diff --git a/.github/workflows/lint.yml b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70de72bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+name: lint
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    types: [opened, synchronize]
+    branches:
+      - master
+
+env:
+  PYTHON_VERSION: 3.12
+
+jobs:
+  lint:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - name: Set up Python ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }}
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }}
+    - name: Install uv
+      uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v3
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: |
+        uv sync --dev
+    - name: Lint
+      run: |
+        source .venv/bin/activate
+        make lint
diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index 499971c1..e377885e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ on:
     tags-ignore:
       - "**"
   pull_request:
+    types: [opened, synchronize]
+    branches:
+      - master
 
 jobs:
   Linux:
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14fd8afd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+.DEFAULT_GOAL := all
+pysources = emmett tests
+
+.PHONY: format
+format:
+	ruff check --fix $(pysources)
+	ruff format $(pysources)
+
+.PHONY: lint
+lint:
+	ruff check $(pysources)
+	ruff format --check $(pysources)
+
+.PHONY: test
+test:
+	pytest -v tests
+
+.PHONY: all
+all: format lint test
diff --git a/emmett/__init__.py b/emmett/__init__.py
index 26cb35a2..0ed4bb2f 100644
--- a/emmett/__init__.py
+++ b/emmett/__init__.py
@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@
 from .http import redirect
 from .locals import T, now, request, response, session, websocket
 from .orm import Field
-from .pipeline import Pipe, Injector
+from .pipeline import Injector, Pipe
 from .routing.urls import url
diff --git a/emmett/__main__.py b/emmett/__main__.py
index 6dedb24f..5e4c7d2b 100644
--- a/emmett/__main__.py
+++ b/emmett/__main__.py
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.__main__
-    ----------------
+emmett.__main__
+----------------
 
-    Alias for Emmett CLI.
+Alias for Emmett CLI.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from emmett.cli import main
 
+
 main(as_module=True)
diff --git a/emmett/_internal.py b/emmett/_internal.py
index f075b060..1b1aae5a 100644
--- a/emmett/_internal.py
+++ b/emmett/_internal.py
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett._internal
-    ----------------
+emmett._internal
+----------------
 
-    Provides internally used helpers and objects.
+Provides internally used helpers and objects.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
 
-    Several parts of this code comes from Flask and Werkzeug.
-    :copyright: (c) 2014 by Armin Ronacher.
+Several parts of this code comes from Flask and Werkzeug.
+:copyright: (c) 2014 by Armin Ronacher.
 
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -23,18 +23,13 @@
 #: monkey patches
 def _pendulum_to_datetime(obj):
     return datetime.datetime(
-        obj.year, obj.month, obj.day,
-        obj.hour, obj.minute, obj.second, obj.microsecond,
-        tzinfo=obj.tzinfo
+        obj.year, obj.month, obj.day, obj.hour, obj.minute, obj.second, obj.microsecond, tzinfo=obj.tzinfo
     )
 
 
 def _pendulum_to_naive_datetime(obj):
-    obj = obj.in_timezone('UTC')
-    return datetime.datetime(
-        obj.year, obj.month, obj.day,
-        obj.hour, obj.minute, obj.second, obj.microsecond
-    )
+    obj = obj.in_timezone("UTC")
+    return datetime.datetime(obj.year, obj.month, obj.day, obj.hour, obj.minute, obj.second, obj.microsecond)
 
 
 def _pendulum_json(obj):
diff --git a/emmett/_reloader.py b/emmett/_reloader.py
index d5a862f5..4dcf06a0 100644
--- a/emmett/_reloader.py
+++ b/emmett/_reloader.py
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett._reloader
-    ----------------
+emmett._reloader
+----------------
 
-    Provides auto-reloading utilities.
+Provides auto-reloading utilities.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
 
-    Adapted from werkzeug code (http://werkzeug.pocoo.org)
-    :copyright: (c) 2015 by Armin Ronacher.
+Adapted from werkzeug code (http://werkzeug.pocoo.org)
+:copyright: (c) 2015 by Armin Ronacher.
 
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import multiprocessing
@@ -19,12 +19,10 @@
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import time
-
 from itertools import chain
 from typing import Optional
 
 import click
-
 from emmett_core._internal import locate_app
 from emmett_core.server import run as _server_run
 
@@ -37,7 +35,7 @@ def _iter_module_files():
     for module in list(sys.modules.values()):
         if module is None:
             continue
-        filename = getattr(module, '__file__', None)
+        filename = getattr(module, "__file__", None)
         if filename:
             old = None
             while not os.path.isfile(filename):
@@ -58,15 +56,9 @@ def _get_args_for_reloading():
     """
     rv = [sys.executable]
     py_script = sys.argv[0]
-    if (
-        os.name == 'nt' and not os.path.exists(py_script) and
-        os.path.exists(py_script + '.exe')
-    ):
-        py_script += '.exe'
-    if (
-        os.path.splitext(rv[0])[1] == '.exe' and
-        os.path.splitext(py_script)[1] == '.exe'
-    ):
+    if os.name == "nt" and not os.path.exists(py_script) and os.path.exists(py_script + ".exe"):
+        py_script += ".exe"
+    if os.path.splitext(rv[0])[1] == ".exe" and os.path.splitext(py_script)[1] == ".exe":
         rv.pop(0)
     rv.append(py_script)
     rv.extend(sys.argv[1:])
@@ -82,8 +74,7 @@ class ReloaderLoop(object):
     _sleep = staticmethod(time.sleep)
 
     def __init__(self, extra_files=None, interval=1):
-        self.extra_files = set(
-            os.path.abspath(x) for x in extra_files or ())
+        self.extra_files = {os.path.abspath(x) for x in extra_files or ()}
         self.interval = interval
 
     def run(self):
@@ -94,10 +85,10 @@ def restart_with_reloader(self):
         but running the reloader thread.
         """
         while 1:
-            click.secho('> Restarting (%s mode)' % self.name, fg='yellow')
+            click.secho("> Restarting (%s mode)" % self.name, fg="yellow")
             args = _get_args_for_reloading()
             new_environ = os.environ.copy()
-            new_environ['EMMETT_RUN_MAIN'] = 'true'
+            new_environ["EMMETT_RUN_MAIN"] = "true"
 
             # a weird bug on windows. sometimes unicode strings end up in the
             # environment and subprocess.call does not like this, encode them
@@ -107,20 +98,20 @@ def restart_with_reloader(self):
             #         if isinstance(value, unicode):
             #             new_environ[key] = value.encode('iso-8859-1')
 
-            exit_code = subprocess.call(args, env=new_environ)
+            exit_code = subprocess.call(args, env=new_environ)  # noqa: S603
             if exit_code != 3:
                 return exit_code
 
     def trigger_reload(self, process, filename):
         filename = os.path.abspath(filename)
-        click.secho('> Detected change in %r, reloading' % filename, fg='cyan')
+        click.secho("> Detected change in %r, reloading" % filename, fg="cyan")
         os.kill(process.pid, signal.SIGTERM)
         process.join()
         sys.exit(3)
 
 
 class StatReloaderLoop(ReloaderLoop):
-    name = 'stat'
+    name = "stat"
 
     def run(self, process):
         mtimes = {}
@@ -141,18 +132,18 @@ def run(self, process):
 
 
 reloader_loops = {
-    'stat': StatReloaderLoop,
+    "stat": StatReloaderLoop,
 }
 
-reloader_loops['auto'] = reloader_loops['stat']
+reloader_loops["auto"] = reloader_loops["stat"]
 
 
 def run_with_reloader(
     interface,
     app_target,
-    host='127.0.0.1',
+    host="127.0.0.1",
     port=8000,
-    loop='auto',
+    loop="auto",
     log_level=None,
     log_access=False,
     threads=1,
@@ -161,14 +152,15 @@ def run_with_reloader(
     ssl_keyfile: Optional[str] = None,
     extra_files=None,
     interval=1,
-    reloader_type='auto'
+    reloader_type="auto",
 ):
     reloader = reloader_loops[reloader_type](extra_files, interval)
     signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, lambda *args: sys.exit(0))
 
     try:
-        if os.environ.get('EMMETT_RUN_MAIN') == 'true':
+        if os.environ.get("EMMETT_RUN_MAIN") == "true":
             from .app import App
+
             # FIXME: find a better way to have app files in stat checker
             locate_app(App, *app_target)
 
@@ -185,7 +177,7 @@ def run_with_reloader(
                     "threading_mode": threading_mode,
                     "ssl_certfile": ssl_certfile,
                     "ssl_keyfile": ssl_keyfile,
-                }
+                },
             )
             process.start()
             reloader.run(process)
diff --git a/emmett/_shortcuts.py b/emmett/_shortcuts.py
index f92129bc..570e78df 100644
--- a/emmett/_shortcuts.py
+++ b/emmett/_shortcuts.py
@@ -1,34 +1,34 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett._shortcuts
-    -----------------
+emmett._shortcuts
+-----------------
 
-    Some shortcuts
+Some shortcuts
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import hashlib
-
 from uuid import uuid4
 
-hashlib_md5 = lambda s: hashlib.md5(bytes(s, 'utf8'))
-hashlib_sha1 = lambda s: hashlib.sha1(bytes(s, 'utf8'))
+
+hashlib_md5 = lambda s: hashlib.md5(bytes(s, "utf8"))
+hashlib_sha1 = lambda s: hashlib.sha1(bytes(s, "utf8"))
 uuid = lambda: str(uuid4())
 
 
-def to_bytes(obj, charset='utf8', errors='strict'):
+def to_bytes(obj, charset="utf8", errors="strict"):
     if obj is None:
         return None
     if isinstance(obj, (bytes, bytearray, memoryview)):
         return bytes(obj)
     if isinstance(obj, str):
         return obj.encode(charset, errors)
-    raise TypeError('Expected bytes')
+    raise TypeError("Expected bytes")
 
 
-def to_unicode(obj, charset='utf8', errors='strict'):
+def to_unicode(obj, charset="utf8", errors="strict"):
     if obj is None:
         return None
     if not isinstance(obj, bytes):
diff --git a/emmett/app.py b/emmett/app.py
index b9c8f614..888755a5 100644
--- a/emmett/app.py
+++ b/emmett/app.py
@@ -1,22 +1,20 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.app
-    ----------
+emmett.app
+----------
 
-    Provides the central application object.
+Provides the central application object.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
-
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Type, Union
 
 import click
-
 from emmett_core._internal import create_missing_app_folders, get_root_path
 from emmett_core.app import App as _App, AppModule as _AppModule, AppModuleGroup as _AppModuleGroup, Config as _Config
 from emmett_core.protocols.asgi.handlers import HTTPHandler as ASGIHTTPHandler, WSHandler as ASGIWSHandler
@@ -30,8 +28,8 @@
 from .html import asis
 from .language.helpers import Tstr
 from .language.translator import Translator
-from .pipeline import Pipe, Injector
-from .routing.router import HTTPRouter, WebsocketRouter, RoutingCtx, RoutingCtxGroup
+from .pipeline import Injector, Pipe
+from .routing.router import HTTPRouter, RoutingCtx, RoutingCtxGroup, WebsocketRouter
 from .routing.urls import url
 from .templating.templater import Templater
 from .testing import EmmettTestClient
@@ -44,8 +42,8 @@ class Config(_Config):
     def __init__(self, app: App):
         super().__init__(app)
         self._templates_auto_reload = app.debug or False
-        self._templates_encoding = 'utf8'
-        self._templates_escape = 'common'
+        self._templates_encoding = "utf8"
+        self._templates_escape = "common"
         self._templates_indent = False
 
     @property
@@ -85,7 +83,6 @@ def templates_adjust_indent(self, value: bool):
         self._app.templater._set_indent(value)
 
 
-
 class AppModule(_AppModule):
     @classmethod
     def from_app(
@@ -103,7 +100,7 @@ def from_app(
         root_path: Optional[str],
         pipeline: List[Pipe],
         injectors: List[Injector],
-        opts: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        opts: Dict[str, Any] = {},
     ):
         return cls(
             app,
@@ -119,7 +116,7 @@ def from_app(
             root_path=root_path,
             pipeline=pipeline,
             injectors=injectors,
-            **opts
+            **opts,
         )
 
     @classmethod
@@ -136,17 +133,14 @@ def from_module(
         hostname: Optional[str],
         cache: Optional[RouteCacheRule],
         root_path: Optional[str],
-        opts: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        opts: Dict[str, Any] = {},
     ):
-        if '.' in name:
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                "Nested app modules' names should not contains dots"
-            )
-        name = appmod.name + '.' + name
-        if url_prefix and not url_prefix.startswith('/'):
-            url_prefix = '/' + url_prefix
-        module_url_prefix = (appmod.url_prefix + (url_prefix or '')) \
-            if appmod.url_prefix else url_prefix
+        if "." in name:
+            raise RuntimeError("Nested app modules' names should not contains dots")
+        name = appmod.name + "." + name
+        if url_prefix and not url_prefix.startswith("/"):
+            url_prefix = "/" + url_prefix
+        module_url_prefix = (appmod.url_prefix + (url_prefix or "")) if appmod.url_prefix else url_prefix
         hostname = hostname or appmod.hostname
         cache = cache or appmod.cache
         return cls(
@@ -163,7 +157,7 @@ def from_module(
             root_path=root_path,
             pipeline=appmod.pipeline,
             injectors=appmod.injectors,
-            **opts
+            **opts,
         )
 
