diff --git a/packages/example/01-basic/1.css b/packages/example/01-basic/1.css
index 9c11707d..103d710f 100644
--- a/packages/example/01-basic/1.css
+++ b/packages/example/01-basic/1.css
@@ -33,8 +33,3 @@
 }
 :local(.local_class_name_4) {
 }
-.composes_target {
-}
-.composes {
-  composes: composes_target;
-}
diff --git a/packages/example/01-basic/1.css.d.ts b/packages/example/01-basic/1.css.d.ts
index 02e276f5..a4f5be4e 100644
--- a/packages/example/01-basic/1.css.d.ts
+++ b/packages/example/01-basic/1.css.d.ts
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@ declare const styles:
   & Readonly<{ "local_class_name_2": string }>
   & Readonly<{ "local_class_name_3": string }>
   & Readonly<{ "local_class_name_4": string }>
-  & Readonly<{ "composes_target": string }>
-  & Readonly<{ "composes": string }>
 ;
 export default styles;
 //# sourceMappingURL=./1.css.d.ts.map
diff --git a/packages/example/01-basic/1.css.d.ts.map b/packages/example/01-basic/1.css.d.ts.map
index 598bd335..582e7508 100644
--- a/packages/example/01-basic/1.css.d.ts.map
+++ b/packages/example/01-basic/1.css.d.ts.map
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"sources":["./1.css"],"names":["basic","cascading","pseudo_class_1","pseudo_class_2","pseudo_class_3","multiple_selector_1","multiple_selector_2","combinator_1","combinator_2","at_rule","selector_list_1","selector_list_2","local_class_name_1","local_class_name_2","local_class_name_3","local_class_name_4","composes_target","composes"],"mappings":"AAAA;AAAA,E,aAAAA,O,WAAA;AAAA,E,aAEAC,W,WAFA;AAAA,E,aAIAA,W,WAJA;AAAA,E,aAMAC,gB,WANA;AAAA,E,aAQAC,gB,WARA;AAAA,E,aAUAC,gB,WAVA;AAAA,E,aAYAC,qB,WAZA;AAAA,E,aAYAC,qB,WAZA;AAAA,E,aAcAC,c,WAdA;AAAA,E,aAcAC,c,WAdA;AAAA,E,aAkBIC,S,WAlBJ;AAAA,E,aAsBAC,iB,WAtBA;AAAA,E,aAAAC,iB,WAAA;AAAA,E,aAyBAC,oB,WAzBA;AAAA,E,aA4BEC,oB,WA5BF;AAAA,E,aA8BEC,oB,WA9BF;AAAA,E,aAiCAC,oB,WAjCA;AAAA,E,aAmCAC,iB,WAnCA;AAAA,E,aAqCAC,U,WArCA;AAAA;AAAA","file":"1.css.d.ts","sourceRoot":""}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"version":3,"sources":["./1.css"],"names":["basic","cascading","pseudo_class_1","pseudo_class_2","pseudo_class_3","multiple_selector_1","multiple_selector_2","combinator_1","combinator_2","at_rule","selector_list_1","selector_list_2","local_class_name_1","local_class_name_2","local_class_name_3","local_class_name_4"],"mappings":"AAAA;AAAA,E,aAAAA,O,WAAA;AAAA,E,aAEAC,W,WAFA;AAAA,E,aAIAA,W,WAJA;AAAA,E,aAMAC,gB,WANA;AAAA,E,aAQAC,gB,WARA;AAAA,E,aAUAC,gB,WAVA;AAAA,E,aAYAC,qB,WAZA;AAAA,E,aAYAC,qB,WAZA;AAAA,E,aAcAC,c,WAdA;AAAA,E,aAcAC,c,WAdA;AAAA,E,aAkBIC,S,WAlBJ;AAAA,E,aAsBAC,iB,WAtBA;AAAA,E,aAAAC,iB,WAAA;AAAA,E,aAyBAC,oB,WAzBA;AAAA,E,aA4BEC,oB,WA5BF;AAAA,E,aA8BEC,oB,WA9BF;AAAA,E,aAiCAC,oB,WAjCA;AAAA;AAAA","file":"1.css.d.ts","sourceRoot":""}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/example/03-composes/2.css b/packages/example/03-composes/2.css
index 765777b3..651b7d82 100644
--- a/packages/example/03-composes/2.css
+++ b/packages/example/03-composes/2.css
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
 .b {
-  composes: c from './3.css';
 }
