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week10.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head>
<script src="week10_files/libs/clipboard/clipboard.min.js"></script>
<script src="week10_files/libs/quarto-html/tabby.min.js"></script>
<script src="week10_files/libs/quarto-html/popper.min.js"></script>
<script src="week10_files/libs/quarto-html/tippy.umd.min.js"></script>
<link href="week10_files/libs/quarto-html/tippy.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="week10_files/libs/quarto-html/light-border.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="week10_files/libs/quarto-html/quarto-html.min.css" rel="stylesheet" data-mode="light">
<link href="week10_files/libs/quarto-html/quarto-syntax-highlighting.css" rel="stylesheet" id="quarto-text-highlighting-styles"><meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="generator" content="quarto-1.4.551">
<meta name="author" content="謝舒凱 台大語言所">
<title>Week 10 語意與文化</title>
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no, minimal-ui">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="week10_files/libs/revealjs/dist/reset.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="week10_files/libs/revealjs/dist/reveal.css">
<style>
code{white-space: pre-wrap;}
span.smallcaps{font-variant: small-caps;}
div.columns{display: flex; gap: min(4vw, 1.5em);}
div.column{flex: auto; overflow-x: auto;}
div.hanging-indent{margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em;}
ul.task-list{list-style: none;}
ul.task-list li input[type="checkbox"] {
width: 0.8em;
margin: 0 0.8em 0.2em -1em; /* quarto-specific, see https://github.com/quarto-dev/quarto-cli/issues/4556 */
vertical-align: middle;
}
/* CSS for citations */
div.csl-bib-body { }
div.csl-entry {
clear: both;
margin-bottom: 0em;
}
.hanging-indent div.csl-entry {
margin-left:2em;
text-indent:-2em;
}
div.csl-left-margin {
min-width:2em;
float:left;
}
div.csl-right-inline {
margin-left:2em;
padding-left:1em;
}
div.csl-indent {
margin-left: 2em;
} </style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="week10_files/libs/revealjs/dist/theme/quarto.css">
<link href="week10_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/quarto-line-highlight/line-highlight.css" rel="stylesheet">
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<style type="text/css">
.callout {
margin-top: 1em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
border-radius: .25rem;
}
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padding: 0em 0.5em;
border-left: solid #acacac .3rem;
border-right: solid 1px silver;
border-top: solid 1px silver;
border-bottom: solid 1px silver;
display: flex;
}
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border-left: solid #acacac .3rem;
border-right: solid 1px silver;
border-top: solid 1px silver;
border-bottom: solid 1px silver;
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flex-grow: 1;
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font-size: 1rem;
font-weight: 400;
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font-size: 0.9rem;
font-weight: 400;
}
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margin-top: 0.2em;
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border-bottom: none;
font-size: .9rem;
font-weight: 600;
opacity: 75%;
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border-bottom: none;
font-weight: 600;
opacity: 85%;
font-size: 0.9rem;
padding-left: 0.5em;
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height: 1rem;
width: 1rem;
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content: "";
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: 1rem 1rem;
}
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height: 0.9rem;
width: 0.9rem;
display: inline-block;
content: "";
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: 0.9rem 0.9rem;
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display: flex
}
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margin-top: 1rem;
padding-right: .5rem;
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</head>
<body class="quarto-light">
<div class="reveal">
<div class="slides">
<section id="title-slide" class="quarto-title-block center">
<h1 class="title">Week 10 語意與文化</h1>
<div class="quarto-title-authors">
<div class="quarto-title-author">
<div class="quarto-title-author-name">
謝舒凱 台大語言所
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<section id="語言裡的思維" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>語言裡的思維</h1>
<p>語言如鏡 （<code>through the language glass</code>）</p>
<ul>
<li>語言的不準處，恰好反映了人們以自我爲中心所形成的文化偏差。</li>
</ul>
<div class="callout callout-warning callout-titled callout-style-default">
<div class="callout-body">
<div class="callout-title">
<div class="callout-icon-container">
