README

			====================
			= MemTest-86 v4.0  =
			=   28 Mar, 2011    =
			=   Chris Brady    =
			====================
Table of Contents
=================
  1) Introduction
  2) Licensing
  3) Installation
  4) Serial Port Console
  5) Online Commands
  6) Memory Sizing
  7) Error Display
  8) Trouble-shooting Memory Errors
  9) Execution Time
 10) Memory Testing Philosophy
 11) Memtest86 Test Algorithms
 12) Individual Test Descriptions
 13) Problem Reporting - Contact Information
 14) Known Problems
 15) Planned Features List
 16) Change Log
 17) Acknowledgments
 18) Issues


1) Introduction
===============
Memtest86 is thorough, stand alone memory test for Intel/AMD x86 architecture
systems.  BIOS based memory tests are only a quick check and often miss
failures that are detected by Memtest86.

For updates go to the Memtest86 web page:

	http://www.memtest86.com


2) Licensing
============
Memtest86 is released under the terms of the Gnu Public License (GPL). Other
than the provisions of the GPL there are no restrictions for use, private or
commercial.  See: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html for details.


3) Linux Installation
============================
Memtest86 is a stand alone program and can be loaded from either a disk
partition or from a floppy disk.

To build Memtest86:
   1) Review the Makefile and adjust options as needed.
   2) Type "make"

This creates a file named "memtest.bin" which is a bootable image.  This
image file may be copied to a floppy disk or may be loaded from a disk
partition via Lilo or Grub image from a hard disk partition.

  To create a Memtest86 bootdisk
   1) Insert a blank write enabled floppy disk.
   2) As root, Type "make install"

  To boot from a disk partition via Grub
   1) Copy the image file to a permanent location (ie. /boot/memtest.bin).
   2) Add an entry in the Grub config file (/boot/grub/menu.lst) to boot
      memtest86.  Only the title and kernel fields need to be specified.
      The following is a sample Grub entry for booting memtest86:

	title Memtest86
	    kernel (hd0,0)/memtest.bin

  To boot from a disk partition via Lilo
   1) Copy the image file to a permanent location (ie. /boot/memtest.bin).
   2) Add an entry in the lilo config file (usually /etc/lilo.conf) to boot
      memtest86.  Only the image and label fields need to be specified.
      The following is a sample Lilo entry for booting memtest86:

        image = /boot/memtest.bin
        label = memtest86

   3) As root,  type "lilo"

If you encounter build problems a binary image has been included (precomp.bin).
To create a boot-disk with this pre-built image do the following:
   1) Insert a blank write enabled floppy disk.
   2) Type "make install-precomp"


4) Serial Console
=================
Memtest86 can be used on PC's equipped with a serial port for the console.
By default serial port console support is not enabled since it slows
down testing.  To enable change the SERIAL_CONSOLE_DEFAULT define in
config.h from a zero to a one.  The serial console baud rate may also
be set in config.h with the SERIAL_BAUD_RATE define.  The other serial
port settings are no parity, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit.  All of the features
used by memtest86 are accessible via the serial console.  However, the
screen sometimes is garbled when the online commands are used.


5) Online Commands
==================
Memtest86 has a limited number of online commands.  Online commands
provide control over caching, test selection, address range and error
scrolling.  A help bar is displayed at the bottom of the screen listing
the available on-line commands.

  Command  Description

  ESC   Exits the test and does a warm restart via the BIOS.

  c     Enters test configuration menu
	    Menu options are:
               1) Test selection
	       2) Address Range
	       3) Error Report Mode
	       4) CPU Selection Mode
	       5) Refresh Screen

  SP    Set scroll lock (Stops scrolling of error messages)
	Note: Testing is stalled when the scroll lock is
	set and the scroll region is full.