diff --git a/packages/example/03-composes/3.css b/packages/example/03-composes/3.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 5d1515ab..00000000
--- a/packages/example/03-composes/3.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-.c {
-}
diff --git a/packages/example/03-composes/3.css.d.ts b/packages/example/03-composes/3.css.d.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ebd17526..00000000
--- a/packages/example/03-composes/3.css.d.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-declare const styles:
-  & Readonly<{ "c": string }>
-;
-export default styles;
-//# sourceMappingURL=./3.css.d.ts.map
diff --git a/packages/example/03-composes/3.css.d.ts.map b/packages/example/03-composes/3.css.d.ts.map
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a2ffb55..00000000
--- a/packages/example/03-composes/3.css.d.ts.map
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"version":3,"sources":["./3.css"],"names":["c"],"mappings":"AAAA;AAAA,E,aAAAA,G,WAAA;AAAA;AAAA","file":"3.css.d.ts","sourceRoot":""}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/example/04-sass/1.scss b/packages/example/04-sass/1.scss
index fd39fe06..daa47e7e 100644
--- a/packages/example/04-sass/1.scss
+++ b/packages/example/04-sass/1.scss
@@ -13,6 +13,4 @@
   &_2 {
     dummy: '';
   }
-  composes: a_1; // css module feature test (composes)
-  composes: d from './4.scss'; // css module feature test (composes from other file)
 }
diff --git a/packages/example/05-less/1.less b/packages/example/05-less/1.less
index 94dcdd07..58d1be3e 100644
--- a/packages/example/05-less/1.less
+++ b/packages/example/05-less/1.less
@@ -14,6 +14,4 @@
   }
   .b_1();
   .b_2();
-  composes: a_1; // css module feature test (composes)
-  composes: c from './3.less'; // css module feature test (composes from other file)
 }
diff --git a/packages/example/app.ts b/packages/example/app.ts
index 6c869792..95d1cff6 100644
--- a/packages/example/app.ts
+++ b/packages/example/app.ts
@@ -22,8 +22,6 @@ console.log(styles1.local_class_name_1);
 console.log(styles1.local_class_name_2);
 console.log(styles1.local_class_name_3);
 console.log(styles1.local_class_name_4);
-console.log(styles1.composes_target);
-console.log(styles1.composes);
 
 console.log(styles2.a);
 console.log(styles2.b);
diff --git a/packages/happy-css-modules/src/integration-test/go-to-definition.test.ts b/packages/happy-css-modules/src/integration-test/go-to-definition.test.ts
index 13f4d908..28134dbb 100644
--- a/packages/happy-css-modules/src/integration-test/go-to-definition.test.ts
+++ b/packages/happy-css-modules/src/integration-test/go-to-definition.test.ts
@@ -41,10 +41,6 @@ test('basic', async () => {
       .local_class_name_3 {}
     }
     :local(.local_class_name_4) {}
-    .composes_target {}
-    .composes {
-      composes: composes_target;
-    }
     `,
   });
   await run({ ...defaultOptions });
@@ -65,8 +61,6 @@ test('basic', async () => {
     'local_class_name_2',
     'local_class_name_3',
     'local_class_name_4',
-    'composes_target',
-    'composes',
   ]);
   // FIXME: Fix an issue where the text at definition destination was incorrect.
