diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system.ts b/src/lib/proof-system.ts
index a2fece2e89..2df2431edf 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system.ts
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import {
   Struct,
   provable,
   provablePure,
-  toConstant,
 } from './provable-types/struct.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { assert, prettifyStacktracePromise } from './errors.js';
@@ -847,12 +846,12 @@ function methodArgumentsToConstant(
     let arg = args[i];
     let { type, index } = allArgs[i];
     if (type === 'witness') {
-      constArgs.push(toConstant(witnessArgs[index], arg));
+      constArgs.push(Provable.toConstant(witnessArgs[index], arg));
     } else if (type === 'proof') {
       let Proof = proofArgs[index];
       let type = getStatementType(Proof);
-      let publicInput = toConstant(type.input, arg.publicInput);
-      let publicOutput = toConstant(type.output, arg.publicOutput);
+      let publicInput = Provable.toConstant(type.input, arg.publicInput);
+      let publicOutput = Provable.toConstant(type.output, arg.publicOutput);
       constArgs.push(
         new Proof({ publicInput, publicOutput, proof: arg.proof })
       );
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/struct.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/struct.ts
index 88942b2fa4..7d41286db3 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/struct.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/struct.ts
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ export {
   AnyConstructor,
   cloneCircuitValue,
   circuitValueEquals,
-  toConstant,
   InferProvable,
   HashInput,
   InferJson,
@@ -372,11 +371,3 @@ function circuitValueEquals<T>(a: T, b: T): boolean {
     ([key, value]) => key in b && circuitValueEquals((b as any)[key], value)
   );
 }
-
-function toConstant<T>(type: FlexibleProvable<T>, value: T): T;
-function toConstant<T>(type: Provable<T>, value: T): T {
-  return type.fromFields(
-    type.toFields(value).map((x) => x.toConstant()),
-    type.toAuxiliary(value)
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 9469a5e2d5..eea39b9448 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import {
   FlexibleProvablePure,
   InferProvable,
   provable,
-  toConstant,
 } from './provable-types/struct.js';
 import { Provable, getBlindingValue, memoizationContext } from './provable.js';
 import * as Encoding from '../bindings/lib/encoding.js';
@@ -408,7 +407,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
             returnType !== undefined,
             "Bug: returnType is undefined but the method result isn't."
           );
-          result = toConstant(returnType, result);
+          result = Provable.toConstant(returnType, result);
         }
 
         // store inputs + result in callData