     @classmethod
@@ -180,7 +174,7 @@ def from_module_group(
         hostname: Optional[str],
         cache: Optional[RouteCacheRule],
         root_path: Optional[str],
-        opts: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        opts: Dict[str, Any] = {},
     ) -> AppModulesGrouped:
         mods = []
         for module in appmodgroup.modules:
@@ -196,7 +190,7 @@ def from_module_group(
                 hostname=hostname,
                 cache=cache,
                 root_path=root_path,
-                opts=opts
+                opts=opts,
             )
             mods.append(mod)
         return AppModulesGrouped(*mods)
@@ -214,7 +208,7 @@ def module(
         cache: Optional[RouteCacheRule] = None,
         root_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_class: Optional[Type[AppModule]] = None,
-        **kwargs: Any
+        **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> AppModule:
         module_class = module_class or self.__class__
         return module_class.from_module(
@@ -229,7 +223,7 @@ def module(
             hostname=hostname,
             cache=cache,
             root_path=root_path,
-            opts=kwargs
+            opts=kwargs,
         )
 
     def __init__(
@@ -247,7 +241,7 @@ def __init__(
         root_path: Optional[str] = None,
         pipeline: Optional[List[Pipe]] = None,
         injectors: Optional[List[Injector]] = None,
-        **kwargs: Any
+        **kwargs: Any,
     ):
         super().__init__(
             app=app,
@@ -260,7 +254,7 @@ def __init__(
             cache=cache,
             root_path=root_path,
             pipeline=pipeline,
-            **kwargs
+            **kwargs,
         )
         #: - `template_folder` is referred to application `template_path`
         #  - `template_path` is referred to module root_directory unless absolute
@@ -284,22 +278,20 @@ def route(
         paths: Optional[Union[str, List[str]]] = None,
         name: Optional[str] = None,
         template: Optional[str] = None,
-        **kwargs
+        **kwargs,
     ) -> RoutingCtx:
         if name is not None and "." in name:
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                "App modules' route names should not contains dots"
-            )
+            raise RuntimeError("App modules' route names should not contains dots")
         name = self.name + "." + (name or "")
-        pipeline = kwargs.get('pipeline', [])
-        injectors = kwargs.get('injectors', [])
+        pipeline = kwargs.get("pipeline", [])
+        injectors = kwargs.get("injectors", [])
         if self.pipeline:
             pipeline = self.pipeline + pipeline
-        kwargs['pipeline'] = pipeline
+        kwargs["pipeline"] = pipeline
         if self.injectors:
             injectors = self.injectors + injectors
-        kwargs['injectors'] = injectors
-        kwargs['cache'] = kwargs.get('cache', self.cache)
+        kwargs["injectors"] = injectors
+        kwargs["cache"] = kwargs.get("cache", self.cache)
         return self.app.route(
             paths=paths,
             name=name,
@@ -308,17 +300,12 @@ def route(
             template_folder=self.template_folder,
             template_path=self.template_path,
             hostname=self.hostname,
-            **kwargs
+            **kwargs,
         )
 
 
 class App(_App):
-    __slots__ = [
-        'template_default_extension',
-        'template_path',
-        'templater',
-        'translator'
-    ]
+    __slots__ = ["template_default_extension", "template_path", "templater", "translator"]
 
     debug = None
 
@@ -332,24 +319,30 @@ def __init__(
         import_name: str,
         root_path: Optional[str] = None,
         url_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
-        template_folder: str = 'templates',
-        config_folder: str = 'config'
+        template_folder: str = "templates",
+        config_folder: str = "config",
     ):
-        super().__init__(import_name=import_name, root_path=root_path, url_prefix=url_prefix, config_folder=config_folder, template_folder=template_folder)
+        super().__init__(
+            import_name=import_name,
+            root_path=root_path,
+            url_prefix=url_prefix,
+            config_folder=config_folder,
+            template_folder=template_folder,
+        )
         self.cli = click.Group(self.import_name)
         self.translator = Translator(
-            os.path.join(self.root_path, 'languages'),
-            default_language=self.language_default or 'en',
+            os.path.join(self.root_path, "languages"),
+            default_language=self.language_default or "en",
             watch_changes=self.debug,
-            str_class=Tstr
+            str_class=Tstr,
         )
-        self.template_default_extension = '.html'
+        self.template_default_extension = ".html"
         self.templater: Templater = Templater(
             path=self.template_path,
             encoding=self.config.templates_encoding,
             escape=self.config.templates_escape,
             adjust_indent=self.config.templates_adjust_indent,
-            reload=self.config.templates_auto_reload
+            reload=self.config.templates_auto_reload,
         )
 
     def _configure_paths(self, root_path, opts):
@@ -359,21 +352,21 @@ def _configure_paths(self, root_path, opts):
         self.static_path = os.path.join(self.root_path, "static")
         self.template_path = os.path.join(self.root_path, opts["template_folder"])
         self.config_path = os.path.join(self.root_path, opts["config_folder"])
-        create_missing_app_folders(self, ['languages', 'logs', 'static'])
+        create_missing_app_folders(self, ["languages", "logs", "static"])
 
     def _init_routers(self, url_prefix):
         self._router_http = HTTPRouter(self, current, url_prefix=url_prefix)
         self._router_ws = WebsocketRouter(self, current, url_prefix=url_prefix)
 
     def _init_handlers(self):
-        self._asgi_handlers['http'] = ASGIHTTPHandler(self, current)
-        self._asgi_handlers['ws'] = ASGIWSHandler(self, current)
-        self._rsgi_handlers['http'] = RSGIHTTPHandler(self, current)
-        self._rsgi_handlers['ws'] = RSGIWSHandler(self, current)
+        self._asgi_handlers["http"] = ASGIHTTPHandler(self, current)
+        self._asgi_handlers["ws"] = ASGIWSHandler(self, current)
+        self._rsgi_handlers["http"] = RSGIHTTPHandler(self, current)
+        self._rsgi_handlers["ws"] = RSGIWSHandler(self, current)
 
     def _configure_asgi_handlers(self):
-        self._asgi_handlers['http']._configure_methods()
-        self._rsgi_handlers['http']._configure_methods()
+        self._asgi_handlers["http"]._configure_methods()
+        self._rsgi_handlers["http"]._configure_methods()
 
     def _register_with_ctx(self):
         current.app = self
@@ -385,7 +378,7 @@ def language_default(self) -> Optional[str]:
     @language_default.setter
     def language_default(self, value: str):
         self._language_default = value
-        self.translator._update_config(self._language_default or 'en')
+        self.translator._update_config(self._language_default or "en")
 
     @property
     def injectors(self) -> List[Injector]:
@@ -409,10 +402,10 @@ def route(
         template_folder: Optional[str] = None,
         template_path: Optional[str] = None,
         cache: Optional[RouteCacheRule] = None,
-        output: str = 'auto'
+        output: str = "auto",
     ) -> RoutingCtx:
         if callable(paths):
-            raise SyntaxError('Use @route(), not @route.')
+            raise SyntaxError("Use @route(), not @route.")
         return self._router_http(
             paths=paths,
             name=name,
@@ -426,7 +419,7 @@ def route(
             template_folder=template_folder,
             template_path=template_path,
             cache=cache,
-            output=output
+            output=output,
         )
 
     @property
@@ -438,10 +431,7 @@ def command_group(self):
         return self.cli.group
 
     def render_template(self, filename: str) -> str:
-        ctx = {
-            'current': current, 'url': url, 'asis': asis,
-            'load_component': load_component
-        }
+        ctx = {"current": current, "url": url, "asis": asis, "load_component": load_component}
         return self.templater.render(filename, ctx)
 
     def config_from_yaml(self, filename: str, namespace: Optional[str] = None):
@@ -471,7 +461,7 @@ def module(
         pipeline: Optional[List[Pipe]] = None,
         injectors: Optional[List[Injector]] = None,
         module_class: Optional[Type[AppModule]] = None,
-        **kwargs: Any
+        **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> AppModule:
         module_class = module_class or self.modules_class
         return module_class.from_app(
@@ -488,7 +478,7 @@ def module(
             root_path=root_path,
             pipeline=pipeline or [],
             injectors=injectors or [],
-            opts=kwargs
+            opts=kwargs,
         )
 
     def module_group(self, *modules: AppModule) -> AppModuleGroup:
@@ -509,7 +499,7 @@ def module(
         cache: Optional[RouteCacheRule] = None,
         root_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_class: Optional[Type[AppModule]] = None,
-        **kwargs: Any
+        **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> AppModulesGrouped:
         module_class = module_class or AppModule
         return module_class.from_module_group(
@@ -524,7 +514,7 @@ def module(
             hostname=hostname,
             cache=cache,
             root_path=root_path,
-            opts=kwargs
+            opts=kwargs,
         )
 
     def route(
@@ -532,12 +522,9 @@ def route(
         paths: Optional[Union[str, List[str]]] = None,
         name: Optional[str] = None,
         template: Optional[str] = None,
-        **kwargs
+        **kwargs,
     ) -> RoutingCtxGroup:
-        return RoutingCtxGroup([
-            mod.route(paths=paths, name=name, template=template, **kwargs)
-            for mod in self.modules
-        ])
+        return RoutingCtxGroup([mod.route(paths=paths, name=name, template=template, **kwargs) for mod in self.modules])
 
 
 class AppModulesGrouped(AppModuleGroup):
diff --git a/emmett/asgi/handlers.py b/emmett/asgi/handlers.py
index 857a86c5..0be20684 100644
--- a/emmett/asgi/handlers.py
+++ b/emmett/asgi/handlers.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.asgi.handlers
-    --------------------
+emmett.asgi.handlers
+--------------------
 
-    Provides ASGI handlers.
+Provides ASGI handlers.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@
 from importlib import resources
 from typing import Awaitable, Callable
 
-from emmett_core.http.response import HTTPResponse, HTTPBytesResponse
+from emmett_core.http.response import HTTPBytesResponse, HTTPResponse
 from emmett_core.protocols.asgi.handlers import HTTPHandler as _HTTPHandler, WSHandler as _WSHandler
 from emmett_core.protocols.asgi.typing import Receive, Scope, Send
 from emmett_core.utils import cachedprop
 
 from ..ctx import current
-from ..debug import smart_traceback, debug_handler
+from ..debug import debug_handler, smart_traceback
 from ..libs.contenttype import contenttype
 from ..wrappers.response import Response
 from .wrappers import Request, Websocket
@@ -34,9 +34,7 @@ class HTTPHandler(_HTTPHandler):
 
     @cachedprop
     def error_handler(self) -> Callable[[], Awaitable[str]]:
-        return (
-            self._debug_handler if self.app.debug else self.exception_handler
-        )
+        return self._debug_handler if self.app.debug else self.exception_handler
 
     async def _static_content(self, content: bytes, content_type: str) -> HTTPBytesResponse:
         content_len = str(len(content))
@@ -44,44 +42,32 @@ async def _static_content(self, content: bytes, content_type: str) -> HTTPBytesR
             200,
             content,
             headers={
-                'content-type': content_type,
-                'content-length': content_len,
-                'last-modified': self._internal_assets_md[1],
-                'etag': md5(
-                    f"{self._internal_assets_md[0]}_{content_len}".encode("utf8")
-                ).hexdigest()
-            }
+                "content-type": content_type,
+                "content-length": content_len,
+                "last-modified": self._internal_assets_md[1],
+                "etag": md5(f"{self._internal_assets_md[0]}_{content_len}".encode("utf8")).hexdigest(),
+            },
         )
 
-    def _static_handler(
-        self,
-        scope: Scope,
-        receive: Receive,
-        send: Send
-    ) -> Awaitable[HTTPResponse]:
-        path = scope['emt.path']
+    def _static_handler(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> Awaitable[HTTPResponse]:
+        path = scope["emt.path"]
         #: handle internal assets
-        if path.startswith('/__emmett__'):
+        if path.startswith("/__emmett__"):
             file_name = path[12:]
             if not file_name or file_name.endswith(".html"):
                 return self._http_response(404)
             pkg = None
-            if '/' in file_name:
-                pkg, file_name = file_name.split('/', 1)
+            if "/" in file_name:
+                pkg, file_name = file_name.split("/", 1)
             try:
-                file_contents = resources.read_binary(
-                    f'emmett.assets.{pkg}' if pkg else 'emmett.assets',
-                    file_name
-                )
+                file_contents = resources.read_binary(f"emmett.assets.{pkg}" if pkg else "emmett.assets", file_name)
             except FileNotFoundError:
                 return self._http_response(404)
             return self._static_content(file_contents, contenttype(file_name))
         return super()._static_handler(scope, receive, send)
 
     async def _debug_handler(self) -> str:
-        current.response.headers._data['content-type'] = (
-            'text/html; charset=utf-8'
-        )
+        current.response.headers._data["content-type"] = "text/html; charset=utf-8"
         return debug_handler(smart_traceback(self.app))
 
 
diff --git a/emmett/asgi/wrappers.py b/emmett/asgi/wrappers.py
index 23f9745e..cf12204d 100644
--- a/emmett/asgi/wrappers.py
+++ b/emmett/asgi/wrappers.py
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.asgi.wrappers
-    --------------------
+emmett.asgi.wrappers
+--------------------
 
-    Provides ASGI request and websocket wrappers
+Provides ASGI request and websocket wrappers
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import pendulum
-
 from emmett_core.protocols.asgi.wrappers import Request as _Request, Websocket as Websocket
 from emmett_core.utils import cachedprop
 
diff --git a/emmett/cache.py b/emmett/cache.py
index 39025dd5..e9bbebe0 100644
--- a/emmett/cache.py
+++ b/emmett/cache.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.cache
-    ------------
+emmett.cache
+------------
 
-    Provides a caching system.
+Provides a caching system.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -16,10 +16,9 @@
 import tempfile
 import threading
 import time
-
 from typing import Any, List, Optional
 
-from emmett_core.cache import Cache as Cache, RamCache as RamCache
+from emmett_core.cache import Cache as Cache
 from emmett_core.cache.handlers import CacheHandler, RamCache as RamCache, RedisCache as RedisCache
 
 from ._shortcuts import hashlib_sha1
@@ -29,15 +28,10 @@
 
 class DiskCache(CacheHandler):
     lock = threading.RLock()
-    _fs_transaction_suffix = '.__mt_cache'
+    _fs_transaction_suffix = ".__mt_cache"
     _fs_mode = 0o600
 
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        cache_dir: str = 'cache',
-        threshold: int = 500,
-        default_expire: int = 300
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, cache_dir: str = "cache", threshold: int = 500, default_expire: int = 300):
         super().__init__(default_expire=default_expire)
         self._threshold = threshold
         self._path = os.path.join(current.app.root_path, cache_dir)
@@ -70,7 +64,7 @@ def _prune(self):
                 try:
                     for i, fpath in enumerate(entries):
                         remove = False
-                        f = LockedFile(fpath, 'rb')
+                        f = LockedFile(fpath, "rb")
                         exp = pickle.load(f.file)
                         f.close()
                         remove = exp <= now or i % 3 == 0
@@ -84,7 +78,7 @@ def get(self, key: str) -> Any:
         try:
             with self.lock:
                 now = time.time()
-                f = LockedFile(filename, 'rb')
+                f = LockedFile(filename, "rb")
                 exp = pickle.load(f.file)
                 if exp < now:
                     f.close()
@@ -104,10 +98,9 @@ def set(self, key: str, value: Any, **kwargs):
             if os.path.exists(filepath):
                 self._del_file(filepath)
             try:
-                fd, tmp = tempfile.mkstemp(
-                    suffix=self._fs_transaction_suffix, dir=self._path)
-                with os.fdopen(fd, 'wb') as f:
-                    pickle.dump(kwargs['expiration'], f, 1)
+                fd, tmp = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=self._fs_transaction_suffix, dir=self._path)
+                with os.fdopen(fd, "wb") as f:
+                    pickle.dump(kwargs["expiration"], f, 1)
                     pickle.dump(value, f, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
                 os.rename(tmp, filename)
                 os.chmod(filename, self._fs_mode)
diff --git a/emmett/cli.py b/emmett/cli.py
index 25ed29ac..0a64d7b6 100644
--- a/emmett/cli.py
+++ b/emmett/cli.py
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.cli
-    ---------
+emmett.cli
+---------
 
-    Provide command line tools for Emmett applications.
+Provide command line tools for Emmett applications.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
 
-    Based on the code of Flask (http://flask.pocoo.org)
-    :copyright: (c) 2014 by Armin Ronacher.
+Based on the code of Flask (http://flask.pocoo.org)
+:copyright: (c) 2014 by Armin Ronacher.
 