   expect(results).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
@@ -208,23 +202,6 @@ test('basic', async () => {
         ],
         "identifier": "local_class_name_4",
       },
-      {
-        "definitions": [
-          {
-      file: "<fixtures>/test/1.css",
-      text: ".composes_target ",
-      start: { line: 21, offset: 1 },
-      end: { line: 21, offset: 18 },
-    },
-        ],
-        "identifier": "composes_target",
-      },
-      {
-        "definitions": [
-          { file: "<fixtures>/test/1.css", text: ".composes ", start: { line: 22, offset: 1 }, end: { line: 22, offset: 11 } },
-        ],
-        "identifier": "composes",
-      },
     ]
   `);
   const moduleDefinitions = await server.getModuleDefinitions(getFixturePath('/test/1.css'));
@@ -295,8 +272,6 @@ test('with transformer', async () => {
       // sass feature test (nesting)
       .nesting_1 { dummy: ''; }
       &_2 { dummy: ''; }
-      composes: basic; // css module feature test (composes)
-      composes: d from './4.scss'; // css module feature test (composes from other file)
     }
     `,
     '/test/2.scss': dedent`
@@ -306,9 +281,6 @@ test('with transformer', async () => {
     '/test/3.scss': dedent`
     .c { dummy: ''; }
     `,
-    '/test/4.scss': dedent`
-    .d { dummy: ''; }
-    `,
   });
   await run({ ...defaultOptions });
   const results = await server.getMultipleIdentifierDefinitions(getFixturePath(`/test/1.scss`), [
@@ -319,7 +291,6 @@ test('with transformer', async () => {
     'b_1',
     'b_2',
     'c',
-    'd',
   ]);
   expect(results).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
     [
@@ -364,10 +335,6 @@ test('with transformer', async () => {
         ],
         "identifier": "c",
       },
-      {
-        "definitions": [],
-        "identifier": "d",
-      },
     ]
   `);
 });
diff --git a/packages/happy-css-modules/src/locator/index.test.ts b/packages/happy-css-modules/src/locator/index.test.ts
index 7ce89162..fd5b9901 100644
--- a/packages/happy-css-modules/src/locator/index.test.ts
+++ b/packages/happy-css-modules/src/locator/index.test.ts
@@ -117,25 +117,17 @@ test('tracks other files when `@import` is present', async () => {
   `);
 });
 
-test('tracks other files when `composes` is present', async () => {
+test('does not track other files by `composes`', async () => {
   createFixtures({
     '/test/1.css': dedent`
     .a {
       composes: b from './2.css';
-      composes: c d from './3.css';
-      composes: e from '${getFixturePath('/test/4.css')}';
+      composes: c from './3.css'; /* non-existent file */
     }
     `,
     '/test/2.css': dedent`
     .b {}
     `,
-    '/test/3.css': dedent`
-    .c {}
-    .d {}
-    `,
-    '/test/4.css': dedent`
-    .e {}
-    `,
   });
   const result = await locator.load(getFixturePath('/test/1.css'));
   expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
@@ -159,14 +151,7 @@ test('normalizes tokens', async () => {
     /* duplicate import */
     @import './2.css';
     @import '2.css';
-    .a {
-      /* duplicate composes */
-      composes: c from './3.css';
-      composes: c from '3.css';
-      composes: c c from './3.css';
-      /* duplicate import and composes */
-      composes: b from './2.css';
-    }
+    .a {}
     .a {} /* duplicate class selector */
     `,
     '/test/2.css': dedent`
@@ -187,7 +172,7 @@ test('normalizes tokens', async () => {
           originalLocations: [
             { filePath: "<fixtures>/test/2.css", start: { line: 1, column: 1 }, end: { line: 1, column: 2 } },
             { filePath: "<fixtures>/test/1.css", start: { line: 4, column: 1 }, end: { line: 4, column: 2 } },
-            { filePath: "<fixtures>/test/1.css", start: { line: 12, column: 1 }, end: { line: 12, column: 2 } },
+            { filePath: "<fixtures>/test/1.css", start: { line: 5, column: 1 }, end: { line: 5, column: 2 } },
           ],
         },
         {
@@ -205,12 +190,7 @@ test.failing('returns the result from the cache when the file has not been modif
   createFixtures({
     '/test/1.css': dedent`
     @import './2.css';
-    @import './2.css';
-    .a {
-      composes: b from './2.css';
-      composes: c from './3.css';
-      composes: d from './3.css';
-    }
+    @import './3.css';
     `,
     '/test/2.css': dedent`
     .b {}
@@ -246,25 +226,6 @@ test.failing('returns the result from the cache when the file has not been modif
   expect(readFileSpy).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
 });
 
-test('ignores the composition of non-existent tokens', async () => {
-  // In css-loader and postcss-modules, compositions of non-existent tokens are simply ignored.