  CR    Clear scroll lock (Enables error message scrolling)


6) Error Information
======================
Memtest has three options for reporting errors.  The default is an an error
summary that displays the most relevant error information. The second option
is reporting of individual errors.  In BadRAM Patterns mode patterns are
created for use with the Linux BadRAM feature. This slick feature allows
Linux to avoid bad memory pages. Details about the BadRAM feature can be
found at:

	http://home.zonnet.nl/vanrein/badram

The error summary mode displays the following information:

  Error Confidence Value:
     A value that indicates the validity of the errors being reported with
     larger values indicating greater validity. There is a high probability
     that all errors reported are valid regardless of this value.  However,
     when this value exceeds 100 it is nearly impossible that the reported
     errors will be invalid.

  Lowest Error Address:
     The lowest address that where an error has been reported.

  Highest Error Address:
     The highest address that where an error has been reported.

  Bits in Error Mask:
     A mask of all bits that have been in error (hexadecimal).

  Bits in Error:
     Total bit in error for all error instances and the min, max and average
     bit in error of each individual occurrence.

  Max Contiguous Errors:
     The maximum of contiguous addresses with errors.

  ECC Correctable Errors:
     The number of errors that have been corrected by ECC hardware.

  Test  Errors:
     On the right hand side of the screen the number of errors for each test
     are displayed.

For individual errors the following information is displayed when a memory
error is detected.  An error message is only displayed for errors with a
different address or failing bit pattern.  All displayed values are in
hexadecimal.

  Tst:			Test number
  Failing Address:	Failing memory address
  Good:			Expected data pattern
  Bad:			Failing data pattern
  Err-Bits:		Exclusive or of good and bad data (this shows the
			position of the failing bit(s))
  Count:		Number of consecutive errors with the same address
			and failing bits
  CPU:			CPU that detected the error

In BadRAM Patterns mode, Lines are printed in a form badram=F1,M1,F2,M2.
In each F/M pair, the F represents a fault address, and the corresponding M
is a bitmask for that address. These patterns state that faults have
occurred in addresses that equal F on all "1" bits in M. Such a pattern may
capture more errors that actually exist, but at least all the errors are
captured. These patterns have been designed to capture regular patterns of
errors caused by the hardware structure in a terse syntax.

The BadRAM patterns are `grown' increment-ally rather than `designed' from an
overview of all errors. The number of pairs is constrained to five for a
number of practical reasons. As a result, handcrafting patterns from the
output in address printing mode may, in exceptional cases, yield better
results.


7) Trouble-shooting Memory Errors
================================
Please be aware that not all errors reported by Memtest86 are due to
bad memory. The test implicitly tests the CPU, L1 and L2 caches as well as
the motherboard.  It is impossible for the test to determine what causes
the failure to occur.  Most failures will be due to a problem with memory.
When it is not, the only option is to replace parts until the failure is
corrected.

Once a memory error has been detected, determining the failing
module is not a clear cut procedure.  With the large number of motherboard
vendors and possible combinations of simm slots it would be difficult if
not impossible to assemble complete information about how a particular
error would map to a failing memory module.  However, there are steps
that may be taken to determine the failing module.  Here are three
techniques that you may wish to use:

1) Removing modules
This is simplest method for isolating a failing modules, but may only be
employed when one or more modules can be removed from the system.  By
selectively removing modules from the system and then running the test
you will be able to find the bad module(s).  Be sure to note exactly which
modules are in the system when the test passes and when the test fails.

2) Rotating modules
When none of the modules can be removed then you may wish to rotate modules
to find the failing one.  This technique can only be used if there are
three or more modules in the system.  Change the location of two modules
at a time.  For example put the module from slot 1 into slot 2 and put
the module from slot 2 in slot 1.  Run the test and if either the failing
bit or address changes then you know that the failing module is one of the
ones just moved. By using several combinations of module movement you
should be able to determine which module is failing.

3) Replacing modules
If you are unable to use either of the previous techniques then you are
left to selective replacement of modules to find the failure.

