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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
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Recipes
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DAG
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One DAG
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Text Functions
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File Name Functions
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Conditional Functions
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Foreach Function
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<b>11.5.</b>
File Function
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Call Function
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Eval Function
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Value Function
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Origin Function
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Flavor Function
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Make Control Functions
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Shell Function
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<section class="normal" id="section-">
<h1 id="directed-acyclic-graph">Directed Acyclic Graph</h1>
<p><img src="images/DAG.png" alt=""></p>
<p>사용자가 작성한 rule 들은 make 에 의해 읽어들여져 최종적으로 DAG ( Directed Acyclic Graph )
형태로 구성되어 실행됩니다.
여기서 Directed 는 방향성이 있다는 의미이고 Acyclic 은 순환이 없다는 의미인데
방향성이 있으면서 순환이 안된다는 것은 다시 말해서 작업 방향이 뒤로 갈수 없다는 의미입니다.
예를 들어서 A 에서 빌드한 결과를 가지고 B 를 빌드하고 B 에서 빌드한 결과를 가지고
C 를 빌드한 후에 C 에서 빌드한 결과를 가지고 다시 A 나 B 를 빌드할 수 없습니다.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Topological sorting ( 위상정렬 ) 참조 : <a href="https://www.crocus.co.kr/716" target="_blank">페이지1</a> , <a href="https://data-make.tistory.com/396" target="_blank">페이지2</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>다음은 bar 에서 빌드한 결과를 가지고 foo 를 빌드하고 foo 에서 빌드한 결과를 가지고
다시 bar 를 빌드하려고 한것인데 circlular dependency 로 drop 되는것을 볼 수 있습니다.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-makefile">foo : bar foo : bar
@echo making $@ ... @echo making $@ ...
bar : bar : foo
@echo making $@ ... @echo making $@ ...
<span class="hljs-comment">###### 실행 결과 ###### ###### 실행 결과 ######</span>
making bar ... making bar ...
making foo ... making foo ...
make: Circular bar <- foo dependency dropped.
----------------------------------------------
AAA : BBB CCC
@echo $@
BBB :
@echo $@
CCC : AAA
@echo $@
<span class="hljs-comment">###### 실행 결과 ######</span>
BBB
make: Circular CCC <- AAA dependency dropped.
CCC
AAA
</code></pre>
<p>makefile 이 실행될 때 모든 rule 은 at most 1 번만 실행됩니다.
다시 말해서 특정 rule 이 prerequisites 에 여러번 존재하여도 1 번만 실행됩니다.
다음을 보면 foo 와 bar 타겟은 동일하게 aaa, bbb 를 prerequisites 으로 가지고 있지만
foo 타겟을 빌드할때 이미 aaa, bbb 타겟이 빌드가 완료되었으므로
bar 타겟 빌드시에는 다시 빌드되지 않습니다.
만약에 다시 돌아가서 aaa, bbb 를 빌드한다면 acyclic 에도 위배가 되겠죠</p>
<pre><code class="lang-makefile">all : foo bar
foo : aaa bbb
@echo making $@ ...
bar : aaa bbb
@echo making $@ ...
aaa :
@echo making $@ ...
bbb :
@echo making $@ ...
<span class="hljs-comment">##### 실행 결과 #####</span>
making aaa ...
making bbb ...
making foo ...
making bar ... <span class="hljs-comment"># bar 타겟 빌드시에는 다시 aaa, bbb 가 빌드되지 않는다.</span>
</code></pre>
<h4 id="rule-을-중복-실행하려면">rule 을 중복 실행하려면</h4>
<p>다음은 동일한 실행 결과를 갖는 makefile 인데요.
차이점이 무엇일까요?
첫 번째 예제는 prerequisites 을 통해 의존관계를 설정하고 있지만
두 번째 예제는 recipe 에서 직접 make 명령을 통해 룰을 실행하고 있습니다.
따라서 처음 실행 시에는 두 makefile 의 실행 결과가 같겠지만
두 번째 빌드부터는 달라지겠죠.
