below.

Quickly add empty lines

nnoremap [<space>  :<c-u>put! =repeat(nr2char(10), v:count1)<cr>'[
nnoremap ]<space>  :<c-u>put =repeat(nr2char(10), v:count1)<cr>

Now 5[<space> inserts 5 blank lines above the current line.

Quickly edit your macros

This is a real gem! The mapping takes a register (or * by default) and opens it in the cmdline-window. Hit <cr> when you're done editing for setting the register.

I often use this to correct typos I did while recording a macro.

nnoremap <leader>m  :<c-u><c-r><c-r>='let @'. v:register .' = '. string(getreg(v:register))<cr><c-f><left>

Use it like this <leader>m or "q<leader>m.

Notice the use of <c-r><c-r> to make sure that the <c-r> is inserted literally. See :h c_^R^R.

Quickly jump to header or source file

This technique can probably be applied to many filetypes. It sets file marks (see :h marks) when leaving a source or header file, so you can quickly jump back to the last accessed one by using 'C or 'H (see :h 'A).

autocmd BufLeave *.{c,cpp} mark C
autocmd BufLeave *.h       mark H

NOTE: The info is saved in the viminfo file, so make sure that :set viminfo? includes :h viminfo-'.

Quickly change font size in GUI

I think this was taken from tpope's config:

command! Bigger  :let &guifont = substitute(&guifont, '\d\+$', '\=submatch(0)+1', '')
command! Smaller :let &guifont = substitute(&guifont, '\d\+$', '\=submatch(0)-1', '')

Change cursor style dependent on mode

I like to use a block cursor in normal mode, i-beam cursor in insert mode, and underline cursor in replace mode. Also when using tmux in the middle.

if empty($TMUX)
  let &t_SI = "\<Esc>]50;CursorShape=1\x7"
  let &t_EI = "\<Esc>]50;CursorShape=0\x7"
  let &t_SR = "\<Esc>]50;CursorShape=2\x7"
else
  let &t_SI = "\<Esc>Ptmux;\<Esc>\<Esc>]50;CursorShape=1\x7\<Esc>\\"
  let &t_EI = "\<Esc>Ptmux;\<Esc>\<Esc>]50;CursorShape=0\x7\<Esc>\\"
  let &t_SR = "\<Esc>Ptmux;\<Esc>\<Esc>]50;CursorShape=2\x7\<Esc>\\"
endif

This simply tells Vim to print a certain sequence of characters (escape sequence) when entering/leaving insert mode. The underlying terminal will process and evaluate it.

There's one drawback though: there are many terminal emulator implementations and not all use the same sequences for doing the same things. The sequences used above might not work with your implementation. Your implementation might not even support different cursor styles. Check the documentation.

The example above works with iTerm2.

Don't lose selection when shifting sidewards

If you select one or more lines, you can use < and > for shifting them sidewards. Unfortunately you immediately lose the selection afterwards.

You can use gv to reselect the last selection (see :h gv), thus you can work around it like this:

xnoremap <  <gv
xnoremap >  >gv

Now you can use >>>>> on your visual selection without any problems.

NOTE: The same can be achieved using ., which repeats the last change.

Reload a file on saving

Using autocmds you can do anything on saving a file, e.g. sourcing it in case of a dotfile or running a linter to check for syntactical errors in your source code.

autocmd BufWritePost $MYVIMRC source $MYVIMRC
autocmd BufWritePost ~/.Xdefaults call system('xrdb ~/.Xdefaults')

Smarter cursorline

I love the cursorline, but I only want to use it in the current window and not when being in insert mode:

autocmd WinEnter    * set cursorline
autocmd WinLeave    * set nocursorline
autocmd InsertEnter * set nocursorline
autocmd InsertLeave * set cursorline

Faster keyword completion

The keyword completion (<c-n>/<c-p>) tries completing whatever is listed in the 'complete' option. By default this also includes tags (which can be annoying) and scanning all included files (which can be very slow). If you can live without these things, disable them:

set complete-=i   " disable scanning included files
set complete-=t   " disable searching tags

Commands

Useful commands that are good to know. Use :h :<command name> to learn more about them, e.g. :h :global.

:global

Execute a command on all matching lines. E.g. :global /regexp/ print will use :print on all lines that contain "regexp".

Fun fact: You probably all know good old grep, the filter program written by Ken Thompson. What does it do? It prints all lines matching a certain regular expression! Now guess the short form of :global /regexp/ print? That's right! It's :g/re/p. Ken Thompson was inspired by vi's :global when he wrote grep.