<i class="callout-icon"></i>
</div>
<p><strong>Warning</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="callout-content">
<p>「對上帝說西班牙語，對女人說義大利語，對男人說法語，對我的馬說德語。」（神聖羅馬帝國查理五世）</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="原初邏輯" class="slide level2">
<h2>原初邏輯</h2>
<img data-src="pics/pri_logic.png" style="width:80.0%" class="r-stretch"></section>
<section id="世界觀" class="slide level2">
<h2>世界觀</h2>
<blockquote>
<p><code>不去描寫感知者的主題所獲得之印象，而去描寫客體在生活空間中的 形狀、輪廓、位置、運動、作用方式等等。</code></p>
</blockquote>
<p><img data-src="pics/malena1.png" style="width:85.0%" alt="example"> <img data-src="pics/malena2.png" style="width:50.0%" alt="solution"></p>
</section>
<section id="另一個例子" class="slide level2">
<h2>另一個例子</h2>
<img data-src="pics/kafir.png" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"><p class="caption">Kafir</p></section>
<section id="田野工作-linguistic-fieldwork-與語言類型學-linguistic-typology" class="slide level2">
<h2>田野工作 (linguistic fieldwork) 與語言類型學 (linguistic typology)</h2>
<p>要瞭解語言與思維，坐在安樂椅上是危險的。</p>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure>
<p><img data-src="pics/field1.png"></p>
<figcaption>Fieldwork Methodology</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure>
<p><img data-src="pics/field2.png"></p>
<figcaption>Fieldwork Methodology</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure>
<p><img data-src="pics/field3.png"></p>
<figcaption>Fieldwork Methodology</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</section>
<section id="eliciting-evidentiality" class="slide level2">
<h2>Eliciting Evidentiality</h2>
<div class="callout callout-note callout-titled callout-style-default">
<div class="callout-body">
<div class="callout-title">
<div class="callout-icon-container">
<i class="callout-icon"></i>
</div>
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="callout-content">
<p><strong>Evidentiality</strong> expresses the nature of evidence for a given statement, i.e., whether the speaker knows it as a fact, whether they heard it from someone else (hearsay), whether they witness it etc.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>舉個例子。英文的「言據性」Evidentiality 是用藉由一些動詞與副詞來表達:</p>
<ol type="a">
<li>I am happy (direct evidence)</li>
<li>Mary seems happy (inferential)</li>
<li>Mary looks happy (visual evidence, inferential) (d) Mary is happy, reportedly (hearsay)</li>
<li>I hear that Mary is happy (hearsay)</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="思考" class="slide level2">
<h2>[思考]</h2>
<p>如何設計情境才能得出像是 Tariana 的言據系統?</p>
<img data-src="pics/tariana.png" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"><p class="caption">Tariana</p></section>
<section id="人類語言學-anthropological-linguistics" class="slide level2">
<h2>人類語言學 (anthropological linguistics)</h2>
<p><span class="citation" data-cites="dimmendaal2022nurturing">(<a href="#/reference" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Dimmendaal 2022</a>)</span> 詞彙語意、認知與文化</p>
<ul>
<li><p>數字系統 (numeral systems)、親屬關係 (kinship terminology)、動植物命名 (bionomenclature)</p></li>
<li><p>顏色 (colour)、身體詞 (body-part nomenclature)、嗅覺認知 (Olfactory cognition)</p></li>
<li><p>空間與方位 (spatial orientation)</p></li>
<li><p>取名 (Onomastics)</p></li>
<li><p>曆法 (calendars)、時間 (time)、天氣 (weather)</p></li>
<li><p>情緒與委婉</p></li>
<li><p>。。。</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="情緒" class="slide level2">
<h2>情緒</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>Amharic (衣索比亞官方語言）中，sadness and disappointment 由一樣的動詞 azzənə 來表達。</p></li>
<li><p>Dutch 把某些情緒嵌入詞彙結構</p></li>
</ul>
<img data-src="pics/dutch.png" style="width:70.0%" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"><p class="caption">dutch</p></section>
<section id="the-sound-of-silence" class="slide level2">
<h2>The sound of silence</h2>
<p><code>沉默 停頓 暫停 等待 緘默 無言 無聲 靜默 靜止不語 ...</code></p>
<p>在言談交際上有何意義？</p>
</section></section>
<section>
<section id="親屬關係" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>親屬關係</h1>
<img data-src="pics/kinship.svg" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"><p class="caption">wiki</p><ul>
<li><p>English follows the Eskimo kinship system, very inclusive in the term “cousin” (堂（表）兄弟，堂（表）姐妹).</p></li>
<li><p>Crow and Omaha terminologies are symmetrical and opposite, with Crow systems having a matrilineal emphasis and Omaha systems a patrilineal emphasis.</p></li>
<li><p>The Iroquois and Sudanese systems highlight the distinction between parallel cousins, the children of your mother’s sister and father’s brother, and cross cousins.</p></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>這個模型較簡化，未考慮到不同文化中的親屬關係還會考量到的因素，例如<strong>性別、年齡、輩分</strong>等等。</p>
</blockquote>
</section>
<section id="日本法律將親屬以關係密切程度分成不同等級" class="slide level2">
