03-Conditionals.qmd

# Conditional Statements

As we develop more complex code, it is quite common to want to have your code do different things depending on the value. For instance, suppose you are recoding `heartrates`, and the numerical values should be "low" if it is between 0 and 60, "medium" if it is between 60 and 100, "high" if it is above 100, and "unknown" otherwise (when it is below 0 or other data type).

Stepping back, we have been working with a *linear* way of executing code - we have unconditionally executing every line of code in our program. Here, we are create a "control flow" via **conditional statements** in which the your code will run a certain section *if* some conditions are met.

Here is how the syntax looks like for conditional statements:

```         
if <expression1>:
    block of code 1
elif <expression2>:
    block of code 2
else:
    block of code 3

block of code 4    
```

There are three possible ways the code can run:

1.  If `<expression1>` is evaluated as `True`, then `block of code 1` will be run. When done, it will continue to `block of code 4`.
2.  If `<expression1>` is evaluated as `False`, then it will ask if `<expression2>` is `True` or not. If `True`, then `block of code 2` will be run. When done, it will continue to `block of code 4`.
3.  If `<expression1>` and `<expression2>` are both evaluated as `False`, then `block of code 3` is run. When done, it will continue to `block of code 4`.

An important takeaway is that *only one block of code can be run*.

Let's see how this apply to the data recoding example. Let's just assume the data we want to recode is just a single value in a variable `rate`, not the entire list `heartrates`:

```{python}
heartrates = [68, 54, 72, 66, 90, 102, 49]

rate = heartrates[0]
print(rate)

if rate > 0 and rate <= 60:
  rate = "low"
elif rate > 60 and rate <= 100:
  rate = "medium"
elif rate > 100:
  rate = "high"
else:
  rate = "unknown"
  
print(rate)
```

You don't always need multiple `if`, `elif`, `else` statements when writing conditional statements. In its simplest form, a conditional statement requires only an `if` clause:

```{python}
x = -12

if x < 0:
  x = x * -1
  
print(x)
```

Then, you can add an `elif` or `else` statement, if you like. Here's `if`-`elif`:

```{python}
x = .25

if x < 0:
  x = x * -1
elif x >= 0 and x < 1:
  x = 1 / x
  
print(x)

```

Here's `if`-`else`. The `in` statement asks whether an element (102) is found in an iterable data structure `heartrates`, and returns `True` if so:

```{python}
if 102 in heartrates:
  print("Found 102.")
else:
  print("Did not find 102.")
```

Finally, let's put the data recoding example within a For-Loop:

```{python}
heartrates = [68, 54, 72, 66, 90, 102]

for index, rate in enumerate(heartrates):
  if rate > 0 and rate <= 60:
    heartrates[index] = "low"
  elif rate > 60 and rate <= 100:
    heartrates[index] = "medium"
  elif rate > 100:
    heartrates[index] = "high"
  else:
    heartrates[index] = "unknown"
    
print(heartrates)
```

Let's see this in action step by step:

<iframe width="800" height="500" frameborder="0" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=heartrates%20%3D%20%5B68,%2054,%2072,%2066,%2090,%20102%5D%0A%0Afor%20index,%20rate%20in%20enumerate%28heartrates%29%3A%0A%20%20if%20rate%20%3E%200%20and%20rate%20%3C%3D%2060%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22low%22%0A%20%20elif%20rate%20%3E%2060%20and%20rate%20%3C%3D%20100%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22medium%22%0A%20%20elif%20rate%20%3E%20100%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22high%22%0A%20%20else%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22unknown%22%0A%20%20%20%20%0Aprint%28heartrates%29&amp;codeDivHeight=400&amp;codeDivWidth=350&amp;cumulative=false&amp;curInstr=0&amp;heapPrimitives=nevernest&amp;origin=opt-frontend.js&amp;py=311&amp;rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&amp;textReferences=false">

</iframe>

If it doesn't load properly, you can find it [here](https://pythontutor.com/render.html#code=heartrates%20%3D%20%5B68,%2054,%2072,%2066,%2090,%20102%5D%0A%0Afor%20index,%20rate%20in%20enumerate%28heartrates%29%3A%0A%20%20if%20rate%20%3E%200%20and%20rate%20%3C%3D%2060%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22low%22%0A%20%20elif%20rate%20%3E%2060%20and%20rate%20%3C%3D%20100%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22medium%22%0A%20%20elif%20rate%20%3E%20100%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22high%22%0A%20%20else%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22unknown%22%0A%20%20%20%20%0Aprint%28heartrates%29&cumulative=false&curInstr=0&heapPrimitives=nevernest&mode=display&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false)

## Exercises

Exercise for week 3 can be found [here](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1kPVyALVVn7__x0q6kfE9PKRpGNQgtu0a?usp=sharing).