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dokku.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Sendinblue, Dokku and deployment</title>
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<body class="article toc2 toc-left">
<div id="header">
<h1>Sendinblue, Dokku and deployment</h1>
<div id="toc" class="toc2">
<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#_netcup_and_sendinblue">NetCup and Sendinblue</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_sendinblue">Sendinblue</a></li>
<li><a href="#_edit_your_dns_zone_at_netcup">Edit your DNS zone at NetCup</a></li>
<li><a href="#_your_root_server">Your Root Server</a></li>
<li><a href="#_connect_to_your_vps_via_ssh">Connect to Your VPS via SSH</a></li>
<li><a href="#_configuring_your_server">Configuring your server</a></li>
<li><a href="#_securing_your_server">Securing your server</a></li>
<li><a href="#_dokku">Dokku</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you think that your application will have a considerable amount of traffic, my personal advise is to deploy your application not to Heroku, as suggested by the Ruby on Rails Tutorial, but to a different hosting provider, which offers affordable plans. You should consider that Heroku in fact is expensive as you <a href="https://www.speedshop.co/2015/07/29/scaling-ruby-apps-to-1000-rpm.html">scale</a>. The free plan offers only 1 web and 1 worker dynos. <em>Adding more web dynos allows you to handle more concurrent HTTP requests, and therefore higher volumes of traffic</em> (See <a href="https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/dynos#scalability">at Heroku</a>). Worker dynos are important too. "<em>Worker dynos can be of any process type declared in your Procfile, other than “web”. Worker dynos are typically used for background jobs, queueing systems, and timed jobs</em>". Especially background processes are a fundamental part of web applications. For instance, a background process allows to delete automatically all outdated microposts, and free space in your drive.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>There are many hosting providers. Among them, two of the most popular choices are <a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/">DigitalOcean</a> and <a href="https://www.linode.com/">Linode</a>. Both offer excellent documentation. Another popular choice is <a href="https://www.ovh.com/">OVH</a>. Otherwise you can look for web hosting providers using a search engine or dedicated web sites like <a href="https://hostadvice.com/">HostAdvice</a>. Also, other places I would recommend are <a href="http://www.webhostingtalk.com">WebHostingTalk</a> and <a href="https://www.lowendtalk.com">LowEndTalk</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>What I would suggest to consider in choosing a hosting provider are the traffic flatrate, the availabiliy of DDoS protection, the amount of storage space provided and the technical support.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>After a long research, for my web application I chose a root server at <a href="https://www.netcup.eu">NetCup</a> because of the fair prices and interesting solutions. A basic root server at present offers 8 GB DDR4 RAM, 2 dedicated cores and 160 GB SSD. They also have a very useful forum where you can find solutions to your questions offered by a very responsive community.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>I also purchased my domain at NetCup, because "customers who purchase a web hosting package, a root server system or a managed root server/managed dedicated server from us can add additional domains to their order at particularly attractive rates".</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>"As an accredited registrar, netcup can register .eu domains directly at the source and offer first-class support for .eu domain queries".</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_netcup_and_sendinblue"><a class="anchor" href="#_netcup_and_sendinblue"></a>NetCup and Sendinblue</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_sendinblue"><a class="anchor" href="#_sendinblue"></a>Sendinblue</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Michael Hartl’s Ruby on Rails Tutorial suggests to use <a href="https://sendgrid.com/">SendGrid</a> for emails in production, which is available as an add-on at Heroku for verified accounts. I would instead suggest to use <a href="https://sendinblue.com/">Sendinblue</a> because, comparing their free plans, Sendinblue offers 300 emails per day against 100 emails per day offered by SendGrid.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Fill out the SMTP settings for your production environment:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="title">config/environments/production.rb</div>
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="ruby" class="language-ruby hljs">Rails.application.configure do
...
config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = true
config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :smtp
host = 'fireworks.io'
config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: host }
ActionMailer::Base.smtp_settings = {
:address => 'smtp-relay.sendinblue.com',
:port => '587',
:authentication => :plain,
:user_name => ENV['SENDINBLUE_USERNAME'],
:password => ENV['SENDINBLUE_PASSWORD'],
:domain => 'fireworks.io',
:enable_starttls_auto => true
}
...
end</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Commit and push your changes:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ git commit -am "Configure Sendinblue"
$ git push</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Create an account at <a href="https://www.sendinblue.com/">Sendinblue</a>.
Wait for your sendinblue account to be validated and activated.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In case the account results not yet activated, send an email to '<a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>' requesting your account activation. You have to specify that you want to use your account only for transactional email.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>After that, log in to your account then go to your <a href="https://my.sendinblue.com/dashboard">dashboard</a>.<br>
Then again:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Click on your name in the upper right corner</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Click on 'Senders & IP'</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Go to the 'Domains' tab</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Click on 'Add new domain' and write 'fireworks.io' in the text field</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Check the box 'I would like to use this domain name to digitally sign my emails'</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Click on 'Save'</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>After clicking 'Save', DNS records appear for the new domain.