Despite its name, :global only acts on all lines by default, but it also takes a range. Assume you want use :delete on all lines from the current line to the next blank line (matched by the regular expression ^$) that contain "foo":

:,/^$/g/foo/d

:normal and :execute

These commands are commonly used in Vim scripts.

With :normal you can do normal mode mappings from the command-line. E.g. :normal! 4j will make the cursor go down 4 lines (without using any custom mapping for "j" due to the "!").

Mind that :normal also takes a count, so :%norm! Iabc would prepend "abc" to every line.

With :execute you can mix commands with expressions. Assume you edit a C source file and want to switch to its header file:

:execute 'edit' fnamemodify(expand('%'), ':r') . '.h'

Both commands are often used together. Assume you want to make the cursor go down "n" lines:

:let n = 4
:execute 'normal!' n . 'j'

:redir

Many commands print messages and :redir allows to redirect that output. You can redirect to files, registers or variables.

:redir => neatvar
:reg
:redir END
:echo neatvar
:" For fun let's also put it onto the current buffer.
:put =nicevar

Related help: :h :redir

Debugging

General tips

If you encounter a strange behaviour, try reproducing it like this:

vim -u NONE -N

This will start Vim without vimrc (thus default settings) and in nocompatible mode (which makes it use Vim defaults instead of vi defaults). (See :h --noplugin for other combinations of what to load at start.)

If you can still reproduce it now, it's most likely a bug in Vim itself! Report it to the vim_dev mailing list. Most of the time the issue won't be resolved at this time and you'll have to further investigate.

Plugins often introduce new/changed/faulty behaviour. E.g. if it happens on saving, check :verb au BufWritePost to get a list of potential culprits.

If you're using a plugin manager, comment them out until you find the culprit.

Issue is still not resolved? If it's not a plugin, it must be your other settings, so maybe your options or autocmds etc.

Time to use binary search. Repeatedly split the search space in two until you find the culprit line. Due to the nature of binary division, it won't take many steps.

In practice it works like this: Put the :finish command in the middle of your vimrc. Vim will skip everything after it. If it still happens, the problem is in the active upper half. Move the :finish to the middle of that half. Otherwise the issue is in the inactive lower half. Move the :finish to the middle of that half. And so on.

Profiling startup time

Vim startup feels slow? Time to crunch some numbers:

vim --startuptime /tmp/startup.log +q && vim /tmp/startup.log

The first column is the most important as it shows the elapsed absolute time. If there is a big jump in time between two lines, the second line is either a very big file or a file with faulty VimL code that is worth investigating.

Profiling at runtime

Required feature: +profile

Vim provides a built-in capability for profiling at runtime and is a great way to find slow code in your environment.

The :profile command takes a bunch of sub-commands for specifying what to profile.

If you want to profile everything, do this:

:profile start /tmp/profile.log
:profile file *
:profile func *
<do something in Vim>
<quit Vim>

Vim keeps the profiling information in memory and only writes it out to the logfile on exit. (Neovim has fixed this using :profile dump).

Have a look at /tmp/profile.log. All code that was executed during profiling will be shown. Every line, how often it was executed and how much time it took.

Most of the time that will be plugin code the user isn't familiar with, but if you're investigating a certain issue, jump to the bottom of the log. Here are two different sections FUNCTIONS SORTED ON TOTAL TIME and FUNCTIONS SORTED ON SELF TIME that are worth gold. On a quick glance you can see, if a certain function is taking too long.

Verbosity

Another useful way for observing what Vim is currently doing is increasing the verbosity level. Currently Vim supports 9 different levels. See :h 'verbose' for the full list.

:e /tmp/foo
:set verbose=2
:w
:set verbose=0

This would show all the files that get sourced, e.g. the undo file or various plugins that act on saving.

If you only want increase verbosity for a single command, there's also :verbose, which simply gets put in front of any other command. It takes the verbosity level as count and defaults to 1:

:verb set verbose
"  verbose=1
:10verb set verbose
"  verbose=10

It's very often used with its default verbosity level 1 to show where an option was set last:

:verb set ai?
"      Last set from ~/.vim/vimrc

Naturally, the higher the verbosity level the more overwhelming the output. But fear no more, you can simply redirect the output to a file:

:set verbosefile=/tmp/foo | 15verbose echo "foo" | vsplit /tmp/foo

Debugging Vim scripts

If you ever used a command-line debugger before, :debug will quickly feel familiar.

