esr_meter_atmduino.ino

/*

      ___           ___          _____          ___                       ___           ___                       ___           ___     
     /  /\         /  /\        /  /::\        /__/\          ___        /  /\         /  /\          ___        /  /\         /  /\    
    /  /::\       /  /::\      /  /:/\:\       \  \:\        /  /\      /  /:/_       /  /:/_        /  /\      /  /:/_       /  /::\   
   /  /:/\:\     /  /:/\:\    /  /:/  \:\       \  \:\      /  /:/     /  /:/ /\     /  /:/ /\      /  /:/     /  /:/ /\     /  /:/\:\  
  /  /:/~/::\   /  /:/~/:/   /__/:/ \__\:|  ___  \  \:\    /  /:/     /  /:/ /:/_   /  /:/ /::\    /  /:/     /  /:/ /:/_   /  /:/~/:/  
 /__/:/ /:/\:\ /__/:/ /:/___ \  \:\ /  /:/ /__/\  \__\:\  /  /::\    /__/:/ /:/ /\ /__/:/ /:/\:\  /  /::\    /__/:/ /:/ /\ /__/:/ /:/___
 \  \:\/:/__\/ \  \:\/:::::/  \  \:\  /:/  \  \:\ /  /:/ /__/:/\:\   \  \:\/:/ /:/ \  \:\/:/~/:/ /__/:/\:\   \  \:\/:/ /:/ \  \:\/:::::/
  \  \::/       \  \::/~~~~    \  \:\/:/    \  \:\  /:/  \__\/  \:\   \  \::/ /:/   \  \::/ /:/  \__\/  \:\   \  \::/ /:/   \  \::/~~~~ 
   \  \:\        \  \:\         \  \::/      \  \:\/:/        \  \:\   \  \:\/:/     \__\/ /:/        \  \:\   \  \:\/:/     \  \:\     
    \  \:\        \  \:\         \__\/        \  \::/          \__\/    \  \::/        /__/:/          \__\/    \  \::/       \  \:\    
     \__\/         \__\/                       \__\/                     \__\/         \__\/                     \__\/         \__\/    
		



 ARDUTESTER v0.X 25/04/2013
 
 Original Source from:        http://www.mikrocontroller.net/articles/AVR-Transistortester
 Original Software:           by Karl-Heinz Kuebbeler (kh_kuebbeler@web.de)
                              The Ardutester software is based on porting by Markus Reschke (madires@theca-tabellaria.de) 
 
 Schematic & Home Page:       http://www.pighixxx.com/lavori/ardutester/ 
 
 Arduino version:             PighiXXX (info@pighixxx.com)
                              PaoloP (http://www.arduino.cc/forum/index.php?action=profile;u=58300)
 
 - ONLY TTL COMPONENTS!
 
 TODO:
 - Detailed Component Analysis
 
 CHANGELOG:
 - 01/05/2013 v06e - Waitus Function, String to Flash Functions, Killed 3 Goto :-), Code Cleanup - PighiXXX 
 - 01/05/2013 v06f - Killed all Goto (Thanks to PaoloP), Implemented Button
 - 01/05/2013 v06g - Code Cleanup
 - 02/05/2013 v06h - Code Cleanup, SERIAL-LCD Flag, I2C LCD Functions
 - 02/05/2013 v06i - Button Flag, Button Function
 - 02/05/2013 v06j - PowerSave Function, Code Cleanup, Flag only when more info
 - 02/05/2013 v06k - Some fix (By PaoloP)
 - 03/05/2013 v06l - Disabled digital input on analog pins (By PaoloP), Minor fixes
 - 04/05/2013 v06m - ShowFET() fixed, Code Cleanup, Short Circuit Ok
 - 05/05/2013 v06n - CheckResistor Function Ok
 - 06/05/2013 v06o - SelfTest Function (v0.3), SelfAdjust, Minor fixes
 - 21/05/2013 v06p - Add LCD no I2C, Removed Leonardo support: this sketch work only on ATmega328. (By PaoloP)
 - 07/06/2013 v06q - ArduTester Software Client Functions (By PighiXXX)
 - 08/07/2013 v07a - SmallResistor() fixes, Inductance Measurement, Leakage Current Measurement, BJT functions fixed, Minor fixes (By PighiXXX)
                     TODO ReCheck Print Functions & LCD Functions - This is an alpha version! Lightless version!
 - 17/07/2013 v07b - MOSFETs function fixed, Minor fixes, Show Functions revisited, I2C LCD Deprecated, Deep debug :-)
                     Button Function revisited, PWM Tool, Serial Menu, AutoAdjust, EEProm functions (By PighiXXX)
 - 21/07/2013 v07c   Some fix (By PaoloP), LCD Functions revisited (By PighiXXX) 
 - 22/07/2013 v07d   LCDMenu, Some fix (By PighiXXX)
 - 23/07/2013 v07e   SetDefault function, Some fix, selFreq optimized, TestKey improvements, Client support (By PighiXXX)
                     TWI, SPI, TIMER2 disabled (By PaoloP)
 - 25/07/2013 v07f   ReadU function revisited (By PaoloP), Some fix (By PaoloP & PighiXXX)

*/

//WorkAround for IDE ifndef bug
char foo; 

                                                 //ARDUTESTER FEATURES

//Remember LCD_PRINT or DEBUG_PRINT
#define BUTTON_INST                              //Button Installed
#define LCD_PRINT                                //Print on LCD
//Remember DEBUG_PRINT or ATSW
//#define ATSW                                   //ArduTester Software Client Enabled
//#define DEBUG_PRINT                            //Print on Serial Port
#define DET_COMP_ANALYSIS                        //Detailed Component Analysis (Soon)
#define TIMEOUT_BL            600                //LCD Backlight Timeout
#define LONG_PRESS            30                 //Button Long Press era26 py2ohh
#define USER_WAIT             3000               //Nexpage Timeout

//Check features
#if not defined(__AVR_ATmega328P__)
    #error Sorry, this program works only on Arduino Uno 
#endif
#if defined(LCD_PRINT) && defined(DEBUG_PRINT)
  #error Invalid Parameters: Use LCD_PRINT or DEBUG_PRINT
#endif

#if defined(DEBUG_PRINT) && defined(ATSW)
  #error Invalid Parameters: Use DEBUG_PRINT or ATSW
#endif

//Includes
#include <avr/wdt.h>
#include <avr/sleep.h>
#include <avr/power.h>
#include <EEPROM.h>

//LCD Output
#ifdef LCD_PRINT
//#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins
//LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16,2);
LiquidCrystal lcd(7,6,5,4,3,2);
#endif

//UINT32_MAX
#define UINT32_MAX            ((uint32_t)-1)

//Test probes - Must be an ADC port :-)
#define ADC_PORT              PORTC              //ADC port data register 
#define ADC_DDR               DDRC               //ADC port data direction register 
#define ADC_PIN               PINC               //Port input pins register 
#define TP1                   0                  //Test pin 1 (=0) 
#define TP2                   1                  //Test pin 2 (=1) 
#define TP3                   2                  //Test pin 3 (=2) 
/*
   Probe resistors: 
   The resistors must be connected to the lower 6 pins of the port in
   following sequence:
    - pin 0: Rl1 680R (test pin 1)3w`12a
    - pin 1: Rh1 470k (test pin 1)
    - pin 2: Rl2 680R (test pin 2)
    - pin 3: Rh2 470k (test pin 2)
    - pin 4: Rl3 680R (test pin 3)
    - pin 5: Rh3 470k (test pin 3)
*/
#define R_PORT                PORTB              //Port data register 
#define R_DDR                 DDRB               //Port data direction register

//Push button
#define TEST_BUTTON           A3                 //Test/start push button (low active)

//Button Delay
#define CYCLE_DELAY           3000

                                                 //ARDUESTER PARAMETERS

//Maximum number of measurements without any components found.
#define CYCLE_MAX             5
//ADC voltage reference based on Vcc (in mV). 
#define UREF_VCC              5001
/*
  Offset for the internal bandgap voltage reference (in mV): -100 up to 100
   - To compensate any difference between real value and measured value.
   - The ADC has a resolution of about 4.88mV for V_ref = 5V (Vcc) and
     1.07mV for V_ref = 1.1V (bandgap).
   - Will be added to measured voltage of bandgap reference.
*/
#define UREF_OFFSET           0
/*
   Exact values of probe resistors.
    - Standard value for Rl is 680 Ohms.
    - Standard value for Rh is 470k Ohms.
*/
//Rl in Ohms
#define R_LOW                 672
//Rh in Ohms
#define R_HIGH                462000
//Offset for systematic error of resistor measurement with Rh (470k) in Ohms.Valor 700
#define RH_OFFSET             700 
/*
   Resistance of probe leads (in 0.01 Ohms).
    - Resistance of two probe leads in series.
    - Assuming all probe leads got same/similar resistance.
*/
#define R_ZERO                20
/* 
   Capacitance of the wires between PCB and terminals (in pF).
   Examples:
    - 2pF for wires 10cm long ...valor 15
*/
#define CAP_WIRES             5
/* 
   Capacitance of the probe leads connected to the tester (in pF).
   Examples:
     capacity  length of probe leads
     -------------------------------
      3pF      about 10cm
      9pF      about 30cm
     15pF      about 50cm
*/
#define CAP_PROBELEADS        3
//Maximum voltage at which we consider a capacitor being discharged (in mV)valor  2
#define CAP_DISCHARGED        5
/*
   Number of ADC samples to perform for each mesurement.
    - Valid values are in the range of 1 - 255. valor 25
*/
#define ADC_SAMPLES           25
//Estimated internal resistance of port to GND (in 0.1 Ohms)
#define R_MCU_LOW             200                //Default: 209
//Estimated internal resistance of port to VCC (in 0.1 Ohms)
#define R_MCU_HIGH            220                //Default: 235
//Voltage offset of �Cs analog comparator (in mV): -50 up to 50
#define COMPARATOR_OFFSET     15
//Capacitance of the probe tracks of the PCB and the �C (in pF) valor = 42
#define CAP_PCB               15
//Total default capacitance (in pF): max. 255
#define C_ZERO                CAP_PCB + CAP_WIRES + CAP_PROBELEADS
//ATMEGA328, 16Mhz Related
#define ADC_CLOCK_DIV         (1 << ADPS2) | (1 << ADPS1) | (1 << ADPS0)
#define CPU_FREQ              F_CPU
#define OSC_STARTUP           16384

//Components ID's
#define COMP_NONE             0
#define COMP_ERROR            1
#define COMP_MENU             2
#define COMP_RESISTOR         10
#define COMP_CAPACITOR        11
#define COMP_INDUCTOR         12
#define COMP_DIODE            20
#define COMP_BJT              21
#define COMP_FET              22
#define COMP_IGBT             23
#define COMP_TRIAC            24
#define COMP_THYRISTOR        25

//Chars
#define LCD_CHAR_UNSET        0                  //Just a place holder 
#define LCD_CHAR_DIODE1       1                  //Diode icon '>|' 
#define LCD_CHAR_DIODE2       2                  //Diode icon '|<' 
#define LCD_CHAR_CAP          3                  //Capacitor icon '||' 
#define LCD_CHAR_FLAG         4                  //Flag Icon
#define LCD_CHAR_RESIS1       6                  //Resistor left icon '[' 
#define LCD_CHAR_RESIS2       7                  //Resistor right icon ']'
#ifdef DEBUG_PRINT
  #define LCD_CHAR_OMEGA      79              
  #define LCD_CHAR_MICRO      '\u00B5'           //Code for Arduino Serial Monitor
#else
  #define LCD_CHAR_OMEGA      244                //Default: 244 
  #define LCD_CHAR_MICRO      228
#endif

//Error type IDs
#define TYPE_DISCHARGE        1                  //Discharge error

//FET type bit masks (also used for IGBTs)
#define TYPE_N_CHANNEL        0b00000001         //n channel 
#define TYPE_P_CHANNEL        0b00000010         //p channel 
#define TYPE_ENHANCEMENT      0b00000100         //Enhancement mode 
#define TYPE_DEPLETION        0b00001000         //Depletion mode 
#define TYPE_MOSFET           0b00010000         //MOSFET 
#define TYPE_JFET             0b00100000         //JFET 
#define TYPE_IGBT             0b01000000         //IGBT (no FET) 

//Mode bitmask
#define MODE_LOW_CURRENT      0b00000001         //Low test current 
#define MODE_HIGH_CURRENT     0b00000010         //High test current 
#define MODE_DELAYED_START    0b00000100         //Delayed start

//BJT (bipolar junction transistor) type IDs 
#define TYPE_NPN              1                  //NPN
#define TYPE_PNP              2                  //PNP

//Tester operation modes
#define MODE_CONTINOUS        0                  //Continous
#define MODE_AUTOHOLD         1                  //Auto hold 

//Multiplicator tables
#define TABLE_SMALL_CAP       1
#define TABLE_LARGE_CAP       2
#define TABLE_INDUCTOR        3

//Bit flags for PullProbe()
#define FLAG_PULLDOWN         0b00000000
#define FLAG_PULLUP           0b00000001
#define FLAG_1MS              0b00001000
#define FLAG_10MS             0b00010000

//Tester modes, offsets and values
typedef struct
{
  byte                        TesterMode;        //Tester operation mode
  byte                        SleepMode;         //MCU sleep mode 
  byte                        Samples;           //Number of ADC samples 
  byte                        AutoScale;         //Flag to disable/enable ADC auto scaling 
  byte                        RefFlag;           //Internal control flag for ADC 
  unsigned int                U_Bandgap;         //Voltage of internal bandgap reference (mV) 
  unsigned int                RiL;               //Internal pin resistance of �C in low mode (0.1 Ohms) 
  unsigned int                RiH;               //Internal pin resistance of �C in high mode (0.1 Ohms) 
  unsigned int                RZero;             //Resistance of probe leads (2 in series) (0.01 Ohms) 
  byte                        CapZero;           //Capacity zero offset (input + leads) (pF) 
  signed char                 RefOffset;         //Voltage offset of bandgap reference (mV) 
  signed char                 CompOffset;        //Voltage offset of analog comparator (mV) 
} Config_Type;

//Probes
typedef struct
{
  //Probe pins
  byte                        Pin_1;             //Probe-1
  byte                        Pin_2;             //Probe-2
  byte                        Pin_3;             //Probe-3 
  //Bit masks for switching probes and test resistors
  byte                        Rl_1;              //Rl mask for probe-1 
  byte                        Rh_1;              //Rh mask for probe-1 
  byte                        Rl_2;              //Rl mask for probe-2 
  byte                        Rh_2;              //Rh mask for probe-2 
  byte                        Rl_3;              //Rl mask for probe-3 
  byte                        Rh_3;              //Rh mask for probe-3 
  byte                        ADC_1;             //ADC mask for probe-1 
  byte                        ADC_2;             //ADC mask for probe-2 
} Probe_Type;

//Checking/probing
typedef struct
{
  byte                        Done;              //Flag for transistor detection done 
  byte                        Found;             //Component type which was found 
  byte                        Type;              //Component specific subtype 
  byte                        Resistors;         //Number of resistors found 
  byte                        Diodes;            //Number of diodes found 
  byte                        Probe;             //Error: probe pin 
  unsigned int                U;                 //Error: voltage left in mV 
} Check_Type;

//Resistor
typedef struct
{
  byte                        A;                 //Probe pin #1 
  byte                        B;                 //Probe pin #2 
  byte                        Scale;             //Exponent of factor (value * 10^x) 
  unsigned long               Value;             //Resistance 
} Resistor_Type;

//Capacitor
typedef struct
{
  byte                        A;                 //Probe pin #1 
  byte                        B;                 //Probe pin #2 
  signed char                 Scale;             //Exponent of factor (value * 10^x) 
  unsigned long               Value;             //Capacitance incl. zero offset 
  unsigned long               Raw;               //Capacitance excl. zero offset 
} Capacitor_Type;

//Inductor
typedef struct
{
  signed char                 Scale;             //Exponent of factor (value * 10^x) 
  unsigned long               Value;             //Inductance 
} Inductor_Type;

//Diode
typedef struct
{
  byte                        A;                 //Probe pin connected to anode 
  byte                        C;                 //Probe pin connected to cathode 
  unsigned int                V_f;               //Forward voltage in mV (high current) 
  unsigned int                V_f2;              //Forward voltage in mV (low current) 
} Diode_Type;

//Bipolar junction transistor
typedef struct
{
  byte                        B;                 //Probe pin connected to base 
  byte                        C;                 //Probe pin connected to collector 
  byte                        E;                 //Probe pin connected to emitter 
  unsigned long               hFE;               //Current amplification factor 
  //U_BE voltage
  unsigned int                I_CE0;             //Leakage current (in �A) 
} BJT_Type;

//FET
typedef struct
{
  byte                        G;                 //Test pin connected to gate 
  byte                        D;                 //Test pin connected to drain 
  byte                        S;                 //Test pin connected to source 
  unsigned int                V_th;              //Threshold voltage of gate in mV 
} FET_Type;

//Error (failed discharge) - Deprecated
typedef struct
{

} Error_Type;

//Output buffers 
char                          OutBuffer[12];
char                          PRGBuffer[32]; 

//Configuration
Config_Type                   Config;            //Tester modes, offsets and values 

//Probing
Probe_Type                    Probes;            //Test probes 
Check_Type                    Check;             //Checking/testing 

//Components
Resistor_Type                 Resistors[3];      //Resistors (3 combinations) 
Capacitor_Type                Caps[3];           //Capacitors (3 combinations) 
Diode_Type                    Diodes[6];         //Diodes (3 combinations in 2 directions) 
BJT_Type                      BJT;               //Bipolar junction transistor 
FET_Type                      FET;               //FET 
Inductor_Type                 Inductor;          //Inductor

//Store String to Flash Functions :-)
class __FlashStringHelper;
#define X(str) (strcpy_P(PRGBuffer, PSTR(str)), PRGBuffer)

//Strings
const unsigned char Mode_str[] PROGMEM = "Mode:";
const unsigned char Continous_str[] PROGMEM = "Continous";
const unsigned char AutoHold_str[] PROGMEM = "Auto Hold";
const unsigned char Running_str[] PROGMEM = "Mengukur...";
const unsigned char Weak_str[] PROGMEM = "weak";
const unsigned char Low_str[] PROGMEM = "low";
const unsigned char Failed1_str[] PROGMEM = "No component";
const unsigned char Failed2_str[] PROGMEM = "found!";
const unsigned char Thyristor_str[] PROGMEM = "SCR";
const unsigned char Triac_str[] PROGMEM = "Triac";
const unsigned char GAK_str[] PROGMEM = "GAC=";
const unsigned char Done_str[] PROGMEM = "selesai!";
const unsigned char Select_str[] PROGMEM = "pilih";
const unsigned char Selftest_str[] PROGMEM = "Selftest";
const unsigned char Adjustment_str[] PROGMEM = "Adjustment";
const unsigned char Default_str[] PROGMEM = "Default Values";
const unsigned char Save_str[] PROGMEM = "Save";
const unsigned char Show_str[] PROGMEM = "Show Values";
const unsigned char Remove_str[] PROGMEM = "Remove";
const unsigned char Create_str[] PROGMEM = "Create";
const unsigned char ShortCircuit_str[] PROGMEM = "Short Circuit!";
const unsigned char DischargeFailed_str[] PROGMEM = "<Battery?>";
const unsigned char Error_str[] PROGMEM = "Error!";
const unsigned char Battery_str[] PROGMEM = "Bat.";
const unsigned char OK_str[] PROGMEM = "ok";
const unsigned char MOS_str[] PROGMEM = "MOS";
const unsigned char FET_str[] PROGMEM = "FET";
const unsigned char Channel_str[] PROGMEM = "-ch";
const unsigned char Enhancement_str[] PROGMEM = "enh.";
const unsigned char Depletion_str[] PROGMEM = "dep.";
const unsigned char IGBT_str[] PROGMEM = "IGBT";
const unsigned char GateCap_str[] PROGMEM = "Cgs=";
const unsigned char GDS_str[] PROGMEM = "GDS=";
const unsigned char GCE_str[] PROGMEM = "GCE=";
const unsigned char NPN_str[] PROGMEM = "NPN";
const unsigned char PNP_str[] PROGMEM = "PNP";
const unsigned char EBC_str[] PROGMEM = "EBC=";
const unsigned char hFE_str[] PROGMEM ="h_FE=";
const unsigned char V_BE_str[] PROGMEM ="V_BE=";
const unsigned char I_CEO_str[] PROGMEM = "I_CEO=";
const unsigned char Vf_str[] PROGMEM = "Vf=";
const unsigned char DiodeCap_str[] PROGMEM = "C=";
const unsigned char Vth_str[] PROGMEM = "Vth=";
const unsigned char I_R_str[] PROGMEM = "I_R=";
const unsigned char URef_str[] PROGMEM = "Vref";
const unsigned char RhLow_str[] PROGMEM = "Rh-";
const unsigned char RhHigh_str[] PROGMEM = "Rh+";
const unsigned char RiLow_str[] PROGMEM = "Ri-";
const unsigned char RiHigh_str[] PROGMEM = "Ri+";
const unsigned char Rl_str[] PROGMEM = "+Rl-";
const unsigned char Rh_str[] PROGMEM = "+Rh-";
const unsigned char ProbeComb_str[] PROGMEM = "12 13 23";
const unsigned char CapOffset_str[] PROGMEM = "C0";
const unsigned char ROffset_str[] PROGMEM = "R0";
const unsigned char CompOffset_str[] PROGMEM = "AComp";
const unsigned char PWM_str[] PROGMEM = "PWM";
const unsigned char Hertz_str[] PROGMEM = "Hz";
const unsigned char Splash_str[] PROGMEM = "ESR  METER ";
const unsigned char Version_str[] PROGMEM = "atmduino product";

#ifdef DEBUG_PRINT 
  const unsigned char Cap_str[] PROGMEM = {'-','|','|', '-',0};
  const unsigned char Diode_AC_str[] PROGMEM = {'-', '>', '-', 0};
  const unsigned char Diode_CA_str[] PROGMEM = {'-', '<', '-', 0};
  const unsigned char Diodes_str[] PROGMEM = {'*', '>', ' ', ' ', 0};
  const unsigned char Resistor_str[] PROGMEM = {'-', '[', ']', '-', 0};
#else
  const unsigned char Cap_str[] PROGMEM = {'-',LCD_CHAR_CAP, '-',0};
  const unsigned char Diode_AC_str[] PROGMEM = {'-', LCD_CHAR_DIODE1, '-', 0};
  const unsigned char Diode_CA_str[] PROGMEM = {'-', LCD_CHAR_DIODE2, '-', 0};
  const unsigned char Diodes_str[] PROGMEM = {'*', LCD_CHAR_DIODE1, ' ', ' ', 0};
  const unsigned char Resistor_str[] PROGMEM = {'-', LCD_CHAR_RESIS1, LCD_CHAR_RESIS2, '-', 0};
#endif

//Diode icon with anode at left side
byte DiodeIcon1[8]  = {0x11, 0x19, 0x1d, 0x1f, 0x1d, 0x19, 0x11, 0x00};
//Diode icon with anode at right side
byte DiodeIcon2[8]  = {0x11, 0x13, 0x17, 0x1f, 0x17, 0x13, 0x11, 0x00};
//Capacitor icon
byte CapIcon[8]  = {0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x00};
//Resistor icon #1 (left part)
byte ResIcon1[8]  = {0x00, 0x0f, 0x08, 0x18, 0x08, 0x0f, 0x00, 0x00};
//Resistor icon #2 (right part)
byte ResIcon2[8]  = {0x00, 0x1e, 0x02, 0x03, 0x02, 0x1e, 0x00, 0x00};
//Flag Icon
byte FlagIcon[8] = {0x1f, 0x11, 0x0e, 0x04, 0x0a, 0x15, 0x1f, 0x00};