4) Avoiding allocation
The printing mode for BadRAM patterns is intended to construct boot time
parameters for a Linux kernel that is compiled with BadRAM support. This
work-around makes it possible for Linux to reliably run on defective
RAM.  For more information on BadRAM support
for Linux, sail to

       http://home.zonnet.nl/vanrein/badram

Sometimes memory errors show up due to component incompatibility.  A memory
module may work fine in one system and not in another.  This is not
uncommon and is a source of confusion.  The components are not necessarily
bad but certain combinations may need to be avoided.

I am often asked about the reliability of errors reported by Mestest86.
In the vast majority of cases errors reported by the test are valid.
There are some systems that cause Memtest86 to be confused about the size of
memory and it will try to test non-existent memory.  This will cause a large
number of consecutive addresses to be reported as bad and generally there
will be many bits in error.  If you have a relatively small number of
failing addresses and only one or two bits in error you can be certain
that the errors are valid.  Also intermittent errors are always valid.

All valid memory errors should be corrected.  It is possible that a
particular error will never show up in normal operation. However, operating
with marginal memory is risky and can result in data loss and even
disk corruption.  You can be sure that Murphy will get you if you know
about a memory error and ignore it.

Memtest86 can not diagnose many types of PC failures.  For example a
faulty CPU that causes Windows to crash will most likely just cause
Memtest86 to crash in the same way.


8) Execution Time
==================
The time required for a complete pass of Memtest86 will vary greatly
depending on CPU speed, memory speed and memory size. Memtest86 executes
indefinitely.  The pass counter increments each time that all of the
selected tests have been run.  Generally a single pass is sufficient to
catch all but the most obscure errors. However, for complete confidence
when intermittent errors are suspected testing for a longer period is advised.

9) Memory Testing Philosophy
=============================
There are many good approaches for testing memory.  However, many tests
simply throw some patterns at memory without much thought or knowledge
of memory architecture or how errors can best be detected. This
works fine for hard memory failures but does little to find intermittent
errors. BIOS based memory tests are useless for finding intermittent
memory errors.

Memory chips consist of a large array of tightly packed memory cells,
one for each bit of data.  The vast majority of the intermittent failures
are a result of interaction between these memory cells.  Often writing a
memory cell can cause one of the adjacent cells to be written with the
same data. An effective memory test attempts to test for this
condition. Therefore, an ideal strategy for testing memory would be
the following:

  1) write a cell with a zero
  2) write all of the adjacent cells with a one, one or more times
  3) check that the first cell still has a zero

It should be obvious that this strategy requires an exact knowledge
of how the memory cells are laid out on the chip.  In addition there is a
never ending number of possible chip layouts for different chip types
and manufacturers making this strategy impractical.  However, there
are testing algorithms that can approximate this ideal strategy.


11) Memtest86 Test Algorithms
=============================
Memtest86 uses two algorithms that provide a reasonable approximation
of the ideal test strategy above.  The first of these strategies is called
moving inversions.  The moving inversion test works as follows:

  1) Fill memory with a pattern
  2) Starting at the lowest address
	2a check that the pattern has not changed
	2b write the patterns complement
	2c increment the address
	repeat 2a - 2c
  3) Starting at the highest address
	3a check that the pattern has not changed
	3b write the patterns complement
	3c decrement the address
	repeat 3a - 3c

This algorithm is a good approximation of an ideal memory test but
there are some limitations.  Most high density chips today store data
4 to 16 bits wide.  With chips that are more than one bit wide it
is impossible to selectively read or write just one bit.  This means
that we cannot guarantee that all adjacent cells have been tested
for interaction.  In this case the best we can do is to use some
patterns to insure that all adjacent cells have at least been written
with all possible one and zero combinations.