-  // Therefore, happy-css-modules follows suit.
-  // It may be preferable to warn rather than ignore, but for now, we will focus on compatibility.
-  // ref: https://github.com/css-modules/css-modules/issues/356
-  createFixtures({
-    '/test/1.css': dedent`
-    .a {
-      composes: b c from './2.css';
-    }
-    `,
-    '/test/2.css': dedent`
-    .b {}
-    `,
-  });
-  const result = await locator.load(getFixturePath('/test/1.css'));
-  expect(result.tokens.map((t) => t.name)).toStrictEqual(['a']);
-});
-
 describe('supports sourcemap', () => {
   test('restores original locations from sourcemap', async () => {
     const transformer = createDefaultTransformer();
diff --git a/packages/happy-css-modules/src/locator/index.ts b/packages/happy-css-modules/src/locator/index.ts
index 97f54754..25af1157 100644
--- a/packages/happy-css-modules/src/locator/index.ts
+++ b/packages/happy-css-modules/src/locator/index.ts
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ type CacheEntry = {
 
 /** The result of `Locator#load`. */
 export type LoadResult = {
-  /** The path of the file imported from the source file with `@import` or `composes`. */
+  /** The path of the file imported from the source file with `@import`. */
   dependencies: string[];
   /** The tokens exported by the source file. */
   tokens: Token[];
diff --git a/packages/happy-css-modules/src/locator/postcss.test.ts b/packages/happy-css-modules/src/locator/postcss.test.ts
index a6fb2949..7516f8ce 100644
--- a/packages/happy-css-modules/src/locator/postcss.test.ts
+++ b/packages/happy-css-modules/src/locator/postcss.test.ts
@@ -27,10 +27,6 @@ describe('generateLocalTokenNames', () => {
           .local_class_name_3 {}
         }
         :local(.local_class_name_4) {}
-        .composes_target {}
-        .composes {
-          composes: composes_target;
-        }
         `),
       ),
     ).toStrictEqual([
@@ -50,8 +46,6 @@ describe('generateLocalTokenNames', () => {
       'local_class_name_2',
       'local_class_name_3',
       'local_class_name_4',
-      'composes_target',
-      'composes',
     ]);
   });
   test('does not track styles imported by @import in other file because it is not a local token', async () => {
@@ -224,23 +218,6 @@ describe('getOriginalLocation', () => {
       `{ filePath: "/test/test.css", start: { line: 6, column: 8 }, end: { line: 6, column: 26 } }`,
     );
   });
-  test('composes', () => {
-    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/naming-convention
-    const [composes_target, composes] = createClassSelectors(
-      createRoot(dedent`
-      .composes_target {}
-      .composes {
-        composes: composes_target;
-      }
-      `),
-    );
-    expect(getOriginalLocation(composes_target!.rule, composes_target!.classSelector)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
-      `{ filePath: "/test/test.css", start: { line: 1, column: 1 }, end: { line: 1, column: 16 } }`,
-    );
-    expect(getOriginalLocation(composes!.rule, composes!.classSelector)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
-      `{ filePath: "/test/test.css", start: { line: 2, column: 1 }, end: { line: 2, column: 9 } }`,
-    );
-  });
   test('with_newline', () => {
     // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/naming-convention
     const [with_newline_1, with_newline_2, with_newline_3] = createClassSelectors(