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import code
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@
 import types
 
 import click
-
-from emmett_core._internal import locate_app, get_app_module
+from emmett_core._internal import get_app_module, locate_app
 from emmett_core.log import LOG_LEVELS
 from emmett_core.server import run as sgi_run
 
@@ -68,9 +67,7 @@ def find_db(module, var_name=None):
 
     from .orm import Database
 
-    matches = [
-        v for k, v in module.__dict__.items() if isinstance(v, Database)
-    ]
+    matches = [v for k, v in module.__dict__.items() if isinstance(v, Database)]
     return matches
 
 
@@ -131,6 +128,7 @@ def load_app(self):
             return self._loaded_app
 
         from .app import App
+
         import_name, app_name = self._get_import_name()
         app = locate_app(App, import_name, app_name) if import_name else None
 
@@ -170,30 +168,19 @@ def set_app_value(ctx, param, value):
     ctx.ensure_object(ScriptInfo).app_import_path = value
 
 
-app_option = click.Option(
-    ['-a', '--app'],
-    help='The application to run',
-    callback=set_app_value,
-    is_eager=True
-)
+app_option = click.Option(["-a", "--app"], help="The application to run", callback=set_app_value, is_eager=True)
 
 
 class EmmettGroup(click.Group):
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        add_default_commands=True,
-        add_app_option=True,
-        add_debug_option=True,
-        **extra
-    ):
-        params = list(extra.pop('params', None) or ())
+    def __init__(self, add_default_commands=True, add_app_option=True, add_debug_option=True, **extra):
+        params = list(extra.pop("params", None) or ())
         if add_app_option:
             params.append(app_option)
-        #if add_debug_option:
+        # if add_debug_option:
         #    params.append(debug_option)
 
         click.Group.__init__(self, params=params, **extra)
-        #self.create_app = create_app
+        # self.create_app = create_app
 
         if add_default_commands:
             self.add_command(develop_command)
@@ -231,57 +218,47 @@ def get_command(self, ctx, name):
             pass
 
     def main(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        obj = kwargs.get('obj')
+        obj = kwargs.get("obj")
         if obj is None:
             obj = ScriptInfo()
-        kwargs['obj'] = obj
+        kwargs["obj"] = obj
         return super().main(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
-@click.command('develop', short_help='Runs a development server.')
-@click.option(
-    '--host', '-h', default='127.0.0.1', help='The interface to bind to.')
-@click.option(
-    '--port', '-p', type=int, default=8000, help='The port to bind to.')
-@click.option(
-    '--interface', type=click.Choice(['rsgi', 'asgi']), default='rsgi',
-    help='Application interface.')
-@click.option(
-    '--loop', type=click.Choice(['auto', 'asyncio', 'uvloop']), default='auto',
-    help='Event loop implementation.')
+@click.command("develop", short_help="Runs a development server.")
+@click.option("--host", "-h", default="127.0.0.1", help="The interface to bind to.")
+@click.option("--port", "-p", type=int, default=8000, help="The port to bind to.")
+@click.option("--interface", type=click.Choice(["rsgi", "asgi"]), default="rsgi", help="Application interface.")
 @click.option(
-    '--ssl-certfile', type=str, default=None, help='SSL certificate file')
-@click.option(
-    '--ssl-keyfile', type=str, default=None, help='SSL key file')
-@click.option(
-    '--reloader/--no-reloader', is_flag=True, default=True,
-    help='Runs with reloader.')
+    "--loop", type=click.Choice(["auto", "asyncio", "uvloop"]), default="auto", help="Event loop implementation."
+)
+@click.option("--ssl-certfile", type=str, default=None, help="SSL certificate file")
+@click.option("--ssl-keyfile", type=str, default=None, help="SSL key file")
+@click.option("--reloader/--no-reloader", is_flag=True, default=True, help="Runs with reloader.")
 @pass_script_info
-def develop_command(
-    info, host, port, interface, loop, ssl_certfile, ssl_keyfile, reloader
-):
-    os.environ["EMMETT_RUN_ENV"] = 'true'
+def develop_command(info, host, port, interface, loop, ssl_certfile, ssl_keyfile, reloader):
+    os.environ["EMMETT_RUN_ENV"] = "true"
     app_target = info._get_import_name()
 
-    if os.environ.get('EMMETT_RUN_MAIN') != 'true':
+    if os.environ.get("EMMETT_RUN_MAIN") != "true":
         click.echo(
-            ' '.join([
-                "> Starting Emmett development server on app",
-                click.style(app_target[0], fg="cyan", bold=True)
-            ])
+            " ".join(["> Starting Emmett development server on app", click.style(app_target[0], fg="cyan", bold=True)])
         )
         click.echo(
-            ' '.join([
-                click.style("> Emmett application", fg="green"),
-                click.style(app_target[0], fg="cyan", bold=True),
-                click.style("running on", fg="green"),
-                click.style(f"http://{host}:{port}", fg="cyan"),
-                click.style("(press CTRL+C to quit)", fg="green")
-            ])
+            " ".join(
+                [
+                    click.style("> Emmett application", fg="green"),
+                    click.style(app_target[0], fg="cyan", bold=True),
+                    click.style("running on", fg="green"),
+                    click.style(f"http://{host}:{port}", fg="cyan"),
+                    click.style("(press CTRL+C to quit)", fg="green"),
+                ]
+            )
         )
 
     if reloader:
         from ._reloader import run_with_reloader
+
         runner = run_with_reloader
     else:
         runner = sgi_run
@@ -292,7 +269,7 @@ def develop_command(
         host=host,
         port=port,
         loop=loop,
-        log_level='debug',
+        log_level="debug",
         log_access=True,
         threading_mode="workers",
         ssl_certfile=ssl_certfile,
@@ -300,54 +277,46 @@ def develop_command(
     )
 
 
-@click.command('serve', short_help='Serve the app.')
-@click.option(
-    '--host', '-h', default='0.0.0.0', help='The interface to bind to.')
-@click.option(
-    '--port', '-p', type=int, default=8000, help='The port to bind to.')
-@click.option(
-    "--workers", '-w', type=int, default=1,
-    help="Number of worker processes. Defaults to 1.")
-@click.option(
-    "--threads", type=int, default=1, help="Number of worker threads.")
-@click.option(
-    "--threading-mode", type=click.Choice(['runtime', 'workers']), default='workers',
-    help="Server threading mode.")
-@click.option(
-    '--interface', type=click.Choice(['rsgi', 'asgi']), default='rsgi',
-    help='Application interface.')
-@click.option(
-    '--http', type=click.Choice(['auto', '1', '2']), default='auto',
-    help='HTTP version.')
-@click.option(
-    '--ws/--no-ws', is_flag=True, default=True,
-    help='Enable websockets support.')
-@click.option(
-    '--loop', type=click.Choice(['auto', 'asyncio', 'uvloop']), default='auto',
-    help='Event loop implementation.')
-@click.option(
-    '--opt/--no-opt', is_flag=True, default=False,
-    help='Enable loop optimizations.')
-@click.option(
-    '--log-level', type=click.Choice(LOG_LEVELS.keys()), default='info',
-    help='Logging level.')
-@click.option(
-    '--access-log/--no-access-log', is_flag=True, default=False,
-    help='Enable access log.')
-@click.option(
-    '--backlog', type=int, default=2048,
-    help='Maximum number of connections to hold in backlog')
+@click.command("serve", short_help="Serve the app.")
+@click.option("--host", "-h", default="0.0.0.0", help="The interface to bind to.")
+@click.option("--port", "-p", type=int, default=8000, help="The port to bind to.")
+@click.option("--workers", "-w", type=int, default=1, help="Number of worker processes. Defaults to 1.")
+@click.option("--threads", type=int, default=1, help="Number of worker threads.")
 @click.option(
-    '--backpressure', type=int,
-    help='Maximum number of requests to process concurrently (per worker)')
-@click.option(
-    '--ssl-certfile', type=str, default=None, help='SSL certificate file')
+    "--threading-mode", type=click.Choice(["runtime", "workers"]), default="workers", help="Server threading mode."
+)
+@click.option("--interface", type=click.Choice(["rsgi", "asgi"]), default="rsgi", help="Application interface.")
+@click.option("--http", type=click.Choice(["auto", "1", "2"]), default="auto", help="HTTP version.")
+@click.option("--ws/--no-ws", is_flag=True, default=True, help="Enable websockets support.")
 @click.option(
-    '--ssl-keyfile', type=str, default=None, help='SSL key file')
+    "--loop", type=click.Choice(["auto", "asyncio", "uvloop"]), default="auto", help="Event loop implementation."
+)
+@click.option("--opt/--no-opt", is_flag=True, default=False, help="Enable loop optimizations.")
+@click.option("--log-level", type=click.Choice(LOG_LEVELS.keys()), default="info", help="Logging level.")
+@click.option("--access-log/--no-access-log", is_flag=True, default=False, help="Enable access log.")
+@click.option("--backlog", type=int, default=2048, help="Maximum number of connections to hold in backlog")
+@click.option("--backpressure", type=int, help="Maximum number of requests to process concurrently (per worker)")
+@click.option("--ssl-certfile", type=str, default=None, help="SSL certificate file")
+@click.option("--ssl-keyfile", type=str, default=None, help="SSL key file")
 @pass_script_info
 def serve_command(
-    info, host, port, workers, threads, threading_mode, interface, http, ws, loop, opt,
-    log_level, access_log, backlog, backpressure, ssl_certfile, ssl_keyfile
+    info,
+    host,
+    port,
+    workers,
+    threads,
+    threading_mode,
+    interface,
+    http,
+    ws,
+    loop,
+    opt,
+    log_level,
+    access_log,
+    backlog,
+    backpressure,
+    ssl_certfile,
+    ssl_keyfile,
 ):
     app_target = info._get_import_name()
     sgi_run(
@@ -371,31 +340,22 @@ def serve_command(
     )
 
 
-@click.command('shell', short_help='Runs a shell in the app context.')
+@click.command("shell", short_help="Runs a shell in the app context.")
 @pass_script_info
 def shell_command(info):
-    os.environ['EMMETT_CLI_ENV'] = 'true'
+    os.environ["EMMETT_CLI_ENV"] = "true"
     ctx = info.load_appctx()
     app = info.load_app()
-    banner = 'Python %s on %s\nEmmett %s shell on app: %s' % (
-        sys.version,
-        sys.platform,
-        fw_version,
-        app.import_name
-    )
+    banner = "Python %s on %s\nEmmett %s shell on app: %s" % (sys.version, sys.platform, fw_version, app.import_name)
     code.interact(banner=banner, local=app.make_shell_context(ctx))
 
 
-@click.command('routes', short_help='Display the app routing table.')
+@click.command("routes", short_help="Display the app routing table.")
 @pass_script_info
 def routes_command(info):
     app = info.load_app()
     click.echo(
-        "".join([
-            "> Routing table for Emmett application ",
-            click.style(app.import_name, fg="cyan", bold=True),
-            ":"
-        ])
+        "".join(["> Routing table for Emmett application ", click.style(app.import_name, fg="cyan", bold=True), ":"])
     )
     for route in app._router_http._routes_str.values():
         click.echo(route)
@@ -410,114 +370,100 @@ def set_db_value(ctx, param, value):
     ctx.ensure_object(ScriptInfo).db_var_name = value
 
 
-@cli.group('migrations', short_help='Runs migration operations.')
-@click.option(
-    '--db', help='The db instance to use', callback=set_db_value, is_eager=True
-)
+@cli.group("migrations", short_help="Runs migration operations.")
+@click.option("--db", help="The db instance to use", callback=set_db_value, is_eager=True)
 def migrations_cli(db):
     pass
 
 
-@migrations_cli.command('status', short_help='Shows current database revision.')
-@click.option('--verbose', '-v', default=False, is_flag=True)
+@migrations_cli.command("status", short_help="Shows current database revision.")
+@click.option("--verbose", "-v", default=False, is_flag=True)
 @pass_script_info
 def migrations_status(info, verbose):
     from .orm.migrations.commands import status
+
     app = info.load_app()
     dbs = info.load_db()
     status(app, dbs, verbose)
 
 
-@migrations_cli.command('history', short_help="Shows migrations history.")
-@click.option('--range', '-r', default=None)
-@click.option('--verbose', '-v', default=False, is_flag=True)
+@migrations_cli.command("history", short_help="Shows migrations history.")
+@click.option("--range", "-r", default=None)
+@click.option("--verbose", "-v", default=False, is_flag=True)
 @pass_script_info
 def migrations_history(info, range, verbose):
     from .orm.migrations.commands import history
+
     app = info.load_app()
     dbs = info.load_db()
     history(app, dbs, range, verbose)
 
 
-@migrations_cli.command(
-    'generate', short_help='Generates a new migration from application models.'
-)
-@click.option(
-    '--message', '-m', default='Generated migration',
-    help='The description for the new migration.'
-)
-@click.option('-head', default='head', help='The migration to generate from')
+@migrations_cli.command("generate", short_help="Generates a new migration from application models.")
+@click.option("--message", "-m", default="Generated migration", help="The description for the new migration.")
+@click.option("-head", default="head", help="The migration to generate from")
 @pass_script_info
 def migrations_generate(info, message, head):
     from .orm.migrations.commands import generate
+
     app = info.load_app()
     dbs = info.load_db()
     generate(app, dbs, message, head)
 