It can also be seen that caching, buffering and out of order execution
will interfere with the moving inversions algorithm and make less effective.
It is possible to turn off cache but the memory buffering in new high
performance chips can not be disabled.  To address this limitation a new
algorithm I call Modulo-X was created.  This algorithm is not affected by
cache or buffering.  The algorithm works as follows:
  1) For starting offsets of 0 - 20 do
	1a write every 20th location with a pattern
	1b write all other locations with the patterns complement
	   repeat 1b one or more times
	1c check every 20th location for the pattern

This algorithm accomplishes nearly the same level of adjacency testing
as moving inversions but is not affected by caching or buffering.  Since
separate write passes (1a, 1b) and the read pass (1c) are done for all of
memory we can be assured that all of the buffers and cache have been
flushed between passes.  The selection of 20 as the stride size was somewhat
arbitrary.  Larger strides may be more effective but would take longer to
execute.  The choice of 20 seemed to be a reasonable compromise between
speed and thoroughness.


11) Individual Test Descriptions
================================
Memtest86 executes a series of numbered test sections to check for
errors.  These test sections consist of a combination of test
algorithm, data pattern and caching. The execution order for these tests
were arranged so that errors will be detected as rapidly as possible.
A description of each of the test sections follows:

Test 0 [Address test, walking ones, no cache]
  Tests all address bits in all memory banks by using a walking ones
  address pattern.  Errors from this test are not used to calculate
  BadRAM patterns.

Test 1 [Address test, own address Sequential]
  Each address is written with its own address and then is checked
  for consistency.  In theory previous tests should have caught any
  memory addressing problems.  This test should catch any addressing
  errors that somehow were not previously detected. This test is done
  sequentially with each available CPU.

Test 2 [Address test, own address Parallel]
  Same as test 1 but the testing is done in parallel using all CPUs using
  overlapping addresses.

Test 3 [Moving inversions, ones&zeros Sequential]
  This test uses the moving inversions algorithm with patterns of all
  ones and zeros.  Cache is enabled even though it interferes to some
  degree with the test algorithm.  With cache enabled this test does not
  take long and should quickly find all "hard" errors and some more
  subtle errors.  This test is done sequentially with each available CPU.

Test 4 [Moving inversions, ones&zeros Parallel]
  Same as test 3 but the testing is done in parallel using all CPUs.

Test 5 [Moving inversions, 8 bit pat]
  This is the same as test 4 but uses a 8 bit wide pattern of
  "walking" ones and zeros.  This test will better detect subtle errors
  in "wide" memory chips.  A total of 20 data patterns are used.

Test 6 [Moving inversions, random pattern]
  Test 6 uses the same algorithm as test 4 but the data pattern is a
  random number and it's complement. This test is particularly effective
  in finding difficult to detect data sensitive errors.
  The random number sequence is different with each pass
  so multiple passes increase effectiveness.

Test 7 [Block move, 64 moves]
  This test stresses memory by using block move (movsl) instructions
  and is based on Robert Redelmeier's burnBX test.  Memory is initialized
  with shifting patterns that are inverted every 8 bytes.  Then 4MB blocks
  of memory are moved around using the movsl instruction.  After the moves
  are completed the data patterns are checked.  Because the data is checked
  only after the memory moves are completed it is not possible to know
  where the error occurred.  The addresses reported are only for where the
  bad pattern was found.  Since the moves are constrained to a 8MB segment
  of memory the failing address will always be lest than 8MB away from the
  reported address.  Errors from this test are not used to calculate
  BadRAM patterns.

Test 8 [Moving inversions, 32 bit pat]
  This is a variation of the moving inversions algorithm that shifts the data
  pattern left one bit for each successive address. The starting bit position
  is shifted left for each pass. To use all possible data patterns 32 passes
  are required.  This test is quite effective at detecting data sensitive
  errors but the execution time is long.

Test 9 [Random number sequence]
 This test writes a series of random numbers into memory. By resetting the
 seed for the random number the same sequence of number can be created for
 a reference. The initial pattern is checked and then complemented and
 checked again on the next pass. However, unlike the moving inversions test
 writing and checking can only be done in the forward direction.