These records have still to be verified and the domain authenticated.
Leave the DNS records window open.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_edit_your_dns_zone_at_netcup"><a class="anchor" href="#_edit_your_dns_zone_at_netcup"></a>Edit your DNS zone at NetCup</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Add the sendinblue DNS records to the NetCup DNS zone.
You can access to your DNS zone file by visiting the <a href="https://www.customercontrolpanel.de">customer control panel</a>, going to the Domains section, clicking on the magnifying glass and then on the DNS section. Your DNS zone should contain the following entries:</p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 33.3333%;">
<col style="width: 33.3333%;">
<col style="width: 33.3334%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Host</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Type</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Destination</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">*</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">AAAA</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">IPV6 address</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">*</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">IPV4 address</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">@</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">AAAA</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">IPV6 address</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">@</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">IPV4 address</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">www</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">CNAME</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">@</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">@</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">TXT</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph">
<p>sendinblue SPF record <i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>(1)</b></p>
</div></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">@</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">TXT</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph">
<p>sendinblue TXT record <i class="conum" data-value="2"></i><b>(2)</b></p>
</div></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">mail._domainkey</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">TXT</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph">
<p>Sendinblue DKIM record <i class="conum" data-value="3"></i><b>(3)</b></p>
</div></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">_dmarc</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">TXT</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph">
<p>sendinblue DMARC record <i class="conum" data-value="4"></i><b>(4)</b></p>
</div></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="colist arabic">
<table>
<tr>
<td><i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>1</b></td>
<td>Here goes the Sendinblue SPF record for <code>fireworks.io</code>, represented by the relative record name <code>@</code> in the host column.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i class="conum" data-value="2"></i><b>2</b></td>
<td>Here goes the Sendinblue TXT record for <code>fireworks.io</code>, represented by the relative record name <code>@</code> in the host column.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i class="conum" data-value="3"></i><b>3</b></td>
<td>Here goes the Sendinblue DKIM record for <code>mail._domainkey.yandex.com</code>. In the cell of the host column you have to enter only <code>mail._domainkey</code>. See <a href="https://forum.netcup.de/anwendung/ccp-customer-control-panel/12220-how-to-add-dkim-spf-and-dmark-records-to-dns-zone/">at NetCup</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i class="conum" data-value="4"></i><b>4</b></td>
<td>Here goes the Sendinblue DMARC record for <code>_dmarc.yandex.com</code>. In the cell of the host column you have to enter only <code>_dmarc</code></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Close the DNS records window at Sendinblue by clicking the 'x' in the upper right corner. Wait 48 hours (2 days) for DNS changes to fully propagate.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Go back to the Sendinblue 'Senders & IPs - Domains' section.<br>
Click on 'AUTENTICATE THIS DOMAIN'<br>
Check that the 4 records are configured ('configured' should be written on the right hand side of each record).<br>
Click on 'I’m Done'</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Now that the domain is authenticated, you will not need to verify your senders (but you need to add them).<br>
See: <a href="https://help.sendinblue.com/hc/en-us/articles/115000185270-What-is-a-verified-domain-on-SendinBlue-" class="bare">https://help.sendinblue.com/hc/en-us/articles/115000185270-What-is-a-verified-domain-on-SendinBlue-</a><br>
See: <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/59703029/rails-transactional-email-and-sender-validation" class="bare">https://stackoverflow.com/questions/59703029/rails-transactional-email-and-sender-validation</a></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Create a sender going to the 'Senders & IPs - Senders' section.<br>
Click on 'ADD A NEW SENDER' and add the following entries:</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>From name: fireworks<br>
From email: <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Sender added successfully</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Check that the sender at Sendinblue corresponds to the sender in your application:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="ruby" class="language-ruby hljs">app/mailers/application_mailer.rb
class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
default from: "[email protected]"
layout 'mailer'
end</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_your_root_server"><a class="anchor" href="#_your_root_server"></a>Your Root Server</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>From the Server Control Panel:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Select Ubuntu 18.04 or 20.04 minimal image from the list of available OS under <code>Media</code> -→ <code>Images</code>;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Wait the necessary time for the deployment to finish.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>After finished the installation of Ubuntu, a root password is generated. Jot it down.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_connect_to_your_vps_via_ssh"><a class="anchor" href="#_connect_to_your_vps_via_ssh"></a>Connect to Your VPS via SSH</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Find your VPS IP address from the Server Control Panel.