//Prefix Table
const unsigned char Prefix_table[]  = {'p', 'n', LCD_CHAR_MICRO, 'm', 0, 'k', 'M'};
//PWM menu: frequencies
const unsigned int PWM_Freq_table[]  = {100, 250, 500, 1000, 2500, 5000, 10000, 25000};
//Voltage based factors for large caps (using Rl)
const unsigned int LargeCap_table[]  = {23022, 21195, 19629, 18272, 17084, 16036, 15104, 14271, 13520, 12841, 12224, 11660, 11143, 10668, 10229, 9822, 9445, 9093, 8765, 8458, 8170, 7900, 7645, 7405, 7178, 6963, 6760, 6567, 6384, 6209, 6043, 5885, 5733, 5589, 5450, 5318, 5191, 5069, 4952, 4839, 4731, 4627, 4526, 4430, 4336};
//Voltage based factors for small caps (using Rh)
const unsigned int SmallCap_table[]  = {954, 903, 856, 814, 775, 740, 707, 676, 648};
//Ratio based factors for inductors
const unsigned int Inductor_table[]  = {4481, 3923, 3476, 3110, 2804, 2544, 2321, 2128, 1958, 1807, 1673, 1552, 1443, 1343, 1252, 1169, 1091, 1020, 953, 890, 831, 775, 721, 670, 621, 574, 527, 481, 434, 386, 334, 271};

//Bitmasks for Rl probe resistors based on probe ID
const unsigned char Rl_table[]  = {(1 << (TP1 * 2)), (1 << (TP2 * 2)), (1 << (TP3 * 2))};
//Bitmasks for ADC pins based on probe ID
const unsigned char ADC_table[]  = {(1 << TP1), (1 << TP2), (1 << TP3)};

//Function prototype
byte SmallCap(Capacitor_Type *Cap);
byte LargeCap(Capacitor_Type *Cap);
byte MeasureInductor(Resistor_Type *Resistor);
void ShowDiode_Uf(Diode_Type *Diode);
void ShowDiode_C(Diode_Type *Diode);

//Program control
byte                          RunsPassed;        //Counter for successful measurements
byte                          RunsMissed;        //Counter for failed/missed measurements
byte                          ErrFnd;            //An Error is occured

//Setup function
void setup()
{
  byte                        Test;              //Test value 
  //Disable power on spi, twi, timer2
  //power_spi_disable();
  //power_twi_disable();
  //power_timer2_disable();

  #ifdef LCD_PRINT  
    //lcd.init();  
    //lcd.backlight();
    lcd.begin(16,2);
    delay(5);
    //Symbols for components
    lcd.createChar(LCD_CHAR_DIODE1,DiodeIcon1);  //Diode symbol |<|
    lcd.createChar(LCD_CHAR_DIODE2,DiodeIcon2);  //Diode symbol |<|
    lcd.createChar(LCD_CHAR_CAP,CapIcon);        //Capacitor symbol ||
    lcd.createChar(LCD_CHAR_RESIS1,ResIcon1);    //Resistor symbol [  
    lcd.createChar(LCD_CHAR_RESIS2,ResIcon2);    //Resistor symbol ] 
    lcd.createChar(LCD_CHAR_FLAG,FlagIcon);      //Flag symbol
    lcd.home();
    lcd.setCursor(3,0);
    lcd_fixed_string(Splash_str);
    lcd.setCursor(0,1);
    lcd_fixed_string(Version_str);

  #endif
  #ifdef ATSW                                    //Client Begin
    Serial.begin(19200);
  #endif
  #ifdef DEBUG_PRINT   
    Serial.begin(9600);                          //Serial Output
  #endif
  //Setup �C
  ADCSRA = (1 << ADEN) | ADC_CLOCK_DIV;          //Enable ADC and set clock divider 
  MCUSR &= ~(1 << WDRF);                         //Reset watchdog flag 
  DIDR0 = 0b00110111;                              
  wdt_disable();                                 //Disable watchdog 
  //Default offsets and values
  Config.Samples = ADC_SAMPLES;                  //Number of ADC samples 
  Config.AutoScale = 1;                          //Enable ADC auto scaling 
  Config.RefFlag = 1;                            //No ADC reference set yet 
  delay(100);
  //Reset variables
  RunsMissed = 0;
  RunsPassed = 0;
  Config.TesterMode = MODE_CONTINOUS;            //Set default mode: continous
  #ifdef BUTTON_INST
    pinMode(TEST_BUTTON, INPUT_PULLUP);          //Initialize the pushbutton pin as an input
  #endif
  //Init
  LoadAdjust();                                  //Load adjustment values
  #ifdef DEBUG_PRINT
    lcd.print(X("A  R  D  U  T  E  S  T  E  R "));
    lcd_fixed_string(Version_str);               //Print Ardutester Version
    Serial.println();
    Serial.println(X("      By PighiXXX & PaoloP"));
    Serial.println(X("original version by Markus Reschke"));
    Serial.println();
    #ifdef BUTTON_INST
      Serial.print(X("Press Button to Probe"));
      Serial.println(X(", long press enter Menu"));
    #endif
  #endif
  delay(100);
}

//Main loop
void loop()
{
  byte Test;
  #ifdef BUTTON_INST
    Test = TestKey(0, 0);                        //Wait user
  #else
    delay(3000);                                 //No button installed, Wait 3 seconds
    Test=1;                                      //No button, no menu :-)
  #endif
  #ifdef WDT_enabled
    wdt_enable(WDTO_2S);                         //Enable watchdog (timeout 2s)
  #endif                 
  //Reset variables
  Check.Found = COMP_NONE;
  Check.Type = 0;
  Check.Done = 0;
  Check.Diodes = 0;
  Check.Resistors = 0;
  BJT.hFE = 0;
  BJT.I_CE0 = 0;
  //Reset hardware
  SetADCHiz();                                   //Set all pins of ADC port as input  
  lcd_clear();                                   //Clear LCD
  #ifdef LCD_PRINT 
    lcd.setCursor(3,0);                           //proses pembacaan komponen
    lcd_fixed_string(Splash_str);
    //lcd_fixed_string(Version_str);
  #endif
  //Internal bandgap reference
  Config.U_Bandgap = ReadU(0x0e);                //Dummy read for bandgap stabilization 
  Config.Samples = 200;                          //Do a lot of samples for high accuracy 
  Config.U_Bandgap = ReadU(0x0e);                //Get voltage of bandgap reference 
  Config.Samples = ADC_SAMPLES;                  //Set samples back to default 
  Config.U_Bandgap += Config.RefOffset;          //Add voltage offset 
  if (Test==2)                                   //Long Press
  {
    wdt_disable();                               //Disable watchdog
    MainMenu();                                  //Main Menu
  }
  else
  {
    if (AllProbesShorted() == 3)                 //All probes Shorted!
      {
        #ifdef DEBUG_PRINT
          Serial.println();
        #endif
        lcd_fixed_string(Remove_str);            //Display: Remove/Create
        lcd_line(1);
        lcd_fixed_string(ShortCircuit_str);      //Display: short circuit! 
      }
      else
      {
        //Display start of probing
        lcd_line(1);                             //Move to line #2
        lcd_fixed_string(Running_str);           //Display: probing...
        DischargeProbes();
        if (Check.Found == COMP_ERROR)           //Discharge failed
        {                                        //Only for Standalone Version!                                     
          lcd.setCursor(3,0);
          lcd_fixed_string(DischargeFailed_str); //Display: Battery?
          //Display probe number and remaining voltage
          lcd_line(1);
          lcd.setCursor(0,1);
          lcd.print("pin ");
          lcd.setCursor(4,1);
          lcd_testpin(Check.Probe);
          lcd.setCursor(5,1);
          lcd.print("(+)");
          lcd_data(':');
          lcd_space();
          lcd.setCursor(10,1);
          DisplayValue(Check.U, -3, 'V');
        }
        else                                     //Skip all other checks
        {
          //Check all 6 combinations of the 3 probes
          CheckProbes(TP1, TP2, TP3);
          CheckProbes(TP2, TP1, TP3);
          CheckProbes(TP1, TP3, TP2);
          CheckProbes(TP3, TP1, TP2);
          CheckProbes(TP2, TP3, TP1);
          CheckProbes(TP3, TP2, TP1);
          //If component might be a capacitor
          if ((Check.Found == COMP_NONE) ||
              (Check.Found == COMP_RESISTOR))
          {
            #ifdef DEBUG_PRINT
              Serial.println();
              Serial.println(X("Wait a moment..."));
            #else
              //Tell user to be patient with large caps
              lcd_clear_line(1);
              lcd_fixed_string(Running_str);
              lcd_data('.'); 
            #endif
            //Check all possible combinations
            MeasureCap(TP3, TP1, 0);
            #ifdef LCD_PRINT
              lcd_data('.'); 
            #endif
            MeasureCap(TP3, TP2, 1);
            #ifdef LCD_PRINT
              lcd_data('.'); 
            #endif
            MeasureCap(TP2, TP1, 2);
          }
          //Clear LCD
          lcd_clear();
          #ifdef BUTTON_INST
            pinMode(TEST_BUTTON, INPUT_PULLUP);  //Reinitialize the pushbutton pin as an input
          #endif          
          //Call output function based on component type
          #ifdef DEBUG_PRINT   
            Serial.print("Found: ");
            //Components ID's
            switch (Check.Found)
            {
              case COMP_ERROR:
                Serial.println(X("Component Error!"));
                break;
              case COMP_NONE:
                Serial.println(X("No Component!"));
                break;
              case COMP_RESISTOR:
                Serial.println(X("Resistor"));
                break;
              case COMP_CAPACITOR:
                Serial.println(X("Capacitor"));
                break;
              case COMP_INDUCTOR:
                Serial.println(X("Inductor"));
                break;
              case COMP_DIODE:
                Serial.println(X("Diode"));
                break;
              case COMP_BJT:
                Serial.println(X("BJT"));
                break;
              case COMP_FET:
                Serial.println(X("FET"));
                break;
              case COMP_IGBT:
                Serial.println(X("IGBT"));
                break;
              case COMP_TRIAC:
                Serial.println(X("TRIAC"));
                break;
              case COMP_THYRISTOR:
                Serial.println(X("Thyristor"));
                break;
            }
          #endif
          switch (Check.Found)
          {
            case COMP_ERROR:
              ShowError();
              break;
            case COMP_DIODE:
              ShowDiode();
              break;
            case COMP_BJT:
              ShowBJT();
              break;
            case COMP_FET:
              ShowFET();
              break;
            case COMP_IGBT:
              ShowIGBT();
              break;
            case COMP_THYRISTOR:
              ShowSpecial();
              break;
            case COMP_TRIAC:
              ShowSpecial();
              break;
            case COMP_RESISTOR:
              ShowResistor();
              break;
            case COMP_CAPACITOR:
              ShowCapacitor();
              break;
            default:                             //No component found
              ShowFail();
          }
          #ifdef ATSW                            //Client output
            Serial.println("@>");
            Serial.println(Check.Found);
            Serial.println("|");
            Serial.println(Check.Type);
            Serial.println("|");
            Serial.println(Check.Done);
            Serial.println("|");
            Serial.println("@<");
            //Component spedific output
          #endif
          //Component was found
          RunsMissed = 0;                        //Reset counter
          RunsPassed++;                          //Increase counter
        }
     }
  }  
  delay(1000);                                   //Let the user read the text
  wdt_disable();                                 //Disable watchdog
}

//Set ADC port to HiZ mode 
void SetADCHiz(void)
{
  ADC_DDR &= ~(1<<TP1);                                                           
  ADC_DDR &= ~(1<<TP2);
  ADC_DDR &= ~(1<<TP3);
}

//Set ADC port low
void SetADCLow(void)
{
  ADC_PORT &= ~(1<<TP1);                                                           
  ADC_PORT &= ~(1<<TP2);
  ADC_PORT &= ~(1<<TP3);
}

//Setup probes, bitmasks for probes and test resistors
void UpdateProbes(byte Probe1, byte Probe2, byte Probe3)
{
  //DSt probe IDs
  Probes.Pin_1 = Probe1;
  Probes.Pin_2 = Probe2;
  Probes.Pin_3 = Probe3;
  //Setup masks using bitmask tables
  Probes.Rl_1 = Rl_table[Probe1];
  Probes.Rh_1 = Probes.Rl_1 + Probes.Rl_1;
  Probes.ADC_1 = ADC_table[Probe1];
  Probes.Rl_2 = Rl_table[Probe2];
  Probes.Rh_2 = Probes.Rl_2 + Probes.Rl_2;
  Probes.ADC_2 = ADC_table[Probe2];
  Probes.Rl_3 = Rl_table[Probe3];
  Probes.Rh_3 = Probes.Rl_3 + Probes.Rl_3;
}

//Check for a short circuit between two probes
byte ShortedProbes(byte Probe1, byte Probe2)
{
  byte                        Flag = 0;          //Return value
  unsigned int                U1;                //Voltage at probe #1 in mV 
  unsigned int                U2;                //Voltage at probe #2 in mV 
  /*
     Set up a voltage divider between the two probes:
      - Probe1: Rl pull-up
      - Probe2: Rl pull-down
      - third probe: HiZ
  */
  R_PORT = Rl_table[Probe1];
  R_DDR = Rl_table[Probe1] | Rl_table[Probe2];
  //Read voltages
  U1 = ReadU(Probe1);
  U2 = ReadU(Probe2);
  /*
     We expect both probe voltages to be about the same and
     to be half of Vcc (allowed difference +/- 30mV).
  */
  if ((U1 > UREF_VCC/2 - 30) && (U1 < UREF_VCC/2 + 30))
  { 
    if ((U2 > UREF_VCC/2 - 30) && (U2 < UREF_VCC/2 + 30))
    {
      Flag = 1;
    }    
  }
  //Reset port
  R_DDR = 0;
  return Flag;
}

 //Check for a short circuit between all probes
 byte AllProbesShorted(void)
{
  byte                        Flag = 0;          //Return value
  //Check all possible combinations
  Flag = ShortedProbes(TP1, TP2);
  Flag += ShortedProbes(TP1, TP3);
  Flag += ShortedProbes(TP2, TP3);
  return Flag;  
}

//Try to discharge any connected components, e.g. capacitors
void DischargeProbes(void)
{
  byte                        Counter;           //Loop control 
  byte                        Limit = 40;        //Sliding timeout (2s) 
  byte                        ID;                //Test pin 
  byte                        DischargeMask;     //Bitmask 
  unsigned int                U_c;               //Current voltage 
  unsigned int                U_old[3];          //Old voltages 
  //Set probes to a save discharge mode (pull-down via Rh), Set ADC port to HiZ input
  SetADCHiz();
  SetADCLow();
  //All probe pins: Rh and Rl pull-down
  R_PORT = 0;
  R_DDR = (2 << (TP1 * 2)) | (2 << (TP2 * 2)) | (2 << (TP3 * 2));
  R_DDR |= (1 << (TP1 * 2)) | (1 << (TP2 * 2)) | (1 << (TP3 * 2));
  //Get current voltages
  U_old[0] = ReadU(TP1);
  U_old[1] = ReadU(TP2);
  U_old[2] = ReadU(TP3);
  /*
     Try to discharge probes
      - We check if the voltage decreases over time.
      - A slow discharge rate will increase the timeout to support
        large caps.
      - A very large cap will discharge too slowly and an external voltage
        maybe never :-)
  */
  Counter = 1;
  ID = 2;
  DischargeMask = 0;
  while (Counter > 0)
  {
    ID++;                                        //Next probe
    if (ID > 2) ID = 0;                          //Start with probe #1 again
    if (DischargeMask & (1 << ID))               //Skip discharged probe
      continue;
    U_c = ReadU(ID);                             //Get voltage of probe 
    if (U_c < U_old[ID])                         //Voltage decreased 
    {
      U_old[ID] = U_c;                           //Update old value 
      //Adapt timeout based on discharge rate
      if ((Limit - Counter) < 20)
      {
        //Increase timeout while preventing overflow
        if (Limit < (255 - 20)) Limit += 20;
      }
      Counter = 1;                               //Reset no-changes counter 
    }
    else                                         //Voltage not decreased 
    {
      //Increase limit if we start at a low voltage
      if ((U_c < 10) && (Limit <= 40)) Limit = 80;
      Counter++;                                 //Increase no-changes counter
    }
    if (U_c <= CAP_DISCHARGED)                   //Seems to be discharged
    {
      DischargeMask |= (1 << ID);                //Set flag
    }
    else if (U_c < 800)                          //Extra pull-down
    {
      //It's save now to pull-down probe pin directly
      ADC_DDR |= ADC_table[ID];
    }
    if (DischargeMask == 0b00000111)             //All probes discharged
    {
      Counter = 0;                               //End loop
    }
    else if (Counter > Limit)                    //No decrease for some time
    {
      //Might be a battery or a super cap
      Check.Found = COMP_ERROR;                  //Report error 
      Check.Type = TYPE_DISCHARGE;               //Discharge problem 
      Check.Probe = ID;                          //Save probe 
      Check.U = U_c;                             //Save voltage 
      Counter = 0;                               //End loop 
    }
    else                                         //Go for another round 
    {
      wdt_reset();                               //Reset watchdog 
      delay(50);                                 //Wait for 50ms 
    }
  }
  //Reset probes
  R_DDR = 0;                                     //Set resistor port to input mode
  SetADCHiz();                                   //Set ADC port to input mode 
}

//Pull probe up/down via probe resistor for 1 or 10 ms
void PullProbe(byte Mask, byte Mode)
{
  //Set pull mode
  if (Mode & FLAG_PULLUP) R_PORT |= Mask;        //Pull-up 
  else R_PORT &= ~Mask;                          //Pull-down 
  R_DDR |= Mask;                                 //Enable pulling 
  if (Mode & FLAG_1MS) delay(1);                 //Wait 1ms 
  else delay(10);                                //Wait 10ms 
  //Reset pulling 
  R_DDR &= ~Mask;                                //Set to HiZ mode 
  R_PORT &= ~Mask;                               //Set 0
}

//Rescale value
unsigned long RescaleValue(unsigned long Value, signed char Scale, signed char NewScale)
{
  unsigned long               NewValue;
  NewValue = Value;                              //Take old value
  while (Scale != NewScale)                      //Processing loop
  {
    if (NewScale > Scale)                        //Upscale
    {
      NewValue /= 10;
      Scale++;
    }
    else                                         //Downscale
    {
      NewValue *= 10;
      Scale--;
    }
  }
  return NewValue;
}

//Lokup a voltage/ratio based factor in a table and interpolate it's value
unsigned int GetFactor(unsigned int U_in, byte ID)
{
  unsigned int                Factor;            //Return value 
  unsigned int                U_Diff;            //Voltage difference to table start
  unsigned int                Fact1, Fact2;      //Table entries 
  unsigned int                TabStart;          //Table start voltage 
  unsigned int                TabStep;           //Table step voltage 
  unsigned int                TabIndex;          //Table entries (-2)
  unsigned int                *Table;
  byte                        Index;             //Table index
  byte                        Diff;              //Difference to next entry
  //Setup table specific stuff
  if (ID == TABLE_SMALL_CAP)
  {
    TabStart = 1000;                             //Table starts at 1000mV 
    TabStep = 50;                                //50mV steps between entries 
    TabIndex = 7;                                //Entries in table - 2 
    Table = (unsigned int *)&SmallCap_table[0];  //Pointer to table start
  }
  else if (ID == TABLE_LARGE_CAP)
  {
    TabStart = 300;                              //Table starts at 1000mV 
    TabStep = 25;                                //25mV steps between entries 
    TabIndex = 42;                               //Entries in table - 2 
    Table = (unsigned int *)&LargeCap_table[0];  //Pointer to table start 
  }
  else if (ID == TABLE_INDUCTOR)
  {
    TabStart = 200;                              //Table starts at 200 
    TabStep = 25;                                //Steps between entries 
    TabIndex = 30;                               //Entries in table - 2 
    Table = (unsigned int *)&Inductor_table[0];  //Pointer to table start 
  }
  else
  {
    return 0;
  }
  //We interpolate the table values corresponding to the given voltage/ratio, difference to start of table
  if (U_in >= TabStart) U_Diff = U_in - TabStart;  
  else U_Diff = 0;
  //Calculate table index
  Index = U_Diff / TabStep;                      //Index (position in table) 
  Diff = U_Diff % TabStep;                       //Difference to index 
  Diff = TabStep - Diff;                         //Difference to next entry 
  //Prevent index overflow
  if (Index > TabIndex) Index = TabIndex;
  //Get values for index and next entry
  Table += Index;                                //Advance to index 
  Fact1 = *(Table);
  Table++;                                       //Next entry 
  Fact2 = *(Table);
  //Interpolate values based on the difference
  Factor = Fact1 - Fact2;
  Factor *= Diff;
  Factor += TabStep / 2;
  Factor /= TabStep;
  Factor += Fact2;
  return Factor;
}

//Identify component
void CheckProbes(byte Probe1, byte Probe2, byte Probe3)
{
  byte                        Flag;              //Temporary value 
  unsigned int                U_Rl;              //Voltage across Rl (load) 
  unsigned int                U_1;               //Voltage #1 
  //Init
  if (Check.Found == COMP_ERROR) return;         //Skip check on any error 
  wdt_reset();                                   //Reset watchdog 
  UpdateProbes(Probe1, Probe2, Probe3);          //Update bitmasks 
  /*
     We measure the current from probe 2 to ground with probe 1 pulled up
     to 5V and probe 3 in HiZ mode to determine if we got a self-conducting
     part, i.e. diode, resistor or depletion-mode FET. Rl is used as current
     shunt.
   
     In case of a FET we have to take care about the gate charge based on
     the channel type.
  */
  //Set probes: Gnd -- Rl -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Vcc
  R_PORT = 0;                                    //Set resistor port to Gnd 
  R_DDR = Probes.Rl_2;                           //Pull down probe-2 via Rl 
  ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_1;                        //Set probe-1 to output 
  ADC_PORT = Probes.ADC_1;                       //Pull-up probe-1 directly 
  /*
     For a possible n channel FET we pull down the gate for a few ms,
     assuming: probe-1 = D / probe-2 = S / probe-3 = G
  */
  //Discharge gate via Rl
  PullProbe(Probes.Rl_3, FLAG_10MS | FLAG_PULLDOWN);   
  U_Rl = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_2);                //Get voltage at Rl
  /*
     If we got conduction we could have a p channel FET. For any
     other part U_Rl will be the same.
  */
  if (U_Rl >= 977)                               // > 1.4mA
  {
    /*
       For a possible p channel FET we pull up the gate for a few ms,
       assuming: probe-1 = S / probe-2 = D / probe-3 = G
    */
    //Discharge gate via Rl
    PullProbe(Probes.Rl_3, FLAG_10MS | FLAG_PULLUP);   
    U_Rl = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_2);              //Get voltage at Rl
  }
  /*
     If there's some current we could have a depletion-mode FET
     (self-conducting). To skip germanium BJTs with a high leakage current
     we check for a current larger then the usual V_CEO.
   