만약에 res1 파일이 수정됐을 경우 첫 번째 예제는 res1 과 foobar 만 실행되지만
두 번째 예제는 foobar 타겟의 recipe 에있는 룰들이 항상 모두 실행됩니다.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-makefile"> MAKEFLAGS += --no-print-directory
<span class="hljs-phony"><span class="hljs-keyword">.PHONY</span>: foobar <span class="hljs-keyword">.PHONY</span>: foobar </span>
foobar : res1 foobar :
@echo making $@ from res1, res2 @make res2
@make res1
res1 : res2 @echo making $@ from res1, res2
@echo making $@ from res2
res1 :
res2 : @echo making $@ from res2
@echo making $@
res2 :
@echo making $@
<span class="hljs-comment">####### 실행 결과 ####### ####### 실행 결과 ####### </span>
making res2 making res2
making res1 from res2 making res1 from res2
making foobar from res1, res2 making foobar from res1, res2
</code></pre>
<p>makefile 실행 시에는 동일한 룰이 중복 실행되지 않지만
다음과 같이하면 중복 실행할 수 있습니다.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-makefile"><span class="hljs-constant">MAKEFLAGS</span> += --no-print-directory
all : foo bar
foo :
@make res1
@echo making $@ from res1
bar :
@make res1
@echo making $@ from res1
res1 :
@echo making res1 ...
<span class="hljs-comment">############ 실행 결과 ############</span>
making res1 ...
making foo from res1
making res1 ... <span class="hljs-comment"># res1 룰이 중복 실행된다.</span>
making bar from res1
</code></pre>
<h4 id="prerequisites-에있는-타겟-실행-순서-변경하기">prerequisites 에있는 타겟 실행 순서 변경하기</h4>
<p>보통 prerequisites 에있는 타겟들은 작성 순서대로 왼쪽에서 오른쪽으로 실행이 됩니다
( single thread 일경우 ).
이때 만약에 실행 순서를 변경하고 싶으면 아래 예제와 같이 의존 관계를 나타내는
타겟 라인을 추가해주면 됩니다.
이것은 make 을 <code>-j</code> 옵션을 이용해 병렬로 실행할 때도 동일하게 적용됩니다.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-makefile">foo : aaa bbb | ccc foo : aaa bbb | ccc
aaa : <span class="hljs-comment"># order-only prerequisite 을 먼저 실행하기 위해 의존성 추가</span>
@echo $@ aaa bbb : ccc
bbb : aaa :
@echo $@ @echo $@
ccc : bbb :
@echo $@ @echo $@
ccc :
@echo $@
<span class="hljs-comment">### 실행 결과 ### ### 실행 결과 ###</span>
sh$ make sh$ make
aaa ccc <span class="hljs-comment"># aaa bbb 보다 ccc 가 먼저 실행된다.</span>
bbb aaa
ccc bbb
</code></pre>
<h1 id="quiz">Quiz</h1>
<p>다음 DAG 그래프대로 rule 을 작성한 후에 어떤 순서대로 실행되는지 한번 확인해보세요.
또한 <code>-j</code> 옵션을 이용해 병렬로 실행했을 경우는 어떤 룰들이 동시에 실행되는지 확인해보세요</p>
<p><img src="images/DAG_ex.png" alt=""></p>
<pre><code class="lang-makefile">777 : 444 555 666 <span class="hljs-comment"># 노드 777 은 444 555 666 로 부터 의존성을 가짐</span>
@echo $@
@sleep 1
444 : 222 <span class="hljs-comment"># 노드 444 는 222 로 부터 의존성을 가짐</span>
@echo $@
@sleep 1
555 : 222 666 <span class="hljs-comment"># 노드 555 는 222 666 로 부터 의존성을 가짐</span>
@echo $@
@sleep 1
666 : 333 <span class="hljs-comment"># 노드 666 은 333 로 부터 의존성을 가짐</span>
@echo $@
@sleep 1
222 : 111 <span class="hljs-comment"># 노드 222 는 111 로 부터 의존성을 가짐</span>
@echo $@
@sleep 1
333 : 111 <span class="hljs-comment"># 노드 333 은 111 로 부터 의존성을 가짐</span>
@echo $@
@sleep 1
111 :
@echo $@
@sleep 1
<span class="hljs-comment">####### 실행 결과 #######</span>
sh$ make sh$ make -j8
111 111
222 222 <span class="hljs-comment"># 222 333 동시에 실행</span>
444 333
333 444 <span class="hljs-comment"># 444 666 동시에 실행</span>
666 666
555 555
777 777
</code></pre>
<h1 id="2">2.</h1>
<p>DAG 과 Tree 의 차이점은 무엇일까요?</p>
<pre><code class="lang-sh"><span class="hljs-comment">### Tree ### ### DAG ###</span>
Connected Connected
Directed Directed
Root Node Root Node
No Cycles No Cycles
One Parent One Or More Parents
</code></pre>
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