 
-@migrations_cli.command('new', short_help='Generates a new empty migration.')
-@click.option(
-    '--message', '-m', default='New migration',
-    help='The description for the new migration.'
-)
-@click.option('-head', default='head', help='The migration to generate from')
+@migrations_cli.command("new", short_help="Generates a new empty migration.")
+@click.option("--message", "-m", default="New migration", help="The description for the new migration.")
+@click.option("-head", default="head", help="The migration to generate from")
 @pass_script_info
 def migrations_new(info, message, head):
     from .orm.migrations.commands import new
+
     app = info.load_app()
     dbs = info.load_db()
     new(app, dbs, message, head)
 
 
-@migrations_cli.command(
-    'up', short_help='Upgrades the database to the selected migration.'
-)
-@click.option('--revision', '-r', default='head', help='The migration to upgrade to.')
+@migrations_cli.command("up", short_help="Upgrades the database to the selected migration.")
+@click.option("--revision", "-r", default="head", help="The migration to upgrade to.")
 @click.option(
-    '--dry-run',
+    "--dry-run",
     default=False,
     is_flag=True,
-    help='Only print SQL instructions, without actually applying the migration.'
+    help="Only print SQL instructions, without actually applying the migration.",
 )
 @pass_script_info
 def migrations_up(info, revision, dry_run):
     from .orm.migrations.commands import up
+
     app = info.load_app()
     dbs = info.load_db()
     up(app, dbs, revision, dry_run)
 
 
-@migrations_cli.command(
-    'down', short_help='Downgrades the database to the selected migration.'
-)
-@click.option('--revision', '-r', required=True, help='The migration to downgrade to.')
+@migrations_cli.command("down", short_help="Downgrades the database to the selected migration.")
+@click.option("--revision", "-r", required=True, help="The migration to downgrade to.")
 @click.option(
-    '--dry-run',
+    "--dry-run",
     default=False,
     is_flag=True,
-    help='Only print SQL instructions, without actually applying the migration.'
+    help="Only print SQL instructions, without actually applying the migration.",
 )
 @pass_script_info
 def migrations_down(info, revision, dry_run):
     from .orm.migrations.commands import down
+
     app = info.load_app()
     dbs = info.load_db()
     down(app, dbs, revision, dry_run)
 
 
-@migrations_cli.command(
-    'set', short_help='Overrides database revision with selected migration.'
-)
-@click.option('--revision', '-r', default='head', help='The migration to set.')
-@click.option(
-    '--auto-confirm',
-    default=False,
-    is_flag=True,
-    help='Skip asking confirmation.'
-)
+@migrations_cli.command("set", short_help="Overrides database revision with selected migration.")
+@click.option("--revision", "-r", default="head", help="The migration to set.")
+@click.option("--auto-confirm", default=False, is_flag=True, help="Skip asking confirmation.")
 @pass_script_info
 def migrations_set(info, revision, auto_confirm):
     from .orm.migrations.commands import set_revision
+
     app = info.load_app()
     dbs = info.load_db()
     set_revision(app, dbs, revision, auto_confirm)
@@ -527,5 +473,5 @@ def main(as_module=False):
     cli.main(prog_name="python -m emmett" if as_module else None)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main(as_module=True)
diff --git a/emmett/ctx.py b/emmett/ctx.py
index be52cf13..45dd62d9 100644
--- a/emmett/ctx.py
+++ b/emmett/ctx.py
@@ -1,25 +1,24 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.ctx
-    ----------
+emmett.ctx
+----------
 
-    Provides the current object.
-    Used by application to deal with request related objects.
+Provides the current object.
+Used by application to deal with request related objects.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from datetime import datetime
 
 import pendulum
-
 from emmett_core.ctx import (
-    Current as _Current,
     Context as _Context,
+    Current as _Current,
     RequestContext as _RequestContext,
     WSContext as _WsContext,
-    _ctxv
+    _ctxv,
 )
 from emmett_core.utils import cachedprop
 
@@ -37,9 +36,7 @@ class RequestContext(_RequestContext):
 
     @cachedprop
     def language(self):
-        return self.request.accept_language.best_match(
-            list(self.app.translator._langmap)
-        )
+        return self.request.accept_language.best_match(list(self.app.translator._langmap))
 
 
 class WSContext(_WsContext):
@@ -51,9 +48,7 @@ def now(self):
 
     @cachedprop
     def language(self):
-        return self.websocket.accept_language.best_match(
-            list(self.app.translator._langmap)
-        )
+        return self.websocket.accept_language.best_match(list(self.app.translator._langmap))
 
 
 class Current(_Current):
diff --git a/emmett/datastructures.py b/emmett/datastructures.py
index 11693c65..a40a0836 100644
--- a/emmett/datastructures.py
+++ b/emmett/datastructures.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.datastructures
-    ---------------------
+emmett.datastructures
+---------------------
 
-    Provide some useful data structures.
+Provide some useful data structures.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from emmett_core.datastructures import sdict as sdict
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def __add__(self, other):
         return self.union(other)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self._list)
+        return "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._list)
 
     __str__ = __repr__
 
@@ -124,6 +124,4 @@ def _unique_list(seq, hashfunc=None):
     seen_add = seen.add
     if not hashfunc:
         return [x for x in seq if x not in seen and not seen_add(x)]
-    return [
-        x for x in seq if hashfunc(x) not in seen and not seen_add(hashfunc(x))
-    ]
+    return [x for x in seq if hashfunc(x) not in seen and not seen_add(hashfunc(x))]
diff --git a/emmett/debug.py b/emmett/debug.py
index 47c2124d..278d8502 100644
--- a/emmett/debug.py
+++ b/emmett/debug.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.debug
-    ------------
+emmett.debug
+------------
 
-    Provides debugging utilities.
+Provides debugging utilities.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import inspect
@@ -27,10 +27,8 @@ def __init__(self, app, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
         self.exc_value = exc_value
         if not isinstance(exc_type, str):
             exception_type = exc_type.__name__
-            if exc_type.__module__ not in (
-                '__builtin__', 'builtins', 'exceptions'
-            ):
-                exception_type = exc_type.__module__ + '.' + exception_type
+            if exc_type.__module__ not in ("__builtin__", "builtins", "exceptions"):
+                exception_type = exc_type.__module__ + "." + exception_type
         else:
             exception_type = exc_type
         self.exception_type = exception_type
@@ -44,39 +42,31 @@ def __init__(self, app, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
     def exception(self):
         """String representation of the exception."""
         buf = traceback.format_exception_only(self.exc_type, self.exc_value)
-        return ''.join(buf).strip()
+        return "".join(buf).strip()
 
     def generate_plaintext_traceback(self):
         """Like the plaintext attribute but returns a generator"""
-        yield u'Traceback (most recent call last):'
+        yield "Traceback (most recent call last):"
         for frame in self.frames:
-            yield u'  File "%s", line %s, in %s' % (
-                frame.filename,
-                frame.lineno,
-                frame.function_name
-            )
-            yield u'    ' + frame.current_line.strip()
+            yield '  File "%s", line %s, in %s' % (frame.filename, frame.lineno, frame.function_name)
+            yield "    " + frame.current_line.strip()
         yield self.exception
 
     def generate_plain_tb_app(self):
-        yield u'Traceback (most recent call last):'
+        yield "Traceback (most recent call last):"
         for frame in self.frames:
             if frame.is_in_app:
-                yield u'  File "%s", line %s, in %s' % (
-                    frame.filename,
-                    frame.lineno,
-                    frame.function_name
-                )
-                yield u'    ' + frame.current_line.strip()
+                yield '  File "%s", line %s, in %s' % (frame.filename, frame.lineno, frame.function_name)
+                yield "    " + frame.current_line.strip()
         yield self.exception
 
     @property
     def full_tb(self):
-        return u'\n'.join(self.generate_plaintext_traceback())
+        return "\n".join(self.generate_plaintext_traceback())
 
     @property
     def app_tb(self):
-        return u'\n'.join(self.generate_plain_tb_app())
+        return "\n".join(self.generate_plain_tb_app())
 
 
 class Frame:
@@ -90,50 +80,47 @@ def __init__(self, app, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
         self.globals = tb.tb_frame.f_globals
 
         fn = inspect.getsourcefile(tb) or inspect.getfile(tb)
-        if fn[-4:] in ('.pyo', '.pyc'):
+        if fn[-4:] in (".pyo", ".pyc"):
             fn = fn[:-1]
         # if it's a file on the file system resolve the real filename.
         if os.path.isfile(fn):
             fn = os.path.realpath(fn)
         self.filename = fn
-        self.module = self.globals.get('__name__')
+        self.module = self.globals.get("__name__")
         self.code = tb.tb_frame.f_code
 
     @property
     def is_in_fw(self):
         fw_path = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-        return self.filename[0:len(fw_path)] == fw_path
+        return self.filename[0 : len(fw_path)] == fw_path
 
     @property
     def is_in_app(self):
-        return self.filename[0:len(self.app.root_path)] == self.app.root_path
+        return self.filename[0 : len(self.app.root_path)] == self.app.root_path
 
     @property
     def rendered_filename(self):
         if self.is_in_app:
-            return self.filename[len(self.app.root_path) + 1:]
+            return self.filename[len(self.app.root_path) + 1 :]
         if self.is_in_fw:
-            return ''.join([
-                "emmett.",
-                self.filename[
-                    len(os.path.dirname(__file__)) + 1:
-                ].replace("/", ".").split(".py")[0]
-            ])
+            return "".join(
+                ["emmett.", self.filename[len(os.path.dirname(__file__)) + 1 :].replace("/", ".").split(".py")[0]]
+            )
         return self.filename
 
     @cachedprop
     def sourcelines(self):
         try:
-            with open(self.filename, 'rb') as file:
-                source = file.read().decode('utf8')
+            with open(self.filename, "rb") as file:
+                source = file.read().decode("utf8")
         except IOError:
-            source = '<unavailable>'
+            source = "<unavailable>"
         return source.splitlines()
 
     @property
     def sourceblock(self):
         lmax = self.lineno + 4
-        return u'\n'.join(self.sourcelines[self.first_line_no - 1:lmax])
+        return "\n".join(self.sourcelines[self.first_line_no - 1 : lmax])
 
     @property
     def first_line_no(self):
@@ -151,22 +138,20 @@ def current_line(self):
         try:
             return self.sourcelines[self.lineno - 1]
         except IndexError:
-            return u''
+            return ""
 
     @cachedprop
     def render_locals(self):
-        rv = dict()
+        rv = {}
         for k, v in self.locals.items():
             try:
                 rv[k] = str(v)
             except Exception:
-                rv[k] = '<unavailable>'
+                rv[k] = "<unavailable>"
         return rv
 
 
-debug_templater = Renoir(
-    path=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'assets', 'debug')
-)
+debug_templater = Renoir(path=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "assets", "debug"))
 
 
 def smart_traceback(app):
@@ -175,4 +160,4 @@ def smart_traceback(app):
 
 
 def debug_handler(tb):
-    return debug_templater.render('view.html', {'tb': tb})
+    return debug_templater.render("view.html", {"tb": tb})
diff --git a/emmett/extensions.py b/emmett/extensions.py
index 56a45bdb..8f9377cc 100644
--- a/emmett/extensions.py
+++ b/emmett/extensions.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.extensions
-    -----------------
+emmett.extensions
+-----------------
 
-    Provides base classes to create extensions.
+Provides base classes to create extensions.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
diff --git a/emmett/forms.py b/emmett/forms.py
index 09495037..fd0b87aa 100644
--- a/emmett/forms.py
+++ b/emmett/forms.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.forms
-    ------------
+emmett.forms
+------------
 
-    Provides classes to create and style forms.
+Provides classes to create and style forms.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -19,12 +19,13 @@
 
 from .ctx import current
 from .datastructures import sdict
-from .html import HtmlTag, tag, cat, asis
+from .html import HtmlTag, asis, cat, tag
 from .orm import Field, Model
 from .orm.objects import Row, Table
 from .security import CSRFStorage
 from .validators import isEmptyOr
 
+
 __all__ = ["Form", "ModelForm"]
 
 
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ def __init__(
         _action: str = "",
         _enctype: str = "multipart/form-data",
         _method: str = "POST",
-        **kwargs: Any
+        **kwargs: Any,
     ):
         self._action = _action
         self._csrf = csrf
@@ -62,9 +63,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.onvalidation = onvalidation
         self.writable_fields = writable_fields
         if not issubclass(self._formstyle, FormStyle):
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                "{!r} is an invalid Emmett form style".format(formstyle)
-            )
+            raise RuntimeError("{!r} is an invalid Emmett form style".format(formstyle))
         self._preprocess(**kwargs)
 
     def _preprocess(self, **kwargs):
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ def _preprocess(self, **kwargs):
             "id_prefix": self._id_prefix,
             "hidden": {},
             "submit": self._submit_text,
-            "upload": self._upload
+            "upload": self._upload,
         }
         self.attributes.update(kwargs)
         #: init the form
@@ -91,9 +90,7 @@ def _preprocess(self, **kwargs):
 
     @property
     def csrf(self) -> bool:
-        return self._csrf is True or (
-            self._csrf == "auto" and self._submit_method == "POST"
-        )
+        return self._csrf is True or (self._csrf == "auto" and self._submit_method == "POST")
 
     def _load_csrf(self):
         if not self.csrf:
@@ -176,16 +173,9 @@ async def _process(self, write_defaults=True):
         if self.csrf and not self.accepted:
             self.formkey = current.session._csrf.gen_token()
         # reset default values in form
-        if (
-            write_defaults and (
-                not self.processed or (self.accepted and not self.keepvalues)
-            )
-        ):
+        if write_defaults and (not self.processed or (self.accepted and not self.keepvalues)):
             for field in self.fields:
-                self.input_params[field.name] = (
-                    field.default() if callable(field.default) else
-                    field.default
-                )
+                self.input_params[field.name] = field.default() if callable(field.default) else field.default
         return self
 
     def _render(self):
@@ -230,12 +220,9 @@ def custom(self):
         custom.begin = asis(f"<form {self._build_html_attributes()}>")
         # add hidden stuffs to get process working
         hidden = cat()
-        hidden.append(
-            tag.input(_name="_csrf_token", _type="hidden", _value=self.formkey)
-        )
+        hidden.append(tag.input(_name="_csrf_token", _type="hidden", _value=self.formkey))
         for key, value in self.attributes["hidden"].items():
-            hidden.append(tag.input(_name=key, _type="hidden", _value=value)
-        )
+            hidden.append(tag.input(_name=key, _type="hidden", _value=value))
         # provides end attribute
         custom.end = asis(f"{hidden.__html__()}</form>")
         return custom
@@ -258,7 +245,7 @@ def __init__(
         _action: str = "",
         _enctype: str = "multipart/form-data",
         _method: str = "POST",
-        **kwargs: Any
+        **kwargs: Any,
     ):
         fields = fields or {}
         #: get fields from kwargs
@@ -293,7 +280,7 @@ def __init__(
             upload=upload,
             _action=_action,
             _enctype=_enctype,
-            _method=_method
+            _method=_method,
         )
 