Test 10 [Modulo 20, random pattern]
  Using the Modulo-X algorithm should uncover errors that are not
  detected by moving inversions due to cache and buffering interference
  with the the algorithm.  A 32 bit random pattern is used.

Test 11 [Bit fade test, 2 patterns]
  The bit fade test initializes all of memory with a pattern and then
  sleeps for 5 minutes. Then memory is examined to see if any memory bits
  have changed. All ones and all zero patterns are used.


12) Problem Reporting - Contact Information
===========================================
Due to the growing popularity of Memtest86 (more than 200,000 downloads per
month) I have been inundated by, questions, feedback, problem reports and
requests for enhancements. I simply do not have time to respond to ANY Memtest86
emails. Bug reports and suggestions are welcome but will typically not be
responded to.

*** NOTE: *** The Keyword MEM86 must appear in the subject of all emails or
the message will be automaticly deleted before it gets to me. This thanks to
spam and viruses!

Problems/Bugs:
Before submitting a problem report please check the Known Problems section
to see if this problem has already been reported.  Be sure to include the
version number and also any details that may be relevant.

Chris Brady, Email: bugs@memtest86.com

With some PC's Memtest86 will just die with no hints as to what went wrong.
Without any details it is impossible to fix these failures.  Fixing these
problems will require debugging on your part. There is no point in reporting
these failures unless you have a Linux system and would be willing to debug
the failure.

Enhancements:
If you would like to request an enhancement please see if is already on
the Planned Features List before sending your request.  All requests will
be considered, but not all can be implemented.  If you are be interested in
contributing code please contact me so that the integration can be
co-ordinated.

Chris Brady, Email: enhance@memtest86.com

Questions:
Unfortunately, I do not have time to respond to any questions or provide
assistance with troubleshooting problems. Please read the Troubleshooting
and Known Problems sections for assistance with problems. These sections have
the answers for the questions that I have answers to. If there is not an
answer for your problem in these sections it is probably not something I can
help you with.


15) Known Problems
==================
Sometimes when booting from a floppy disk the following messages scroll up
on the screen:
        X:8000
        AX:0212
        BX:8600
        CX:0201
        DX:0000
This the BIOS reporting floppy disk read errors.  Either re-write or toss
the floppy disk.

Memtest86 can not diagnose many types of PC failures.  For example a
faulty CPU that causes Windows to crash will most likely just cause
Memtest86 to crash in the same way.

There have been numerous reports of errors in only the block move test. Often
the memory works in a different system or the vendor insists that it is good.
In these cases the memory is not necessarily bad but is not able to operate
reliably high speeds.  Sometimes more conservative memory timings on the
motherboard will correct these errors.  In other cases the only option is to
replace the memory with better quality, higher speed memory.  Don't buy cheap
memory and expect it to work at full speed.

Memtest86 supports all types of memory.  If fact the test has absolutely
no knowledge of the memory type nor does it need to.  This not a problem
or bug but is listed here due to the many questions I get about this issue.

Changes in the compiler and loader have caused problems with
Memtest86 resulting in both build failures and errors in execution.  A
binary image (precomp.bin) of the test is included and may be used if
problems are encountered.


15) Planned Features List
=========================
This is a list of enhancements planned for future releases of Memtest86.
There is no timetable for when these will be implemented.

  - Testing in 64 bit mode with 64 data patterns
  - Support for reporting ECC errors was removed in the 4.0 release. A
    simplified implementation of ECC reporting is planned for a future release.


16) Change Log
==============
Enhancements in v4.0 (28/Mar/2011)

  Full support for testing with multiple CPUs. All tests except for #11 (Bit
  Fade) have been multi-threaded. A maximum of 16 CPUs will be used for testing.

  CPU detection has been completely re-written to use the brand ID string
  rather than the cumbersome, difficult to maintain and often out of date
  CPUID family information. All new processors will now be correctly
  identified without requiring code support.