     Other possibilities:
      - diode or resistor
  */
  if (U_Rl > 490)                                // > 700�A (was 92mV/130�A)
  {
    CheckDepletionModeFET(U_Rl);
  }
  /*
     If there's nearly no conduction (just a small leakage current) between
     probe-1 and probe-2 we might have a semiconductor:
      - BJT
      - enhancement mode FET
      - Thyristor or Triac
      or a large resistor
  */
  if (U_Rl < 977)                                //Load current < 1.4mA
  {
    /*
       check for:
        - PNP BJT (common emitter circuit)
        - p-channel MOSFET (low side switching circuit)
    */
    if (Check.Done == 0)                         //Not sure yet
    {
      //We assume: probe-1 = E / probe-2 = C / probe-3 = B, set probes: Gnd -- Rl - probe-2 / probe-1 -- Vcc
      R_DDR = Probes.Rl_2;                       //Enable Rl for probe-2
      R_PORT = 0;                                //Pull down collector via Rl
      ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_1;                    //Set probe 1 to output
      ADC_PORT = Probes.ADC_1;                   //Pull up emitter directly
      delay(5);
      R_DDR = Probes.Rl_2 | Probes.Rl_3;         //Pull down base via Rl
      U_1 = ReadU_5ms(Probe2);                   //Get voltage at collector
      //If DUT is conducting we might have a PNP BJT or p-channel FET.
      if (U_1 > 3422)                            //Detected current > 4.8mA
      {
        //Distinguish PNP BJT from p-channel MOSFET
        CheckBJTorEnhModeMOSFET(TYPE_PNP, U_Rl);
      }
    }
    /*
       Check for
        - NPN BJT (common emitter circuit)
        - Thyristor and Triac
        - n-channel MOSFET (high side switching circuit)
    */
    if (Check.Done == 0)                         //Not sure yet
    {
      //We assume: probe-1 = C / probe-2 = E / probe-3 = B, set probes: Gnd -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Rl -- Vcc
      ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_2;                    //Set probe-2 to output mode 
      SetADCLow();                               //Pull down probe-2 directly 
      R_DDR = Probes.Rl_1 | Probes.Rl_3;         //Select Rl for probe-1 & Rl for probe-3 
      R_PORT = Probes.Rl_1 | Probes.Rl_3;        //Pull up collector & base via Rl
      U_1 = ReadU_5ms(Probe1);                   //Get voltage at collector
      //If DUT is conducting we might have a NPN BJT, something similar or a n-channel MOSFET.  
      if (U_1 < 1600)                            //Detected current > 4.8mA
      {
        //First check for thyristor and triac
        Flag = CheckThyristorTriac();
        if (Flag == 0)                           //No thyristor or triac
        {
          //We might got a NPN BJT or a n-channel MOSFET.
          CheckBJTorEnhModeMOSFET(TYPE_NPN, U_Rl);
        }
      }
    }
  }
  /*
     If there's conduction between probe-1 and probe-2 we might have a
      - diode (conducting)
      - small resistor (checked later on)
  */
  else                                           //Load current > 1.4mA
  {
    //We check for a diode even if we already found a component to get Vf, since there could be a body/protection diode of a transistor.
    CheckDiode();
  }
  //Check for a resistor.
  if ((Check.Found == COMP_NONE) ||
      (Check.Found == COMP_RESISTOR))
  {
    CheckResistor();
  }
  //Otherwise run some final checks.
  else
  {
    //Verify a MOSFET
    if ((Check.Found == COMP_FET) && (Check.Type & TYPE_MOSFET))
      VerifyMOSFET();
  }
  //Clean up
  SetADCHiz();                                   //Set ADC port to HiZ mode 
  SetADCLow();                                   //Set ADC port low 
  R_DDR = 0;                                     //Set resistor port to HiZ mode 
  R_PORT = 0;                                    //Set resistor port low 
}

//Read ADC and return voltage in mV
unsigned int ReadU(byte Probe)
{
  unsigned int                U;                 //Return value (mV) 
  byte                        Counter;           //Loop counter 
  unsigned long               Value;             //ADC value
  boolean                     cycle;
  Probe |= (1 << REFS0);                         //Use internal reference anyway
  do {
    cycle = false;
    ADMUX = Probe;                                 //Set input channel and U reference
    //If voltage reference has changed run a dummy conversion (recommended by datasheet)
    Counter = Probe & (1 << REFS1);                //Get REFS1 bit flag 
    if (Counter != Config.RefFlag)
    {
      waitus(100);                               //Time for voltage stabilization 
      ADCSRA |= (1 << ADSC);                     //Start conversion 
      while (ADCSRA & (1 << ADSC));              //Wait until conversion is done 
      Config.RefFlag = Counter;                  //Update flag 
    }
    //Sample ADC readings
    Value = 0UL;                                 //Reset sampling variable
    Counter = 0;                                 //Reset counter 
    while (Counter < Config.Samples)             //Take samples
    {
      ADCSRA |= (1 << ADSC);                     //Start conversion
      while (ADCSRA & (1 << ADSC));              //Wait until conversion is done
      Value += ADCW;                             //Add ADC reading
      //Auto-switch voltage reference for low readings
      if (Counter == 4)
      {
        if (((unsigned int)Value < 1024) && !(Probe & (1 << REFS1)) && (Config.AutoScale == 1))
        {
          Probe |= (1 << REFS1);                 //Select internal bandgap reference 
          cycle = true;                          //Re-run sampling
         break;
        }
      }
      Counter++;                                 //One less to do
    }
  } while (cycle);
  //Convert ADC reading to voltage - single sample: U = ADC reading * U_ref / 1024
  //Get voltage of reference used
  if (Probe & (1 << REFS1)) U = Config.U_Bandgap;//Bandgap reference
  else U = UREF_VCC;                             //Vcc reference 
  //Convert to voltage;
  Value *= U;                                    //ADC readings * U_ref
  Value /= 1024;                                 // / 1024 for 10bit ADC 
  //De-sample to get average voltage
  Value /= Config.Samples;
  U = (unsigned int)Value;
  return U; 
}

//Wait 5ms and then read ADC
unsigned int ReadU_5ms(byte Probe)
{
   delay(5);                                     //Wait 5ms
   return (ReadU(Probe));
}

//Wait 20ms and then read ADC
unsigned int ReadU_20ms(byte Probe)
{
  delay(20);                                     //Wait 20ms
  return (ReadU(Probe));
}

//Wait Functions
void waitus(byte microsec) {
  delayMicroseconds(microsec);
}

//Measure hFE of BJT in common collector circuit (emitter follower)
unsigned long Get_hFE_C(byte Type)
{
  unsigned long               hFE;               //Return value 
  unsigned int                U_R_e;             //Voltage across emitter resistor 
  unsigned int                U_R_b;             //Voltage across base resistor 
  unsigned int                Ri;                //Internal resistance of �C
  /*
     Measure hFE for a BJT in common collector circuit
     (emitter follower):
      - hFE = (I_e - I_b) / I_b
      - measure the voltages across the resistors and calculate the currents
        (resistor values are well known)
      - hFE = ((U_R_e / R_e) - (U_R_b / R_b)) / (U_R_b / R_b)
  */
  //Setup probes and get voltages
  if (Type == TYPE_NPN)                          //NPN
  {
    //We assume: probe-1 = C / probe-2 = E / probe-3 = B, set probes: Gnd -- Rl -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Vcc
    ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_1;                      //Set probe 1 to output 
    ADC_PORT = Probes.ADC_1;                     //Pull up collector directly 
    R_DDR = Probes.Rl_2 | Probes.Rl_3;           //Select Rl for probe-2 & Rl for probe-3 
    R_PORT = Probes.Rl_3;                        //Pull up base via Rl 
    U_R_e = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_2);             //U_R_e = U_e 
    U_R_b = UREF_VCC - ReadU(Probes.Pin_3);      //U_R_b = Vcc - U_b 
  }
  else                                           //PNP
  {
    //We assume: probe-1 = E / probe-2 = C / probe-3 = B, set probes: Gnd -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Rl -- Vcc
    SetADCLow();                                 //Set ADC port low 
    ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_2;                      //Pull down collector directly 
    R_PORT = Probes.Rl_1;                        //Pull up emitter via Rl 
    R_DDR = Probes.Rl_1 | Probes.Rl_3;           //Pull down base via Rl 
    U_R_e = UREF_VCC - ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_1);  //U_R_e = Vcc - U_e 
    U_R_b = ReadU(Probes.Pin_3);                 //U_R_b = U_b 
  }
  if (U_R_b < 10)                                //I_b < 14�A -> Darlington 
  {
    //Change base resistor from Rl to Rh and measure again
    if (Type == TYPE_NPN)                        //NPN 
    {    
      R_DDR = Probes.Rl_2 | Probes.Rh_3;         //Select Rl for probe-2 & Rh for probe-3 
      R_PORT = Probes.Rh_3;                      //Pull up base via Rh 
      U_R_e = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_2);           //U_R_e = U_e 
      U_R_b = UREF_VCC - ReadU(Probes.Pin_3);    //U_R_b = Vcc - U_b 
      Ri = Config.RiL;                           //Get internal resistor 
    }
    else                                         //PNP 
    {
      R_DDR = Probes.Rl_1 | Probes.Rh_3;         //Pull down base via Rh 
      U_R_e = UREF_VCC - ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_1);//U_R_e = Vcc - U_e 
      U_R_b = ReadU(Probes.Pin_3);               //U_R_b = U_b
      Ri = Config.RiH;                           //Get internal resistor
    }
    /*
       Since I_b is so small vs. I_e we'll neglect it and use
        hFE = I_e / I_b
            = (U_R_e / R_e) / (U_R_b / R_b)
            = (U_R_e * R_b) / (U_R_b * R_e)
    */
    if (U_R_b < 1) U_R_b = 1;                    //Prevent division by zero 
    hFE =  U_R_e * R_HIGH;                       //U_R_e * R_b 
    hFE /= U_R_b;                                // / U_R_b 
    hFE *= 10;                                   //Upscale to 0.1 
    hFE /= (R_LOW * 10) + Ri;                    // / R_e in 0.1 Ohm 
  }
  else                                           //I_b > 14�A -> standard 
  {
    /*
       Both resistors are the same (R_e = R_b): 
        - hFE = ((U_R_e / R_e) - (U_R_b / R_b)) / (U_R_b / R_b)
        -     = (U_R_e - U_R_b) / U_R_b 
    */
    hFE = (unsigned long)((U_R_e - U_R_b) / U_R_b);
  }
  return hFE;
}

//Measure the gate threshold voltage of a depletion-mode MOSFET
void GetGateThreshold(byte Type)
{
  unsigned long               Uth = 0;           //Gate threshold voltage 
  byte                        Drain_Rl;          //Rl bitmask for drain 
  byte                        Drain_ADC;         //ADC bitmask for drain 
  byte                        PullMode;
  byte                        Counter;           //Loop counter 
   //Init variables
  if (Type & TYPE_N_CHANNEL)                     //n-channel
  {
    /* 
      We assume: probe-1 = D / probe-2 = S / probe-3 = G
       probe-2 is still pulled down directly
       probe-1 is still pulled up via Rl 
    */
    Drain_Rl =  Probes.Rl_1;
    Drain_ADC = Probes.ADC_1;
    PullMode = FLAG_10MS | FLAG_PULLDOWN;
  }
  else                                           //p-channel
  {
    /*
     We assume: probe-1 = S / probe-2 = D / probe-3 = G
      probe-2 is still pulled down via Rl
      probe-1 is still pulled up directly 
    */
    Drain_Rl =  Probes.Rl_2;
    Drain_ADC = Probes.ADC_2;
    PullMode = FLAG_10MS | FLAG_PULLUP;
  }
  //For low reaction times we use the ADC directly.
  //Sanitize bit mask for drain to prevent a never-ending loop
  Drain_ADC &= 0b00000111;                       //drain 
  ADMUX = Probes.Pin_3 | (1 << REFS0);           //Select probe-3 for ADC input 
  //Sample 10 times
  for (Counter = 0; Counter < 10; Counter++) 
  {
    wdt_reset();                                 //Reset watchdog
    //Discharge gate via Rl for 10 ms
    PullProbe(Probes.Rl_3, PullMode);
    //Pull up/down gate via Rh to slowly charge gate
    R_DDR = Drain_Rl | Probes.Rh_3;
    //Wait until FET conducts
    if (Type & TYPE_N_CHANNEL)                   //n-channel
    {
      //FET conducts when the voltage at drain reaches low level
      while (ADC_PIN & Drain_ADC);
    }
    else                                         //p-channel
    {
      //FET conducts when the voltage at drain reaches high level
      while (!(ADC_PIN & Drain_ADC));             
    }
    R_DDR = Drain_Rl;                            //Set probe-3 to HiZ mode
    //Get voltage of gate
    ADCSRA |= (1 << ADSC);                       //Start ADC conversion
    while (ADCSRA & (1 << ADSC));                //Wait until conversion is done
    //Add ADC reading
    if (Type & TYPE_N_CHANNEL)                   //n-channel
    {
      Uth += ADCW;                               //U_g = U_measued
    }
    else                                         //p-channel
    {
      Uth += (1023 - ADCW);                      //U_g = Vcc - U_measured
    }
  }
  //Calculate V_th 
  Uth /= 10;                                     //Average of 10 samples
  Uth *= UREF_VCC;                               //Convert to voltage 
  Uth /= 1024;                                   //Using 10 bit resolution 
  //Save data
  FET.V_th = (unsigned int)Uth;
}

//Measure leakage current
unsigned int GetLeakageCurrent(void)
{
  unsigned int                I_leak = 0;        //Return value
  unsigned int                U_Rl;              //Voltage at Rl 
  unsigned int                R_Shunt;           //Shunt resistor
  uint32_t                    Value;
  /*
     Setup probes:
      - use Rl as current shunt
      - probe-1 = pos / probe-2 = neg / probe-3 = HiZ
        Diode:    probe-1 = cathode /  probe-2 = anode
        NPN BJT:  probe-1 = collector / probe-2 = emitter
        PNP BJT:  probe-1 = emitter / probe-2 = collector
  */
  R_PORT = 0;                                    //Set resistor port to Gnd 
  R_DDR = Probes.Rl_2;                           //Pull down probe-2 via Rl 
  ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_1;                        //Set probe-1 to output 
  ADC_PORT = Probes.ADC_1;                       //Pull-up probe-1 directly
  U_Rl = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_2);                //Get voltage at Rl
  //Calculate current
  R_Shunt = Config.RiL + (R_LOW * 10);           //Consider internal resistance of MCU (0.1 Ohms) 
  R_Shunt += 5;                                  //For rounding 
  R_Shunt /= 10;                                 //Scale to Ohms 
  Value = U_Rl * 100000;                         //Scale to 10nV 
  Value /= R_Shunt;                              //in 10nA 
  Value += 55;                                   //For rounding 
  Value /= 100;                                  //Scale to �A 
  I_leak = Value;
  //Clean up
  SetADCHiz();                                   //Set ADC port to HiZ mode
  SetADCLow();                                   //Set ADC port low 
  R_DDR = 0;                                     //Set resistor port to HiZ mode 
  R_PORT = 0;                                    //Set resistor port low
  return I_leak;
}

//Check for diode
void CheckDiode(void)
{
  Diode_Type                  *Diode;            //Pointer to diode 
  unsigned int                U1_Rl;             //Vf #1 with Rl pull-up 
  unsigned int                U1_Rh;             //Vf #1 with Rh pull-up 
  unsigned int                U1_Zero;           //Vf #1 zero 
  unsigned int                U2_Rl;             //Vf #2 with Rl pull-up 
  unsigned int                U2_Rh;             //Vf #2 with Rh pull-up 
  unsigned int                U2_Zero;           //Vf #2 zero 
  wdt_reset();                                   //Reset watchdog
  DischargeProbes();                             //Try to discharge probes
  if (Check.Found == COMP_ERROR) return;         //Skip on error
  /*
     DUT could be:
      - simple diode
      - protection diode of a MOSFET or another device
      - intrinsic diode junction of a BJT
      - small resistor (< 3k)
      - capacitor (> around 22�F)
   
     Solution:
      - Vf of a diode rises with the current within some limits (about twice
        for Si and Schottky). Ge, Z-diodes and LEDs are hard to determine.
        So it might be better to filter out other components.
      - For a MOSFET pretection diode we have to make sure that the MOSFET
        in not conducting, to be able to get Vf of the protection diode.
        So we discharge the gate and run the measurements twice for p and n
        channel FETs.
      - Take care about the internal voltage drop of the �C at the cathode
        for high test currents (Rl).
      - Filter out resistors by the used voltage divider:
        k = Rl + Ri_H + Ri_L
        U_Rh = U_Rl / (k - (k - 1) U_Rl / 5V)
        U_Rl = k U_Rh / (1 + (k - 1) U_Rh / 5V) 
      - Filter out caps by checking the voltage before and after measurement
        with Rh. In 15ms a 22�F cap would be charged from 0 to 7mV, a larger
        cap would have a lower voltage. We have to consider that caps also
        might be charged by EMI.
    
      Hints:
      - Rl drives a current of about 7mA. That's not the best current for
        measuring Vf. The current for Rh is about 10.6�A.
        Most DMMs use 1mA.
  
      Vf #1, supporting a possible p-channel MOSFET
  */
  //We assume: probe-1 = A / probe2 = C, set probes: Gnd -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Rl or Rh -- Vcc
  SetADCLow();
  ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_2;                        //Pull down cathode directly
  //R_DDR is set to HiZ by DischargeProbes();
  U1_Zero = ReadU(Probes.Pin_1);                 //Get voltage at anode
  //Measure voltage across DUT (Vf) with Rh
  R_DDR = Probes.Rh_1;                           //Enable Rh for probe-1
  R_PORT = Probes.Rh_1;                          //Pull up anode via Rh
  //Discharge gate
  PullProbe(Probes.Rl_3, FLAG_10MS | FLAG_PULLUP);     
  U1_Rh = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_1);               //Get voltage at anode, neglect voltage at cathode
  //Measure voltage across DUT (Vf) with Rl
  R_DDR = Probes.Rl_1;                           //Enable Rl for probe-1
  R_PORT = Probes.Rl_1;                          //Pull up anode via Rl
  //Discharge gate 
  PullProbe(Probes.Rl_3, FLAG_10MS | FLAG_PULLUP);     
  U1_Rl = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_1);               //Get voltage at anode
  U1_Rl -= ReadU(Probes.Pin_2);                  //Substract voltage at cathode 
  DischargeProbes();                             //Try to discharge probes
  if (Check.Found == COMP_ERROR) return;         //Skip on error
  //Vf #2, supporting a possible n-channel MOSFET
  //We assume: probe-1 = A / probe2 = C, set probes: Gnd -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Rl or Rh -- Vcc
  SetADCLow();
  ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_2;                        //Pull down cathode directly 
  U2_Zero = ReadU(Probes.Pin_1);                 //Get voltage at anode 
  //Measure voltage across DUT (Vf) with Rh
  R_DDR = Probes.Rh_1;                           //Enable Rh for probe-1
  R_PORT = Probes.Rh_1;                          //Pull up anode via Rh 
  //Discharge gate
  PullProbe(Probes.Rl_3, FLAG_10MS | FLAG_PULLDOWN);   
  U2_Rh = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_1);               //Get voltage at anode, neglect voltage at cathode 
  //Measure voltage across DUT (Vf) with Rl
  R_DDR = Probes.Rl_1;                           //Enable Rl for probe-1
  R_PORT = Probes.Rl_1;                          //Pull up anode via Rl  
  //Discharge gate
  PullProbe(Probes.Rl_3, FLAG_10MS | FLAG_PULLDOWN);   
  U2_Rl = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_1);               //Get voltage at anode 
  U2_Rl -= ReadU(Probes.Pin_2);                  //Substract voltage at cathode 
  R_PORT = 0;                                    //Stop pulling up
  //Process results, choose between measurements of p and n channel setup
  if (U1_Rl > U2_Rl)                             //The higher voltage wins
  {
    U2_Rl = U1_Rl;
    U2_Rh = U1_Rh;
    U2_Zero = U1_Zero;
  }
  /*
     U_Rh < 10mV for
      - resistor < 1k Ohm
      - very large cap
  */
  if (U2_Rh <= 10) return;                       //Small resistor or very large cap
  /*
     U_Zero <= 2 for resistor or diode 
     U_Zero > 2 for cap or diode
     if U_Zero > 2 then U_Rh - U_Zero < 100 for cap
   
     Hints:
      If U_Zero > 10 and U_Rh is about U_Zero it's a large cap.
      As larger the cap as lower U_Rl (charging time 15ms).
  */
  U1_Zero = U2_Rh - U2_Zero;                     //Voltage difference
  if ((U2_Zero > 2) && (U1_Zero < 100)) return;  //Capacitor
  /*
     The voltages for a resistor will follow the equation:
       k = Rl + Ri_H + Ri_L
       Ul = k U_Rh / (1 + (k - 1) U_Rh / 5V)
     Allow a tolerance of 3%.
     For U_Rh > 40mV we don't need to check for a resistor.
   
     Hint: 
      Actually we could change the thresshold above from 10 t0 40 and
      remove this test completely. The lowest U_Rh measured for a diode was
      56mV for a AA118.
  */
  if (U2_Rh < 40)                                //Resistor (< 3k)
  {
    uint32_t                  a, b;
    //Calculate expected U_Rl based on measured U_Rh in mV, k factor
    b = (R_HIGH * 10) / ((R_LOW * 10) + Config.RiH + Config.RiL);  
    a = b - 1;                                   //k - 1 
    a /= 5;                                      // / 5V 
    a *= U2_Rh;                                  // *U_Rh 
    a += 1000;                                   // +1 (1000 for mV) 
    b *= 1000;                                   //For mV 
    b *= U2_Rh;                                  // *U_Rh 
    b /= a;                                      //U_Rl in mV 
    //Check if calculated U_Rl is within some % of measured value 
    U1_Zero = (unsigned int)b;
    U1_Rl = U1_Zero;
    U1_Rh = U1_Zero;
    U1_Zero /= 50;                               //2%
    U1_Rh += U1_Zero;                            //102%
    U1_Zero = (unsigned int)b;
    U1_Zero /= 33;                               //3%
    U1_Rl -= U1_Zero;                            //97% (for resistors near 1k)
    //Resistor
    if ((U2_Rl >= U1_Rl) && (U2_Rl <= U1_Rh)) return;     
  }
  //If U_Rl (Vf) is between 0.15V and 4.64V it's a diode
  if ((U2_Rl > 150) && (U2_Rl < 4640))
  {
    //If we haven't found any other component yet
    if ((Check.Found == COMP_NONE) ||
        (Check.Found == COMP_RESISTOR))
    {
      Check.Found = COMP_DIODE;
    }
    //Save data
    Diode = &Diodes[Check.Diodes];
    Diode->A = Probes.Pin_1;
    Diode->C = Probes.Pin_2;
    Diode->V_f = U2_Rl;                          //Vf for high measurement current
    Diode->V_f2 = U2_Rh;                         //Vf for low measurement current
    Check.Diodes++;
  }
}

//Verify MOSFET by checking the body diode
void VerifyMOSFET(void)
{
  byte                        Flag = 0;
  byte                        n = 0;
  byte                        Anode;
  byte                        Cathode;
  Diode_Type                  *Diode;            //Pointer to diode
  //Set expected body diode
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_N_CHANNEL)               //n-channel
  {
    Anode = FET.S;
    Cathode = FET.D;
  }
  else                                           //p-channel
  {
    Anode = FET.D;
    Cathode = FET.S;
  }
  Diode = &Diodes[0];                            //First diode
  //Check all known diodes for reversed one
  while (n < Check.Diodes)
  {
    if ((Diode->A == Cathode) && (Diode->C == Anode))
    {
      Flag = 1;                                  //Signal match
      n = 10;                                    //End loop
    }
    n++;                                         //Next diode
    Diode++;
  }
  if (Flag == 1)                                 //Found reversed diode
  {
    //This can't be a MOSFET, so let's reset
    Check.Found = COMP_NONE;
    Check.Type = 0;
    Check.Done = 0;
  }
}

//Check for BJT or enhancement-mode MOSFET
void CheckBJTorEnhModeMOSFET(byte BJT_Type, unsigned int U_Rl)
{
  byte                        FET_Type;          //MOSFET type 
  unsigned int                U_R_c;             //Voltage across collector resistor 
  unsigned int                U_R_b;             //Voltage across base resistor 
  unsigned int                BJT_Level;         //Voltage threshold for BJT 
  unsigned int                FET_Level;         //Voltage threshold for FET 
  unsigned int                I_CE0;             //Leakage current 
  unsigned long               hFE_C;             //hFE (common collector) 
  unsigned long               hFE_E;             //hFE (common emitter) 
  //Init, set probes and measure
  if (BJT_Type == TYPE_NPN)                      //NPN / n-channel
  {
    BJT_Level = 2557;                            //Voltage across base resistor (5.44�A)
    FET_Level = 3400;                            //Voltage across drain resistor (4.8mA) 
    FET_Type = TYPE_N_CHANNEL;
    /*
       We assume
        - BJT: probe-1 = C / probe-2 = E / probe-3 = B
        - FET: probe-1 = D / probe-2 = S / probe-3 = G
        probes already set to: Gnd -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Rl -- Vcc
        drive base/gate via Rh instead of Rl
    */
    R_DDR = Probes.Rl_1 | Probes.Rh_3;           //Enable Rl for probe-1 & Rh for probe-3
    R_PORT = Probes.Rl_1 | Probes.Rh_3;          //Pull up collector via Rl and base via Rh
    delay(50);                                   //Wait to skip gate charging of a FET
    U_R_c = UREF_VCC - ReadU(Probes.Pin_1);      //U_R_c = Vcc - U_c 
    U_R_b = UREF_VCC - ReadU(Probes.Pin_3);      //U_R_b = Vcc - U_b 
  }
  else                                           //PNP / p-channel
  {
    BJT_Level = 977;                             //Voltage across base resistor (2.1�A) 
    FET_Level = 2000;                            //Voltage across drain resistor (2.8mA) 
    FET_Type = TYPE_P_CHANNEL;
    /*
       We assume
        - BJT: probe-1 = E / probe-2 = C / probe-3 = B
        - FET: probe-1 = S / probe-2 = D / probe-3 = G
        probes already set to: Gnd -- Rl - probe-2 / probe-1 -- Vcc
        drive base/gate via Rh instead of Rl
    */
    R_DDR = Probes.Rl_2 | Probes.Rh_3;           //Pull down base via Rh
    U_R_c = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_2);             //U_R_c = U_c
    U_R_b = ReadU(Probes.Pin_3);                 //U_R_b = U_b
  }
  //Distinguish BJT from depletion-mode MOSFET
  if (U_R_b > BJT_Level)                         //U_R_b exceeds minimum level of BJT
  {
    /*
       A voltage drop across the base resistor Rh means that a current
       is flowing constantly. So this can't be a FET.
     
