diff --git a/minfraud/models.py b/minfraud/models.py
index 3d6efe8..cf22065 100644
--- a/minfraud/models.py
+++ b/minfraud/models.py
@@ -20,20 +20,23 @@ def to_dict(self):
         result = {}
         for key, value in self.__dict__.items():
             if hasattr(value, "to_dict") and callable(value.to_dict):
-                result[key] = value.to_dict()
+                if d := value.to_dict():
+                  result[key] = d
             elif hasattr(value, "raw"):
                 # geoip2 uses "raw" for historical reasons
-                result[key] = value.raw
+                if d := value.raw:
+                  result[key] = d
             elif isinstance(value, list):
-                result[key] = [
-                    (
-                        item.to_dict()
-                        if hasattr(item, "to_dict") and callable(item.to_dict)
-                        else item
-                    )
-                    for item in value
-                ]
-            else:
+                ls = []
+                for e in value:
+                    if hasattr(e, "to_dict") and callable(e.to_dict):
+                        if e := e.to_dict():
+                          ls.append(e)
+                    elif e is not None:
+                      ls.append(e)
+                if ls:
+                  result[key] = ls
+            elif value is not None:
                 result[key] = value
         return result
 
diff --git a/tests/test_models.py b/tests/test_models.py
index b2792e2..042438a 100644
--- a/tests/test_models.py
+++ b/tests/test_models.py
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ def test_score(self):
         self.assertEqual("INVALID_INPUT", score.warnings[0].code)
         self.assertEqual(99, score.ip_address.risk)
 
-        self.assertEqual(response, self._remove_empty_values(score.to_dict()))
+        self.assertEqual(response, score.to_dict())
 
     def test_insights(self):
         response = self.factors_response()
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ def test_insights(self):
         del response["subscores"]
         insights = Insights(None, **response)
         self.check_insights_data(insights, response["id"])
-        self.assertEqual(response, self._remove_empty_values(insights.to_dict()))
+        self.assertEqual(response, insights.to_dict())
 
     def test_factors(self):
         response = self.factors_response()
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ def test_factors(self):
         )
         self.assertEqual(0.17, factors.subscores.time_of_day)
 
-        self.assertEqual(response, self._remove_empty_values(factors.to_dict()))
+        self.assertEqual(response, factors.to_dict())
 
     def factors_response(self):
         return {
@@ -409,31 +409,3 @@ def check_risk_score_reasons_data(self, reasons):
         self.assertEqual(
             "Risk due to IP being an Anonymous IP", reasons[0].reasons[0].reason
         )
-
-    def _remove_empty_values(self, data):
-        if isinstance(data, dict):
-            m = {}
-            for k, v in data.items():
-                v = self._remove_empty_values(v)
-                if self._is_not_empty(v):
-                    m[k] = v
-            return m
-
-        if isinstance(data, list):
-            ls = []
-            for e in data:
-                e = self._remove_empty_values(e)
-                if self._is_not_empty(e):
-                    ls.append(e)
-            return ls
-
-        return data
-
-    def _is_not_empty(self, v):
-        if v is None:
-            return False
-        if isinstance(v, dict) and not v:
-            return False
-        if isinstance(v, list) and not v:
-            return False
-        return True