week10.ipynb

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        "---\n",
        "title: Week 10 語意與文化\n",
        "author: 謝舒凱 台大語言所\n",
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        "# 語言裡的思維\n",
        "\n",
        "語言如鏡 （`through the language glass`）\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "- 語言的不準處，恰好反映了人們以自我爲中心所形成的文化偏差。\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        ":::{.callout-warning}\n",
        "「對上帝說西班牙語，對女人說義大利語，對男人說法語，對我的馬說德語。」（神聖羅馬帝國查理五世）\n",
        ":::\n",
        "\n",
        "## 原初邏輯\n",
        "\n",
        "![](pics/pri_logic.png){width=\"80%\"}\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "## 世界觀\n",
        "\n",
        "> `不去描寫感知者的主題所獲得之印象，而去描寫客體在生活空間中的\n",
        "形狀、輪廓、位置、運動、作用方式等等。`\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "![example](pics/malena1.png){width=\"85%\"}\n",
        "![solution](pics/malena2.png){width=\"50%\"}\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "## 另一個例子\n",
        "\n",
        "![Kafir](pics/kafir.png)\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "## 田野工作 (linguistic fieldwork) 與語言類型學 (linguistic typology)\n",
        "要瞭解語言與思維，坐在安樂椅上是危險的。\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "![Fieldwork Methodology](pics/field1.png)\n",
        "\n",
        "![Fieldwork Methodology](pics/field2.png)\n",
        "\n",
        "![Fieldwork Methodology](pics/field3.png)\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "## Eliciting Evidentiality\n",
        "\n",
        ":::{.callout-note}\n",
        "**Evidentiality** expresses the nature of evidence for a given statement, i.e.,\n",
        "whether the speaker knows it as a fact, whether they heard it from someone\n",
        "else (hearsay), whether they witness it etc.\n",
        ":::\n",
        "\n",
        "舉個例子。英文的「言據性」Evidentiality 是用藉由一些動詞與副詞來表達:\n",
        "\n",
        "(a) I am happy (direct evidence)\n",
        "(b) Mary seems happy (inferential)\n",
        "(c) Mary looks happy (visual evidence, inferential) (d) Mary is happy, reportedly (hearsay)\n",
        "(e) I hear that Mary is happy (hearsay)\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "## [思考] \n",
        "如何設計情境才能得出像是 Tariana 的言據系統?\n",
        "\n",
        "![Tariana](pics/tariana.png)\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "## 人類語言學 (anthropological linguistics)\n",
        "[@dimmendaal2022nurturing] 詞彙語意、認知與文化\n",
        "\n",
        "- 數字系統 (numeral systems)、親屬關係 (kinship terminology)、動植物命名 (bionomenclature)\n",
        "\n",
        "- 顏色 (colour)、身體詞 (body-part nomenclature)、嗅覺認知 (Olfactory cognition)\n",
        "\n",
        "- 空間與方位 (spatial orientation)\n",
        "\n",
        "- 取名 (Onomastics)\n",
        "\n",
        "- 曆法 (calendars)、時間 (time)、天氣 (weather)\n",
        "\n",
        "- 情緒與委婉\n",
        "\n",
        "- 。。。\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "## 情緒\n",
        "\n",
        "- Amharic (衣索比亞官方語言）中，sadness and disappointment 由一樣的動詞 azzənə 來表達。\n",
        "\n",
        "- Dutch 把某些情緒嵌入詞彙結構\n",
        "\n",
        "![dutch](pics/dutch.png){width=\"70%\"}\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "## The sound of silence\n",
        "`沉默 停頓 暫停 等待 緘默 無言 無聲 靜默 靜止不語 ...`  \n",
        "\n",
        "在言談交際上有何意義？\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "# 親屬關係 \n",
        "![wiki](pics/kinship.svg)\n",
        "\n",
        "- English follows the Eskimo kinship system, very inclusive in the term \"cousin\" (堂（表）兄弟，堂（表）姐妹). \n",
        "\n",
        "- Crow and Omaha terminologies are symmetrical and opposite, with Crow systems having a matrilineal emphasis and Omaha systems a patrilineal emphasis. \n",