 
@@ -314,26 +301,23 @@ def __init__(
         _action: str = "",
         _enctype: str = "multipart/form-data",
         _method: str = "POST",
-        **attributes
+        **attributes,
     ):
         self.model = model._instance_()
         self.table: Table = self.model.table
-        self.record = record or (
-            self.model.get(record_id) if record_id else
-            self.model.new()
-        )
+        self.record = record or (self.model.get(record_id) if record_id else self.model.new())
         #: build fields for form
         fields_list_all = []
         fields_list_writable = []
         if fields is not None:
             #: developer has selected specific fields
             if not isinstance(fields, dict):
-                fields = {'writable': fields, 'readable': fields}
+                fields = {"writable": fields, "readable": fields}
             for field in self.table:
-                if field.name not in fields['readable']:
+                if field.name not in fields["readable"]:
                     continue
                 fields_list_all.append(field)
-                if field.name in fields['writable']:
+                if field.name in fields["writable"]:
                     fields_list_writable.append(field)
         else:
             #: use table fields
@@ -360,7 +344,7 @@ def __init__(
             upload=upload,
             _action=_action,
             _enctype=_enctype,
-            _method=_method
+            _method=_method,
         )
 
     def _get_id_value(self):
@@ -369,16 +353,13 @@ def _get_id_value(self):
         return self.record[self.table._id.name]
 
     def _validate_input(self):
-        record, fields = self.record.clone(), {
-            field.name: self._get_input_val(field)
-            for field in self.writable_fields
-        }
+        record, fields = self.record.clone(), {field.name: self._get_input_val(field) for field in self.writable_fields}
         for field in filter(lambda f: f.type == "upload", self.writable_fields):
             val = fields[field.name]
             if (
-                (val == b"" or val is None) and
-                not self.input_params.get(field.name + "__del", False) and
-                self.record[field.name]
+                (val == b"" or val is None)
+                and not self.input_params.get(field.name + "__del", False)
+                and self.record[field.name]
             ):
                 fields.pop(field.name)
         record.update(fields)
@@ -414,9 +395,7 @@ async def _process(self, **kwargs):
                     continue
                 else:
                     source_file, original_filename = upload.stream, upload.filename
-                newfilename = field.store(
-                    source_file, original_filename, field.uploadfolder
-                )
+                newfilename = field.store(source_file, original_filename, field.uploadfolder)
                 if isinstance(field.uploadfield, str):
                     self.params[field.uploadfield] = source_file.read()
                 self.params[field.name] = newfilename
@@ -429,15 +408,11 @@ async def _process(self, **kwargs):
         #: cleanup inputs
         if not self.processed or (self.accepted and not self.keepvalues):
             for field in self.fields:
-                self.input_params[field.name] = field.formatter(
-                    self.record[field.name]
-                )
+                self.input_params[field.name] = field.formatter(self.record[field.name])
         elif self.processed and not self.accepted and self.record._concrete:
             for field in self.writable_fields:
                 if field.type == "upload" and field.name not in self.params:
-                    self.input_params[field.name] = field.formatter(
-                        self.record[field.name]
-                    )
+                    self.input_params[field.name] = field.formatter(self.record[field.name])
         return self
 
 
@@ -457,17 +432,12 @@ def widget_string(attr, field, value, _class="string", _id=None):
             _name=field.name,
             _value=value if value is not None else "",
             _class=_class,
-            _id=_id or field.name
+            _id=_id or field.name,
         )
 
     @staticmethod
     def widget_text(attr, field, value, _class="text", _id=None):
-        return tag.textarea(
-            value or "",
-            _name=field.name,
-            _class=_class,
-            _id=_id or field.name
-        )
+        return tag.textarea(value or "", _name=field.name, _class=_class, _id=_id or field.name)
 
     @staticmethod
     def widget_int(attr, field, value, _class="int", _id=None):
@@ -488,7 +458,7 @@ def widget_date(attr, field, value, _class="date", _id=None):
             _name=field.name,
             _value=value if value is not None else "",
             _class=_class,
-            _id=_id or field.name
+            _id=_id or field.name,
         )
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -498,7 +468,7 @@ def widget_time(attr, field, value, _class="time", _id=None):
             _name=field.name,
             _value=value if value is not None else "",
             _class=_class,
-            _id=_id or field.name
+            _id=_id or field.name,
         )
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -508,18 +478,12 @@ def widget_datetime(attr, field, value, _class="datetime", _id=None):
             _name=field.name,
             _value=value if value is not None else "",
             _class=_class,
-            _id=_id or field.name
+            _id=_id or field.name,
         )
 
     @staticmethod
     def widget_password(attr, field, value, _class="password", _id=None):
-        return tag.input(
-            _type="password",
-            _name=field.name,
-            _value=value or "",
-            _class=_class,
-            _id=_id or field.name
-        )
+        return tag.input(_type="password", _name=field.name, _value=value or "", _class=_class, _id=_id or field.name)
 
     @staticmethod
     def widget_bool(attr, field, value, _class="bool", _id=None):
@@ -528,7 +492,7 @@ def widget_bool(attr, field, value, _class="bool", _id=None):
             _name=field.name,
             _checked="checked" if value else None,
             _class=_class,
-            _id=_id or field.name
+            _id=_id or field.name,
         )
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -538,16 +502,12 @@ def selected(k):
 
         options, multiple = FormStyle._field_options(field)
         if multiple:
-            return FormStyle.widget_multiple(
-                attr, field, value, options, _class=_class, _id=_id
-            )
+            return FormStyle.widget_multiple(attr, field, value, options, _class=_class, _id=_id)
         return tag.select(
-            *[
-                tag.option(n, _value=k, _selected=selected(k)) for k, n in options
-            ],
+            *[tag.option(n, _value=k, _selected=selected(k)) for k, n in options],
             _name=field.name,
             _class=_class,
-            _id=_id or field.name
+            _id=_id or field.name,
         )
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -557,13 +517,11 @@ def selected(k):
 
         values = values or []
         return tag.select(
-            *[
-                tag.option(n, _value=k, _selected=selected(k)) for k, n in options
-            ],
+            *[tag.option(n, _value=k, _selected=selected(k)) for k, n in options],
             _name=field.name,
             _class=_class,
             _multiple="multiple",
-            _id=_id or field.name
+            _id=_id or field.name,
         )
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -605,14 +563,10 @@ def _coerce_value(value):
                             _class="checkbox",
                             _id=_id + "__del",
                             _name=field.name + "__del",
-                            _style="display: inline;"
-                        ),
-                        tag.label(
-                            "delete",
-                            _for=_id + "__del",
-                            _style="margin: 4px"
+                            _style="display: inline;",
                         ),
-                        _style="white-space: nowrap;"
+                        tag.label("delete", _for=_id + "__del", _style="margin: 4px"),
+                        _style="white-space: nowrap;",
                     )
                 )
         return tag.div(*elements, _class="upload_wrap")
@@ -628,19 +582,22 @@ def widget_jsonb(attr, field, value, _id=None):
     @staticmethod
     def widget_radio(field, value):
         options, _ = FormStyle._field_options(field)
-        return cat(*[
-            tag.div(
-                tag.input(
-                    _id=f"{field.name}_{k}",
-                    _name=field.name,
-                    _value=k,
-                    _type="radio",
-                    _checked=("checked" if str(k) == str(value) else None)
-                ),
-                tag.label(n, _for=f"{field.name}_{k}"),
-                _class="option_wrap"
-            ) for k, n in options
-        ])
+        return cat(
+            *[
+                tag.div(
+                    tag.input(
+                        _id=f"{field.name}_{k}",
+                        _name=field.name,
+                        _value=k,
+                        _type="radio",
+                        _checked=("checked" if str(k) == str(value) else None),
+                    ),
+                    tag.label(n, _for=f"{field.name}_{k}"),
+                    _class="option_wrap",
+                )
+                for k, n in options
+            ]
+        )
 
     def __init__(self, attributes):
         self.attr = attributes
@@ -668,16 +625,12 @@ def _get_widget(self, field, value):
         elif wtype.startswith("decimal"):
             wtype = "float"
         try:
-            widget = getattr(self, "widget_" + wtype)(
-                self.attr, field, value, _id=widget_id
-            )
+            widget = getattr(self, "widget_" + wtype)(self.attr, field, value, _id=widget_id)
             if not field.writable:
                 self._disable_widget(widget)
             return widget, False
         except AttributeError:
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                f"Missing form widget for field {field.name} of type {wtype}"
-            )
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Missing form widget for field {field.name} of type {wtype}")
 
     def _disable_widget(self, widget):
         widget.attributes["_disabled"] = "disabled"
@@ -744,7 +697,8 @@ def add_form_on_model(cls):
     @wraps(cls)
     def wrapped(model, *args, **kwargs):
         return cls(model, *args, **kwargs)
+
     return wrapped
 
 
-setattr(Model, "form", classmethod(add_form_on_model(ModelForm)))
+Model.form = classmethod(add_form_on_model(ModelForm))
diff --git a/emmett/helpers.py b/emmett/helpers.py
index 21b6566b..27d021ec 100644
--- a/emmett/helpers.py
+++ b/emmett/helpers.py
@@ -1,47 +1,43 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.helpers
-    --------------
+emmett.helpers
+--------------
 
-    Provides helping methods for applications.
+Provides helping methods for applications.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import os
 import re
-
 from typing import Any, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
 
-from pydal.exceptions import NotAuthorizedException, NotFoundException
 from emmett_core.http.helpers import abort as _abort
 from emmett_core.http.response import HTTPFileResponse, HTTPIOResponse
+from pydal.exceptions import NotAuthorizedException, NotFoundException
 
 from .ctx import current
 from .html import HtmlTag, tag
 
-_re_dbstream = re.compile(r'(?P<table>.*?)\.(?P<field>.*?)\..*')
 
+_re_dbstream = re.compile(r"(?P<table>.*?)\.(?P<field>.*?)\..*")
 
-def abort(code: int, body: str = ''):
+
+def abort(code: int, body: str = ""):
     _abort(current, code, body)
 
 
 def stream_file(path: str):
     full_path = os.path.join(current.app.root_path, path)
-    raise HTTPFileResponse(
-        full_path,
-        headers=current.response.headers,
-        cookies=current.response.cookies
-    )
+    raise HTTPFileResponse(full_path, headers=current.response.headers, cookies=current.response.cookies)
 
 
 def stream_dbfile(db: Any, name: str):
     items = _re_dbstream.match(name)
     if not items:
         abort(404)
-    table_name, field_name = items.group('table'), items.group('field')
+    table_name, field_name = items.group("table"), items.group("field")
     try:
         field = db[table_name][field_name]
     except AttributeError:
@@ -55,19 +51,11 @@ def stream_dbfile(db: Any, name: str):
     except IOError:
         abort(404)
     if isinstance(path_or_stream, str):
-        raise HTTPFileResponse(
-            path_or_stream,
-            headers=current.response.headers,
-            cookies=current.response.cookies
-        )
-    raise HTTPIOResponse(
-        path_or_stream,
-        headers=current.response.headers,
-        cookies=current.response.cookies
-    )
-
-
-def flash(message: str, category: str = 'message'):
+        raise HTTPFileResponse(path_or_stream, headers=current.response.headers, cookies=current.response.cookies)
+    raise HTTPIOResponse(path_or_stream, headers=current.response.headers, cookies=current.response.cookies)
+
+
+def flash(message: str, category: str = "message"):
     #: Flashes a message to the next request.
     if current.session._flashes is None:
         current.session._flashes = []
@@ -75,8 +63,7 @@ def flash(message: str, category: str = 'message'):
 
 
 def get_flashed_messages(
-    with_categories: bool = False,
-    category_filter: Union[str, List[str]] = []
+    with_categories: bool = False, category_filter: Union[str, List[str]] = []
 ) -> Union[List[str], Tuple[str, str]]:
     #: Pulls flashed messages from the session and returns them.
     #  By default just the messages are returned, but when `with_categories`
@@ -97,13 +84,9 @@ def get_flashed_messages(
     return flashes
 
 
-def load_component(
-    url: str,
-    target: Optional[str] = None,
-    content: str = 'loading...'
-) -> HtmlTag:
+def load_component(url: str, target: Optional[str] = None, content: str = "loading...") -> HtmlTag:
     attr = {}
     if target:
-        attr['_id'] = target
-    attr['_data-emt_remote'] = url
+        attr["_id"] = target
+    attr["_data-emt_remote"] = url
     return tag.div(content, **attr)
diff --git a/emmett/html.py b/emmett/html.py
index 25e11c97..193f6c44 100644
--- a/emmett/html.py
+++ b/emmett/html.py
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.html
-    -----------
+emmett.html
+-----------
 
-    Provides html generation classes.
+Provides html generation classes.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import html
 import re
 import threading
-
 from functools import reduce
 
-__all__ = ['tag', 'cat', 'asis']
+
+__all__ = ["tag", "cat", "asis"]
 
 
 class TagStack(threading.local):
@@ -37,16 +37,16 @@ def __bool__(self):
 
 class HtmlTag:
     rules = {
-        'ul': ['li'],
-        'ol': ['li'],
-        'table': ['tr', 'thead', 'tbody'],
-        'thead': ['tr'],
-        'tbody': ['tr'],
-        'tr': ['td', 'th'],
-        'select': ['option', 'optgroup'],
-        'optgroup': ['optionp']
+        "ul": ["li"],
+        "ol": ["li"],
+        "table": ["tr", "thead", "tbody"],
+        "thead": ["tr"],
+        "tbody": ["tr"],
+        "tr": ["td", "th"],
+        "select": ["option", "optgroup"],
+        "optgroup": ["optionp"],
     }
-    _self_closed = {'br', 'col', 'embed', 'hr', 'img', 'input', 'link', 'meta'}
+    _self_closed = {"br", "col", "embed", "hr", "img", "input", "link", "meta"}
 
     def __init__(self, name):
         self.name = name
@@ -65,9 +65,7 @@ def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
 