       Problem:
        A reversed collector and emitter also passes the tests, but with
        a low hFE. So we need to run two tests to be sure and select the
        test results with the higher hFE.
    */
    //Two test runs needed at maximium to get right hFE & pins
    if (Check.Found == COMP_BJT) Check.Done = 1;
    Check.Found = COMP_BJT;
    Check.Type = BJT_Type;
    //Leakage current
    I_CE0 = GetLeakageCurrent();                 //Get leakage current (in �A)
    /*
       Calculate hFE via voltages and known resistors:
        - hFE = I_c / I_b
              = (U_R_c / R_c) / (U_R_b / R_b)
              = (U_R_c * R_b) / (U_R_b * R_c)
        - consider leakage current:
          I_c = I_c_conducting - I_c_leak
              = (U_R_c_conducting / R_c) - (U_R_c_leak / R_c)
              = (U_R_c_conducting - U_R_c_leak) / R_c
          -> U_R_c = U_R_c_conducting - U_R_c_leak
                   = U_R_c_conducting - U_Rl
    */
    if (U_R_c > U_Rl) U_R_c -= U_Rl;             // - U_Rl (leakage) 
    hFE_E = U_R_c * R_HIGH;                      //U_R_c * R_b 
    hFE_E /= U_R_b;                              // / U_R_b 
    hFE_E *= 10;                                 //Upscale to 0.1 
    if (BJT_Type == TYPE_NPN)                    //NPN
      hFE_E /= (R_LOW * 10) + Config.RiH;        // / R_c in 0.1 Ohm
    else                                         //PNP 
      hFE_E /= (R_LOW * 10) + Config.RiL;        // / R_c in 0.1 Ohm 
    //Get hFE for common collector circuit
    hFE_C = Get_hFE_C(BJT_Type);
    //Keep largest hFE
    if (hFE_C > hFE_E) hFE_E = hFE_C;
    //Only update data if hFE is larger than old one
    if (hFE_E > BJT.hFE)
    {
      //Save data
      BJT.hFE = hFE_E;
      BJT.I_CE0 = I_CE0;
      BJT.B = Probes.Pin_3;
      if (BJT_Type == TYPE_NPN)                  //NPN
      {
        BJT.C = Probes.Pin_1;
        BJT.E = Probes.Pin_2;
      }
      else                                       //PNP
      {
        BJT.C = Probes.Pin_2;
        BJT.E = Probes.Pin_1;
      }
    }
#if 0
    /*
       Check for proper emitter and collector:
        - I_c is much lower for reversed emitter and collector.
        - So we reverse the probes and measure I_c (= U_R_c / R_c) again.
        - Since R_c is constant we may simply compare U_R_c.
     
       This is an alternative solution instead of running the check two times.
    */
    SetADCHiz();                                 //Set ADC port to HiZ mode
    R_DDR = 0;                                   //Set resistor port to HiZ mode
    if (BJT_Type == TYPE_NPN)                    //NPN
    {
      //We assume: probe-1 = E / probe-2 = C / probe-3 = B, set probes: Gnd -- probe-1 / probe-2 -- Rl -- Vcc
      SetADCLow();
      ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_1;                    //Pull-down emitter directly 
      R_PORT = Probes.Rl_2 | Probes.Rh_3;        //Pull-up base via Rh 
      R_DDR = Probes.Rl_2 | Probes.Rh_3;         //Enable probe resistors 
      U_R_b = UREF_VCC - ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_2);//U_R_c = Vcc - U_c        
    }
    else                                         //PNP
    { 
      //We assume: probe-1 = C / probe-2 = E / probe-3 = B, set probes: Gnd -- Rl - probe-1 / probe-2 -- Vcc
      R_PORT = 0;
      R_DDR = Probes.Rl_1 | Probes.Rh_3;         //Pull down base via Rh
      ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_2;
      ADC_PORT = Probes.ADC_2;                   //Pull-up emitter directly
      U_R_b = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_1);           //U_R_c = U_c
    }
    //If not reversed, BJT is identified
    if (U_R_c > U_R_b)                           //I_c > I_c_reversed
    {
      //Move other stuff here: save data & Comp=
      Check.Done = 1;
    }
#endif
  }
  else if ((U_Rl < 97) && (U_R_c > FET_Level))   //No BJT
  {
    /*
       If there's
        - just a small leakage current (< 0.1mA) in non-conducting mode
        - a large U_R_c (= large current) when conducting
        - a low U_R_b (= very low gate current)
        we got a FET or an IGBT.
        The drain source channel of a MOSFET is modeled as a resistor
        while an IGBT acts more like a diode. So we measure the voltage drop
        across the conducting path. A MOSFET got a low voltage drop based on
        it's R_DS_on and the current. An IGBT got a much higher voltage drop.
    */
    I_CE0= ReadU(Probes.Pin_1) - ReadU(Probes.Pin_2);
    if (I_CE0 < 250)                             //MOSFET
    {
      Check.Found = COMP_FET;
      Check.Type = FET_Type | TYPE_ENHANCEMENT | TYPE_MOSFET;
    }
    else                                         //IGBT
    {
      Check.Found = COMP_IGBT;
      Check.Type = FET_Type | TYPE_ENHANCEMENT;
    }
    Check.Done = 1;                              //Transistor found
    //Measure gate threshold voltage
    GetGateThreshold(FET_Type);
    //Save data
    FET.G = Probes.Pin_3;
    if (FET_Type == TYPE_N_CHANNEL)              //n-channel
    {
      FET.D = Probes.Pin_1;
      FET.S = Probes.Pin_2;      
    }
    else                                         //p-channel
    {
      FET.D = Probes.Pin_2;
      FET.S = Probes.Pin_1;
    }
  }
}

//Check for a depletion mode FET (self conducting)
void CheckDepletionModeFET(unsigned int U_Rl_L)
{
  unsigned int                U_1;               //Voltage #1
  unsigned int                U_2;               //Voltage #2
  /*
     Required probe setup (by calling function):
      - Gnd -- Rl -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Vcc
  
     Check if we got a n-channel JFET or depletion-mode MOSFET
      - JFETs are depletion-mode only
  */
  if (Check.Done == 0)                           //No transistor found yet
  {
    //We assume: probe-1 = D / probe-2 = S / probe-3 = G, probes already set to: Gnd -- Rl -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Vcc
    R_DDR = Probes.Rl_2 | Probes.Rh_3;           //Pull down gate via Rh
    U_1 = ReadU_20ms(Probes.Pin_2);              //Voltage at source 
    R_PORT = Probes.Rh_3;                        //Pull up gate via Rh
    U_2 = ReadU_20ms(Probes.Pin_2);              //Voltage at source
    /*
       If the source voltage is higher when the gate is driven by a positive
       voltage vs. connected to ground we got a depletion-mode n-channel FET.
       The source resistor creates a voltage offset based on the current
       causing V_GS to become negative with the gate pulled down.
    */
    if (U_2 > (U_1 + 488))
    {
      //Compare gate voltages to distinguish JFET from MOSFET
      //Set probes: Gnd -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Rl -- Vcc
      SetADCLow();                               //Set ADC port to low
      ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_2;                    //Pull down source directly 
      R_DDR = Probes.Rl_1 | Probes.Rh_3;         //Enable Rl for probe-1 & Rh for probe-3 
      R_PORT = Probes.Rl_1 | Probes.Rh_3;        //Pull up drain via Rl / pull up gate via Rh 
      U_2 = ReadU_20ms(Probes.Pin_3);            //Get voltage at gate 
      if (U_2 > 3911)                            //MOSFET
      {
        //n channel depletion-mode MOSFET
        Check.Type = TYPE_N_CHANNEL | TYPE_DEPLETION | TYPE_MOSFET;
      }
      else                                       //JFET
      {
        //n channel JFET (depletion-mode only)
        Check.Type = TYPE_N_CHANNEL | TYPE_JFET;
      }
      //Save data
      Check.Found = COMP_FET;
      Check.Done = 1;
      FET.G = Probes.Pin_3;
      FET.D = Probes.Pin_1;
      FET.S = Probes.Pin_2;
    }
  }
  //Check if we got a p-channel JFET or depletion-mode MOSFET - JFETs are depletion-mode only
  if (Check.Done == 0)                           //No transistor found yet
  {
    //We assume: probe-1 = S / probe-2 = D / probe-3 = G, set probes: Gnd -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Rl -- Vcc
    SetADCLow();                                 //Set ADC port to Gnd 
    ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_2;                      //Pull down drain directly 
    R_DDR = Probes.Rl_1 | Probes.Rh_3;           //Enable Rl for probe-1 & Rh for probe-3 
    R_PORT = Probes.Rl_1 | Probes.Rh_3;          //Pull up source via Rl / pull up gate via Rh 
    U_1 = ReadU_20ms(Probes.Pin_1);              //Get voltage at source 
    R_PORT = Probes.Rl_1;                        //Pull down gate via Rh 
    U_2 = ReadU_20ms(Probes.Pin_1);              //Get voltage at source 
    /*
       If the source voltage is higher when the gate is driven by a positive
       voltage vs. connected to ground we got a depletion-mode p-channel FET.
       The source resistor creates a voltage offset based on the current
       causing V_GS to become positive with the gate pulled up.
    */
    if (U_1 > (U_2 + 488))
    {
      //Compare gate voltages to distinguish JFET from MOSFET
      //Set probes: probe-2 = HiZ / probe-1 -- Vcc
      ADC_PORT = Probes.ADC_1;                   //Pull up source directly
      ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_1;                    //Enable pull up for source
      //Gate is still pulled down via Rh
      U_2 = ReadU_20ms(Probes.Pin_3);            //Get voltage at gate
      if (U_2 < 977)                             //MOSFET
      {
        //p channel depletion-mode MOSFET
        Check.Type =  TYPE_P_CHANNEL | TYPE_DEPLETION | TYPE_MOSFET; 
      }
      else                                       //JFET
      {
        //p channel JFET (depletion-mode only)
        Check.Type = TYPE_P_CHANNEL | TYPE_DEPLETION | TYPE_JFET;
      }
      //Save data
      Check.Found = COMP_FET;
      Check.Done = 1;
      FET.G = Probes.Pin_3;
      FET.D = Probes.Pin_2;
      FET.S = Probes.Pin_1;
    }
  }
}

//Special devices
byte CheckThyristorTriac(void)
{
  byte                        Flag = 0;          //Return value 
  unsigned int                U_1;               //Voltage #1 
  unsigned int                U_2;               //Voltage #2 
  /*
     Check for a thyristor (SCR) or triac
      - A thyristor conducts also after the gate is discharged as long
        as the load current stays alive and doesn't reverse polarity.
      - A triac is a pair of anti-parallel thyristors. 
      - It's possible that the tester doesn't deliver enough current, so
        it can't detect all types.

      probes need to be set already to:
        Gnd -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Rl -- Vcc
  */
  //We assume: probe-1 = A / probe-2 = C / probe-3 = G, discharge gate
  PullProbe(Probes.Rl_3, FLAG_10MS | FLAG_PULLDOWN);    
  U_1 = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_1);                 //Get voltage at anode
  R_PORT = 0;                                    //Pull down anode 
  delay(5);
  R_PORT = Probes.Rl_1;                          //And pull up anode again 
  U_2 = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_1);                 //Get voltage at anode (below Rl)
  //Voltages match behaviour of thyristor or triac
  if ((U_1 < 1600) && (U_2 > 4400))
  {
    Check.Found = COMP_THYRISTOR;                //If not detected as a triac below
    Check.Done = 1;
    /*
       Check if we got a triac
        - reverse A and C (A = MT2 / C = MT1)
        - check if behaviour is the same
    */
    //We assume: probe-1 = MT2 / probe-2 = MT1 / probe-3 = G
    R_DDR = 0;                                   //Disable all probe resistors
    R_PORT = 0;
    ADC_PORT = Probes.ADC_2;                     //Pull up MT1 directly
    delay(5);
    R_DDR = Probes.Rl_1;                         //Pull down MT2 via Rl
    //Probe-3/gate is in HiZ mode, triac shouldn't conduct without a triggered gate
    U_1 = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_1);               //Get voltage at MT2
    //Voltage of MT2 is low (no current)
    if (U_1 <= 244)
    {
      //Trigger gate for reverse direction
      R_DDR = Probes.Rl_1 | Probes.Rl_3;         //And pull down gate via Rl 
      U_1 = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_3);             //Get voltage at gate 
      U_2 = ReadU(Probes.Pin_1);                 //Get voltage at MT2 
      //Voltage at gate is ok and voltage at MT2 is high (current = triac is conducting)
      if ((U_1 >= 977) && (U_2 >= 733))
      {
        //Check if triac still conducts without triggered gate
        R_DDR = Probes.Rl_1;                     //Set probe3 to HiZ mode
        U_1 = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_1);           //Get voltage at MT2 
        //Voltage at MT2 is still high (current = triac is conducting)
        if (U_1 >= 733)
        {
          //Check if triac stops conducting when load current drops to zero
          R_PORT = Probes.Rl_1;                  //Pull up MT2 via Rl 
          delay(5);
          R_PORT = 0;                            //And pull down MT2 via Rl 
          U_1 = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_1);         //Get voltage at MT2 
          //Voltage at MT2 is low (no current = triac is not conducting)
          if (U_1 <= 244)
          {
            //Now we are pretty sure that the DUT is a triac
            Check.Found = COMP_TRIAC;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    //Save data (we misuse BJT)
    BJT.B = Probes.Pin_3;
    BJT.C = Probes.Pin_1;
    BJT.E = Probes.Pin_2;
    Flag = 1;                                    //Signal that we found a component
  }
  return Flag;
}

//Measure a resistor with low resistance (< 100 Ohms)
unsigned int SmallResistor(byte ZeroFlag)
{
  unsigned int                R = 0;             //Return value
  byte                        Probe;             //Probe ID 
  byte                        Mode;              //Measurement mode 
  byte                        Counter;           //Sample counter 
  unsigned long               Value;             //ADC sample value 
  unsigned long               Value1 = 0;        //U_Rl temp. value 
  unsigned long               Value2 = 0;        //U_R_i_L temp. value 
  DischargeProbes();                             //Try to discharge probes
  if (Check.Found == COMP_ERROR) return R;       //Skip on error
  /*
     Measurement method:
      - use Rl as current shunt
      - create a pulse and measure voltage at high side of DUT for 1000 times 
      - repeat that for the low side of the DUT
  */
  //Pulse on: GND -- probe 2 / probe 1 -- Rl -- 5V, pulse off: GND -- probe 2 / probe 1 -- Rl -- GND
  SetADCLow();                                   //Set ADC port to low 
  ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_2;                        //Pull-down probe 2 directly 
  R_PORT = 0;                                    //Low by default 
  R_DDR = Probes.Rl_1;                           //Enable resistor
  #define MODE_HIGH           0b00000001
  #define MODE_LOW            0b00000010
  //Measurement loop
  Mode = MODE_HIGH;
  while (Mode > 0)
  {
    //Setup measurement
    if (Mode & MODE_HIGH) Probe = Probes.Pin_1;
    else Probe = Probes.Pin_2;
    wdt_reset();                                 //Reset watchdog 
    Counter = 0;                                 //Reset loop counter 
    Value = 0;                                   //Reset sample value 
    //Set ADC to use bandgap reference and run a dummy conversion
    Probe |= (1 << REFS0) | (1 << REFS1);
    ADMUX = Probe;                               //Set input channel and U reference 
    waitus(100);                                 //Time for voltage stabilization 
    ADCSRA |= (1 << ADSC);                       //Start conversion 
    while (ADCSRA & (1 << ADSC));                //Wait until conversion is done 
    //Measurement loop (about 1ms per cycle)
    while (Counter < 100)
    {
      //Create short pulse
      ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_2;                    //Pull-down probe-2 directly
      R_PORT = Probes.Rl_1;
      //Start ADC conversion, ADC performs S&H after 1.5 ADC cycles (12�s)
      ADCSRA |= (1 << ADSC);                     //Start conversion
      //Wait 20�s to allow the ADC to do it's job
      waitus(20);
      //Stop pulse
      R_PORT = 0;
      ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_2 | Probes.ADC_1;
      //Get ADC reading (about 100�s)
      while (ADCSRA & (1 << ADSC));              //Wait until conversion is done 
      Value += ADCW;                             //Add ADC reading 
      //Wait
      waitus(900);
      Counter++;                                 //Next round
    }
    //Convert ADC reading to voltage
    Value *= Config.U_Bandgap;
    Value /= 1024;                               // / 1024 for 10bit ADC 
    Value /= 10;                                 //De-sample to 0.1mV 
    //Loop control
    if (Mode & MODE_HIGH)                        //Probe #1 / Rl
    {
      Mode = MODE_LOW;                           //Switch to low side
      Value1 = Value;                            //Save measured value 
    }
    else                                         //Probe #2 / R_i_L
    {
      Mode = 0;                                  //End loop 
      Value2 = Value;                            //Save measured value
    }
  }
  //Process measurement
  if (Value1 > Value2)                           //Sanity check
  {
    //I = U/R = (5V - U_Rl)/(Rl + R_i_H)
    Value = 10UL * UREF_VCC;                     //in 0.1 mV
    Value -= Value1;
    Value *= 1000;                               //Scale to �A 
    Value /= ((R_LOW * 10) + Config.RiH);        //in 0.1 Ohms 
    Value1 -= Value2;                            //in 0.1 mV 
    Value1 *= 10000;                             //Scale to 0.01 �V
    //R = U/I (including R of probe leads)
    Value1 /= Value;                             //in 0.01 Ohms
    R = (unsigned int)Value1;                    //Copy result 
    if (ZeroFlag == 1)                           //Auto-zero
    {
      if (R > Config.RZero) R -= Config.RZero;
      else R = 0;
    }
  }
#undef                        MODE_LOW
#undef                        MODE_HIGH
  //Update Uref flag for next ADC run
  Config.RefFlag = (1 << REFS1);                 //Set REFS1 bit flag
  return R;
}

//Check for resistor
void CheckResistor(void)
{
  Resistor_Type               *Resistor;         //Pointer to resistor 
  unsigned long               Value1;            //Resistance of measurement #1 
  unsigned long               Value2;            //Resistance of measurement #2 
  unsigned long               Value;             //Resistance value 
  unsigned long               Temp;              //Temp. value 
  signed char                 Scale;             //Resistance scale 
  signed char                 Scale2;            //Resistance scale 
  byte                        n;                 //Counter 
  //Voltages
  unsigned int                U_Rl_H;            //Voltage #1 
  unsigned int                U_Ri_L;            //Voltage #2 
  unsigned int                U_Rl_L;            //Voltage #3 
  unsigned int                U_Ri_H;            //Voltage #4 
  unsigned int                U_Rh_H;            //Voltage #5 
  unsigned int                U_Rh_L;            //Voltage #6 
  wdt_reset();                                   //Reset watchdog
  /*
     Resistor measurement
      - Set up a voltage divider with well known probe resistors and
        measure the voltage at the DUT.
      - For low resistance consider the internal resistors of the �C
        for pulling up/down.
      - Calculate resistance via the total current and the voltage
        at the DUT.
      - We could also use the voltage divider rule:
        (Ra / Rb) = (Ua / Ub) -> Ra = Rb * (Ua / Ub)
   
     check if we got a resistor
      - A resistor has the same resistance in both directions.
      - We measure both directions with both probe resistors.
  */
  //We assume: resistor between probe-1 and probe-2, set probes: Gnd -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Rl -- Vcc
  SetADCLow();                                   //Set ADC port low low 
  ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_2;                        //Pull down probe-2 directly 
  R_DDR = Probes.Rl_1;                           //Enable Rl for probe-1 
  R_PORT = Probes.Rl_1;                          //Pull up probe-1 via Rl 
  U_Ri_L = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_2);              //Get voltage at internal R of �C 
  U_Rl_H = ReadU(Probes.Pin_1);                  //Get voltage at Rl pulled up 
  /*
     Check for a capacitor
      - A capacitor would need some time to discharge.
      - So we pull down probe-1 via Rh and measure the voltage.
      - The voltage will drop immediately for a resistor.
  */
  //Set probes: Gnd -- probe-2 / Gnd -- Rh -- probe-1
  R_PORT = 0;                                    //Set resistor port low 
  R_DDR = Probes.Rh_1;                           //Pull down probe-1 via Rh 
  U_Rh_L = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_1);              //Get voltage at probe 1 
  //We got a resistor if the voltage is near Gnd
  if (U_Rh_L <= 20)
  {
    //Set probes: Gnd -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Rh -- Vcc
    R_PORT = Probes.Rh_1;                        //Pull up probe-1 via Rh 
    U_Rh_H = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_1);            //Get voltage at Rh pulled up 
    //Set probes: Gnd -- Rl -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Vcc
    ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_1;                      //Set probe-1 to output 
    ADC_PORT = Probes.ADC_1;                     //Pull up probe-1 directly 
    R_PORT = 0;                                  //Set resistor port to low 
    R_DDR = Probes.Rl_2;                         //Pull down probe-2 via Rl 
    U_Ri_H = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_1);            //Get voltage at internal R of �C 
    U_Rl_L = ReadU(Probes.Pin_2);                //Get voltage at Rl pulled down 
    //Set probes: Gnd -- Rh -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Vcc
    R_DDR = Probes.Rh_2;                         //Pull down probe-2 via Rh 
    U_Rh_L = ReadU_5ms(Probes.Pin_2);            //Get voltage at Rh pulled down 
    //If voltage breakdown is sufficient 
    if ((U_Rl_H >= 4400) || (U_Rh_H <= 97))      //R >= 5.1k / R < 9.3k 
    {
      if (U_Rh_H < 4972)                         //R < 83.4M & prevent division by zero 
      {
        //Voltage breaks down with low test current and it is not nearly shorted => resistor
        Value = 0;                               //Reset value of resistor 
        if (U_Rl_L < 169)                        //R > 19.5k 
        {
          //Use measurements done with Rh, resistor is less 60MOhm
          if (U_Rh_L >= 38)                      //R < 61.4M & prevent division by zero
          {
            /*
               Rh pulled up (above DUT):
               I = U_Rh / Rh = (Vcc - U_Rh_H) / Rh
               R = U_R / I = U_Rh_H / ((Vcc - U_Rh_H) / Rh)
                 = Rh * U_Rh_H / (Vcc - U_Rh_H)
             