  All code related to controller identification, PCI and DMI has been removed.
  This may be a controversial decision and was not made lightly. The following
  are justifications for the decision:

    1. Controller identification has nothing to do with actual testing of
       memory, the core purpose of Memtest86.
    2. This code needed to be updated with every new chipset. With the ever
       growing number of chipsets it is not possible to keep up with the
       changes. The result is that new chipsets were more often than not
       reported in-correctly. In the authors opinion incorrect information is
       worse than no information.
    3. Probing for chipset information carries the risk of making the program
       crash.
    4. The amount of code involved with controller identification was quite
       large, making support more difficult.

  Removing this code also had the unfortunate effect of removing reporting of
  correctable ECC errors. The code to support ECC was hopelessly intertwined
  the controller identification code. A fresh, streamlined implementation of
  ECC reporting is planned for a future release.

  A surprising number of conditions existed that potentially cause problems
  when testing more than 4 GB of memory. Most if not all of these conditions
  have been identified and corrected.

  A number of cases were corrected where not all of memory was being tested.
  For most tests the last word of each test block was not tested. In addition
  an error in the paging code was fixed that omitted from testing the last 256
  bytes of each block above 2 GB.

  The information display has been simplified and a number of details that were
  not relevant to testing were removed.

  Memory speed reporting has been parallelized for more accurate reporting for
  multi channel memory controllers.

  This is a major re-write of the Memtest86 with a large number of minor
  bug-fixes and substantial cleanup and re-organization of the code.


Enhancements in v3.5 (3/Jan/2008)

  Limited support for execution with multiple CPUs. CPUs are selected
  round-robin or sequential for each test.

  Support for additional chipsets. (from Memtest86+ v2.11).

  Additions and corrections for CPU detection including reporting of L3 cache.

  Reworked information display for better readability and new information.

  Abbreviated iterations for first pass.

  Enhancements to memory sizing.

  Misc fixes.

Enhancements in v3.4 (2/Aug/2007)

  A new error summary display with error confidence analysis.

  Support for additional chipsets. (from Memtest86+ v1.70).

  Additions and corrections for CPU detection.

  Support for memory module information reporting.

  Misc bug fixes.

Enhancements in v3.3 (12/Jan/2007)

  Added support for additional chipsets. (from Memtest86+ v1.60)

  Changed Modulo 20 test (#8) to use a more effective random pattern rather
  than simple ones and zeros.

  Fixed a bug that prevented testing of low memory.

  Added an advanced menu option to display SPD info (only for selected
  chipsets).

  Updated CPU detection for new CPUs and corrected some bugs.

  Reworked online command text for better clarity.

  Added a fix to correct a Badram pattern bug.


Enhancements in v3.2 (11/Nov/2004)

  Added two new, highly effective tests that use random number patterns
  (tests 4 and 6).

  Reworked the online commands:
	- Changed wording for better clarity
	- Dropped Cache Mode menu

  Updated CPU detection for newer AMD, Intel and Cyrix CPUs.

  Reworked test sequence:
	- Dropped ineffective non cached tests (Numbers 7-11)
	- Changed cache mode to "cached" for test 2
	- Fixed bug that did not allow some tests to be skipped
	- Added bailout for Bit fade test

  Error reports are highlighted in red to provide a more vivid error
  indication.

  Added support for a large number of additional chipsets. (from Memtest86+
  v1.30)

  Added an advanced setup feature that with new chiset allows memory timings
  to be altered from inside Memtest86. (from Memtest86+ v1.30)


Enhancements in v3.1 (11/Mar/2004)

   Added processor detection for newer AMD processors.

   Added new "Bit Fade" extended test.

   Fixed a compile time bug with gcc version 3.x.