     @staticmethod
     def wrap(component, rules):
-        if rules and (
-            not isinstance(component, HtmlTag) or component.name not in rules
-        ):
+        if rules and (not isinstance(component, HtmlTag) or component.name not in rules):
             return HtmlTag(rules[0])(component)
         return component
 
@@ -112,78 +110,69 @@ def __add__(self, other):
         return cat(self, other)
 
     def add_class(self, name):
-        """ add a class to _class attribute """
-        c = self['_class']
+        """add a class to _class attribute"""
+        c = self["_class"]
         classes = (set(c.split()) if c else set()) | set(name.split())
-        self['_class'] = ' '.join(classes) if classes else None
+        self["_class"] = " ".join(classes) if classes else None
         return self
 
     def remove_class(self, name):
-        """ remove a class from _class attribute """
-        c = self['_class']
+        """remove a class from _class attribute"""
+        c = self["_class"]
         classes = (set(c.split()) if c else set()) - set(name.split())
-        self['_class'] = ' '.join(classes) if classes else None
+        self["_class"] = " ".join(classes) if classes else None
         return self
 
-    regex_tag = re.compile(r'^([\w\-\:]+)')
-    regex_id = re.compile(r'#([\w\-]+)')
-    regex_class = re.compile(r'\.([\w\-]+)')
-    regex_attr = re.compile(r'\[([\w\-\:]+)=(.*?)\]')
+    regex_tag = re.compile(r"^([\w\-\:]+)")
+    regex_id = re.compile(r"#([\w\-]+)")
+    regex_class = re.compile(r"\.([\w\-]+)")
+    regex_attr = re.compile(r"\[([\w\-\:]+)=(.*?)\]")
 
     def find(self, expr):
         union = lambda a, b: a.union(b)
-        if ',' in expr:
-            tags = reduce(
-                union,
-                [self.find(x.strip()) for x in expr.split(',')],
-                set())
-        elif ' ' in expr:
+        if "," in expr:
+            tags = reduce(union, [self.find(x.strip()) for x in expr.split(",")], set())
+        elif " " in expr:
             tags = [self]
             for k, item in enumerate(expr.split()):
                 if k > 0:
-                    children = [
-                        set([c for c in tag if isinstance(c, HtmlTag)])
-                        for tag in tags]
+                    children = [{c for c in tag if isinstance(c, HtmlTag)} for tag in tags]
                     tags = reduce(union, children)
                 tags = reduce(union, [tag.find(item) for tag in tags], set())
         else:
-            tags = reduce(
-                union,
-                [c.find(expr) for c in self if isinstance(c, HtmlTag)],
-                set())
+            tags = reduce(union, [c.find(expr) for c in self if isinstance(c, HtmlTag)], set())
             tag = HtmlTag.regex_tag.match(expr)
             id = HtmlTag.regex_id.match(expr)
             _class = HtmlTag.regex_class.match(expr)
             attr = HtmlTag.regex_attr.match(expr)
             if (
-                (tag is None or self.name == tag.group(1)) and
-                (id is None or self['_id'] == id.group(1)) and
-                (_class is None or _class.group(1) in
-                    (self['_class'] or '').split()) and
-                (attr is None or self['_' + attr.group(1)] == attr.group(2))
+                (tag is None or self.name == tag.group(1))
+                and (id is None or self["_id"] == id.group(1))
+                and (_class is None or _class.group(1) in (self["_class"] or "").split())
+                and (attr is None or self["_" + attr.group(1)] == attr.group(2))
             ):
                 tags.add(self)
         return tags
 
     def _build_html_attributes(self):
-        return ' '.join(
+        return " ".join(
             '%s="%s"' % (k[1:], k[1:] if v is True else htmlescape(v))
             for (k, v) in sorted(self.attributes.items())
-            if k.startswith('_') and v is not None)
+            if k.startswith("_") and v is not None
+        )
 
     def __html__(self):
         name = self.name
         attrs = self._build_html_attributes()
-        data = self.attributes.get('data', {})
-        data_attrs = ' '.join(
-            'data-%s="%s"' % (k, htmlescape(v)) for k, v in data.items())
+        data = self.attributes.get("data", {})
+        data_attrs = " ".join('data-%s="%s"' % (k, htmlescape(v)) for k, v in data.items())
         if data_attrs:
-            attrs = attrs + ' ' + data_attrs
-        attrs = ' ' + attrs if attrs else ''
+            attrs = attrs + " " + data_attrs
+        attrs = " " + attrs if attrs else ""
         if name in self._self_closed:
-            return '<%s%s />' % (name, attrs)
-        components = ''.join(htmlescape(v) for v in self.components)
-        return '<%s%s>%s</%s>' % (name, attrs, components, name)
+            return "<%s%s />" % (name, attrs)
+        components = "".join(htmlescape(v) for v in self.components)
+        return "<%s%s>%s</%s>" % (name, attrs, components, name)
 
     def __json__(self):
         return str(self)
@@ -199,11 +188,11 @@ def __getitem__(self, name):
 
 class cat(HtmlTag):
     def __init__(self, *components):
-        self.components = [c for c in components]
+        self.components = list(components)
         self.attributes = {}
 
     def __html__(self):
-        return ''.join(htmlescape(v) for v in self.components)
+        return "".join(htmlescape(v) for v in self.components)
 
 
 class asis(HtmlTag):
@@ -221,7 +210,7 @@ def _to_str(obj):
 
 
 def htmlescape(obj):
-    if hasattr(obj, '__html__'):
+    if hasattr(obj, "__html__"):
         return obj.__html__()
     return html.escape(_to_str(obj), True).replace("'", "&#39;")
 
diff --git a/emmett/http.py b/emmett/http.py
index 1bac0d8d..2a6f1d62 100644
--- a/emmett/http.py
+++ b/emmett/http.py
@@ -1,72 +1,72 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.http
-    -----------
+emmett.http
+-----------
 
-    Provides the HTTP interfaces.
+Provides the HTTP interfaces.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from emmett_core.http.helpers import redirect as _redirect
 from emmett_core.http.response import (
-    HTTPResponse as HTTPResponse,
-    HTTPStringResponse as HTTP,
+    HTTPAsyncIterResponse as HTTPAsyncIter,
     HTTPBytesResponse as HTTPBytes,
-    HTTPIOResponse as HTTPIO,
     HTTPFileResponse as HTTPFile,
-    HTTPAsyncIterResponse as HTTPAsyncIter,
-    HTTPIterResponse as HTTPIter
+    HTTPIOResponse as HTTPIO,
+    HTTPIterResponse as HTTPIter,
+    HTTPResponse as HTTPResponse,
+    HTTPStringResponse as HTTP,
 )
 
 from .ctx import current
 
 
 status_codes = {
-    100: '100 CONTINUE',
-    101: '101 SWITCHING PROTOCOLS',
-    200: '200 OK',
-    201: '201 CREATED',
-    202: '202 ACCEPTED',
-    203: '203 NON-AUTHORITATIVE INFORMATION',
-    204: '204 NO CONTENT',
-    205: '205 RESET CONTENT',
-    206: '206 PARTIAL CONTENT',
-    207: '207 MULTI-STATUS',
-    300: '300 MULTIPLE CHOICES',
-    301: '301 MOVED PERMANENTLY',
-    302: '302 FOUND',
-    303: '303 SEE OTHER',
-    304: '304 NOT MODIFIED',
-    305: '305 USE PROXY',
-    307: '307 TEMPORARY REDIRECT',
-    400: '400 BAD REQUEST',
-    401: '401 UNAUTHORIZED',
-    403: '403 FORBIDDEN',
-    404: '404 NOT FOUND',
-    405: '405 METHOD NOT ALLOWED',
-    406: '406 NOT ACCEPTABLE',
-    407: '407 PROXY AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED',
-    408: '408 REQUEST TIMEOUT',
-    409: '409 CONFLICT',
-    410: '410 GONE',
-    411: '411 LENGTH REQUIRED',
-    412: '412 PRECONDITION FAILED',
-    413: '413 REQUEST ENTITY TOO LARGE',
-    414: '414 REQUEST-URI TOO LONG',
-    415: '415 UNSUPPORTED MEDIA TYPE',
-    416: '416 REQUESTED RANGE NOT SATISFIABLE',
-    417: '417 EXPECTATION FAILED',
-    422: '422 UNPROCESSABLE ENTITY',
-    500: '500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR',
-    501: '501 NOT IMPLEMENTED',
-    502: '502 BAD GATEWAY',
-    503: '503 SERVICE UNAVAILABLE',
-    504: '504 GATEWAY TIMEOUT',
-    505: '505 HTTP VERSION NOT SUPPORTED',
+    100: "100 CONTINUE",
+    101: "101 SWITCHING PROTOCOLS",
+    200: "200 OK",
+    201: "201 CREATED",
+    202: "202 ACCEPTED",
+    203: "203 NON-AUTHORITATIVE INFORMATION",
+    204: "204 NO CONTENT",
+    205: "205 RESET CONTENT",
+    206: "206 PARTIAL CONTENT",
+    207: "207 MULTI-STATUS",
+    300: "300 MULTIPLE CHOICES",
+    301: "301 MOVED PERMANENTLY",
+    302: "302 FOUND",
+    303: "303 SEE OTHER",
+    304: "304 NOT MODIFIED",
+    305: "305 USE PROXY",
+    307: "307 TEMPORARY REDIRECT",
+    400: "400 BAD REQUEST",
+    401: "401 UNAUTHORIZED",
+    403: "403 FORBIDDEN",
+    404: "404 NOT FOUND",
+    405: "405 METHOD NOT ALLOWED",
+    406: "406 NOT ACCEPTABLE",
+    407: "407 PROXY AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED",
+    408: "408 REQUEST TIMEOUT",
+    409: "409 CONFLICT",
+    410: "410 GONE",
+    411: "411 LENGTH REQUIRED",
+    412: "412 PRECONDITION FAILED",
+    413: "413 REQUEST ENTITY TOO LARGE",
+    414: "414 REQUEST-URI TOO LONG",
+    415: "415 UNSUPPORTED MEDIA TYPE",
+    416: "416 REQUESTED RANGE NOT SATISFIABLE",
+    417: "417 EXPECTATION FAILED",
+    422: "422 UNPROCESSABLE ENTITY",
+    500: "500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR",
+    501: "501 NOT IMPLEMENTED",
+    502: "502 BAD GATEWAY",
+    503: "503 SERVICE UNAVAILABLE",
+    504: "504 GATEWAY TIMEOUT",
+    505: "505 HTTP VERSION NOT SUPPORTED",
 }
 
 
diff --git a/emmett/language/helpers.py b/emmett/language/helpers.py
index f18cd73e..7db1ab3c 100644
--- a/emmett/language/helpers.py
+++ b/emmett/language/helpers.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.language.helpers
-    -----------------------
+emmett.language.helpers
+-----------------------
 
-    Translation helpers.
+Translation helpers.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import re
@@ -19,18 +19,13 @@ class Tstr(_Tstr):
     __slots__ = []
 
     def __getstate__(self):
-        return {
-            'text': self.text,
-            'lang': self.lang,
-            'args': self.args,
-            'kwargs': self.kwargs
-        }
+        return {"text": self.text, "lang": self.lang, "args": self.args, "kwargs": self.kwargs}
 
     def __setstate__(self, state):
-        self.text = state['text']
-        self.lang = state['lang']
-        self.args = state['args']
-        self.kwargs = state['kwargs']
+        self.text = state["text"]
+        self.lang = state["lang"]
+        self.args = state["args"]
+        self.kwargs = state["kwargs"]
 
     def __getattr__(self, name):
         return getattr(str(self), name)
@@ -40,9 +35,10 @@ def __json__(self):
 
 
 class LanguageAccept(Accept):
-    regex_locale_delim = re.compile(r'[_-]')
+    regex_locale_delim = re.compile(r"[_-]")
 
     def _value_matches(self, value, item):
         def _normalize(language):
             return self.regex_locale_delim.split(language.lower())[0]
-        return item == '*' or _normalize(value) == _normalize(item)
+
+        return item == "*" or _normalize(value) == _normalize(item)
diff --git a/emmett/language/translator.py b/emmett/language/translator.py
index 4ef6f5be..4fd602f2 100644
--- a/emmett/language/translator.py
+++ b/emmett/language/translator.py
@@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.language.translator
-    --------------------------
+emmett.language.translator
+--------------------------
 
-    Severus translator implementation for Emmett.
+Severus translator implementation for Emmett.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import Optional
+
 from severus.ctx import set_context
 from severus.translator import Translator as _Translator
 
@@ -32,6 +33,4 @@ def _update_config(self, default_language: str):
         self._build_languages()
 
     def _get_best_language(self, lang: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
-        return self._langmap.get(
-            lang or current.language, self._default_language
-        )
+        return self._langmap.get(lang or current.language, self._default_language)
diff --git a/emmett/libs/contenttype.py b/emmett/libs/contenttype.py
index 5f9a3b65..d30a939e 100644
--- a/emmett/libs/contenttype.py
+++ b/emmett/libs/contenttype.py
@@ -1,717 +1,717 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    Content-type helper based on file extension.
+Content-type helper based on file extension.
 