               Or via voltage divider:
               R = Rh * (U_dut / U_Rh)
                 = Rh * (U_Rh_H / (Vcc - U_Rh_H))
            */
            Value1 = R_HIGH * U_Rh_H;
            Value1 /= (UREF_VCC - U_Rh_H);
            /*
               Rh pulled down (below DUT):
               I = U_Rh_L / Rh
               R = U_R / I = (Vcc - U_Rh_L) / (U_Rh_L / Rh)
                 = Rh * (Vcc - U_Rh_L) / U_Rh_L
             
               Or via voltage divider:
               R = Rh * (U_R / U_Rh)
                 = Rh * ((Vcc - U_Rh_L) / U_Rh_L)
            */
            Value2 = R_HIGH * (UREF_VCC - U_Rh_L);
            Value2 /= U_Rh_L;
            /*
               Calculate weighted average of both measurements
                - Voltages below the bandgap reference got a higher resolution
                  (1.1mV instead of 4.9mV).
            */
            if (U_Rh_H < 990)                    //Below bandgap reference
            {
              //Weighted average for U_Rh_H mig
              Value = (Value1 * 0); //era4 py2ohh
              Value += Value2;
              Value /= 1; //era5 py2ohh
            }
            else if (U_Rh_L < 990)               //Below bandgap reference
            {
              //Weighted average for U_Rh_L 
              Value = (Value2 * 0); //era4 py2ohh
              Value += Value1;
              Value /= 1; //era5 py2ohh
            }
            else                                 //Higher than bandgap reference
            {
              //Classic average
              Value = (Value1 + Value2) / 2;
            }
            Value += RH_OFFSET;                  //Add offset value for Rh
            Value *= 10;                         //Upscale to 0.1 Ohms
          }
        }
        else                                     //U_Rl_L: R <= 19.5k
        {
          //Use measurements done with Rl
          //Voltages below and above DUT match voltage divider 
          //Voltage below DUT can't be higher than above DUT 
          if ((U_Rl_H >= U_Ri_L) && (U_Ri_H >= U_Rl_L))
          {
            /*
               Rl pulled up (above DUT):
               I = U_Rl_RiH / (Rl + RiH) = (Vcc - U_Rl_H) / (Rl + RiH)
               R = U_Dut / I
                 = (U_Rl_H - U_Ri_L) / ((Vcc - U_Rl_H) / (Rl + RiH))
                 = (Rl + RiH) * (U_Rl_H - U_Ri_L) / (Vcc - U_Rl_H)
             
               Or via voltage divider:
               R = (Rl + RiH) * (U_R_RiL / U_Rl_RiH) - RiL
                 = (Rl + RiH) * (U_R_RiL / (Vcc - U_dut_RiL)) - RiL
            */
            //Prevent division by zero
            if (U_Rl_H == UREF_VCC) U_Rl_H = UREF_VCC - 1;   
            Value1 = (R_LOW * 10) + Config.RiH;  //Rl + RiH in 0.1 Ohm
            Value1 *= (U_Rl_H - U_Ri_L);
            Value1 /= (UREF_VCC - U_Rl_H);
            /*
               Rl pulled down (below DUT):
               I = U_Rl_RiL / (Rl + RiL)
               R = U_R / I
                 = (U_Ri_H - U_Rl_L) / (U_Rl_RiL / (Rl + RiL))
                 = (Rl + RiL) * (U_Ri_H - U_Rl_L) / U_Rl_RiL
             
               Or via voltage divider:
               R = (Rl + RiL) * (U_R_RiH / U_Rl_RiL) - RiH
                 = (Rl + RiL) * ((Vcc - U_Rl_RiL) / U_Rl_RiL) - RiH
            */
            Value2 = (R_LOW * 10) + Config.RiL;  //Rl + RiL in 0.1 Ohms
            Value2 *= (U_Ri_H - U_Rl_L);
            Value2 /= U_Rl_L;
            /*
               Calculate weighted average of both measurements
                - Voltages below the bandgap reference got a higher resolution
                  (1.1mV instead of 4.9mV).
            */
            if (U_Rl_H < 990)                    //Below bandgap reference
            {
              //Weighted average for U_Rh_H
              Value = (Value1 * 0); //era4 py2ohh
              Value += Value2;
              Value /= 1; //era5 py2ohh
            }
            else if (U_Rl_L < 990)               //Below bandgap reference
            {
              //Weighted average for U_Rh_L
              Value = (Value2 * 0); //era 4 py2ohh
              Value += Value1;
              Value /= 1; //era 5 py2ohh
            }
            else                                 //Higher than bandgap reference
            {
              //Classic average 
              Value = (Value1 + Value2) / 2;
            }
          }
          else                                   //May happen for very low resistances
          {
            if (U_Rl_L > 4750) Value = 1;        //U_Rl_L: R < 15 Ohms
            //This will trigger the low resistance measurement below
          }
        }
        //Process results of the resistance measurement
        if (Value > 0)                           //Valid resistor
        {
          Scale = -1;                            //0.1 Ohm by default
          //Meassure small resistor <10 Ohm with special method
          if (Value < 100UL)
          {
            //Run low resistance measurement
            Value2 = (unsigned long)SmallResistor(1);
            Scale2 = -2;                         //0.01 Ohm
            //Check for valid result
            Value1 = Value * 2;                  //Allow 100% tolerance       
            Value1 *= 10;                        //Re-scale to 0.01 Ohms    
            if (Value1 > Value2)                 //Got expected value
            {
              Value = Value2;                    //Update data
              Scale = Scale2;
            }
          }
          //Check for measurement in reversed direction
          n = 0;
          while (n < Check.Resistors)            //Loop through resistors
          {
            Resistor = &Resistors[n];            //Pointer to element
            if ((Resistor->A == Probes.Pin_1) && (Resistor->B == Probes.Pin_2))
            {
              //Check if the reversed measurement is within a specific tolerance
              //Set lower and upper tolerance limits 
              //< 2 Ohm 
              if (CmpValue(Value, Scale, 2, 0) == -1) 
              {
                Temp = Value / 2;                //50%
              }
              else                               //>= 2 Ohm
              {
                Temp = Value / 20;               //5%
              }
              Value1 = Value - Temp;             //95% or 50% 
              Value2 = Value + Temp;             //105% or 150% 
              //Special case for very low resistance 
              //< 0.1 Ohm
              if (CmpValue(Value, Scale, 1, -1) == -1)   
              {
                Value1 = 0;                      //0
                Value2 = Value * 5;              //500%
                if (Value2 == 0) Value2 = 5;     //Special case
              }
              //Check if value matches given tolerance
              if ((CmpValue(Resistor->Value, Resistor->Scale, Value1, Scale) >= 0) &&
                  (CmpValue(Resistor->Value, Resistor->Scale, Value2, Scale) <= 0))
              {
                Check.Found = COMP_RESISTOR;
                n = 100;                         //End loop and signal match
              }
              else                               //No match
              {
                n = 200;                         //End loop and signal mis-match
              }
            }
            else                                 //No match 
            {
              n++;                               //Next one 
            }
          }
          //We got a new resistor
          if (n != 100)                          //Not a known resistor
          {
            if (Check.Resistors < 3)             //Prevent array overflow
            {
              //Save data
              //Unused dataset
              Resistor = &Resistors[Check.Resistors]; 
              Resistor->A = Probes.Pin_2;
              Resistor->B = Probes.Pin_1;
              Resistor->Value = Value;
              Resistor->Scale = Scale;
              Check.Resistors++;                 //Another one found
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

//Compare two scaled values
signed char CmpValue(unsigned long Value1, signed char Scale1, unsigned long Value2, signed char Scale2)
{
  signed char                 Flag;              //Return value
  signed char                 Len1, Len2;        //Length
  //Determine virtual length
  Len1 = NumberOfDigits(Value1) + Scale1;
  Len2 = NumberOfDigits(Value2) + Scale2;
  if ((Value1 == 0) || (Value2 == 0))            //Special case
  {
    Flag = 10;                                   //Perform direct comparison 
  }
  else if (Len1 > Len2)                          //More digits -> larger 
  {
    Flag = 1;
  }
  else if (Len1 == Len2)                         //Same length
  {
    //Re-scale to longer value
    Len1 -= Scale1;
    Len2 -= Scale2;
    while (Len1 > Len2)                          //Up-scale Value #2
    {
      Value2 *= 10;
      Len2++;
    }
    while (Len2 > Len1)                          //Up-scale Value #1
    {
      Value1 *= 10;
      Len1++;
    }   
    Flag = 10;                                   //Perform direct comparison
  }
  else                                           //Less digits -> smaller 
  {
    Flag = -1;
  }

  if (Flag == 10)                                //Perform direct comparison
  {
    if (Value1 > Value2) Flag = 1;
    else if (Value1 < Value2) Flag = -1;
    else Flag = 0;
  }
  return Flag;
}

//Get number of digits of a value
byte NumberOfDigits(unsigned long Value)
{
  byte                        Counter = 1;
  while (Value >= 10)
  {
    Value /= 10;
    Counter++;
  }
  return Counter;
}

//Measure cap >4.7�F between two probe pins
byte LargeCap(Capacitor_Type *Cap)
{
  byte                        Flag = 3;          //Return value 
  byte                        TempByte;          //Temp. value 
  byte                        Mode;              //Measurement mode 
  signed char                 Scale;             //Capacitance scale 
  unsigned int                TempInt;           //Temp. value 
  unsigned int                Pulses;            //Number of charging pulses 
  unsigned int                U_Zero;            //Voltage before charging 
  unsigned int                U_Cap;             //Voltage of DUT 
  unsigned int                U_Drop = 0;        //Voltage drop 
  unsigned long               Raw;               //Raw capacitance value 
  unsigned long               Value;             //Corrected capacitance value 
  boolean                     rerun;
  //Setup mode
  Mode = FLAG_10MS | FLAG_PULLUP;                //Start with large caps
  do { 
    rerun = false;                               //One-Time
    /*
       We charge the DUT with up to 500 pulses each 10ms long until the
       DUT reaches 300mV. The charging is done via Rl. This method is
       suitable for large capacitances from 47uF up to 100mF. If we find a 
       lower capacitance we'll switch to 1ms charging pulses and try again
       (4.7�F up to 47�F).
     
       Problem:
        ReadADC() needs about 5ms (44 runs). We charge the DUT for 10ms and
        measure for 5ms. During that time the voltage will drop due to
        resistive losses of the DUT and the measurement itself. So the DUT
        seems to need more time to reach 300mV causing a higher capacitance
        be calculated.
     
       Remark:
        The Analog Input Resistance of the ADC is 100MOhm typically.
    */
    //Prepare probes
    DischargeProbes();                             //Try to discharge probes
    if (Check.Found == COMP_ERROR) return 0;       //Skip on error
    //Setup probes: Gnd -- probe 1 / probe 2 -- Rl -- Vcc 
    SetADCLow();                                   //Set ADC port to low 
    ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_2;                        //Pull-down probe 2 directly 
    R_PORT = 0;                                    //Set resistor port to low 
    R_DDR = 0;                                     //Set resistor port to HiZ 
    U_Zero = ReadU(Probes.Pin_1);                  //Get zero voltage (noise) 
    //Charge DUT with up to 500 pulses until it reaches 300mV 
    Pulses = 0;
    TempByte = 1;
    while (TempByte)
    {
      Pulses++;
      PullProbe(Probes.Rl_1, Mode);                //Charging pulse 
      U_Cap = ReadU(Probes.Pin_1);                 //Get voltage 
      U_Cap -= U_Zero;                             //Zero offset 
      //End loop if charging is too slow 
      if ((Pulses == 126) && (U_Cap < 75)) TempByte = 0;
      //End loop if 300mV are reached 
      if (U_Cap >= 300) TempByte = 0;
      //End loop if maximum pulses are reached 
      if (Pulses == 500) TempByte = 0;
      wdt_reset();                                 //Reset watchdog
    }
    //If 300mV are not reached DUT isn't a cap or much too large (>100mF) we can ignore that for mid-sized caps
    if (U_Cap < 300)
    {
      Flag = 1;
    }
    //If 1300mV are reached with one pulse we got a small cap
    if ((Pulses == 1) && (U_Cap > 1300))
    {
      if (Mode & FLAG_10MS)                        //<47�F 
      {
        Mode = FLAG_1MS | FLAG_PULLUP;             //Set mode (1ms charging pulses) 
        rerun = true;                              //And re-run 
      }
      else                                         //<4.7�F 
      {
        Flag = 2;
      }
    }
  } while (rerun);
  /*
     Check if DUT sustains the charge and get the voltage drop
      - run the same time as before minus the 10ms charging time
      - this gives us the approximation of the self-discharging
  */
  if (Flag == 3)
  {
    //Check self-discharging
    TempInt = Pulses;
    while (TempInt > 0)
    {
      TempInt--;                                 //Descrease timeout 
      U_Drop = ReadU(Probes.Pin_1);              //Get voltage 
      U_Drop -= U_Zero;                          //Zero offset 
      wdt_reset();                               //Reset watchdog 
    }
    //Calculate voltage drop
    if (U_Cap > U_Drop) U_Drop = U_Cap - U_Drop;
    else U_Drop = 0;
    //If voltage drop is too large consider DUT not to be a cap
    if (U_Drop > 100) Flag = 0;
  }
  /*
     Calculate capacitance
      - use factor from pre-calculated LargeCap_table
      - ignore Config.CapZero since it's in the pF range
  */
  if (Flag == 3)
  {
    Scale = -9;                                  //Factor is scaled to nF
    //Get interpolated factor from table 
    Raw = GetFactor(U_Cap + U_Drop, TABLE_LARGE_CAP);
    Raw *= Pulses;                               //C = pulses * factor 
    if (Mode & FLAG_10MS) Raw *= 10;             // *10 for 10ms charging pulses 
    if (Raw > UINT32_MAX / 1000)                 //Scale down if C >4.3mF 
    {
      Raw /= 1000;                               //Scale down by 10^3 
      Scale += 3;                                //Add 3 to the exponent 
    }
    Value = Raw;                                 //Copy raw value 
    //It seems that we got a systematic error
    Value *= 100;
    if (Mode & FLAG_10MS) Value /= 109;          //-9% for large cap 
    else Value /= 104;                           //-4% for mid cap 
    //Copy data
    Cap->A = Probes.Pin_2;                       //Pull-down probe pin 
    Cap->B = Probes.Pin_1;                       //Pull-up probe pin 
    Cap->Scale = Scale;                          //-9 or -6 
    Cap->Raw = Raw;
    Cap->Value = Value;                          //Max. 4.3*10^6nF or 100*10^3�F
  }
  return Flag;
}

//Measure cap <4.7�F between two probe pins
byte SmallCap(Capacitor_Type *Cap)
{
  byte                        Flag = 3;          //Return value 
  byte                        TempByte;          //Temp. value 
  signed char                 Scale;             //Capacitance scale 
  unsigned int                Ticks;             //Timer counter 
  unsigned int                Ticks2;            //Timer overflow counter 
  unsigned int                U_c;               //Voltage of capacitor 
  unsigned long               Raw;               //Raw capacitance value 
  unsigned long               Value;             //Corrected capacitance value
  /*
     Measurement method used for small caps < 50uF:
     We need a much better resolution for the time measurement. Therefore we
     use the �Cs internal 16-bit counter and analog comparator. The counter
     inceases until the comparator detects that the voltage of the DUT is as
     high as the internal bandgap reference. To support the higher time
     resolution we use the Rh probe resistor for charging.
   
     Remark:
     The analog comparator has an Input Leakage Current of -50nA up to 50nA 
     at Vcc/2. The Input Offset is <10mV at Vcc/2.
  */
  Ticks2 = 0;                                    //Reset timer overflow counter
  //Init hardware, prepare probes
  DischargeProbes();                             //Try to discharge probes
  if (Check.Found == COMP_ERROR) return 0;       //Skip on error
  //Set probes: Gnd -- all probes / Gnd -- Rh -- probe-1
  R_PORT = 0;                                    //Set resistor port to low
  //Set ADC probe pins to output mode
  ADC_DDR = (1 << TP1) | (1 << TP2) | (1 << TP3);
  SetADCLow();                                   //Set ADC port to low 
  R_DDR = Probes.Rh_1;                           //Pull-down probe-1 via Rh 
  //Setup analog comparator
  ADCSRB = (1 << ACME);                          //Use ADC multiplexer as negative input 
  ACSR =  (1 << ACBG) | (1 << ACIC);             //Use bandgap as positive input, trigger timer1 
  ADMUX = (1 << REFS0) | Probes.Pin_1;           //Switch ADC multiplexer to probe 1 and set AREF to Vcc
  ADCSRA = ADC_CLOCK_DIV;                        //Disable ADC, but keep clock dividers
  waitus(200);
  //Setup timer
  TCCR1A = 0;                                    //Set default mode 
  TCCR1B = 0;                                    //Set more timer modes 
  //Timer stopped, falling edge detection, noise canceler disabled
  TCNT1 = 0;                                     //Set Counter1 to 0
  //Clear all flags (input capture, compare A & B, overflow
  TIFR1 = (1 << ICF1) | (1 << OCF1B) | (1 << OCF1A) | (1 << TOV1);
  R_PORT = Probes.Rh_1;                          //Pull-up probe-1 via Rh                                     
  //Enable timer
  if (Check.Found == COMP_FET)
  {
    //Keep all probe pins pulled down but probe-1
    TempByte = (((1 << TP1) | (1 << TP2) | (1 << TP3)) & ~(1 << Probes.Pin_1));    
  }
  else
  {
    TempByte = Probes.ADC_2;                     //Keep just probe-1 pulled down
  }
  //Start timer by setting clock prescaler (1/1 clock divider)
  TCCR1B = (1 << CS10);
  ADC_DDR = TempByte;                            //Start charging DUT
  //Timer loop - run until voltage is reached - detect timer overflows
  while (1)
   {
     TempByte = TIFR1;                           //Get timer1 flags
     //End loop if input capture flag is set (= same voltage)
     if (TempByte & (1 << ICF1)) break;
     //Detect timer overflow by checking the overflow flag
     if (TempByte & (1 << TOV1))
     {
       //Happens at 65.536ms for 1MHz or 8.192ms for 8MHz
       TIFR1 = (1 << TOV1);                      //Reset flag
       wdt_reset();                              //Reset watchdog
       Ticks2++;                                 //Increase overflow counter 
       //End loop if charging takes too long (13.1s)
       if (Ticks2 == (CPU_FREQ / 5000)) break;
     }
   }
  //Stop counter
  TCCR1B = 0;                                    //Stop timer 
  TIFR1 = (1 << ICF1);                           //Reset Input Capture flag
  Ticks = ICR1;                                  //Get counter value
  //Disable charging 
  R_DDR = 0;                                     //Set resistor port to HiZ mode
  //Catch missed timer overflow
  if ((TCNT1 > Ticks) && (TempByte & (1 << TOV1)))
  {
    TIFR1 = (1 << TOV1);                         //Reset overflow flag
    Ticks2++;                                    //Increase overflow counter
  }
  //Enable ADC again
  ADCSRA = (1 << ADEN) | (1 << ADIF) | ADC_CLOCK_DIV;
  //Get voltage of DUT
  U_c = ReadU(Probes.Pin_1);                     //Get voltage of cap
  //Start discharging DUT
  R_PORT = 0;                                    //Pull down probe-2 via Rh 
  R_DDR = Probes.Rh_1;                           //Enable Rh for probe-1 again 
  //Skip measurement if charging took too long 
  if (Ticks2 >= (CPU_FREQ / 5000)) Flag = 1;
  //Calculate capacitance (<50uF) - use factor from pre-calculated SmallCap_table
  if (Flag == 3)
  {
    //Combine both counter values
    Raw = (unsigned long)Ticks;                  //Set lower 16 bits 
    Raw |= (unsigned long)Ticks2 << 16;          //Set upper 16 bits 
    if (Raw > 2) Raw -= 2;                       //Subtract processing time overhead 
    Scale = -12;                                 //Default factor is for pF scale 
    if (Raw > (UINT32_MAX / 1000))               //Prevent overflow (4.3*10^6) 
    {
      Raw /= 1000;                               //Scale down by 10^3 
      Scale += 3;                                //Add 3 to the exponent (nF)
    }
    //Multiply with factor from table
    Raw *= GetFactor(Config.U_Bandgap + Config.CompOffset, TABLE_SMALL_CAP);
    //Divide by CPU frequency to get the time and multiply with table scale
    Raw /= (CPU_FREQ / 10000);
    Value = Raw;                                 //Take raw value
    //Take care about zero offset if feasable
    if (Scale == -12)                            //pF scale
    {
      if (Value >= Config.CapZero)               //If value is larger than offset
      {
        Value -= Config.CapZero;                 //Substract offset
      }
      else                                       //If value is smaller than offset
      {
        //We have to prevent a negative value
        Value = 0;                               //Set value to 0
      }
    }
    //Copy data
    Cap->A = Probes.Pin_2;                       //Pull-down probe pin 
    Cap->B = Probes.Pin_1;                       //Pull-up probe pin 
    Cap->Scale = Scale;                          //-12 or -9 
    Cap->Raw = Raw;
    Cap->Value = Value;                          //Max. 5.1*10^6pF or 125*10^3nF 
    /*
       Self-adjust the voltage offset of the analog comparator and internal
       bandgap reference if C is 100nF up to 20�F. The minimum of 100nF
       should keep the voltage stable long enough for the measurements. 
       Changed offsets will be used in next test run.
    */
    if (((Scale == -12) && (Value >= 100000)) ||
        ((Scale == -9) && (Value <= 20000)))
    {
      signed int              Offset;
      signed long             TempLong;
      /*
       *  We can self-adjust the offset of the internal bandgap reference
         by measuring a voltage lower than the bandgap reference, one time
         with the bandgap as reference and a second time with Vcc as
         reference. The common voltage source is the cap we just measured.
      */
       while (ReadU(Probes.Pin_1) > 980)
       {
         //Keep discharging
       }
       R_DDR = 0;                                //Stop discharging 
       Config.AutoScale = 0;                     //Disable auto scaling 
       Ticks = ReadU(Probes.Pin_1);              //U_c with Vcc reference 
       Config.AutoScale = 1;                     //Enable auto scaling again 
       Ticks2 = ReadU(Probes.Pin_1);             //U_c with bandgap reference 
       R_DDR = Probes.Rh_1;                      //Resume discharging 
       Offset = Ticks - Ticks2;
       //Allow some offset caused by the different voltage resolutions (4.88 vs. 1.07)
       if ((Offset < -4) || (Offset > 4))        //Offset too large 
       {
         /*
            Calculate total offset:
             - first get offset per mV: Offset / U_c
             - total offset for U_ref: (Offset / U_c) * U_ref
         */
         TempLong = Offset;
         TempLong *= Config.U_Bandgap;           // * U_ref 
         TempLong /= Ticks2;                     // / U_c 
         Config.RefOffset = (signed char)TempLong;
       }
      /*
         In the cap measurement above the analog comparator compared
         the voltages of the cap and the bandgap reference. Since the �C
         has an internal voltage drop for the bandgap reference the
         �C used actually U_bandgap - U_offset. We get that offset by
         comparing the bandgap reference with the voltage of the cap:
         U_c = U_bandgap - U_offset -> U_offset = U_c - U_bandgap
      */
      Offset = U_c - Config.U_Bandgap;
      //Limit offset to a valid range of -50mV - 50mV
      if ((Offset > -50) && (Offset < 50)) Config.CompOffset = Offset;
    }
  }
  return Flag;
}