Simply prepend :debug to any other command and you'll be put into debug mode. That is, the execution will stop at the first line about to be executed and that line will be displayed.

See :h >cont and below for the 6 available debugger commands and note that, like in gdb and similar debuggers, you can also use their short forms, that is c, q, n, s, i, and f.

Apart from that those, you're free to use any Vim command, e.g. :echo myvar, which gets executed in the context of the current position in the code.

You basically get a REPL by simply using :debug 1.

It would be a pain if you had to single-step through every single line, so of course we can define breakpoints, too. (Breakpoints are called breakpoints, because the execution stops when they're hit, thus you can simply skip code you're not interested in.) See :h :breakadd, :h :breakdel, and :h :breaklist for further details.

Let's assume you want to know what code is run every time you save a file:

:au BufWritePost
" signify  BufWritePost
"     *         call sy#start()
:breakadd func *start
:w
" Breakpoint in "sy#start" line 1
" Entering Debug mode.  Type "cont" to continue.
" function sy#start
" line 1: if g:signify_locked
>s
" function sy#start
" line 3: endif
>
" function sy#start
" line 5: let sy_path = resolve(expand('%:p'))
>q
:breakdel *

As you can see, using <cr> will repeat the previous debugger command, s in this case.

:debug can be used in combination with the verbose option.

Debugging syntax files

Syntax files are often the cause for slowdowns due to wrong and/or complex regular expressions. If the +profile feature is compiled in, Vim provides the super useful :syntime command.

:syntime on
" hit <c-l> a few times to redraw the window which causes the syntax rules to get applied again
:syntime off
:syntime report

The output contains important metrics. E.g. you can see which regexp takes too long and should be optimized or which regexps are used all the time but never even match.

See :h :syntime.

Miscellaneous

Additional resources

Resource	Description
Seven habits of effective text editing	By Bram Moolenaar, the author of Vim.
Seven habits of effective text editing 2.0 (PDF)	See above.
IBM DeveloperWorks: Scripting the Vim editor	Five-part series on Vim scripting.
Learn Vimscript the Hard Way	Develop a Vim plugin from scratch.
Practical Vim (2nd Edition)	Hands down the best book about Vim.
Vimcasts.org	Vim screencasts.
Why, oh WHY, do those #?@! nutheads use vi?	Common misconceptions explained.
Your problem with Vim is that you don't grok vi	Concise, informative and correct. A real gem.

Vim distributions

Vim distributions are Vim + custom settings + custom plugins from certain authors and are therefore very opinionated.

The problem with such distributions is that they tend to be used by beginners. (More advanced users know how to choose their own plugins and settings after all.) It all goes good until an issue appears. Now where is the problem? The beginner doesn't know what to do and asks for advice on the internet. After long back and forth they figure out that the problem was a weird mapping provided by the distro. But the beginner thought it was a default Vim mapping... Time was wasted, everyone is pissed.

I don't have problems with distributions per se, but please, if you don't understand exactly what they're doing, don't try to get help from others in case of emergencies.

I know that many people don't want to spend hours and hours on customizing an editor (and actually you never stop customizing your vimrc when you finally got hooked), but in the long-term it's much better and more time-efficient to learn how to do stuff manually in the first place.

Repeat after me: "A programmer should know their tools."

Anyway, if you know what you're doing, you might get some inspiration from looking at some distributions:

cream
janus
spf13

Standard plugins

Surprising to many people, Vim comes with a handful of plugins on its own that all get loaded by default. Check :scriptnames after starting Vim to see all sourced files.

Most of them will never get used, so disable them as you see fit. They will still be shown as sourced, but only the first lines actually get read before Vim bails out. No further code (mappings, commands, logic) will be processed.

Plugin	Disable it using..	Help
2html	`let g:loaded_2html_plugin = 1`	`:h 2html`
getscript	`let g:loaded_getscriptPlugin = 1`	`:h pi_getscript`
gzip	`let g:loaded_gzip = 1`	`:h pi_gzip`
logipat	`let g:loaded_logipat = 1`	`:h pi_logipat`
matchparen	`let g:loaded_matchparen = 1`	`:h pi_paren`
netrw	`let g:loaded_netrwPlugin = 1`	`:h pi_netrw`
rrhelper	`let g:loaded_rrhelper = 1`	`:e $VIMRUNTIME/plugin/rrhelper.vim`
spellfile	`let g:loaded_spellfile_plugin = 1`	`:h spellfile.vim`
tar	`let g:loaded_tarPlugin = 1`	`:h pi_tar`
vimball	`let g:loaded_vimballPlugin = 1`	`:h pi_vimball`
zip	`let g:loaded_zipPlugin = 1`	`:h pi_zip`

Map CapsLock to Control

CapsLock belongs to the most useless keys on your keyboard, but it's much easier to reach than the Control key, since it lies on your home row. Mapping CapsLock to Control is a great way to prevent or at least reduce RSI if you program a lot.