From a terminal of your computer, log into your server via SSH:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ ssh root@ip_address</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If this is the first time connecting to your root server, you’ll see the authenticity warning.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Type 'yes' and press 'Enter' to continue connecting.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Enter the password generated for the root user</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_configuring_your_server"><a class="anchor" href="#_configuring_your_server"></a>Configuring your server</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_add_swap_file"><a class="anchor" href="#_add_swap_file"></a>Add Swap file</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See the well made <a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-add-swap-space-on-ubuntu-18-04">tutorial</a> at Digitalocean.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can see if the system has any configured swap by typing:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ sudo swapon --show</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you don’t get back any output, this means your system does not have swap space available currently. You can verify that there is no active swap using the free utility:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ free -h</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Before we create our swap file, we’ll check our current disk usage to make sure we have enough space. Do this by entering:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ df -h</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Now that we know our available hard drive space, we can create a swap file on our filesystem.
We will allocate a file of the swap size that we want called swapfile in our root (/) directory.
The best way of creating a swap file is with the fallocate program. This command instantly creates a file of the specified size.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Since the server at NetCup has 8G of RAM, we will create a 8G file:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ sudo fallocate -l 8G /swapfile</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We can verify that the correct amount of space was reserved by typing:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ ls -lh /swapfile</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_enabling_the_swap_file"><a class="anchor" href="#_enabling_the_swap_file"></a>Enabling the Swap File</h5>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Now that we have a file of the correct size available, we need to actually turn this into swap space.
First, we need to lock down the permissions of the file so that only the users with root privileges can read the contents.
This prevents normal users from being able to access the file, which would have significant security implications.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Make the file only accessible to root by typing:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ sudo chmod 600 /swapfile</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Verify the permissions change by typing:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ ls -lh /swapfile</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We can now mark the file as swap space by typing:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ sudo mkswap /swapfile</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>After marking the file, we can enable the swap file, allowing our system to start utilizing it:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ sudo swapon /swapfile</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Verify that the swap is available by typing:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ sudo swapon --show</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We can check the output of the free utility again to corroborate our findings:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ free -h</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Our swap has been set up successfully and our operating system will begin to use it as necessary.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_making_the_swap_file_permanent"><a class="anchor" href="#_making_the_swap_file_permanent"></a>Making the Swap File Permanent</h5>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Our recent changes have enabled the swap file for the current session.
However, if we reboot, the server will not retain the swap settings automatically.
We can change this by adding the swap file to our /etc/fstab file.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Back up the /etc/fstab file in case anything goes wrong:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.bak</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Add the swap file information to the end of your /etc/fstab file by typing:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ echo '/swapfile none swap sw 0 0' | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_tuning_your_swap_settings"><a class="anchor" href="#_tuning_your_swap_settings"></a>Tuning your Swap Settings</h5>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>There are a few options that you can configure that will have an impact on your system’s performance when dealing with swap.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect5">
<h6 id="_adjusting_the_swappiness_property"><a class="anchor" href="#_adjusting_the_swappiness_property"></a>Adjusting the Swappiness Property</h6>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The swappiness parameter configures how often your system swaps data out of RAM to the swap space.
This is a value between 0 and 100 that represents a percentage.
With values close to zero, the kernel will not swap data to the disk unless absolutely necessary.
Remember, interactions with the swap file are “expensive” in that they take a lot longer than interactions with RAM and they can cause a significant reduction in performance.
Telling the system not to rely on the swap much will generally make your system faster.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We can see the current swappiness value by typing:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For a Desktop, a swappiness setting of 60 is not a bad value.<br>
For a server, you might want to move it closer to 0.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We can set the swappiness to a different value by using the sysctl command.<br>
For instance, to set the swappiness to 10, we could type:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=10</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This setting will persist until the next reboot.<br>
We can set this value automatically at restart by adding the line to our /etc/sysctl.conf file:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ sudo vi /etc/sysctl.conf</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>At the bottom, you can add:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">vm.swappiness=10</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Save and close the file when you are finished.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect5">
<h6 id="_adjusting_the_cache_pressure_setting"><a class="anchor" href="#_adjusting_the_cache_pressure_setting"></a>Adjusting the Cache Pressure Setting</h6>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Another related value that you might want to modify is the vfs_cache_pressure.<br>
You can see the current value by querying the proc filesystem again:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ cat /proc/sys/vm/vfs_cache_pressure</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We can set this to a more conservative setting like 50 by typing:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ sudo sysctl vm.vfs_cache_pressure=50</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Again, this is only valid for our current session.
We can change that by adding it to our configuration file like we did with our swappiness setting:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ sudo vi /etc/sysctl.conf</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>At the bottom, add the line that specifies your new value:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">vm.vfs_cache_pressure=50</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Save and close the file when you are finished.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_server_identity"><a class="anchor" href="#_server_identity"></a>Server identity</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>First of all install Software Updates:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Now it is time to set the hostname: choose whatever name you like, for instance 'gondor'.<br>
See: <a href="https://linuxize.com/post/how-to-change-hostname-on-ubuntu-18-04/">how to change hostname</a><br>
Set the hostname of your system:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ hostnamectl set-hostname gondor</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Edit the /etc/hosts file:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code data-lang="console" class="language-console hljs">$ vi /etc/hosts</code></pre>
</div>
</div>