//Measure capacitance between two probe pins
void MeasureCap(byte Probe1, byte Probe2, byte ID)
{
  byte                        TempByte;          //Temp. value 
  Capacitor_Type              *Cap;              //Pointer to cap data structure 
  Diode_Type                  *Diode;            //Pointer to diode data structure 
  Resistor_Type               *Resistor;         //Pointer to resistor data structure 
  //Init - Reset cap data
  Cap = &Caps[ID];
  Cap->A = 0;
  Cap->B = 0;
  Cap->Scale = -12;                              //pF by default
  Cap->Raw = 0;
  Cap->Value = 0;
  if (Check.Found == COMP_ERROR) return;         //Skip check on any error 
  //Skip resistors - But check for a resistor < 10 Ohm. Might be a large cap.
  if (Check.Found == COMP_RESISTOR)
  {
    Resistor = &Resistors[0];                    //Pointer to first resistor
    TempByte = 0;
    while (TempByte < Check.Resistors)
    {
      //Got matching pins
      if (((Resistor->A == Probe1) && (Resistor->B == Probe2)) ||
          ((Resistor->A == Probe2) && (Resistor->B == Probe1)))
      {
        //Check for low value
        if (CmpValue(Resistor->Value, Resistor->Scale, 10UL, 0) == -1)
          TempByte = 99;                         //Signal low resistance and end loop
      }
      TempByte++;                                //Next one
      Resistor++;                                //Next one 
    }
    //We got a valid resistor 
    if (TempByte != 100) return;                 //Skip this one
  }
  /*
     Skip measurement for "dangerous" diodes
      - when Vf collides with the voltage of the capacitance measurement
  */
  Diode = &Diodes[0];                            //Pointer to first diode
  for (TempByte = 0; TempByte < Check.Diodes; TempByte++)
  {
    //Got matching pins and low threshold voltage
    if ((Diode->C == Probe2) &&
        (Diode->A == Probe1) &&
        (Diode->V_f < 1500))
    {
      return;
    }
    Diode++;                                     //Next one
  }
  //Run measurements
  UpdateProbes(Probe1, Probe2, 0);               //Update bitmasks and probes
  //First run measurement for large caps 
  TempByte = LargeCap(Cap);
  //If cap is too small run measurement for small caps
  if (TempByte == 2)
  {
    TempByte = SmallCap(Cap);
  }
  //Check for plausibility
  //If there aren't any diodes in reverse direction which could be detected as capacitors by mistake
  if (Check.Diodes == 0)
  {
    //Low resistance might be a large cap
    if (Check.Found == COMP_RESISTOR)
    {
      //Report capacitor for large C (> 4.3�F)
      if (Cap->Scale >= -6) Check.Found = COMP_CAPACITOR;
    }
    //We consider values below 5pF being just ghosts 
    else if ((Cap->Scale > -12) || (Cap->Value >= 5UL))
    {
      Check.Found = COMP_CAPACITOR;              //Report capacitor
    }
  }
  //Clean up
  DischargeProbes();                             //Discharge DUT
  //Reset all ports and pins
  SetADCHiz();                                   //Set ADC port to input 
  SetADCLow();                                   //Set ADC port low 
  R_DDR = 0;                                     //Set resistor port to input 
  R_PORT = 0;                                    //Set resistor port low 
}

//Measure inductance between two probe pins
byte MeasureInductance(uint32_t *Time, byte Mode)
{
  byte                        Flag = 3;          //Return value 
  byte                        Test;              //Test flag 
  signed char                 Offset;            //Counter offet 
  unsigned int                Ticks_L;           //Timer counter 
  unsigned int                Ticks_H;           //Timer overflow counter 
  unsigned long               Counter;           //Counter 
  //Sanity check 
  if (Time == NULL) return 0;
  DischargeProbes();                             //Try to discharge probes
  if (Check.Found == COMP_ERROR) return 0;
  /*
     Measurement modes:
      - low current: Gnd -- Rl -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Vcc
      - high current: Gnd -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Vcc
    
     init hardware
  */
  //Set probes: Gnd -- probe-1 / Gnd -- Rl -- probe-2
  R_PORT = 0;                                    //Set resistor port to low 
  SetADCLow();                                   //Set ADC port to low 
  if (Mode & MODE_LOW_CURRENT)                   //Low current 
  {
    R_DDR = Probes.Rl_2;                         //Pull down probe-2 via Rl 
    ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_1;                      //Pull down probe-1 directly 
  }
  else                                           //High current 
  {
    R_DDR = 0;                                   //Disable probe resistors 
    //Pull down probe-1 and probe-2 directly
    ADC_DDR = Probes.ADC_1 | Probes.ADC_2;
  }
  //Setup analog comparator
  ADCSRB = (1 << ACME);                          //Use ADC multiplexer as negative input 
  ACSR =  (1 << ACBG) | (1 << ACIC);             //Use bandgap as positive input, trigger timer1 
  ADMUX = (1 << REFS0) | Probes.Pin_2;           //Switch ADC multiplexer to probe-2 and set AREF to Vcc
  ADCSRA = ADC_CLOCK_DIV;                        //Disable ADC, but keep clock dividers
  waitus(200);                                   //Allow bandgap reference to settle
  //Setup timer
  Ticks_H = 0;                                   //Reset timer overflow counter
  TCCR1A = 0;                                    //Set default mode
  TCCR1B = 0;                                    //Set more timer modes
  //Timer stopped, falling edge detection, noise canceler disabled
  TCNT1 = 0;                                     //Set Counter1 to 0
  //Clear all flags (input capture, compare A & B, overflow
  TIFR1 = (1 << ICF1) | (1 << OCF1B) | (1 << OCF1A) | (1 << TOV1);
  if (Mode & MODE_DELAYED_START)                 //Delayed start
  {
    Test = (CPU_FREQ / 1000000);                 //Cycles per �s
    //Change probes: Gnd -- Rl -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Vcc
    ADC_PORT = Probes.ADC_1;                     //Pull up probe-1 directly
    /*
       Delay timer by about 3-4�s to skip capacitive effects of large inductors
        - a single loop needs 4 cycles, the last loop run just 3
        - cycles burnt: <MCU cycles per �s> * 4 - 1
    */
    while (Test > 0)
    {
      Test--;
      asm volatile("nop\n\t"::);
    }
    TCCR1B |= (1 << CS10);                       //Start timer (1/1 clock divider)
  }
  else                                           //Immediate start
  {
    TCCR1B |= (1 << CS10);                       //Start timer (1/1 clock divider)
    //Change probes: Gnd -- Rl -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Vcc
    ADC_PORT = Probes.ADC_1;                     //Pull up probe-1 directly
  }
  //Timer loop - run until voltage threshold is reached - detect timer overflows
   while (1)
   {
     Test = TIFR1;                               //Get timer1 flags
     //End loop if input capture flag is set (= same voltage)
     if (Test & (1 << ICF1)) break;
     //Detect timer overflow by checking the overflow flag
     if (Test & (1 << TOV1))
     {
       //Happens at 65.536ms for 1MHz or 8.192ms for 8MHz
       TIFR1 = (1 << TOV1);                      //Reset flag
       wdt_reset();                              //Reset watchdog 
       Ticks_H++;                                //Increase overflow counter 
       //If it takes too long (0.26s)
       if (Ticks_H == (CPU_FREQ / 250000))
       {
         Flag = 0;                               //Signal timeout
         break;                                  //End loop
       }
     }
   }
  //Stop counter
  TCCR1B = 0;                                    //Stop timer
  TIFR1 = (1 << ICF1);                           //Reset Input Capture flag
  Ticks_L = ICR1;                                //Get counter value
  //Prepare cut off: Gnd -- Rl -- probe-2 / probe-1 -- Rl -- Gnd
  R_DDR = Probes.Rl_2 | Probes.Rl_1;  
  //Stop current flow
  SetADCHiz();
  //Catch missed timer overflow 
  if ((TCNT1 > Ticks_L) && (Test & (1 << TOV1)))
  {
    TIFR1 = (1 << TOV1);                         //Reset overflow flag
    Ticks_H++;                                   //Increase overflow counter
  }
  //Enable ADC again
  ADCSRA = (1 << ADEN) | (1 << ADIF) | ADC_CLOCK_DIV;
  //Process counters, combine both counter values
  Counter = (unsigned long)Ticks_L;              //Lower 16 bits 
  Counter |= (unsigned long)Ticks_H << 16;       //Upper 16 bits
  Offset = -4;                                   //Subtract processing overhead
  if (Mode & MODE_DELAYED_START)                 //Delayed start
  {
    //Add MCU cycles for delayed start
    Offset += ((CPU_FREQ / 1000000) * 4) - 1;
  }
  else                                           //Immediate start
  {
    Offset -= 1;                                 //Timer started one cycle too early
  }
  if (Offset >= 0)                               //Positive offet
  {
    Counter += Offset;
  }
  else                                           //Negative offset
  {
    Offset *= -1;                                //Make it positive 
    if (Counter < Offset) Counter = 0;           //Prevent underflow 
    else Counter -= Offset;                      //Subtract offset 
  }
  //Convert counter (MCU cycles) to time (in �s)
  if (Counter > 0)
  {
    Counter += (CPU_FREQ / 2000000);             //Add half of cycles for rounding 
    Counter /= (CPU_FREQ / 1000000);             //Divide by frequeny and scale to �s 
  }
  if (Counter <= 1) Flag = 2;                    //Signal inductance too low
  *Time = Counter;                               //Save time 
  return Flag;
}

//Measure inductance between two probe pins of a resistor
byte MeasureInductor(Resistor_Type *Resistor)
{
  byte                        Test = 0;          //Return value / measurement result 
  byte                        Mode;              //Measurement mode 
  byte                        Scale;             //Scale of value 
  unsigned int                R_total;           //Total resistance 
  unsigned int                Factor;            //Factor 
  unsigned long               Value;             //Value 
  unsigned long               Time1;             //Time #1 
  unsigned long               Time2;             //Time #2 
  //Reset data
  Inductor.Scale = 0;
  Inductor.Value = 0;
  //Sanity check
  if (Resistor == NULL) return Test;
  //Limit resistor to 2k (feasibilty & prevent variable overflow)
  if (CmpValue(Resistor->Value, Resistor->Scale, 2000, 0) >= 0) return Test;
  /*
     Manage measurements:
      - run in immediate and delayed mode to deal with capacitive effects
        of large inductors and keep smaller time
      - in case of a small inductance run in high current mode (implies
        immediate mode only)
  */
  UpdateProbes(Resistor->A, Resistor->B, 0);     //Update probes
  Mode = MODE_LOW_CURRENT;
  Test = MeasureInductance(&Time1, Mode);
  if (Test == 2)                                 //Inductance too low
  {
    //If resistance < 40 Ohms we may run the high current test
    if (CmpValue(Resistor->Value, Resistor->Scale, 40, 0) < 0)
    {
      Mode = MODE_HIGH_CURRENT;
      Test = MeasureInductance(&Time1, Mode);
    }
  }
  else if (Test == 3)                            //Valid time
  {
    //Let's run the delayed mode
    Mode = MODE_LOW_CURRENT | MODE_DELAYED_START;
    Test = MeasureInductance(&Time2, Mode);
    if (Time1 > Time2) Time1 = Time2;            //Lower value wins
  }  
  if (Test != 3) Test = 0;                       //Measurements faile
  //Calculate inductance
  if (Test == 3)
  {
    //Resistances - Total resistance (in 0.1 Ohms) - R_L
    R_total = RescaleValue(Resistor->Value, Resistor->Scale, -1); 
    R_total += Config.RiH + Config.RiL;
    //Shunt resistance (in 0.1 Ohms)
    Factor = Config.RiL;
    if (Mode & MODE_LOW_CURRENT)                 //Low current measurement mode
    {
      //Add R_l
      R_total += (R_LOW * 10);
      Factor += (R_LOW * 10);
    }
    /*
       Ratio and factor
        - ratio = ((U_ref * R_total) / (5V * R_shunt)) * 10^3
    */
    Value = Config.U_Bandgap + Config.CompOffset;   
    Value *= R_total;                            // * R_total (in 0.1 Ohms) 
    Value /= Factor;                             // / R_shunt (in 0.1 Ohms) 
    Value /= 5;                                  // / 5000mV, * 10^3 
    //Get ratio based factor
    Factor = GetFactor((unsigned int)Value, TABLE_INDUCTOR);
    /*
      calculate inductance
      L = t_stop * R_total * factor
    */
    Scale = -6;                                  //�H by default
    Value = Time1;                               //t_stop 
    Value *= Factor;                             // * factor (�s * 10^-3) 
    while (Value > 100000)                       //Re-scale to prevent overflow 
    {
      Value /= 10;
      Scale++;
    }
    Value *= R_total;                            // * R_total (in 0.1 Ohms)
    Value /= 10000;
    //Update data
    Inductor.Scale = Scale;
    Inductor.Value = Value;
    Test = 1;                                    //Signal success
  }
  return Test;
}

                                                 //DISPLAY FUNCTIONS

//Clear the display 
void lcd_clear(void)
{
  #ifdef LCD_PRINT
    lcd.clear();
    delay(2);                                    //LCD needs some time for processing
  #endif
  #ifdef DEBUG_PRINT
    Serial.println();
  #endif
}

//Move cursor to the first position of a specified line
void lcd_line(unsigned char Line)
{
  #ifdef LCD_PRINT
    lcd.setCursor(0,Line);
  #endif
  #ifdef DEBUG_PRINT
    Serial.println();
  #endif
}

 //Clear single line of display
 void lcd_clear_line(unsigned char Line)
{
  unsigned char               Pos;
  #ifdef LCD_PRINT
    lcd_line(Line);                              //Go to beginning of line
    for (Pos = 0; Pos < 20; Pos++)               //For 20 times
    {
      lcd_data(' ');                             //Send space
    }
    lcd_line(Line);                              //Go back to beginning of line
  #endif
  #ifdef DEBUG_PRINT
    Serial.println();
  #endif
}

//Write probe pin number to the LCD
void lcd_testpin(unsigned char Probe)
{
  //Since TP1 is 0 we simply add the value to '1'
  lcd_data('1' + Probe);                         //Send data
}

//Display a space
void lcd_space(void)
{
  lcd_data(' ');
}

//Display a string
void lcd_string(char *String)
{
  while (*String)                                //Loop until trailing 0 is reached
  {
    lcd_data(*String);                           //Send character
    String++;                                    //Next one
  }
}

//Display a fixed string stored in PROGMEM
void lcd_fixed_string(const unsigned char *String)
{
  while (pgm_read_byte(String) != 0x00) 
    lcd_data(pgm_read_byte(String++));           //Send character
}

//Send data to the LCD
void lcd_data(unsigned char Data)
{
  #ifdef LCD_PRINT                  
    lcd.write(Data);                             //Send data to LCD
  #endif
  #ifdef DEBUG_PRINT                  
    Serial.write(Data);                          //Send data to Serial
  #endif
}

                                                 //USER FUNCTIONS

//Display value and unit
void DisplayValue(unsigned long Value, signed char Exponent, unsigned char Unit)
{
  unsigned char               Prefix = 0;        //Prefix character
  byte                        Offset = 0;        //Exponent offset to next 10^3 step
  byte                        Index;             //Index ID
  byte                        Length;            //String length
  //Scale value down to 4 digits
  while (Value >= 10000)
  {
    Value += 5;                                  //For automagic rounding
    Value = Value / 10;                          //Scale down by 10^1
    Exponent++;                                  //Increase exponent by 1
  } 
  //Determine prefix and offset (= number of digits right of dot)
  if (Exponent >= -12)                           //Prevent index underflow
  {
    Exponent += 12;                              //Shift exponent to be >= 0
    Index = Exponent / 3;                        //Number of 10^3 steps
    Offset = Exponent % 3;                       //Offset to lower 10^3 step
    if (Offset > 0)                              //Dot required
    {
      Index++;                                   //Upscale prefix 
      Offset = 3 - Offset;                       //Reverse value (1 or 2)
    }    
    //Look up prefix in table (also prevent array overflow)
    if (Index <= 6) Prefix = *(&Prefix_table[Index]);
  }
  //Display value, convert value into string
  utoa((unsigned int)Value, OutBuffer, 10);
  Length = strlen(OutBuffer);
  //We misuse Exponent for the dot position
  Exponent = Length - Offset;                    //Calculate position
  if (Exponent <= 0)                             //We have to prepend "0."
  {
    //0: factor 10 / -1: factor 100
    lcd_data('0');
    lcd_data('.');
    if (Exponent < 0) lcd_data('0');             //Extra 0 for factor 100
  }
  if (Offset == 0) Exponent = -1;                //Disable dot if not needed
  //Adjust position to match array or disable dot if set to 0
  Exponent--;
  //Display value and add dot if requested
  Index = 0;
  while (Index < Length)                         //Loop through string
  {
    lcd_data(OutBuffer[Index]);                  //Display char 
    if (Index == Exponent) lcd_data('.');        //Display dot 
    Index++;                                     //Next one 
  }
  //Display prefix and unit
  if (Prefix) lcd_data(Prefix);
  if (Unit) lcd_data(Unit);
}

//Display signed value and unit
void DisplaySignedValue(signed long Value, signed char Exponent, unsigned char Unit)
{
  //Take care about sign
  if (Value < 0)                                 //Negative value
  {
    lcd_data('-');                               //Display: "-"
    Value = -Value;                              //Make value positive
  }
  //And display unsigned value
  DisplayValue((signed long)Value, Exponent, Unit);
}

//Tell user to create or remove short-circuit of all three probes
void ShortCircuit(byte Mode)
{
  byte                        Run = 0;           //Loop control
  byte                        Test;              //Test feedback
  unsigned char               *String = NULL;    //Display string pointer
  Test = AllProbesShorted();                     //Get current status
  if (Mode == 0)                                 //Remove short
  {
    //Some shorted
    if (Test != 0) String = (unsigned char *)Remove_str;    
  }
  else                                           //Create short
  {
    //Some unshorted
    if (Test != 3) String = (unsigned char *)Create_str;   
  }
  //If required tell user what to do 
  if (String)
  {
    lcd_clear();
    lcd_fixed_string(String);                    //Display: Remove/Create
    lcd_line(1);
    lcd_fixed_string(ShortCircuit_str);          //Display: short circuit!
    Run = 1;                                     //Enter loop
  }
  //Wait until all probes are dis/connected
  while (Run == 1)
  {
    Test = AllProbesShorted();                   //Check for short circuits
    if (Mode == 0)                               //Remove short
    {
      if (Test == 0) Run = 0;                    //End loop if all removed
    }
    else                                         //Create short
    {
      if (Test == 3) Run = 0;                    //End loop if all shorted
    }
    if (Run == 1)                                //If not done yet
      delay(50);                                 //Wait a little bit
    else                                         //If done
      delay(200);                                //Time to debounce
  }
}

//Detect keypress of test push button
byte TestKey(unsigned int Timeout, byte Mode)
{
  byte                        Flag = 0;          //Return value
  byte                        Run = 1;           //Loop control
  byte                        Counter = 0;       //Time counter
  byte                        ButtonStatus=0;    //Button Status
  //Init
  if (Mode > 10)                                 //Consider operation mode
  {
    if (Config.TesterMode == MODE_AUTOHOLD)      //Auto hold mode
    {
      Timeout = 0;                               //Disable timeout
      Mode -= 10;                                //Set cursor mode
    }
    else                                         //Continous mode
    {
      Mode = 0;                                  //Disable cursor
    }
  }
  if (Mode > 0)                                  //Cursor enabled
  {
    //Set position: char 16 in line 2
    #ifdef LCD_PRINT
      lcd.setCursor(15, 2);
      //Enable cursor
      lcd.cursor();
    #endif
  }
  //Wait for key press or timeout
  while (Run)
  {
    //Take care about timeout
    if (Timeout > 0)                             //Timeout enabled
    {
      //Set position: char 16 in line 2
      #ifdef LCD_PRINT
        lcd.setCursor(15, 2);
        //Show flag, more info
        lcd_data(LCD_CHAR_FLAG);
      #endif
      if (Timeout > 5) Timeout -= 5;             //Decrease timeout by 5ms
      else Run = 0;                              //End loop on timeout
    }
    //Check for key press, Test push button is low active
    if (!(digitalRead(TEST_BUTTON)))             //If key is pressed
    {
      Counter = 0;                               //Reset counter
      delay(30);                                 //Time to debounce
      while (Run)                                //Detect how long key is pressed
      {
        if (!(digitalRead(TEST_BUTTON)))         //Key still pressed
        {
          Counter++;                             //Increase counter
          if (Counter > LONG_PRESS) Run = 0;     //End loop if LONG_PRESS are reached
          else delay(10);                        //Otherweise wait 10ms
        }
        else                                     //Key released
        {
          Run = 0;                               //End loop
        }
      }
      //Determine key press type
      if (Counter > LONG_PRESS) Flag = 2;        //Long (>= LONG_PRESS)
      else Flag = 1;                             //Short (< LONG_PRESS)
    }
    else                                         //No key press
    {
      delay(5);                                  //Wait a little bit more (5ms)
      //Simulate blinking cursor, The LCDs built in cursor blinking is ugly and slow
      if (Mode == 2)                             //Blinking cursor
      {
        Counter++;                               //Increase counter
        if (Counter == 100)                      //Every 500ms (2Hz)
        {
          Counter = 0;                           //Reset counter
          //We misuse Run as toggle switch
          if (Run == 1)                          //Turn off
          {
            //Disable cursor
            #ifdef LCD_PRINT
              lcd.noCursor();
            #endif
            Run = 2;                             //Toggle flag
          }
          else                                   //Turn on
          {
            //Enable cursor
            #ifdef LCD_PRINT
              lcd.cursor();
            #endif
            Run = 1;                             //Toggle flag
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  //Clean up
  if (Mode > 0)                                  //Cursor enabled
  {
    //Disable cursor
    #ifdef LCD_PRINT
      lcd.noCursor();
    #endif
  }
  return Flag;
}

//Show failed test
void ShowFail(void)
{
  //Display info
  lcd_fixed_string(Failed1_str);                 //Display: No component
  lcd_line(1);                                   //Move to line #2
  lcd_fixed_string(Failed2_str);                 //Display: found!
  //Display numbers of diodes found
  if (Check.Diodes > 0)                          //Diodes found
  {
    lcd_space();                                 //Display space
    lcd_data(Check.Diodes + '0');                //Display number of diodes found
    lcd_fixed_string(Diode_AC_str);              //Display: -|>|-   
  }
  RunsMissed++;                                  //Increase counter
  RunsPassed = 0;                                //Reset counter
}

//Show Error                                     //Only for Standalone Version!
void ShowError()
{
  if (Check.Type == TYPE_DISCHARGE)              //Discharge failed
  {
    lcd_fixed_string(DischargeFailed_str);       //Display: Battery?
    //Display probe number and remaining voltage
    lcd_line(1);
    lcd_testpin(Check.Probe);
    lcd_data(':');
    lcd_space();
    DisplayValue(Check.U, -3, 'V');
  }
}

//Display Uf of a diode
void ShowDiode_Uf(Diode_Type *Diode)
{
  //Sanity check
  if (Diode == NULL) return;
  //Display Vf
  DisplayValue(Diode->V_f, -3, 'V');
}

//Display capacitance of a diode
void ShowDiode_C(Diode_Type *Diode)
{
  //Sanity check 
  if (Diode == NULL) return;
  //Get capacitance (opposite of flow direction)
  MeasureCap(Diode->C, Diode->A, 0);
  //And show capacitance
  DisplayValue(Caps[0].Value, Caps[0].Scale, 'F');
}