        "\n",
        "- The Iroquois and Sudanese systems highlight the distinction between parallel cousins, the children of your mother’s sister and father’s brother, and cross cousins.\n",
        "\n",
        "> 這個模型較簡化，未考慮到不同文化中的親屬關係還會考量到的因素，例如**性別、年齡、輩分**等等。\n",
        "\n",
        "## 日本法律將親屬以關係密切程度分成不同等級\n",
        "\n",
        "![wiki](pics/Japanese_Kinship.svg)\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "## 漢語親屬系統\n",
        "\n",
        "被歸類於蘇丹型親屬系統（Sudanese kinship）的一種。在該系統中每個人依據其宗族、輩分、性別與年齡，而有不同的親屬稱謂。[複習一下](https://www.wikiwand.com/zh-tw/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A6%AA%E5%B1%AC%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1)\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "## 怎麼設計成題目？\n",
        "\n",
        "![Basque family](pics/kinship1.png){width=\"80%\"}\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "## 怎麼設計成（可愛的）題目？ \n",
        "\n",
        "從前有一個喜歡聚會的立陶宛家族。他們在某個家族成員 Algirdas 的生日宴會上再次聚會，其中有 3 人缺席，16 人到場。以下是到場者的姓與名，但兩者的順序被打亂了。\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "![](pics/name.png){width=\"80%\"}\n",
        "\n",
        "- 請寫出以下成員的姓氏：Algirdas, Elena, Jonas, Elžbeta\n",
        "- 請寫出以下缺席者的姓氏：Rasa 的丈夫； Rimas 的妻子； Elena 和 Aidas 的女兒 \n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "# 顏色與形狀\n",
        "\n",
        "![](pics/cow.png)\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "# 嗅覺\n",
        "![](pics/olfactory.png)\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "## [練習] 如何翻譯成(好的)中文？\n",
        "![Jur-Lwoo, a language spoken in South Sudan](pics/olfactory2.png){width=\"80%\"}\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "## 詞彙與名字\n",
        "\n",
        "![中文姓名聲調分佈](pics/cn_name1.png){width=\"90%\"}\n",
        "\n",
        "![臺灣名字排行](pics/tw_names.png){width=\"90%\"}\n",
        "\n",
        "## 猜一猜這兩張圖在比什麼\n",
        "\n",
        "![corpus](pics/sem_pat_cncorpus_n.png){width=\"90%\"}\n",
        "![names](pics/sem_pat_cnnames.png){width=\"90%\"}\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "# 方位\n",
        "\n",
        "<!-- IOL2016 -->\n",
        "- Cardinal Direction (基本方位)：用「東西南北」來稱呼。方位是固定的，不因自身位置改變而不一樣。（如【辜古依密舍 (Guugu Yimithirr)】語，是澳洲北部的一個原住民部落語言）\n",
        "\n",
        "- Egocentric System(自我中心系統)：在中文、英文與其他大多數語言中，使用「前後左右」表示方位。會因自己位置移動而稱呼不同。\n",
        "\n",
        "<!-- 就算把一個辜古依密舍人關在黑暗的房間中，矇住眼睛，讓他原地轉20圈，他依然能夠在頭暈、看不見的情況下指出四方位。 -->\n",
        "\n",
        "## [練習] 台大水果題、方位題\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "# 複合詞語意\n",
        "\n",
        "- Compounding (in morphology) involves the combination of **lexical elements**. The elements can be characterized as words, stems, or lexemes, depending on the language and on the theoretical framework adopted.\n",
        "\n",
        "- 爭議很多，但是一個有趣的語言與文化窗口\n",
        "\n",
        "## 如何分類？\n",
        "\n",
        "- 某種參考\n",
        "![Classification of compounds by Scalise and Bisetto (2009)](pics/compound.png){width=\"60%\"}\n",
        "\n",
        "<!-- There are more examples from an earlier version of the classification, but it is not clear to what extent these are meant to fall into a different class in the new version. Thus, Scalise and Bisetto (2009, p. 46) list girlfriend as attributive but woman doctor as coordinative. -->\n",
        "\n",
        "- endocentric (有 head) and exocentric (沒有 head)\n",
        "    \n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "## 漢語二字詞\n",
        "\n",
        "以【心】爲例。\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "# 練習：【海鮮大雜燴】\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "# 本週任務\n",
        "**補充詞表**"
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