@@ -268,8 +245,8 @@ test('collectNodes', () => {
     @import;
     @import "test.css";
     @ignored;
-    .a { ignored: "ignored"; composes: a; }
-    .b { ignored: "ignored"; composes: b; }
+    .a { ignored: "ignored"; }
+    .b { ignored: "ignored"; }
     `);
 
   const { atImports, classSelectors } = collectNodes(ast);
@@ -278,9 +255,9 @@ test('collectNodes', () => {
   expect(atImports[0]!.toString()).toEqual('@import');
   expect(atImports[1]!.toString()).toEqual('@import "test.css"');
   expect(classSelectors).toHaveLength(2);
-  expect(classSelectors[0]!.rule.toString()).toEqual('.a { ignored: "ignored"; composes: a; }');
+  expect(classSelectors[0]!.rule.toString()).toEqual('.a { ignored: "ignored"; }');
   expect(classSelectors[0]!.classSelector.toString()).toEqual('.a');
-  expect(classSelectors[1]!.rule.toString()).toEqual('.b { ignored: "ignored"; composes: b; }');
+  expect(classSelectors[1]!.rule.toString()).toEqual('.b { ignored: "ignored"; }');
   expect(classSelectors[1]!.classSelector.toString()).toEqual('.b');
 });
 
diff --git a/packages/happy-css-modules/src/locator/postcss.ts b/packages/happy-css-modules/src/locator/postcss.ts
index 679bdcb6..a718d0fd 100644
--- a/packages/happy-css-modules/src/locator/postcss.ts
+++ b/packages/happy-css-modules/src/locator/postcss.ts
@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ export async function generateLocalTokenNames(ast: Root): Promise<string[]> {
     postcss
       .default()
       // postcss-modules collects tokens (i.e., includes external tokens) by following
-      // the dependencies specified in the @import and composes properties.
+      // the dependencies specified in the @import.
       // However, we do not want `generateLocalTokenNames` to return external tokens.
-      // So we remove the @import and composes properties beforehand.
+      // So we remove the @import beforehand.
       .use(removeDependenciesPlugin())
       .use(
         modules({
diff --git a/packages/happy-css-modules/src/transformer/less-transformer.test.ts b/packages/happy-css-modules/src/transformer/less-transformer.test.ts
index 1bc52b7a..76682ac4 100644
--- a/packages/happy-css-modules/src/transformer/less-transformer.test.ts
+++ b/packages/happy-css-modules/src/transformer/less-transformer.test.ts
@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@ test('handles less features', async () => {
         &_2 { dummy: ''; }
         .b_1();
         .b_2();
-        composes: a_1; // css module feature test (composes)
-        composes: c from './3.less'; // css module feature test (composes from other file)
       }
       `,
     '/test/2.less': dedent`
diff --git a/packages/happy-css-modules/src/transformer/scss-transformer.test.ts b/packages/happy-css-modules/src/transformer/scss-transformer.test.ts
index d5efc260..41525be4 100644
--- a/packages/happy-css-modules/src/transformer/scss-transformer.test.ts
+++ b/packages/happy-css-modules/src/transformer/scss-transformer.test.ts
@@ -22,8 +22,6 @@ test('handles sass features', async () => {
         // sass feature test (nesting)
         .a_2_1 { dummy: ''; }
         &_2 { dummy: ''; }
-        composes: a_1; // css module feature test (composes)
-        composes: d from './4.scss'; // css module feature test (composes from other file)
       }
       `,
     '/test/2.scss': dedent`