Attention: When you get used to it, you can't live without it anymore.

OSX:

System Preferences -> Keyboard -> Keyboard Tab -> Modifier Keys. Change "CapsLock" to "Control".

Linux:

To change the keys in X, put this in your ~/.xmodmap:

remove Lock = Caps_Lock
keysym Caps_Lock = Control_L
add Control = Control_L

Afterwards source it via $ xmodmap ~/.xmodmap.

An alternative would be using xcape.

Windows:

See superuser.com: Map Caps-Lock to Control in Windows 8.1.

Easter eggs

Command	Message
`:Ni!`	`Do you demand a shrubbery?`
`:h 'sm'`	`NOTE: Use of the short form is rated PG.`
`:h 42`	`What is the meaning of life, the universe and everything? Douglas Adams, the only person who knew what this question really was about is now dead, unfortunately. So now you might wonder what the meaning of death is...`
`:h UserGettingBored`	`When the user presses the same key 42 times. Just kidding! :-)`
`:h bar`	`Ceci n'est pas une pipe.`
`:h holy-grail`	`You found it, Arthur!`
`:h map-modes`	`:nunmap can also be used outside of a monastery.`
`:help!`	`E478: Don't panic!` (Glitch? When used in a help buffer (`buftype=help`) this works like `:h help.txt` instead.)
`:smile`	Try it out yourself. ;-) Added in 7.4.1005.

Standard plugins

Why hjkl for navigation?

When Bill Joy created vi, a predecessor of Vim, he did it on a ADM-3A which had no extra cursor buttons but used, you might already guessed it, hjkl instead.

Keyboard layout: click

This also shows why ~ is used to denote the home directory on Unix systems.

Quirks

Editing small files is slow

There are two things which can have a huge impact on performance:

Complex regular expressions. Particular the Ruby syntax file caused people to have slowdowns in the past. (Also see Debugging syntax files.)
Screen redraws. Some features force all lines to redraw.

Typical culprit	Why?	Solution?
`:set cursorline`	Causes all lines to redraw.	`:set nocursorline`
`:set cursorcolumn`	Causes all lines to redraw.	`:set nocursorcolumn`
`:set relativenumber`	Causes all lines to redraw.	`:set norelativenumber`
`:set foldmethod=syntax`	If the syntax file is slow already, this makes it even worse.	`:set foldmethod=manual`, `:set foldmethod=marker` or FastFold
`:set synmaxcol=3000`	Due to internal representation, Vim has problems with long lines in general. Highlights columns till column 3000.	`:set synmaxcol=200`
matchparen.vim	Loaded by default. Uses regular expressions to find the accompanying parenthesis.	Disable plugin: `:h matchparen`

NOTE: You only need to do this if you experience actual performance drawbacks. In most cases using the things mentioned above is absolutely fine.

Editing huge files is slow

The biggest issue with big files is, that Vim reads the whole file at once. This is done due to how buffers are represented internally. (Discussion on vim_dev@)

If you only want to read, tail hugefile | vim - is a good workaround.

If you can live without syntax, settings and plugins for the moment:

$ vim -u NONE -N

This should make navigation quite a lot faster, especially since no expensive regular expressions for syntax highlighting are used. You should also tell Vim not to use swapfiles and viminfo files to avoid long delays on writing:

$ vim -n -u NONE -i NONE -N

Putting it in a nutshell, try to avoid using Vim when intending to write really huge files. :\

Newline used for NUL

NUL characters (\0) in a file, are stored as newline (\n) in memory and displayed in a buffer as ^@.

See man 7 ascii and :h NL-used-for-Nul for more information.

Bracketed paste (or why do I have to set 'paste' all the time?)

Bracketed paste mode allows terminal emulators to distinguish between typed text and pasted text.

Did you ever tried pasting code into Vim and afterwards everything seemed messed up?

This only happens if you paste via cmd+v, shift-insert, middle-click etc. because then you're just throwing text at the terminal emulator. Vim doesn't know that you just pasted the text, it thinks you're an extremely fast typist. Accordingly it tries to indent the lines and fails.