-    Original code from web2py
-    by Massimo Di Pierro <mdipierro@cs.depaul.edu>
+Original code from web2py
+by Massimo Di Pierro <mdipierro@cs.depaul.edu>
 
-    :license: LGPLv3 (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html)
+:license: LGPLv3 (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html)
 """
 
-__all__ = ['contenttype']
+__all__ = ["contenttype"]
 
 CONTENT_TYPE = {
-    '.load': 'text/html',
-    '.123': 'application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3',
-    '.3ds': 'image/x-3ds',
-    '.3g2': 'video/3gpp',
-    '.3ga': 'video/3gpp',
-    '.3gp': 'video/3gpp',
-    '.3gpp': 'video/3gpp',
-    '.602': 'application/x-t602',
-    '.669': 'audio/x-mod',
-    '.7z': 'application/x-7z-compressed',
-    '.a': 'application/x-archive',
-    '.aac': 'audio/mp4',
-    '.abw': 'application/x-abiword',
-    '.abw.crashed': 'application/x-abiword',
-    '.abw.gz': 'application/x-abiword',
-    '.ac3': 'audio/ac3',
-    '.ace': 'application/x-ace',
-    '.adb': 'text/x-adasrc',
-    '.ads': 'text/x-adasrc',
-    '.afm': 'application/x-font-afm',
-    '.ag': 'image/x-applix-graphics',
-    '.ai': 'application/illustrator',
-    '.aif': 'audio/x-aiff',
-    '.aifc': 'audio/x-aiff',
-    '.aiff': 'audio/x-aiff',
-    '.al': 'application/x-perl',
-    '.alz': 'application/x-alz',
-    '.amr': 'audio/amr',
-    '.ani': 'application/x-navi-animation',
-    '.anim[1-9j]': 'video/x-anim',
-    '.anx': 'application/annodex',
-    '.ape': 'audio/x-ape',
-    '.arj': 'application/x-arj',
-    '.arw': 'image/x-sony-arw',
-    '.as': 'application/x-applix-spreadsheet',
-    '.asc': 'text/plain',
-    '.asf': 'video/x-ms-asf',
-    '.asp': 'application/x-asp',
-    '.ass': 'text/x-ssa',
-    '.asx': 'audio/x-ms-asx',
-    '.atom': 'application/atom+xml',
-    '.au': 'audio/basic',
-    '.avi': 'video/x-msvideo',
-    '.aw': 'application/x-applix-word',
-    '.awb': 'audio/amr-wb',
-    '.awk': 'application/x-awk',
-    '.axa': 'audio/annodex',
-    '.axv': 'video/annodex',
-    '.bak': 'application/x-trash',
-    '.bcpio': 'application/x-bcpio',
-    '.bdf': 'application/x-font-bdf',
-    '.bib': 'text/x-bibtex',
-    '.bin': 'application/octet-stream',
-    '.blend': 'application/x-blender',
-    '.blender': 'application/x-blender',
-    '.bmp': 'image/bmp',
-    '.bz': 'application/x-bzip',
-    '.bz2': 'application/x-bzip',
-    '.c': 'text/x-csrc',
-    '.c++': 'text/x-c++src',
-    '.cab': 'application/vnd.ms-cab-compressed',
-    '.cb7': 'application/x-cb7',
-    '.cbr': 'application/x-cbr',
-    '.cbt': 'application/x-cbt',
-    '.cbz': 'application/x-cbz',
-    '.cc': 'text/x-c++src',
-    '.cdf': 'application/x-netcdf',
-    '.cdr': 'application/vnd.corel-draw',
-    '.cer': 'application/x-x509-ca-cert',
-    '.cert': 'application/x-x509-ca-cert',
-    '.cgm': 'image/cgm',
-    '.chm': 'application/x-chm',
-    '.chrt': 'application/x-kchart',
-    '.class': 'application/x-java',
-    '.cls': 'text/x-tex',
-    '.cmake': 'text/x-cmake',
-    '.cpio': 'application/x-cpio',
-    '.cpio.gz': 'application/x-cpio-compressed',
-    '.cpp': 'text/x-c++src',
-    '.cr2': 'image/x-canon-cr2',
-    '.crt': 'application/x-x509-ca-cert',
-    '.crw': 'image/x-canon-crw',
-    '.cs': 'text/x-csharp',
-    '.csh': 'application/x-csh',
-    '.css': 'text/css',
-    '.cssl': 'text/css',
-    '.csv': 'text/csv',
-    '.cue': 'application/x-cue',
-    '.cur': 'image/x-win-bitmap',
-    '.cxx': 'text/x-c++src',
-    '.d': 'text/x-dsrc',
-    '.dar': 'application/x-dar',
-    '.dbf': 'application/x-dbf',
-    '.dc': 'application/x-dc-rom',
-    '.dcl': 'text/x-dcl',
-    '.dcm': 'application/dicom',
-    '.dcr': 'image/x-kodak-dcr',
-    '.dds': 'image/x-dds',
-    '.deb': 'application/x-deb',
-    '.der': 'application/x-x509-ca-cert',
-    '.desktop': 'application/x-desktop',
-    '.dia': 'application/x-dia-diagram',
-    '.diff': 'text/x-patch',
-    '.divx': 'video/x-msvideo',
-    '.djv': 'image/vnd.djvu',
-    '.djvu': 'image/vnd.djvu',
-    '.dng': 'image/x-adobe-dng',
-    '.doc': 'application/msword',
-    '.docbook': 'application/docbook+xml',
-    '.docm': 'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document',
-    '.docx': 'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document',
-    '.dot': 'text/vnd.graphviz',
-    '.dsl': 'text/x-dsl',
-    '.dtd': 'application/xml-dtd',
-    '.dtx': 'text/x-tex',
-    '.dv': 'video/dv',
-    '.dvi': 'application/x-dvi',
-    '.dvi.bz2': 'application/x-bzdvi',
-    '.dvi.gz': 'application/x-gzdvi',
-    '.dwg': 'image/vnd.dwg',
-    '.dxf': 'image/vnd.dxf',
-    '.e': 'text/x-eiffel',
-    '.egon': 'application/x-egon',
-    '.eif': 'text/x-eiffel',
-    '.el': 'text/x-emacs-lisp',
-    '.emf': 'image/x-emf',
-    '.emp': 'application/vnd.emusic-emusic_package',
-    '.ent': 'application/xml-external-parsed-entity',
-    '.eps': 'image/x-eps',
-    '.eps.bz2': 'image/x-bzeps',
-    '.eps.gz': 'image/x-gzeps',
-    '.epsf': 'image/x-eps',
-    '.epsf.bz2': 'image/x-bzeps',
-    '.epsf.gz': 'image/x-gzeps',
-    '.epsi': 'image/x-eps',
-    '.epsi.bz2': 'image/x-bzeps',
-    '.epsi.gz': 'image/x-gzeps',
-    '.epub': 'application/epub+zip',
-    '.erl': 'text/x-erlang',
-    '.es': 'application/ecmascript',
-    '.etheme': 'application/x-e-theme',
-    '.etx': 'text/x-setext',
-    '.exe': 'application/x-ms-dos-executable',
-    '.exr': 'image/x-exr',
-    '.ez': 'application/andrew-inset',
-    '.f': 'text/x-fortran',
-    '.f90': 'text/x-fortran',
-    '.f95': 'text/x-fortran',
-    '.fb2': 'application/x-fictionbook+xml',
-    '.fig': 'image/x-xfig',
-    '.fits': 'image/fits',
-    '.fl': 'application/x-fluid',
-    '.flac': 'audio/x-flac',
-    '.flc': 'video/x-flic',
-    '.fli': 'video/x-flic',
-    '.flv': 'video/x-flv',
-    '.flw': 'application/x-kivio',
-    '.fo': 'text/x-xslfo',
-    '.for': 'text/x-fortran',
-    '.g3': 'image/fax-g3',
-    '.gb': 'application/x-gameboy-rom',
-    '.gba': 'application/x-gba-rom',
-    '.gcrd': 'text/directory',
-    '.ged': 'application/x-gedcom',
-    '.gedcom': 'application/x-gedcom',
-    '.gen': 'application/x-genesis-rom',
-    '.gf': 'application/x-tex-gf',
-    '.gg': 'application/x-sms-rom',
-    '.gif': 'image/gif',
-    '.glade': 'application/x-glade',
-    '.gmo': 'application/x-gettext-translation',
-    '.gnc': 'application/x-gnucash',
-    '.gnd': 'application/gnunet-directory',
-    '.gnucash': 'application/x-gnucash',
-    '.gnumeric': 'application/x-gnumeric',
-    '.gnuplot': 'application/x-gnuplot',
-    '.gp': 'application/x-gnuplot',
-    '.gpg': 'application/pgp-encrypted',
-    '.gplt': 'application/x-gnuplot',
-    '.gra': 'application/x-graphite',
-    '.gsf': 'application/x-font-type1',
-    '.gsm': 'audio/x-gsm',
-    '.gtar': 'application/x-tar',
-    '.gv': 'text/vnd.graphviz',
-    '.gvp': 'text/x-google-video-pointer',
-    '.gz': 'application/x-gzip',
-    '.h': 'text/x-chdr',
-    '.h++': 'text/x-c++hdr',
-    '.hdf': 'application/x-hdf',
-    '.hh': 'text/x-c++hdr',
-    '.hp': 'text/x-c++hdr',
-    '.hpgl': 'application/vnd.hp-hpgl',
-    '.hpp': 'text/x-c++hdr',
-    '.hs': 'text/x-haskell',
-    '.htm': 'text/html',
-    '.html': 'text/html',
-    '.hwp': 'application/x-hwp',
-    '.hwt': 'application/x-hwt',
-    '.hxx': 'text/x-c++hdr',
-    '.ica': 'application/x-ica',
-    '.icb': 'image/x-tga',
-    '.icns': 'image/x-icns',
-    '.ico': 'image/vnd.microsoft.icon',
-    '.ics': 'text/calendar',
-    '.idl': 'text/x-idl',
-    '.ief': 'image/ief',
-    '.iff': 'image/x-iff',
-    '.ilbm': 'image/x-ilbm',
-    '.ime': 'text/x-imelody',
-    '.imy': 'text/x-imelody',
-    '.ins': 'text/x-tex',
-    '.iptables': 'text/x-iptables',
-    '.iso': 'application/x-cd-image',
-    '.iso9660': 'application/x-cd-image',
-    '.it': 'audio/x-it',
-    '.j2k': 'image/jp2',
-    '.jad': 'text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor',
-    '.jar': 'application/x-java-archive',
-    '.java': 'text/x-java',
-    '.jng': 'image/x-jng',
-    '.jnlp': 'application/x-java-jnlp-file',
-    '.jp2': 'image/jp2',
-    '.jpc': 'image/jp2',
-    '.jpe': 'image/jpeg',
-    '.jpeg': 'image/jpeg',
-    '.jpf': 'image/jp2',
-    '.jpg': 'image/jpeg',
-    '.jpr': 'application/x-jbuilder-project',
-    '.jpx': 'image/jp2',
-    '.js': 'application/javascript',
-    '.json': 'application/json',
-    '.jsonp': 'application/jsonp',
-    '.k25': 'image/x-kodak-k25',
-    '.kar': 'audio/midi',
-    '.karbon': 'application/x-karbon',
-    '.kdc': 'image/x-kodak-kdc',
-    '.kdelnk': 'application/x-desktop',
-    '.kexi': 'application/x-kexiproject-sqlite3',
-    '.kexic': 'application/x-kexi-connectiondata',
-    '.kexis': 'application/x-kexiproject-shortcut',
-    '.kfo': 'application/x-kformula',
-    '.kil': 'application/x-killustrator',
-    '.kino': 'application/smil',
-    '.kml': 'application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml',
-    '.kmz': 'application/vnd.google-earth.kmz',
-    '.kon': 'application/x-kontour',
-    '.kpm': 'application/x-kpovmodeler',
-    '.kpr': 'application/x-kpresenter',
-    '.kpt': 'application/x-kpresenter',
-    '.kra': 'application/x-krita',
-    '.ksp': 'application/x-kspread',
-    '.kud': 'application/x-kugar',
-    '.kwd': 'application/x-kword',
-    '.kwt': 'application/x-kword',
-    '.la': 'application/x-shared-library-la',
-    '.latex': 'text/x-tex',
-    '.ldif': 'text/x-ldif',
-    '.lha': 'application/x-lha',
-    '.lhs': 'text/x-literate-haskell',
-    '.lhz': 'application/x-lhz',
-    '.log': 'text/x-log',
-    '.ltx': 'text/x-tex',
-    '.lua': 'text/x-lua',
-    '.lwo': 'image/x-lwo',
-    '.lwob': 'image/x-lwo',
-    '.lws': 'image/x-lws',
-    '.ly': 'text/x-lilypond',
-    '.lyx': 'application/x-lyx',
-    '.lz': 'application/x-lzip',
-    '.lzh': 'application/x-lha',
-    '.lzma': 'application/x-lzma',
-    '.lzo': 'application/x-lzop',
-    '.m': 'text/x-matlab',
-    '.m15': 'audio/x-mod',
-    '.m2t': 'video/mpeg',
-    '.m3u': 'audio/x-mpegurl',
-    '.m3u8': 'audio/x-mpegurl',
-    '.m4': 'application/x-m4',
-    '.m4a': 'audio/mp4',
-    '.m4b': 'audio/x-m4b',
-    '.m4v': 'video/mp4',
-    '.mab': 'application/x-markaby',
-    '.man': 'application/x-troff-man',
-    '.mbox': 'application/mbox',
-    '.md': 'application/x-genesis-rom',
-    '.mdb': 'application/vnd.ms-access',
-    '.mdi': 'image/vnd.ms-modi',
-    '.me': 'text/x-troff-me',
-    '.med': 'audio/x-mod',
-    '.metalink': 'application/metalink+xml',
-    '.mgp': 'application/x-magicpoint',
-    '.mid': 'audio/midi',
-    '.midi': 'audio/midi',
-    '.mif': 'application/x-mif',
-    '.minipsf': 'audio/x-minipsf',
-    '.mka': 'audio/x-matroska',
-    '.mkv': 'video/x-matroska',
-    '.ml': 'text/x-ocaml',
-    '.mli': 'text/x-ocaml',
-    '.mm': 'text/x-troff-mm',
-    '.mmf': 'application/x-smaf',
-    '.mml': 'text/mathml',
-    '.mng': 'video/x-mng',
-    '.mo': 'application/x-gettext-translation',
-    '.mo3': 'audio/x-mo3',
-    '.moc': 'text/x-moc',
-    '.mod': 'audio/x-mod',
-    '.mof': 'text/x-mof',
-    '.moov': 'video/quicktime',
-    '.mov': 'video/quicktime',
-    '.movie': 'video/x-sgi-movie',
-    '.mp+': 'audio/x-musepack',
-    '.mp2': 'video/mpeg',
-    '.mp3': 'audio/mpeg',
-    '.mp4': 'video/mp4',
-    '.mpc': 'audio/x-musepack',
-    '.mpe': 'video/mpeg',
-    '.mpeg': 'video/mpeg',
-    '.mpg': 'video/mpeg',
-    '.mpga': 'audio/mpeg',
-    '.mpp': 'audio/x-musepack',
-    '.mrl': 'text/x-mrml',
-    '.mrml': 'text/x-mrml',