   E7500 memory controller ECC support

   Added support for 16bit ECC syndromes

   Option to keep the serial port baud rate of the boot loader


Enhancements in v3.0 (22/May/2002) Provided by Eric Biederman

   Testing of more than 2gb of memory is at last fixed (tested with 6Gb)

   The infrastructure is to poll ecc error reporting chipset regisets,
   and the support has been done for some chipsets.

   Uses dynamic relocation information records to make itself PIC
   instead of requiring 2 copies of memtest86 in the binary.

   The serial console code does not do redundant writes to the serial port
   Very little slow down at 9600 baud.

   You can press ^l or just l to get a screen refresh, when you are
   connecting and UN-connecting a serial cable.

   Net-booting is working again

   Linux-BIOS (coreboot) support (To get the memory size)

   Many bug-fixes and code cleanup.

Enhancements in v2.9 (29/Feb/2002)

   The memory sizing code has been completely rewritten.  By default
   Memtest86 gets a memory map from the BIOS that is now used to find
   available memory. A new online configuration option provides three
   choices for how memory will be sized, including the old "probe" method.
   The default mode generally will not test all of memory, but should be more
   stable. See the "Memory Sizing" section for details.

   Testing of more than 2gb of memory should now work.  A number of bugs
   were found and corrected that prevented testing above 2gb.  Testing
   with more than 2gb has been limited and there could be problems with a
   full 4gb of memory.

   Memory is divided into segments for testing.  This allow for frequent
   progress updates and responsiveness to interactive commands.  The
   memory segment size has been increased from 8 to 32mb.  This should
   improve testing effectiveness but progress reports will be less frequent.

   Minor bug fixes.

Enhancements in v2.8 (18/Oct/2001)
   Eric Biederman reworked the build process making it far simpler and also
   to produce a network bootable ELF image.

   Re-wrote the memory and cache speed detection code.  Previously the
   reported numbers were inaccurate for Intel CPU's and completely wrong
   for Athlon/Duron CPU's.

   By default the serial console is disabled since this was slowing
   down testing.

   Added CPU detection for Pentium 4.


Enhancements in v2.7 (12/Jul/2001)
   Expanded workaround for errors caused by BIOS USB keyboard support to
   include test #5.

   Re-worked L1 / L2 cache detection code to provide clearer reporting.

   Fixed an obvious bug in the computation of cache and memory speeds.

   Changed on-line menu to stay in the menu between option selections.

   Fixed bugs in the test restart and redraw code.

   Adjusted code size to fix compilation problems with RedHat 7.1.

   Misc updates to the documentation.

Enhancements in v2.6 (25/May/2001)
   Added workaround for errors caused by BIOS USB keyboard support.

   Fixed problems with reporting of 1 GHZ + processor speeds.

   Fixed Duron cache detection.

   Added screen buffer so that menus will work correctly from a serial
   console.

   The Memtest86 image is now built in ELF format.

Enhancements in v2.5 (14/Dec/00)
   Enhanced CPU and cache detection to correctly identify Duron CPU
   and K6-III 1MB cache.

   Added code to report cache-able memory size.

   Added limited support for parity memory.

   Support was added to allow use of on-line commands from a serial
   port.

   Dropped option for changing refresh rates.  This was not useful
   and did not work on newer motherboards.

   Improved fatal exception reporting to include a register and stack
   dump.

   The pass number is now displayed in the error report.

   Fixed a bug that crashed the test when selecting one of the extended
   tests.

Enhancements in v2.4
   The error report format was reworked for better clarity and now
   includes a decimal address in megabytes.

   A new memory move test was added (from Robert Redelmeier's CPU-Burn)

   The test sequence and iterations were modified.

   Fixed scrolling problems with the BadRAM patterns.


Enhancements in v2.3
   A progress meter was added to replace the spinner and dots.

   Measurement and reporting of memory and cache performance
   was added.

   Support for creating BadRAM patterns was added.

   All of the test routines were rewritten in assembler to
   improve both test performance and speed.

   The screen layout was reworked to hopefully be more readable.

   An error summary option was added to the online commands.


