day2.py

"""
--- Day 2: 1202 Program Alarm ---

On the way to your gravity assist around the Moon, your ship computer beeps
angrily about a "1202 program alarm". On the radio, an Elf is already
explaining how to handle the situation: "Don't worry, that's perfectly norma--"
The ship computer bursts into flames.

You notify the Elves that the computer's magic smoke seems to have escaped.
"That computer ran Intcode programs like the gravity assist program it was
working on; surely there are enough spare parts up there to build a new Intcode
computer!"

An Intcode program is a list of integers separated by commas (like 1,0,0,3,99).
To run one, start by looking at the first integer (called position 0). Here,
you will find an opcode - either 1, 2, or 99. The opcode indicates what to do;
for example, 99 means that the program is finished and should immediately halt.
Encountering an unknown opcode means something went wrong.

Opcode 1 adds together numbers read from two positions and stores the result in
a third position. The three integers immediately after the opcode tell you
these three positions - the first two indicate the positions from which you
should read the input values, and the third indicates the position at which the
output should be stored.

For example, if your Intcode computer encounters 1,10,20,30, it should read the
values at positions 10 and 20, add those values, and then overwrite the value
at position 30 with their sum.

Opcode 2 works exactly like opcode 1, except it multiplies the two inputs
instead of adding them. Again, the three integers after the opcode indicate
where the inputs and outputs are, not their values.

Once you're done processing an opcode, move to the next one by stepping forward
4 positions.

For example, suppose you have the following program:

1,9,10,3,2,3,11,0,99,30,40,50

For the purposes of illustration, here is the same program split into multiple
lines:

1,9,10,3,
2,3,11,0,
99,30,40,50

The first four integers, 1,9,10,3, are at positions 0, 1, 2, and 3. Together,
they represent the first opcode (1, addition), the positions of the two inputs
(9 and 10), and the position of the output (3). To handle this opcode, you
first need to get the values at the input positions: position 9 contains 30,
and position 10 contains 40. Add these numbers together to get 70. Then, store
this value at the output position; here, the output position (3) is at position
3, so it overwrites itself. Afterward, the program looks like this:

1,9,10,70,
2,3,11,0,
99,30,40,50

Step forward 4 positions to reach the next opcode, 2. This opcode works just
like the previous, but it multiplies instead of adding. The inputs are at
positions 3 and 11; these positions contain 70 and 50 respectively. Multiplying
these produces 3500; this is stored at position 0:

3500,9,10,70,
2,3,11,0,
99,30,40,50

Stepping forward 4 more positions arrives at opcode 99, halting the program.

Here are the initial and final states of a few more small programs:

    1,0,0,0,99 becomes 2,0,0,0,99 (1 + 1 = 2). 2,3,0,3,99 becomes 2,3,0,6,99 (3
    * 2 = 6). 2,4,4,5,99,0 becomes 2,4,4,5,99,9801 (99 * 99 = 9801).
    1,1,1,4,99,5,6,0,99 becomes 30,1,1,4,2,5,6,0,99.

Once you have a working computer, the first step is to restore the gravity
assist program (your puzzle input) to the "1202 program alarm" state it had
just before the last computer caught fire. To do this, before running the
program, replace position 1 with the value 12 and replace position 2 with the
value 2. What value is left at position 0 after the program halts?

--- Part Two ---

"Good, the new computer seems to be working correctly! Keep it nearby during
this mission - you'll probably use it again. Real Intcode computers support
many more features than your new one, but we'll let you know what they are as
you need them."

"However, your current priority should be to complete your gravity assist
around the Moon. For this mission to succeed, we should settle on some
terminology for the parts you've already built."

Intcode programs are given as a list of integers; these values are used as the
initial state for the computer's memory. When you run an Intcode program, make
sure to start by initializing memory to the program's values. A position in
memory is called an address (for example, the first value in memory is at
"address 0").

Opcodes (like 1, 2, or 99) mark the beginning of an instruction. The values
used immediately after an opcode, if any, are called the instruction's
parameters. For example, in the instruction 1,2,3,4, 1 is the opcode; 2, 3, and
4 are the parameters. The instruction 99 contains only an opcode and has no
parameters.

The address of the current instruction is called the instruction pointer; it
starts at 0. After an instruction finishes, the instruction pointer increases
by the number of values in the instruction; until you add more instructions to
the computer, this is always 4 (1 opcode + 3 parameters) for the add and
    multiply instructions. (The halt instruction would increase the instruction
pointer by 1, but it halts the program instead.)

"With terminology out of the way, we're ready to proceed. To complete the
gravity assist, you need to determine what pair of inputs produces the output
19690720."

The inputs should still be provided to the program by replacing the values at
addresses 1 and 2, just like before. In this program, the value placed in
address 1 is called the noun, and the value placed in address 2 is called the
verb. Each of the two input values will be between 0 and 99, inclusive.

Once the program has halted, its output is available at address 0, also just
like before. Each time you try a pair of inputs, make sure you first reset the
computer's memory to the values in the program (your puzzle input) - in other
words, don't reuse memory from a previous attempt.

Find the input noun and verb that cause the program to produce the output
19690720. What is 100 * noun + verb? (For example, if noun=12 and verb=2, the
answer would be 1202.)

"""

from typing import List

from intcode import Computer
from runner import run


def read_input() -> List[int]:
    """Read `day2-input` and return a list of integers."""
    return [int(s) for s in open("day2-input").read().split(",")]


def preprocess(tape: List[int]):
    """Restore the program to the previous state."""
    tape[1] = 12
    tape[2] = 2


def main1():
    """Print the result for part 1."""
    program = read_input()
    preprocess(program)
    computer = Computer(program, None, None)
    computer.evaluate()
    print(computer.memory[0])


def passes(noun: int, verb: int, program: List[int]) -> bool:
    """Apply the given noun and verb and check if the result is 19690720."""
    computer = Computer(program, None, None)
    computer.memory[1] = noun
    computer.memory[2] = verb
    computer.evaluate()
    result = computer.memory[0]
    return result == 19690720


def main2():
    """Try all noun, verb pairs from 0 to 99."""
    inp = read_input()
    for noun in range(100):
        for verb in range(100):
            if passes(noun, verb, inp):
                print(100 * noun + verb)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    run(main1, main2)