//Show diode
void ShowDiode(void)
{
  Diode_Type                  *D1;               //Pointer to diode #1 
  Diode_Type                  *D2 = NULL;        //Pointer to diode #2 
  byte                        SkipFlag = 0;      //Flag for anti-parallel diodes
  byte                        A = 5;             //ID of common anode
  byte                        C = 5;             //ID of common cothode 
  unsigned int                I_leak;            //Leakage current 
  D1 = &Diodes[0];                               //Pointer to first diode
  //Figure out which diodes to display
  if (Check.Diodes == 1)                         //Single diode
  {
    C = D1->C;                                   //Make anode first pin
  }
  else if (Check.Diodes == 2)                    //Two diodes
  {
    D2 = D1;
    D2++;                                        //Pointer to second diode
    if (D1->A == D2->A)                          //Common anode
    {
      A = D1->A;                                 //Save common anode
    }
    else if (D1->C == D2->C)                     //Common cathode
    {
      C = D1->C;                                 //Save common cathode
    }
    //Anti-parallel
    else if ((D1->A == D2->C) && (D1->C == D2->A))   
    {
      A = D1->A;                                 //Anode and cathode
      C = A;                                     //Are the same 
      SkipFlag = 1;                              //Signal anti-parallel diodes
    } 
  }
  else if (Check.Diodes == 3)                    //Three diodes
  {
    byte                      n;
    byte                      m;
    /*
       Two diodes in series are additionally detected as third big diode:
        - Check for any possible way of 2 diodes be connected in series.
        - Only once the cathode of diode #1 matches the anode of diode #2.
    */
    for (n = 0; n <= 2; n++)                     //Loop for first diode 
    {
      D1 = &Diodes[n];                           //Get pointer of first diode 
      for (m = 0; m <= 2; m++)                   //Loop for second diode 
      {
        D2 = &Diodes[m];                         //Get pointer of second diode
        if (n != m)                              //Don't check same diode :-)
        {
          if (D1->C == D2->A)                    //Got match
          {
            n = 5;                               //End loops
            m = 5;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if (n < 5) D2 = NULL;                        //No match found 
    C = D1->C;                                   //Cathode of first diode 
    A = 3;                                       //In series mode 
  }
  else                                           //To much diodes 
  {
    D1 = NULL;                                   //Don't display any diode 
    ShowFail();                                  //And tell user 
    return;
  }
  //Display pins, first Diode
  if (A < 3) lcd_testpin(D1->C);                 //Common anode 
  else lcd_testpin(D1->A);                       //Common cathode 
  if (A < 3) lcd_fixed_string(Diode_CA_str);     //Common anode 
  else lcd_fixed_string(Diode_AC_str);           //Common cathode 
  if (A < 3) lcd_testpin(A);                     //Common anode 
  else lcd_testpin(C);                           //Common cathode 
  if (D2)                                        //Second diode 
  {
    if (A <= 3) lcd_fixed_string(Diode_AC_str);  //Common anode or in series 
    else lcd_fixed_string(Diode_CA_str);         //Common cathode 
    if (A == C) lcd_testpin(D2->A);              //Anti parallel 
    else if (A <= 3) lcd_testpin(D2->C);         //Common anode or in series 
    else lcd_testpin(D2->A);                     //Common cathode 
  }
  /*
     display:
      - Uf (forward voltage)
      - reverse leakage current (for single diodes)
      - capacitance (not for anti-parallel diodes)
  */
  //Uf
  lcd_line(1);                                   //Go to line #2 
  lcd_fixed_string(Vf_str);                      //Display: Vf= 
  ShowDiode_Uf(D1);                              //First diode 
  lcd_space();
  if (D2 == NULL)                                //Single diode 
  {
    //Display low current Uf if it's quite low (Ge/Schottky diode)
    if (D1->V_f2 < 250)
    {
      lcd_data('(');
      DisplayValue(D1->V_f2, 0, 0);
      lcd_data(')');
    }
    //Reverse leakage current
    UpdateProbes(D1->C, D1->A, 0);               //Reverse diode 
    I_leak = GetLeakageCurrent();                //Get current (in �A) 
    if (I_leak > 0)                              //Show if not zero 
    {
      #ifdef BUTTON_INST
        TestKey(USER_WAIT, 11);                  //Next page
      #else
        delay(3000);
      #endif
      lcd_clear_line(2);                         //Only change line #2 
      lcd_fixed_string(I_R_str);                 //Display: I_R= 
      DisplayValue(I_leak, -6, 'A');             //Display current 
    }
  }
  else
  {
    ShowDiode_Uf(D2);                            //Second diode (optional)
  }
  //Capacitance
  if (SkipFlag == 0)
  {
    #ifdef BUTTON_INST
      TestKey(USER_WAIT, 11);                    //Next page
    #else
      delay(3000);
    #endif
    lcd_clear_line(2);                           //Only change line #2
    lcd_fixed_string(DiodeCap_str);              //Display: C= 
    ShowDiode_C(D1);                             //First diode 
    lcd_space();
    ShowDiode_C(D2);                             //Second diode (optional)
  }
}

//Show BJT
void ShowBJT(void)
{
  Diode_Type                  *Diode;            //Pointer to diode
  unsigned char               *String;           //Display string pointer 
  byte                        Counter;           //Counter 
  byte                        A_Pin;             //Pin acting as anode 
  byte                        C_Pin;             //Pin acting as cathode 
  unsigned int                V_BE;              //V_BE
  signed int                  Slope;             //Slope of forward voltage
  //Display type
  if (Check.Type == TYPE_NPN)                    //NPN
    String = (unsigned char *)NPN_str;
  else                                           //PNP
    String = (unsigned char *)PNP_str;
  lcd_fixed_string(String);                      //Display: NPN / PNP
  //Protections diodes
  if (Check.Diodes > 2)                          //Transistor is a set of two diodes :-)
  {
    lcd_space();
    if (Check.Type == TYPE_NPN)                  //NPN
      String = (unsigned char *)Diode_AC_str;
    else                                         //PNP
      String = (unsigned char *)Diode_CA_str;
    lcd_fixed_string(String);                    //Display: -|>|- / -|<|-
  }
  //Display pins
  lcd_space();
  lcd_fixed_string(EBC_str);                     //Display: EBC= 
  lcd_testpin(BJT.E);                            //Display emitter pin 
  lcd_testpin(BJT.B);                            //Display base pin 
  lcd_testpin(BJT.C);                            //Display collector pin 
  //Display hFE
  lcd_line(1);                                   //Move to line #2  
  lcd_fixed_string(hFE_str);                     //Display: h_FE= 
  DisplayValue(BJT.hFE, 0, 0);
  //Display V_BE (taken from diode forward voltage)
  Diode = &Diodes[0];                            //Get pointer of first diode  
  Counter = 0;
  while (Counter < Check.Diodes)                 //Check all diodes
  {
    //Set pins based on BJT type
    if (Check.Type == TYPE_NPN)                  //NPN
    {
      //Diode B -> E
      A_Pin = BJT.B;
      C_Pin = BJT.E;
    }
    else                                         //PNP
    {
      //Diode E -> B
      A_Pin = BJT.E;
      C_Pin = BJT.B;
    }
    //If the diode matches the transistor
    if ((Diode->A == A_Pin) && (Diode->C == C_Pin))
    {
      #ifdef BUTTON_INST
        TestKey(USER_WAIT, 11);                  //Next page
      #else
        delay(3000);
      #endif
      lcd_clear_line(2);                         //Update line #2
      lcd_fixed_string(V_BE_str);                //Display: V_BE=
      /*
         Vf is quite linear for a logarithmicly scaled I_b.
         So we may interpolate the Vf values of low and high test current
         measurements for a virtual test current. Low test current is 10�A
         and high test current is 7mA. That's a logarithmic scale of
         3 decades.
      */
      //Calculate slope for one decade
      Slope = Diode->V_f - Diode->V_f2;
      Slope /= 3;
      //Select V_BE based on hFE
      if (BJT.hFE < 100)                         //Low hFE
      {
        /*
           BJTs with low hFE are power transistors and need a large I_b
           to drive the load. So we simply take Vf of the high test current
           measurement (7mA). 
        */
        V_BE = Diode->V_f;
      }
      else if (BJT.hFE < 250)                    //Mid-range hFE
      {
        /*
           BJTs with a mid-range hFE are signal transistors and need
           a small I_b to drive the load. So we interpolate Vf for
           a virtual test current of about 1mA.
        */
        V_BE = Diode->V_f - Slope;
      }
      else                                       //High hFE
      {
        /*
           BJTs with a high hFE are small signal transistors and need
           only a very small I_b to drive the load. So we interpolate Vf
           for a virtual test current of about 0.1mA.
        */
        V_BE = Diode->V_f2 + Slope;
      }
      DisplayValue(V_BE, -3, 'V');
      //I_CEO: collector emitter cutoff current (leakage)
      if (BJT.I_CE0 > 0)                         //Show if not zero 
      {
        #ifdef BUTTON_INST
          TestKey(USER_WAIT, 11);                //Next page 
        #else
          delay(3000);
        #endif
        lcd_clear_line(2);                       //Only change line #2 
        lcd_fixed_string(I_CEO_str);             //Display: I_CE0= 
        DisplayValue(BJT.I_CE0, -6, 'A');        //Display current 
      }
      Counter = Check.Diodes;                    //End loop 
    }
    else
    {
      Counter++;                                 //Increase counter 
      Diode++;                                   //Next one 
    }
  }
}

//Show MOSFET/IGBT extras
void Show_FET_IGBT_Extras(byte Symbol)
{
  //Instrinsic diode
  if (Check.Diodes > 0)
  {
    lcd_space();                                 //Display space
    lcd_data(Symbol);                            //Display diode symbol
  }
  #ifdef BUTTON_INST
    TestKey(USER_WAIT, 11);                      //Next page
  #else
    delay(3000);
  #endif
  lcd_clear();
  //Gate threshold voltage
  lcd_fixed_string(Vth_str);                     //Display: Vth
  DisplayValue(FET.V_th, -3, 'V');               //Display V_th in mV    
  lcd_line(1);
  //Display gate capacitance 
  lcd_fixed_string(GateCap_str);                 //Display: Cgs= 
  MeasureCap(FET.G, FET.S, 0);                   //Measure capacitance
  //Display value and unit
  DisplayValue(Caps[0].Value, Caps[0].Scale, 'F');
}

//Show FET
void ShowFET(void)
{
  byte                        Data;              //Temp. data
  byte                        Symbol;            //Intrinsic diode
  //Set variables based on channel mode
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_N_CHANNEL)               //n-channel
  {
    Data = 'N';
    Symbol = LCD_CHAR_DIODE2;                    // '|<|' cathode pointing to drain
  }
  else                                           //p-channel
  {
    Data = 'P';
    Symbol = LCD_CHAR_DIODE1;                    // '|>|' cathode pointing to source
  }
  //Display type
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_MOSFET)                  //MOSFET
    lcd_fixed_string(MOS_str);                   //Display: MOS
  else                                           //JFET
    lcd_data('J');                               //Display: J 
  lcd_fixed_string(FET_str);                     //Display: FET 
  //Display channel type
  lcd_space();
  lcd_data(Data);                                //Display: N / P
  lcd_fixed_string(Channel_str);                 //Display: -ch
  //Display mode
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_MOSFET)                  //MOSFET
  {
    lcd_space();
    if (Check.Type & TYPE_ENHANCEMENT)           //Enhancement mode 
      lcd_fixed_string(Enhancement_str);
    else                                         //Depletion mode 
      lcd_fixed_string(Depletion_str);
  }
  //Pins
  lcd_line(1);                                   //Move to line #2
  lcd_fixed_string(GDS_str);                     //Display: GDS=
  lcd_testpin(FET.G);                            //Display gate pin
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_JFET)
  {
    //D & S can't be detected for a JFET
    lcd_data('?');
    lcd_data('?');
  }
  else
  {
    lcd_testpin(FET.D);                          //Display drain pin
    lcd_testpin(FET.S);                          //Display source pin
  }
  //Extra data for MOSFET in enhancement mode
  if (Check.Type & (TYPE_ENHANCEMENT | TYPE_MOSFET))
  {
    //Show diode, V_th and Cgs
    Show_FET_IGBT_Extras(Symbol);
  }
}

//Show IGBT  
void ShowIGBT(void)
{
  byte                        Data;              //Temp. data
  byte                        Symbol;            //Intrinsic diode
  //Set variables based on channel mode
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_N_CHANNEL)               //n-channel
  {
    Data = 'N';
    Symbol = LCD_CHAR_DIODE2;                    // '|<|' cathode pointing to drain
  }
  else                                           //p-channel
  {
    Data = 'P';
    Symbol = LCD_CHAR_DIODE1;                    // '|>|' cathode pointing to source
  }
  lcd_fixed_string(IGBT_str);                    //Display: IGBT
  //Display channel type
  lcd_space();
  lcd_data(Data);                                //Display: N / P 
  lcd_fixed_string(Channel_str);                 //Display: -ch 
  //Display mode
  lcd_space();
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_ENHANCEMENT)             //Enhancement mode
    lcd_fixed_string(Enhancement_str);
  else                                           //Depletion mode
    lcd_fixed_string(Depletion_str);
  //Pins
  lcd_line(1);                                   //Move to line #2 
  lcd_fixed_string(GCE_str);                     //Display: GCE= 
  lcd_testpin(FET.G);                            //Display gate pin 
  lcd_testpin(FET.D);                            //Display collector pin 
  lcd_testpin(FET.S);                            //Display emitter pin 
  //Show diode, V_th and C_CE
  Show_FET_IGBT_Extras(Symbol);
}

//Show special components like Thyristor and Triac
void ShowSpecial(void)
{
  //Display component type
  if (Check.Found == COMP_THYRISTOR)
  {
    lcd_fixed_string(Thyristor_str);             //Display: thyristor
  }
  else if (Check.Found == COMP_TRIAC)
  {
    lcd_fixed_string(Triac_str);                 //Display: triac
  }
  //Display pins
  lcd_line(1);                                   //Move to line #2
  lcd_fixed_string(GAK_str);                     //Display: GAK 
  lcd_testpin(BJT.B);                            //Display gate pin 
  lcd_testpin(BJT.C);                            //Display anode pin 
  lcd_testpin(BJT.E);                            //Display cathode pin
}

//Show resistor
void ShowResistor(void)
{
  Resistor_Type               *R1;               //Pointer to resistor #1
  Resistor_Type               *R2;               //Pointer to resistor #2 
  byte                        Pin;               //ID of common pin 
  R1 = &Resistors[0];                            //Pointer to first resistor
  if (Check.Resistors == 1)                      //Single resistor 
  {
    R2 = NULL;                                   //Disable second resistor 
    Pin = R1->A;                                 //Make B the first pin 
  }
  else                                           //Multiple resistors 
  {
    R2 = R1;
    R2++;                                        //Pointer to second resistor 
    if (Check.Resistors == 3)                    //Three resistors 
    {
      Resistor_Type     *Rmax;                   //Pointer to largest resistor     
      /*
         3 resistors mean 2 single resistors and both resitors in series.
         So we have to single out that series resistor by finding the
         largest resistor.
      */
      Rmax = R1;                                 //Starting point
      for (Pin = 1; Pin <= 2; Pin++)
      {
        if (CmpValue(R2->Value, R2->Scale, Rmax->Value, Rmax->Scale) == 1)
        {
          Rmax = R2;                             //Update largest one
        }
        R2++;                                    //Next one
      }
      //Get the two smaller resistors
      if (R1 == Rmax) R1++;
      R2 = R1;
      R2++;
      if (R2 == Rmax) R2++;
    }
    //Find common pin of both resistors
    if ((R1->A == R2->A) || (R1->A == R2->B)) Pin = R1->A;
    else Pin = R1->B;
  }
  //Display the pins, first resistor
  if (R1->A != Pin) lcd_testpin(R1->A);
  else lcd_testpin(R1->B);
  lcd_fixed_string(Resistor_str);
  lcd_testpin(Pin);
  if (R2)                                        //Second resistor
  {
    lcd_fixed_string(Resistor_str);
    if (R2->A != Pin) lcd_testpin(R2->A);
    else lcd_testpin(R2->B);
  }
  //Display the values, first resistor
  lcd_line(1);
  DisplayValue(R1->Value, R1->Scale, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
  if (R2)                                        //Second resistor
  {
    lcd_space();
    DisplayValue(R2->Value, R2->Scale, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
  }
  else                                           //Single resistor
  {
    //Get inductance and display if relevant
    if (MeasureInductor(R1) == 1)
    {
      lcd_space();
      DisplayValue(Inductor.Value, Inductor.Scale, 'H');
    }
  }
}

//Show capacitor
void ShowCapacitor(void)
{
  Capacitor_Type              *MaxCap;           //Pointer to largest cap
  Capacitor_Type              *Cap;              //Pointer to cap 
  byte                        Counter;           //Loop counter
  //Find largest cap
  MaxCap = &Caps[0];                             //Pointer to first cap
  Cap = MaxCap;
  for (Counter = 1; Counter <= 2; Counter++) 
  {
    Cap++;                                       //Next cap
    if (CmpValue(Cap->Value, Cap->Scale, MaxCap->Value, MaxCap->Scale) == 1)
    {
      MaxCap = Cap;
    }
  }
  //Display pinout
  lcd_testpin(MaxCap->A);                        //Display pin #1
  lcd_fixed_string(Cap_str);                     //Display capacitor symbol 
  lcd_testpin(MaxCap->B);                        //Display pin #2 
  lcd_line(1);                                   //Move to line #2 
  //And show capacitance
  DisplayValue(MaxCap->Value, MaxCap->Scale, 'F');
}

//Load adjustment values
void LoadAdjust(void)
{
  if (EEPROM.read(10)==126)
  {
    //Read from EEPROM
    ReadEEP();
  }
  else
  {
    //Default Values
    Config.RiL = R_MCU_LOW;
    Config.RiH = R_MCU_HIGH;
    Config.RZero = R_ZERO;
    Config.CapZero = C_ZERO;
    Config.RefOffset = UREF_OFFSET;
    Config.CompOffset = COMPARATOR_OFFSET;
    //Save to EEProm
    SaveEEP();
  }
}

                                                 //UTILITY FUNCTIONS

//SelfTest
byte SelfTest(void)
{
  byte                        Flag = 0;          //Return value
  byte                        Test = 1;          //Test counter 
  byte                        Counter;           //Loop counter 
  byte                        DisplayFlag;       //Display flag
  unsigned int                Val0;              //Voltage/value
  //Voltages/values 
  signed int                  Val1 = 0, Val2 = 0, Val3 = 0;  
  ShortCircuit(1);                               //Make sure all probes are shorted
  //Loop through all tests
  while (Test <= 6)
  {
    Counter = 1;
    //Repeat each test 5 times
    while (Counter <= 5)
    {
      //Display test number
      lcd_clear();
      lcd_data('T');                             //Display: T
      lcd_data('0' + Test);                      //Display test number
      lcd_space();
      DisplayFlag = 1;                           //Display values by default
      //Tests
      switch (Test)
      {
        case 1:                                  //Reference voltage
          Val0 = ReadU(0x0e);                    //Dummy read for bandgap stabilization
          Val0 = ReadU(0x0e);                    //Read bandgap reference voltage 
          lcd_fixed_string(URef_str);            //Display: Vref
          lcd_line(1);
          DisplayValue(Val0, -3, 'V');           //Display voltage in mV
          DisplayFlag = 0;                       //Reset flag
          break;
        case 2:                                  //Compare Rl resistors (probes still shorted)
          lcd_fixed_string(Rl_str);              //Display: +Rl-
          lcd_space();
          lcd_fixed_string(ProbeComb_str);       //Display: 12 13 23
          //Set up a voltage divider with the Rl's, substract theoretical voltage of voltage divider
          //TP1: Gnd -- Rl -- probe-2 -- probe-1 -- Rl -- Vcc
          R_PORT = 1 << (TP1 * 2);
          R_DDR = (1 << (TP1 * 2)) | (1 << (TP2 * 2));
          Val1 = ReadU_20ms(TP3);
          Val1 -= ((long)UREF_VCC * (R_MCU_LOW + R_LOW)) / (R_MCU_LOW + R_LOW + R_LOW + R_MCU_HIGH);
          //TP1: Gnd -- Rl -- probe-3 -- probe-1 -- Rl -- Vcc
          R_DDR = (1 << (TP1 * 2)) | (1 << (TP3 * 2));
          Val2 = ReadU_20ms(TP2);
          Val2 -= ((long)UREF_VCC * (R_MCU_LOW + R_LOW)) / (R_MCU_LOW + R_LOW + R_LOW + R_MCU_HIGH);
          //TP1: Gnd -- Rl -- probe-3 -- probe-2 -- Rl -- Vcc 
          R_PORT = 1 << (TP2 * 2);
          R_DDR = (1 << (TP2 * 2)) | (1 << (TP3 * 2));
          Val3 = ReadU_20ms(TP2);
          Val3 -= ((long)UREF_VCC * (R_MCU_LOW + R_LOW)) / (R_MCU_LOW + R_LOW + R_LOW + R_MCU_HIGH);
          break;
        case 3:                                  //Compare Rh resistors (probes still shorted)
          lcd_fixed_string(Rh_str);              //Display: +Rh-
          lcd_space();
          lcd_fixed_string(ProbeComb_str);       //Display: 12 13 23
          //Set up a voltage divider with the Rh's
          //TP1: Gnd -- Rh -- probe-2 -- probe-1 -- Rh -- Vcc
          R_PORT = 2 << (TP1 * 2);
          R_DDR = (2 << (TP1 * 2)) | (2 << (TP2 * 2));
          Val1 = ReadU_20ms(TP3);
          Val1 -= (UREF_VCC / 2);
          //TP1: Gnd -- Rh -- probe-3 -- probe-1 -- Rh -- Vcc
          R_DDR = (2 << (TP1 * 2)) | (2 << (TP3 * 2));
          Val2 = ReadU_20ms(TP2);
          Val2 -= (UREF_VCC / 2);
          //TP1: Gnd -- Rh -- probe-3 -- probe-2 -- Rh -- Vcc
          R_PORT = 2 << (TP2 * 2);
          R_DDR = (2 << (TP2 * 2)) | (2 << (TP3 * 2));
          Val3 = ReadU_20ms(TP1);
          Val3 -= (UREF_VCC / 2);
          break;
        case 4:                                  //Un-short probes
          ShortCircuit(0);                       //Make sure probes are not shorted 
          Counter = 100;                         //Skip test 
          DisplayFlag = 0;                       //Reset flag 
          break;
        case 5:                                  //Rh resistors pulled down 
          lcd_fixed_string(RhLow_str);           //Display: Rh- 
          //TP1: Gnd -- Rh -- probe 
          R_PORT = 0;
          R_DDR = 2 << (TP1 * 2);
          Val1 = ReadU_20ms(TP1);
          //TP1: Gnd -- Rh -- probe 
          R_DDR = 2 << (TP2 * 2);
          Val2 = ReadU_20ms(TP2);
          //TP1: Gnd -- Rh -- probe 
          R_DDR = 2 << (TP3 * 2);
          Val3 = ReadU_20ms(TP3);
          break;
        case 6:                                  //Rh resistors pulled up 
          lcd_fixed_string(RhHigh_str);          //Display: Rh+ 
          //TP1: probe -- Rh -- Vcc 
          R_DDR = 2 << (TP1 * 2);
          R_PORT = 2 << (TP1 * 2);
          Val1 = ReadU_20ms(TP1);
          //TP1: probe -- Rh -- Vcc 
          R_DDR = 2 << (TP2 * 2);
          R_PORT = 2 << (TP2 * 2);
          Val2 = ReadU_20ms(TP2);
          //TP1: probe -- Rh -- Vcc 
          R_DDR = 2 << (TP3 * 2);
          R_PORT = 2 << (TP3 * 2);
          Val3 = ReadU_20ms(TP3);
          break;
      }
      //Reset ports to defaults
      R_DDR = 0;                                 //Input mode 
      R_PORT = 0;                                //All pins low 
      //Display voltages/values of all probes
      if (DisplayFlag)
      {
        lcd_line(1);                             //Move to line #2 
        DisplaySignedValue(Val1, 0 , 0);         //Display TP1 
        lcd_space();
        DisplaySignedValue(Val2, 0 , 0);         //Display TP2 
        lcd_space();
        DisplaySignedValue(Val3, 0 , 0);         //Display TP3 
      }
      //Wait and check test push button 
      if (Counter < 100)                         //When we don't skip this test
      {
        #ifdef BUTTON_INST
          DisplayFlag = TestKey(1000, 0);        //Catch key press or timeout
        #else
          delay(1000);
          DisplayFlag=0;
        #endif
        //Short press -> next test / long press -> end selftest
        if (DisplayFlag > 0)
        {
          Counter = 100;                         //Skip current test anyway
          if (DisplayFlag == 2) Test = 100;      //Also skip selftest
        } 
      }
      Counter++;                                 //Next run
    }
    Test++;                                      //Next one
  }
  Flag = 1;                                      //Signal success
  return Flag;
} 