<h2>日本法律將親屬以關係密切程度分成不同等級</h2>
<img data-src="pics/Japanese_Kinship.svg" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"><p class="caption">wiki</p></section>
<section id="漢語親屬系統" class="slide level2">
<h2>漢語親屬系統</h2>
<p>被歸類於蘇丹型親屬系統（Sudanese kinship）的一種。在該系統中每個人依據其宗族、輩分、性別與年齡，而有不同的親屬稱謂。<a href="https://www.wikiwand.com/zh-tw/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A6%AA%E5%B1%AC%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1">複習一下</a></p>
</section>
<section id="怎麼設計成題目" class="slide level2">
<h2>怎麼設計成題目？</h2>
<img data-src="pics/kinship1.png" style="width:80.0%" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"><p class="caption">Basque family</p></section>
<section id="怎麼設計成可愛的題目" class="slide level2">
<h2>怎麼設計成（可愛的）題目？</h2>
<p>從前有一個喜歡聚會的立陶宛家族。他們在某個家族成員 Algirdas 的生日宴會上再次聚會，其中有 3 人缺席，16 人到場。以下是到場者的姓與名，但兩者的順序被打亂了。</p>
<img data-src="pics/name.png" style="width:80.0%" class="r-stretch"><ul>
<li>請寫出以下成員的姓氏：Algirdas, Elena, Jonas, Elžbeta</li>
<li>請寫出以下缺席者的姓氏：Rasa 的丈夫； Rimas 的妻子； Elena 和 Aidas 的女兒</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="親屬系統題目詳解" class="slide level2">
<h2>親屬系統題目詳解</h2>
<p><a href="https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1BU8M67DAdpyubGlv2kh5_lYCHyMW22uM-fvAKrgrTLE/edit?usp=sharing">語奧選手培訓講義</a></p>
</section></section>
<section id="顏色與形狀" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>顏色與形狀</h1>
<img data-src="pics/cow.png" class="r-stretch"></section>
<section>
<section id="嗅覺" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>嗅覺</h1>
<img data-src="pics/olfactory.png" class="r-stretch"></section>
<section id="練習-如何翻譯成好的中文" class="slide level2">
<h2>[練習] 如何翻譯成(好的)中文？</h2>
<img data-src="pics/olfactory2.png" style="width:80.0%" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"><p class="caption">Jur-Lwoo, a language spoken in South Sudan</p></section>
<section id="詞彙與名字" class="slide level2">
<h2>詞彙與名字</h2>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure>
<p><img data-src="pics/cn_name1.png" style="width:90.0%"></p>
<figcaption>中文姓名聲調分佈</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure>
<p><img data-src="pics/tw_names.png" style="width:90.0%"></p>
<figcaption>臺灣名字排行</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</section>
<section id="猜一猜這兩張圖在比什麼" class="slide level2">
<h2>猜一猜這兩張圖在比什麼</h2>
<p><img data-src="pics/sem_pat_cncorpus_n.png" style="width:90.0%" alt="corpus"> <img data-src="pics/sem_pat_cnnames.png" style="width:90.0%" alt="names"></p>
</section></section>
<section>
<section id="方位" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>方位</h1>
<!-- IOL2016 -->
<ul>
<li><p>Cardinal Direction (基本方位)：用「東西南北」來稱呼。方位是固定的，不因自身位置改變而不一樣。（如【辜古依密舍 (Guugu Yimithirr)】語，是澳洲北部的一個原住民部落語言）</p></li>
<li><p>Egocentric System(自我中心系統)：在中文、英文與其他大多數語言中，使用「前後左右」表示方位。會因自己位置移動而稱呼不同。</p></li>
</ul>
<!-- 就算把一個辜古依密舍人關在黑暗的房間中，矇住眼睛，讓他原地轉20圈，他依然能夠在頭暈、看不見的情況下指出四方位。 -->
</section>
<section id="練習-方位題" class="slide level2">
<h2>[練習] 方位題</h2>
</section></section>
<section>
<section id="複合詞語意" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>複合詞語意</h1>
<ul>
<li><p>Compounding (in morphology) involves the combination of <strong>lexical elements</strong>. The elements can be characterized as words, stems, or lexemes, depending on the language and on the theoretical framework adopted.</p></li>
<li><p>爭議很多，但是一個有趣的語言與文化窗口</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="如何分類" class="slide level2">
<h2>如何分類？</h2>
<ul>
<li>某種參考 <img data-src="pics/compound.png" style="width:60.0%" alt="Classification of compounds by Scalise and Bisetto (2009)"></li>
</ul>
<!-- There are more examples from an earlier version of the classification, but it is not clear to what extent these are meant to fall into a different class in the new version. Thus, Scalise and Bisetto (2009, p. 46) list girlfriend as attributive but woman doctor as coordinative. -->
<ul>
<li>endocentric (有 head) and exocentric (沒有 head)</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="漢語二字詞" class="slide level2">
<h2>漢語二字詞</h2>
<p>以【心】爲例。</p>
</section></section>
<section id="練習海鮮大雜燴" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>練習：【海鮮大雜燴】</h1>
<p>下載 cool 本週的文件，作配對。</p>
</section>
<section>
<section id="本週任務" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>本週任務</h1>
<p><strong>補充詞表</strong></p>
</section>
<section id="reference" class="slide level2 smaller scrollable">
<h2>Reference</h2>
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<div id="ref-dimmendaal2022nurturing" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2022. <em>Nurturing Language: Anthropological Linguistics in an African Context</em>. Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
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