Enhancements in v2.2
   Added two new address tests

   Added an on-line command for setting test address range

   Optimized test code for faster execution (-O3, -funroll-loops and
	-fomit-frame-pointer)

   Added and elapsed time counter.

   Adjusted menu options for better consistency


Enhancements in v2.1
   Fixed a bug in the CPU detection that caused the test to
   hang or crash with some 486 and Cryrix CPU's

   Added CPU detection for Cyrix CPU's

   Extended and improved CPU detection for Intel and AMD CPU's

   Added a compile time option (BIOS_MEMSZ) for obtaining the last
   memory address from the BIOS.  This should fix problems with memory
   sizing on certain motherboards.  This option is not enabled by default.
   It may be enabled be default in a future release.

Enhancements in v2.0
   Added new Modulo-20 test algorithm.

   Added a 32 bit shifting pattern to the moving inversions algorithm.

   Created test sections to specify algorithm, pattern and caching.

   Improved test progress indicators.

   Created  popup menus for configuration.

   Added menu for test selection.

   Added CPU and cache identification.

   Added a "bail out" feature to quit the current test when it does not
   fit the test selection parameters.

   Re-arranged the screen layout and colors.

   Created local include files for I/O and serial interface definitions
   rather than using the sometimes incompatible system include files.

   Broke up the "C" source code into four separate source modules.

Enhancements in v1.5
   Some additional changes were made to fix obscure memory sizing
   problems.

   The 4 bit wide data pattern was increased to 8 bits since 8 bit
   wide memory chips are becoming more common.

   A new test algorithm was added to improve detection of data
   pattern sensitive errors.


Enhancements in v1.4
   Changes to the memory sizing code to avoid problems with some
   motherboards where memtest would find more memory than actually
   exists.

   Added support for a console serial port. (thanks to Doug Sisk)

   On-line commands are now available for configuring Memtest86 on
   the fly (see On-line Commands).


Enhancements in v1.3
   Scrolling of memory errors is now provided.  Previously, only one screen
   of error information was displayed.

   Memtest86 can now be booted from any disk via lilo.

   Testing of up to 4gb of memory has been fixed is now enabled by default.
   This capability was clearly broken in v1.2a and should work correctly
   now but has not been fully tested (4gb PC's are a bit rare).

   The maximum memory size supported by the motherboard is now being
   calculated correctly.  In previous versions there were cases where not
   all of memory would be tested and the maximum memory size supported
   was incorrect.

   For some types of failures the good and bad values were reported to be
   same with an Xor value of 0.  This has been fixed by retaining the data
   read from memory and not re-reading the bad data in the error reporting
   routine.

   APM (advanced power management) is now disabled by Memtest86.  This
   keeps the screen from blanking while the test is running.

   Problems with enabling & disabling cache on some motherboards have been
   corrected.


17) Acknowledgments
===================
Memtest86 was developed by Chris Brady with the resources and assistance
listed below:

- The initial versions of the source files bootsect.S, setup.S, head.S and
  build.c are from the Linux 1.2.1 kernel and have been heavily modified.

- Doug Sisk provided code to support a console connected via a serial port.

- Code to create BadRAM patterns was provided by Rick van Rein.

- Tests 5 and 8 are based on Robert Redelmeier's burnBX test.

- Screen buffer code was provided by Jani Averbach.

- Eric Biederman provided all of the feature content for version 3.0
  plus many bugfixes and significant code cleanup.

- Major enhancements to hardware detection and reporting in version 3.2,
  3.3 pnd 3.4 rovided by Samuel Demeulemeester (from Memtest86+ v1.11, v1.60
  and v1.70).


18) Issues
==========

If you have any trouble or find any bug, please report an issue in 
this location:

   https://github.com/pcengines/apu2-documentation/issues 

To create the issue, from the list of available templates select the one, that fits 
best the nature of the issue (bug, feature, question or task) and fill it.