//Self adjustment
byte SelfAdjust(void)
{
  byte                        Flag = 0;          //Return value
  byte                        Test = 1;          //Test counter 
  byte                        Counter;           //Loop counter
  byte                        DisplayFlag;       //Display flag 
  //Voltages
  unsigned int                Val1 = 0, Val2 = 0, Val3 = 0;   
  byte                        CapCounter = 0;    //Number of C_Zero measurements 
  unsigned int                CapSum = 0;        //Sum of C_Zero values 
  byte                        RCounter = 0;      //Number of R_Zero measurements 
  unsigned int                RSum = 0;          //Sum of R_Zero values 
  byte                        RiL_Counter = 0;   //Number of U_RiL measurements 
  unsigned int                U_RiL = 0;         //Sum of U_RiL values 
  byte                        RiH_Counter = 0;   //Number of U_RiH measurements 
  unsigned int                U_RiH = 0;         //Sum of U_RiL values 
  unsigned long               Val0;              //Temp. value 
  //Measurements
  ShortCircuit(1);                               //Make sure all probes are shorted 
  while (Test <= 5)
  {
    Counter = 1;
    //Repeat each measurement 5 times
    while (Counter <= 5)
    {
      //Display test number
      lcd_clear();
      lcd_data('A');                             //Display: a 
      lcd_data('0' + Test);                      //Display number 
      lcd_space();
      DisplayFlag = 1;                           //Display values by default 
      //Tests
      switch (Test)
      {
        case 1:                                  //Resistance of probe leads (probes shorted) 
          lcd_fixed_string(ROffset_str);         //Display: R0 
          lcd_space();
          lcd_fixed_string(ProbeComb_str);       //Display: 12 13 23           
           //The resistance is for two probes in series and we expect it to be smaller than 1.00 Ohms, i.e. 0.50 Ohms for a single probe
          UpdateProbes(TP2, TP1, 0);
          Val1 = SmallResistor(0);
          if (Val1 < 100)                        //Within limit
          {
            RSum += Val1;
            RCounter++;
          }
          UpdateProbes(TP3, TP1, 0);
          Val2 = SmallResistor(0);
          if (Val2 < 100)                        //Whithin limit
          {
            RSum += Val2;
            RCounter++;
          }
          UpdateProbes(TP3, TP2, 0);
          Val3 = SmallResistor(0);
          if (Val3 < 100)                        //Within limit
          {
            RSum += Val3;
            RCounter++;
          }
          break;
        case 2:                                  //Un-short probes 
          ShortCircuit(0);                       //Make sure probes are not shorted 
          Counter = 100;                         //Skip test 
          DisplayFlag = 0;                       //Reset display flag 
          break;
        case 3:                                  //Internal resistance of �C in pull-down mode 
          lcd_fixed_string(RiLow_str);           //Display: Ri-
          //TP1:  Gnd -- Ri -- probe -- Rl -- Ri -- Vcc
          SetADCLow();
          ADC_DDR = 1 << TP1;
          R_PORT = 1 << (TP1 * 2);
          R_DDR = 1 << (TP1 * 2);
          Val1 = ReadU_5ms(TP1);
          U_RiL += Val1;
          //TP2: Gnd -- Ri -- probe -- Rl -- Ri -- Vcc 
          ADC_DDR = 1 << TP2;
          R_PORT =  1 << (TP2 * 2);
          R_DDR = 1 << (TP2 * 2);
          Val2 = ReadU_5ms(TP2);
          U_RiL += Val2;
          //TP3: Gnd -- Ri -- probe -- Rl -- Ri -- Vcc 
          ADC_DDR = 1 << TP3;
          R_PORT =  1 << (TP3 * 2);
          R_DDR = 1 << (TP3 * 2);
          Val3 = ReadU_5ms(TP3);
          U_RiL += Val3;
          RiL_Counter += 3;
          break;
        case 4:                                  //Internal resistance of �C in pull-up mode 
          lcd_fixed_string(RiHigh_str);          //Display: Ri+ 
          //TP1: Gnd -- Ri -- Rl -- probe -- Ri -- Vcc
          R_PORT = 0;
          ADC_PORT = 1 << TP1;
          ADC_DDR = 1 << TP1;
          R_DDR = 1 << (TP1 * 2);
          Val1 = UREF_VCC - ReadU_5ms(TP1);
          U_RiH += Val1;
          //TP2: Gnd -- Ri -- Rl -- probe -- Ri -- Vcc
          ADC_PORT = 1 << TP2;
          ADC_DDR = 1 << TP2;
          R_DDR = 1 << (TP2 * 2);
          Val2 = UREF_VCC - ReadU_5ms(TP2);
          U_RiH += Val2;
          //TP3: Gnd -- Ri -- Rl -- probe -- Ri -- Vcc
          ADC_PORT = 1 << TP3;
          ADC_DDR = 1 << TP3;
          R_DDR = 1 << (TP3 * 2);
          Val3 = UREF_VCC - ReadU_5ms(TP3);
          U_RiH += Val3;
          RiH_Counter += 3;
          break;
        case 5:                                  //Capacitance offset (PCB and probe leads) 
          lcd_fixed_string(CapOffset_str);       //Display: C0 
          lcd_space();
          lcd_fixed_string(ProbeComb_str);       //Display: 12 13 23 
          //The capacitance is for two probes and we expect it to be less than 100pF.
          MeasureCap(TP2, TP1, 0);
          Val1 = (unsigned int)Caps[0].Raw;
          //Limit offset to 100pF
          if ((Caps[0].Scale == -12) && (Caps[0].Raw <= 100))
          {
            CapSum += Val1;
            CapCounter++;            
          }
          MeasureCap(TP3, TP1, 1);
          Val2 = (unsigned int)Caps[1].Raw;
          //Limit offset to 100pF
          if ((Caps[1].Scale == -12) && (Caps[1].Raw <= 100))
          {
            CapSum += Val2;
            CapCounter++;            
          }
          MeasureCap(TP3, TP2, 2);
          Val3 = (unsigned int)Caps[2].Raw;
          //Limit offset to 100pF
          if ((Caps[2].Scale == -12) && (Caps[2].Raw <= 100))
          {
            CapSum += Val3;
            CapCounter++;            
          }
          break;
      }
      //Reset ports to defaults
      SetADCHiz();                               //Input mode 
      SetADCLow();                               //All pins low 
      R_DDR = 0;                                 //Input mode 
      R_PORT = 0;                                //All pins low 
      //Display values
      if (DisplayFlag)
      {
        lcd_line(1);                             //Move to line #2 
        DisplayValue(Val1, 0 , 0);               //Display TP1 
        lcd_space();
        DisplayValue(Val2, 0 , 0);               //Display TP2 
        lcd_space();
        DisplayValue(Val3, 0 , 0);               //Display TP3 
      }
      //Wait and check test push button
      if (Counter < 100)                         //When we don't skip this test
      {
        #ifdef BUTTON_INST
          DisplayFlag = TestKey(1000, 0);        //Catch key press or timeout
        #else
          delay(1000);
          DisplayFlag=0;
        #endif
        //Short press -> next test / long press -> end selftest
        if (DisplayFlag > 0)
        {
          Counter = 100;                         //Skip current test anyway
          if (DisplayFlag == 2) Test = 100;      //Also skip selftest 
        } 
      }
      Counter++;                                 //Next run 
    }
    Test++;                                      //Next one 
  }
  //Calculate values and offsets
  //Capacitance auto-zero: calculate average value for all probe pairs
  if (CapCounter == 15)
  {
    //Calculate average offset (pF)
    Config.CapZero = CapSum / CapCounter;
    Flag++;
  }
  //Resistance auto-zero: calculate average value for all probes pairs
  if (RCounter == 15)
  { 
    //Calculate average offset (0.01 Ohms)
    Config.RZero = RSum / RCounter;
    Flag++;
  }
  //RiL & RiH
  if ((RiL_Counter == 15) && (RiH_Counter == 15))
  {
    /*
       Calculate RiL and RiH using the voltage divider rule:
       Ri = Rl * (U_Ri / U_Rl)
        - scale up by 100, round up/down and scale down by 10
    */
    //Use values multiplied by 3 to increase accuracy 
    U_RiL /= 5;                                  //Average sum of 3 U_RiL 
    U_RiH /= 5;                                  //Average sum of 3 U_RiH 
    Val1 = (UREF_VCC * 3) - U_RiL - U_RiH;       //U_Rl * 3 
    //RiL, Rl * U_Ri / U_Rl in 0.01 Ohm
    Val0 = ((unsigned long)R_LOW * 100 * U_RiL) / Val1;
    Val0 += 5;                                   //For automagic rounding 
    Val0 /= 10;                                  //Scale down to 0.1 Ohm 
    if (Val0 < 250UL)                            // < 25 Ohms
    {
      Config.RiL = (unsigned int)Val0;
      Flag++;
    }
    //RiH, Rl * U_Ri / U_Rl in 0.01 Ohm
    Val0 = ((unsigned long)R_LOW * 100 * U_RiH) / Val1; 
    Val0 += 5;                                   //For automagic rounding
    Val0 /= 10;                                  //Scale down to 0.1 Ohm 
    if (Val0 < 280UL)                            // < 29 Ohms
    {
      Config.RiH = (unsigned int)Val0;
      Flag++;
    }
  }
  //Show values and offsets
  ShowAdjust();
  if (Flag == 4) Flag = 1;                       //All adjustments done -> success
  else Flag = 0;                                 //Signal error
  return Flag;
}

//Show adjustment values and offsets
void ShowAdjust(void)
{
  //Display RiL and RiH
  lcd_clear();
  lcd_fixed_string(RiLow_str);                   //Display: Ri-
  lcd_space();
  DisplayValue(Config.RiL, -1, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
  lcd_line(1);
  lcd_fixed_string(RiHigh_str);                  //Display: Ri+
  lcd_space();
  DisplayValue(Config.RiH, -1, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
  #ifdef BUTTON_INST
    TestKey(USER_WAIT, 11);                      //Let the user read
  #else
    delya(3000);
  #endif
  //Display C-Zero
  lcd_clear();
  lcd_fixed_string(CapOffset_str);               //Display: C0
  lcd_space();
  DisplayValue(Config.CapZero, -12, 'F');        //Display C0 offset
  //Display R-Zero
  lcd_line(1);
  lcd_fixed_string(ROffset_str);                 //Display: R0
  lcd_space();
  DisplayValue(Config.RZero, -2, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);//Display R0
  #ifdef BUTTON_INST
    TestKey(USER_WAIT, 11);                      //Let the user read
  #else
    delay(3000);
  #endif
  //Display offset of bandgap reference
  lcd_clear();
  lcd_fixed_string(URef_str);                    //Display: Vref
  lcd_space();
  DisplaySignedValue(Config.RefOffset, -3, 'V');
  //Display offset of analog comparator
  lcd_line(1);
  lcd_fixed_string(CompOffset_str);              //Display: AComp
  lcd_space();
  DisplaySignedValue(Config.CompOffset, -3, 'V');
  #ifdef BUTTON_INST
    TestKey(USER_WAIT, 11);                      //Let the user read
  #else
    delay(3000);
  #endif
}

//PWM tool
void PWM_Tool(unsigned int Frequency)
{
  //Use probe #2 (PB2, OC1B) as PWM output and probe #1 + probe #3 as ground - Freqency in Hz
  byte                        Test = 1;          //Loop control and user feedback 
  byte                        Ratio;             //PWM ratio 
  byte                        Prescaler;         //Timer prescaler 
  unsigned int                Top;               //Top value 
  unsigned int                Toggle;            //Counter value to toggle output
  uint32_t                    Value;             //Temporary value
  /*
    fast PWM:             f = f_MCU / (prescaler * depth)
    phase correct PWM:    f = f_MCU / (2 * prescaler * depth)
    available prescalers: 1, 8, 64, 256, 1024
    depth:                2^x (x is the bit depth)
  */
  ShortCircuit(0);                               //Make sure probes are not shorted
  lcd_clear();
  lcd_fixed_string(PWM_str);                     //Display: PWM
  lcd_data(' ');
  DisplayValue(Frequency, 0, 'H');               //Display frequency
  lcd_data('z');                                 //Make it Hz :-) 
  R_PORT = 0;                                    //Make probe #1 and #3 ground
  //Set all probes to output mode
  R_DDR = (1 << (TP1 * 2)) | (1 << (TP2 * 2)) | (1 << (TP3 * 2));
  //Calculate required prescaler and top value based on MCU clock, depth = f_MCU / (2 * prescaler * f_PWM)
  Value = CPU_FREQ / 2;
  Value /= Frequency;
  if (Value > 2000000)                           //Low frequency
  {
    Value /= 256;
    Prescaler = (1 << CS12);                     //256
  }
  else if (Value > 16000)                        //Mid-range frequency
  {
    Value /= 64;
    Prescaler = (1 << CS11) | (1 << CS10);       //64  
  }
  else                                           //High frequency
  {
    Prescaler = (1 << CS10);                     //1
  }
  Top = (unsigned int)Value;
  //Setup timer1 for PWM - PWM, phase correct, top value by OCR1A
  Ratio = 50;                                    //Default ratio is 50%
  Toggle = (Top / 2) - 1;                        //Compare value for 50%
  //Power save mode would disable timer1 
  Config.SleepMode = SLEEP_MODE_IDLE;            //Change sleep mode to Idle
  TCCR1B = 0;                                    //Disable timer
  //Enable OC1B pin and set timer mode
  TCCR1A = (1 << WGM11) | (1 << WGM10) | (1 << COM1B1);
  TCCR1B = (1 << WGM13);
  TCNT1 = 0;                                     //Set counter to 0
  OCR1A = Top - 1;                               //Set top value (-1)
  OCR1B = Toggle;                                //Set value to compare with
  //Enable counter by setting clock prescaler
  TCCR1B = (1 << WGM13) | Prescaler;
  //Ratio control
  while (Test > 0)
  {
    //Show current ratio
    lcd_clear_line(2);
    DisplayValue(Ratio, 0, '%');                 //Show ratio in %
    delay(500);                                  //Smooth UI
    //Short key press -> increase ratio, long key press -> decrease ratio, two short key presses -> exit PWM
    #ifdef BUTTON_INST
      Test = TestKey(0, 0);                      //Wait for user feedback 
    #else
      delay(3000);
      Test=1;
    #endif
    if (Test == 1)                               //Short key press
    {
      delay(50);                                 //Debounce button a little bit longer
      #ifdef BUTTON_INST
        Prescaler = TestKey(200, 0);             //Check for second key press
      #else
        delay(3000);
        Prescaler=0;
      #endif
      if (Prescaler > 0)                         //Second key press
      {
        Test = 0;                                //End loop
      }
      else                                       //Single key press 
      {
        if (Ratio <= 95) Ratio += 5;             // +5% and limit to 100% 
      }
    }
    else                                         //Long key press
    {
      if (Ratio >= 5) Ratio -= 5;                // -5% and limit to 0%
    }
    //Calculate toggle value: (depth * (ratio / 100)) - 1 
    Value = (uint32_t)Top * Ratio;
    Value /= 100;
    Toggle = (unsigned int)Value;
    Toggle--;
    OCR1B = Toggle;                              //Update compare value
  }
  //Clean up
  TCCR1B = 0;                                    //Disable timer
  TCCR1A = 0;                                    //Reset flags (also frees PB2)
  R_DDR = 0;                                     //Set HiZ mode
  Config.SleepMode = SLEEP_MODE_PWR_SAVE;        //Reset sleep mode to default
}

                                                 //EEPROM FUNCTIONS
//Update values stored in EEPROM
void SaveEEP(void)
{
  //Ri of �C in low mode 
  EEPROMWriteInt(1,Config.RiL);
  //Ri of �C in low mode 
  EEPROMWriteInt(3,Config.RiH);
  //Resistance of probe leads 
  EEPROMWriteInt(5,Config.RZero);
  //Capacitance offset: PCB + wiring + probe leads 
  EEPROM.write(7,Config.CapZero);
  delay(10);
  //Voltage offset of bandgap reference 
  EEPROM.write(8,Config.RefOffset);
  delay(10);
  //Voltage offset of analog comparator
  EEPROM.write(9,Config.CompOffset);
  delay(10);
  EEPROM.write(10,126);                          //Saved :-)
  delay(10);
}

//Read values stored in EEPROM
void ReadEEP(void)
{
  Config.RiL =EEPROMReadInt(1);
  Config.RiH = EEPROMReadInt(3);
  Config.RZero = EEPROMReadInt(5);
  Config.CapZero = EEPROM.read(7);
  Config.RefOffset = EEPROM.read(8);
  Config.CompOffset = EEPROM.read(9);
}

//Read a 2 byte integer from the eeprom
unsigned int EEPROMReadInt(int p_address)
{
  byte                        lowByte = EEPROM.read(p_address);
  byte                        highByte = EEPROM.read(p_address + 1);
  return ((lowByte << 0) & 0xFF) + ((highByte << 8) & 0xFF00);
}

//Write a 2 byte integer to the eeprom
void EEPROMWriteInt(int p_address, int p_value)
{
  byte                        lowByte = ((p_value >> 0) & 0xFF);
  byte                        highByte = ((p_value >> 8) & 0xFF);
  EEPROM.write(p_address, lowByte);
  delay(10);
  EEPROM.write(p_address + 1, highByte);
  delay(10);
}

                                                 //MENU FUNCTIONS
//Main Menu
void MainMenu(void)
{
  #ifdef DEBUG_PRINT
    //Menu via Serial
    unsigned int              Frequency;         //Frequency for PWM Tool
    boolean                   doexit=false;      //Exit Menu Flag
    do
    {
      boolean                 cmdexec=false;     //CMD Exec Flag
      //Show Menu
      Serial.println();
      Serial.println(X("** MAIN MENU"));
      Serial.println();
      Serial.println(X("  1) PWM"));
      Serial.println(X("  2) SelfTest"));
      Serial.println(X("  3) Adjust"));
      Serial.println(X("  4) Save"));
      Serial.println(X("  5) Show"));
      Serial.println(X("  6) Default"));
      Serial.print(X("  0) Exit       >"));
      //Check for incoming serial data:
      do
      {
        if (Serial.available() > 0) 
        {
          //Read incoming serial data:
          char inChar = Serial.read();
          //User Feedback
          Serial.println(inChar);
          switch((byte)inChar-48)
          {
            case 1:                              //Pwm Menu
              Serial.println();
              Frequency=selFreq();
              Serial.println();
              Serial.println(X("Info:"));
              Serial.println(X("  Short  Press +"));
              Serial.println(X("  Long   Press -"));
              Serial.println(X("  Double Press Exit"));
              PWM_Tool(Frequency); 
              Serial.println();
              cmdexec=true;
              break;
            case 2:                              //Selftest
              SelfTest();
              Serial.println();
              cmdexec=true;
              break;
            case 3:                              //Adjust
              SelfAdjust();
              Serial.println();
              cmdexec=true;
              break;
            case 4:                              //Save
              SaveEEP();
              Serial.println();
              cmdexec=true;
            case 5:                              //Show
              ShowAdjust();
              Serial.println();
              cmdexec=true;
              break;
           case 6:                               //Default Parameters
              DefaultPar();
              Serial.println();
              cmdexec=true;
              break;
            case 0:                              //Exit
              cmdexec=true;
              doexit=true;
              Serial.println();
              Serial.println(X("Done. Exit"));
              return;
            default:
              //Redo
              Serial.print(X("                >"));
              cmdexec=false;
              doexit=false;
          }
       }  
    } while (cmdexec==false);
  } while (doexit==false);
  #else
    delay(800);
    LcdMenu();
  #endif
}

//Select Frequency
unsigned int selFreq(void)
{
  boolean                 cmdexec=false;     //CMD Exec Flag
  Serial.println(X("Select Frequency:"));
  for(int f; f<8; f++)
  {
    Serial.print(X("  "));
    Serial.print(f+1);
    Serial.print(X(") "));
    DisplayValue(PWM_Freq_table[f], 0, 0);
    Serial.println(X("Hz"));
  }
  Serial.print(X("                >"));
  do
  {
    if (Serial.available() > 0)
    {
      char inChar = Serial.read();
      byte selNum=(byte)inChar-48;
      if (selNum>0 && selNum<9)
      {
        //User Feedback
        Serial.println(inChar);
        cmdexec=true;
        return PWM_Freq_table[selNum-1];
      }
      else
      {
        //Redo
        Serial.println(X("                >"));
        cmdexec=false;
      }
    }  
  } while (cmdexec==false);
  return 100;
}

//Lcd Menu
void LcdMenu(void)
{
  byte                        Flag = 1;          //Control flag
  byte                        Selected;          //ID of selected item
  byte                        ID;                //ID of selected item
  unsigned int                Frequency;         //PWM frequency
  void                        *Menu[6];
  //Setup menu
  Menu[0] = (void *)PWM_str;
  Menu[1] = (void *)Selftest_str;
  Menu[2] = (void *)Adjustment_str;
  Menu[3] = (void *)Save_str;
  Menu[4] = (void *)Show_str;
  Menu[5] = (void *)Default_str;
  //Run menu
  lcd_clear();
  lcd_fixed_string(Select_str);
  Selected = MenuTool(6, 1, Menu, NULL);
  //Run selected item
  switch (Selected)
  {
    case 0:                                      //PWM tool
      //Run PWM menu
      lcd_clear();
      lcd_fixed_string(PWM_str);
      ID = MenuTool(8, 2, (void **)PWM_Freq_table, (unsigned char *)Hertz_str);
      //Get selected frequency
      Frequency =PWM_Freq_table[ID];  
      PWM_Tool(Frequency);                       //And run PWM tool
      break;
    case 1:                                      //Self test
      Flag = SelfTest();
      break;
    case 2:                                      //Self adjustment
      Flag = SelfAdjust();
      break;
    case 3:                                      //Save self adjument values
      SaveEEP();
      break;
    case 4:                                      //Show self adjument values
      ShowAdjust();
      break;
  }
  //Display end of item
  lcd_clear();
  if (Flag == 1)
    lcd_fixed_string(Done_str);                  //Display: done!
  else
    lcd_fixed_string(Error_str);                 //Display: error!
}

//Menu Tool
byte MenuTool(byte Items, byte Type, void *Menu[], unsigned char *Unit)
{
  byte                        Selected = 0;      //Return value / ID of selected item
  byte                        Run = 1;           //Loop control flag
  byte                        n;                 //Temp value
  void                        *Address;          //Address of menu element
  unsigned int                Value;             //Temp. value
  Items--;                                       //To match array counter
  lcd_data(':');                                 //Whatever:
  while (Run)
  {
    //Display item
    lcd_clear_line(2);
    Address = &Menu[Selected];                   //Get address of element
    if (Type == 1)                               //Fixed string
    {
      lcd_fixed_string(*(unsigned char **)Address);
    }
    else          
    {
      Value=PWM_Freq_table[Selected];
      DisplayValue(Value, 0, 0);
    }
    if (Unit)                                    //Optional fixed string
    {
      lcd_fixed_string(Unit);
    }
    //Show navigation help
    delay(100);                                  //Smooth UI
    //Set position: char 16 in line 2
    #ifdef LCD_PRINT
      lcd.setCursor(15,2);
    #endif
    if (Selected < Items) n = 126;               //Another item follows
    else n = 127;                                //Last item
    lcd_data(n);
    //Process user feedback
    n = TestKey(0, 0);                           //Wait for testkey
    if (n == 1)                                  //Short key press: moves to next item
    {
      Selected++;                                //Move to next item
      if (Selected > Items)                 
      {
        Selected = 0;                            //Roll over to first one
      }
    }
    else if (n == 2)                             //Long key press: select current item
    {
      Run = 0;                          
    }
  }
  lcd_clear();                 
  delay(500);                                    //Smooth UI
  return Selected;
}

//Reset Parameters
void DefaultPar(void)
{
 //Default Values
  Config.RiL = R_MCU_LOW;
  Config.RiH = R_MCU_HIGH;
  Config.RZero = R_ZERO;
  Config.CapZero = C_ZERO;
  Config.RefOffset = UREF_OFFSET;
  Config.CompOffset = COMPARATOR_OFFSET;
  //Save to EEProm
  SaveEEP(); 
}