Obviously this is not an issue, if you paste using Vim's registers, e.g. "+p, because then Vim knows that you're actually pasting.

To workaround this, you have to :set paste, so it gets pasted as-is. See :h 'paste' and :h 'pastetoggle'.

If you're fed up with toggling 'paste' all the time, have a look at this fine plugin that does it for you: bracketed-paste.

Additional read from the same author as the plugin: here.

Neovim: Neovim tries to make all of this much more seamless and sets bracketed paste mode automatically if the terminal emulator supports it.

Delays when using escape key in terminal

If you live in the command-line, you probably use a so-called terminal emulator like xterm, gnome-terminal, iTerm2, etc. (opposed to a real terminal).

Like their ancestors, terminal emulators use escape sequences (or control sequences) to control things like moving the cursor, changing text colors, etc. They're simply strings of ASCII characters starting with an escape character (displayed in caret notation as ^[). When such a string arrives, the terminal emulator looks up the accompanying action in the terminfo database.

To make the problem clearer, I'll explain mapping timeouts first. They always happen when there's ambiguity between mappings:

:nnoremap ,a  :echo 'foo'<cr>
:nnoremap ,ab :echo 'bar'<cr>

Both mappings work as expected, but when typing ,a, there will be a delay of 1 second, because Vim waits whether the user keys in another b or not.

Escape sequences pose the same problem:

<esc> is used a lot for returning to normal mode or quitting an action.
Cursor keys are encoded using escape sequences.
Vim expects Alt (also called Meta key) to send a proper 8-bit encoding with the high bit set, but many terminal emulators don't support it (or don't enable it by default) and send an escape sequence instead.

You can test the above like this: vim -u NONE -N and type i<c-v><left> and you'll see a sequence inserted that starts with ^[ which denotes the escape character.

Putting it in a nutshell, Vim has a hard time distinguishing between a typed <esc> character and a proper escape sequence.

By default Vim uses :set timeout timeoutlen=1000, so it delays on ambiguity of mappings and key codes by 1 second. This is a sane value for mappings, but you can define the key code timeout on its own which is the most common workaround for this entire issue:

set timeout           " for mappings
set timeoutlen=1000   " default value
set ttimeout          " for key codes
set ttimeoutlen=10    " unnoticeable small value

Under :h ttimeout you find a small table showing the relationship between these options.

If you're using tmux between Vim and your terminal emulator, also put this in your ~/.tmux.conf:

set -sg escape-time 0

List of colorschemes

Here's a list of commonly used colorschemes:

acme-colors
base16
gotham
gruvbox
janah
jellybeans
lucius
molokai
railscasts
seoul256
solarized (or a lighter variant: flattened)
tomorrow
vividchalk
yowish

Files

Readme_zh_CN.md

Latest commit

History

Readme_zh_CN.md

File metadata and controls

Intro

What is Vim?

Vim 哲学

开始

Minimal vimrc

What kind of Vim am I running?

Cheatsheets

Basics

Buffers, windows, tabs?

Active, loaded, listed, named buffers?

Argument list?

Mappings?

Mapleader?

Registers?

Ranges?

Marks?

Completion?

Motions? Operators? Text objects?

Autocmds?

Changelist? Jumplist?

Undo tree?

Quickfix and location lists?

Macros?

Colorschemes?

Folding?

Sessions?

Locality?

Usage

Getting help offline

Getting help offline (alternative)

Getting help online

Clipboard

Clipboard usage (Windows, OSX)

Clipboard usage (Linux, BSD, ...)

Restore cursor position when opening file

Handling backup, swap, undo, and viminfo files

Editing remote files

Managing plugins

Block insert

Running external programs and using filters

MatchIt

Tips

Saner behavior of n and N

Saner command-line history

Saner CTRL-L

Disable audible and visual bells

Quickly move current line

Quickly add empty lines

Quickly edit your macros

Quickly jump to header or source file

Quickly change font size in GUI

Change cursor style dependent on mode

Don't lose selection when shifting sidewards

Reload a file on saving

Smarter cursorline

Faster keyword completion

Commands

:global

:normal and :execute

:redir

Debugging

General tips

Profiling startup time

Profiling at runtime

Verbosity

Debugging Vim scripts

Debugging syntax files

Miscellaneous

Additional resources

Vim distributions

Standard plugins

Map CapsLock to Control

Easter eggs

Standard plugins