-    '.mrw': 'image/x-minolta-mrw',
-    '.ms': 'text/x-troff-ms',
-    '.msi': 'application/x-msi',
-    '.msod': 'image/x-msod',
-    '.msx': 'application/x-msx-rom',
-    '.mtm': 'audio/x-mod',
-    '.mup': 'text/x-mup',
-    '.mxf': 'application/mxf',
-    '.n64': 'application/x-n64-rom',
-    '.nb': 'application/mathematica',
-    '.nc': 'application/x-netcdf',
-    '.nds': 'application/x-nintendo-ds-rom',
-    '.nef': 'image/x-nikon-nef',
-    '.nes': 'application/x-nes-rom',
-    '.nfo': 'text/x-nfo',
-    '.not': 'text/x-mup',
-    '.nsc': 'application/x-netshow-channel',
-    '.nsv': 'video/x-nsv',
-    '.o': 'application/x-object',
-    '.obj': 'application/x-tgif',
-    '.ocl': 'text/x-ocl',
-    '.oda': 'application/oda',
-    '.odb': 'application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.database',
-    '.odc': 'application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart',
-    '.odf': 'application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula',
-    '.odg': 'application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics',
-    '.odi': 'application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.image',
-    '.odm': 'application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-master',
-    '.odp': 'application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation',
-    '.ods': 'application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet',
-    '.odt': 'application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text',
-    '.oga': 'audio/ogg',
-    '.ogg': 'video/x-theora+ogg',
-    '.ogm': 'video/x-ogm+ogg',
-    '.ogv': 'video/ogg',
-    '.ogx': 'application/ogg',
-    '.old': 'application/x-trash',
-    '.oleo': 'application/x-oleo',
-    '.opml': 'text/x-opml+xml',
-    '.ora': 'image/openraster',
-    '.orf': 'image/x-olympus-orf',
-    '.otc': 'application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart-template',
-    '.otf': 'application/x-font-otf',
-    '.otg': 'application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics-template',
-    '.oth': 'application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-web',
-    '.otp': 'application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation-template',
-    '.ots': 'application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet-template',
-    '.ott': 'application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-template',
-    '.owl': 'application/rdf+xml',
-    '.oxt': 'application/vnd.openofficeorg.extension',
-    '.p': 'text/x-pascal',
-    '.p10': 'application/pkcs10',
-    '.p12': 'application/x-pkcs12',
-    '.p7b': 'application/x-pkcs7-certificates',
-    '.p7s': 'application/pkcs7-signature',
-    '.pack': 'application/x-java-pack200',
-    '.pak': 'application/x-pak',
-    '.par2': 'application/x-par2',
-    '.pas': 'text/x-pascal',
-    '.patch': 'text/x-patch',
-    '.pbm': 'image/x-portable-bitmap',
-    '.pcd': 'image/x-photo-cd',
-    '.pcf': 'application/x-cisco-vpn-settings',
-    '.pcf.gz': 'application/x-font-pcf',
-    '.pcf.z': 'application/x-font-pcf',
-    '.pcl': 'application/vnd.hp-pcl',
-    '.pcx': 'image/x-pcx',
-    '.pdb': 'chemical/x-pdb',
-    '.pdc': 'application/x-aportisdoc',
-    '.pdf': 'application/pdf',
-    '.pdf.bz2': 'application/x-bzpdf',
-    '.pdf.gz': 'application/x-gzpdf',
-    '.pef': 'image/x-pentax-pef',
-    '.pem': 'application/x-x509-ca-cert',
-    '.perl': 'application/x-perl',
-    '.pfa': 'application/x-font-type1',
-    '.pfb': 'application/x-font-type1',
-    '.pfx': 'application/x-pkcs12',
-    '.pgm': 'image/x-portable-graymap',
-    '.pgn': 'application/x-chess-pgn',
-    '.pgp': 'application/pgp-encrypted',
-    '.php': 'application/x-php',
-    '.php3': 'application/x-php',
-    '.php4': 'application/x-php',
-    '.pict': 'image/x-pict',
-    '.pict1': 'image/x-pict',
-    '.pict2': 'image/x-pict',
-    '.pickle': 'application/python-pickle',
-    '.pk': 'application/x-tex-pk',
-    '.pkipath': 'application/pkix-pkipath',
-    '.pkr': 'application/pgp-keys',
-    '.pl': 'application/x-perl',
-    '.pla': 'audio/x-iriver-pla',
-    '.pln': 'application/x-planperfect',
-    '.pls': 'audio/x-scpls',
-    '.pm': 'application/x-perl',
-    '.png': 'image/png',
-    '.pnm': 'image/x-portable-anymap',
-    '.pntg': 'image/x-macpaint',
-    '.po': 'text/x-gettext-translation',
-    '.por': 'application/x-spss-por',
-    '.pot': 'text/x-gettext-translation-template',
-    '.ppm': 'image/x-portable-pixmap',
-    '.pps': 'application/vnd.ms-powerpoint',
-    '.ppt': 'application/vnd.ms-powerpoint',
-    '.pptm': 'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation',
-    '.pptx': 'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation',
-    '.ppz': 'application/vnd.ms-powerpoint',
-    '.prc': 'application/x-palm-database',
-    '.ps': 'application/postscript',
-    '.ps.bz2': 'application/x-bzpostscript',
-    '.ps.gz': 'application/x-gzpostscript',
-    '.psd': 'image/vnd.adobe.photoshop',
-    '.psf': 'audio/x-psf',
-    '.psf.gz': 'application/x-gz-font-linux-psf',
-    '.psflib': 'audio/x-psflib',
-    '.psid': 'audio/prs.sid',
-    '.psw': 'application/x-pocket-word',
-    '.pw': 'application/x-pw',
-    '.py': 'text/x-python',
-    '.pyc': 'application/x-python-bytecode',
-    '.pyo': 'application/x-python-bytecode',
-    '.qif': 'image/x-quicktime',
-    '.qt': 'video/quicktime',
-    '.qtif': 'image/x-quicktime',
-    '.qtl': 'application/x-quicktime-media-link',
-    '.qtvr': 'video/quicktime',
-    '.ra': 'audio/vnd.rn-realaudio',
-    '.raf': 'image/x-fuji-raf',
-    '.ram': 'application/ram',
-    '.rar': 'application/x-rar',
-    '.ras': 'image/x-cmu-raster',
-    '.raw': 'image/x-panasonic-raw',
-    '.rax': 'audio/vnd.rn-realaudio',
-    '.rb': 'application/x-ruby',
-    '.rdf': 'application/rdf+xml',
-    '.rdfs': 'application/rdf+xml',
-    '.reg': 'text/x-ms-regedit',
-    '.rej': 'application/x-reject',
-    '.rgb': 'image/x-rgb',
-    '.rle': 'image/rle',
-    '.rm': 'application/vnd.rn-realmedia',
-    '.rmj': 'application/vnd.rn-realmedia',
-    '.rmm': 'application/vnd.rn-realmedia',
-    '.rms': 'application/vnd.rn-realmedia',
-    '.rmvb': 'application/vnd.rn-realmedia',
-    '.rmx': 'application/vnd.rn-realmedia',
-    '.roff': 'text/troff',
-    '.rp': 'image/vnd.rn-realpix',
-    '.rpm': 'application/x-rpm',
-    '.rss': 'application/rss+xml',
-    '.rt': 'text/vnd.rn-realtext',
-    '.rtf': 'application/rtf',
-    '.rtx': 'text/richtext',
-    '.rv': 'video/vnd.rn-realvideo',
-    '.rvx': 'video/vnd.rn-realvideo',
-    '.s3m': 'audio/x-s3m',
-    '.sam': 'application/x-amipro',
-    '.sami': 'application/x-sami',
-    '.sav': 'application/x-spss-sav',
-    '.scm': 'text/x-scheme',
-    '.sda': 'application/vnd.stardivision.draw',
-    '.sdc': 'application/vnd.stardivision.calc',
-    '.sdd': 'application/vnd.stardivision.impress',
-    '.sdp': 'application/sdp',
-    '.sds': 'application/vnd.stardivision.chart',
-    '.sdw': 'application/vnd.stardivision.writer',
-    '.sgf': 'application/x-go-sgf',
-    '.sgi': 'image/x-sgi',
-    '.sgl': 'application/vnd.stardivision.writer',
-    '.sgm': 'text/sgml',
-    '.sgml': 'text/sgml',
-    '.sh': 'application/x-shellscript',
-    '.shar': 'application/x-shar',
-    '.shn': 'application/x-shorten',
-    '.siag': 'application/x-siag',
-    '.sid': 'audio/prs.sid',
-    '.sik': 'application/x-trash',
-    '.sis': 'application/vnd.symbian.install',
-    '.sisx': 'x-epoc/x-sisx-app',
-    '.sit': 'application/x-stuffit',
-    '.siv': 'application/sieve',
-    '.sk': 'image/x-skencil',
-    '.sk1': 'image/x-skencil',
-    '.skr': 'application/pgp-keys',
-    '.slk': 'text/spreadsheet',
-    '.smaf': 'application/x-smaf',
-    '.smc': 'application/x-snes-rom',
-    '.smd': 'application/vnd.stardivision.mail',
-    '.smf': 'application/vnd.stardivision.math',
-    '.smi': 'application/x-sami',
-    '.smil': 'application/smil',
-    '.sml': 'application/smil',
-    '.sms': 'application/x-sms-rom',
-    '.snd': 'audio/basic',
-    '.so': 'application/x-sharedlib',
-    '.spc': 'application/x-pkcs7-certificates',
-    '.spd': 'application/x-font-speedo',
-    '.spec': 'text/x-rpm-spec',
-    '.spl': 'application/x-shockwave-flash',
-    '.spx': 'audio/x-speex',
-    '.sql': 'text/x-sql',
-    '.sr2': 'image/x-sony-sr2',
-    '.src': 'application/x-wais-source',
-    '.srf': 'image/x-sony-srf',
-    '.srt': 'application/x-subrip',
-    '.ssa': 'text/x-ssa',
-    '.stc': 'application/vnd.sun.xml.calc.template',
-    '.std': 'application/vnd.sun.xml.draw.template',
-    '.sti': 'application/vnd.sun.xml.impress.template',
-    '.stm': 'audio/x-stm',
-    '.stw': 'application/vnd.sun.xml.writer.template',
-    '.sty': 'text/x-tex',
-    '.sub': 'text/x-subviewer',
-    '.sun': 'image/x-sun-raster',
-    '.sv4cpio': 'application/x-sv4cpio',
-    '.sv4crc': 'application/x-sv4crc',
-    '.svg': 'image/svg+xml',
-    '.svgz': 'image/svg+xml-compressed',
-    '.swf': 'application/x-shockwave-flash',
-    '.sxc': 'application/vnd.sun.xml.calc',
-    '.sxd': 'application/vnd.sun.xml.draw',
-    '.sxg': 'application/vnd.sun.xml.writer.global',
-    '.sxi': 'application/vnd.sun.xml.impress',
-    '.sxm': 'application/vnd.sun.xml.math',
-    '.sxw': 'application/vnd.sun.xml.writer',
-    '.sylk': 'text/spreadsheet',
-    '.t': 'text/troff',
-    '.t2t': 'text/x-txt2tags',
-    '.tar': 'application/x-tar',
-    '.tar.bz': 'application/x-bzip-compressed-tar',
-    '.tar.bz2': 'application/x-bzip-compressed-tar',
-    '.tar.gz': 'application/x-compressed-tar',
-    '.tar.lzma': 'application/x-lzma-compressed-tar',
-    '.tar.lzo': 'application/x-tzo',
-    '.tar.xz': 'application/x-xz-compressed-tar',
-    '.tar.z': 'application/x-tarz',
-    '.tbz': 'application/x-bzip-compressed-tar',
-    '.tbz2': 'application/x-bzip-compressed-tar',
-    '.tcl': 'text/x-tcl',
-    '.tex': 'text/x-tex',
-    '.texi': 'text/x-texinfo',
-    '.texinfo': 'text/x-texinfo',
-    '.tga': 'image/x-tga',
-    '.tgz': 'application/x-compressed-tar',
-    '.theme': 'application/x-theme',
-    '.themepack': 'application/x-windows-themepack',
-    '.tif': 'image/tiff',
-    '.tiff': 'image/tiff',
-    '.tk': 'text/x-tcl',
-    '.tlz': 'application/x-lzma-compressed-tar',
-    '.tnef': 'application/vnd.ms-tnef',
-    '.tnf': 'application/vnd.ms-tnef',
-    '.toc': 'application/x-cdrdao-toc',
-    '.torrent': 'application/x-bittorrent',
-    '.tpic': 'image/x-tga',
-    '.tr': 'text/troff',
-    '.ts': 'application/x-linguist',
-    '.tsv': 'text/tab-separated-values',
-    '.tta': 'audio/x-tta',
-    '.ttc': 'application/x-font-ttf',
-    '.ttf': 'application/x-font-ttf',
-    '.ttx': 'application/x-font-ttx',
-    '.txt': 'text/plain',
-    '.txz': 'application/x-xz-compressed-tar',
-    '.tzo': 'application/x-tzo',
-    '.ufraw': 'application/x-ufraw',
-    '.ui': 'application/x-designer',
-    '.uil': 'text/x-uil',
-    '.ult': 'audio/x-mod',
-    '.uni': 'audio/x-mod',
-    '.uri': 'text/x-uri',
-    '.url': 'text/x-uri',
-    '.ustar': 'application/x-ustar',
-    '.vala': 'text/x-vala',
-    '.vapi': 'text/x-vala',
-    '.vcf': 'text/directory',
-    '.vcs': 'text/calendar',
-    '.vct': 'text/directory',
-    '.vda': 'image/x-tga',
-    '.vhd': 'text/x-vhdl',
-    '.vhdl': 'text/x-vhdl',
-    '.viv': 'video/vivo',
-    '.vivo': 'video/vivo',
-    '.vlc': 'audio/x-mpegurl',
-    '.vob': 'video/mpeg',
-    '.voc': 'audio/x-voc',
-    '.vor': 'application/vnd.stardivision.writer',
-    '.vst': 'image/x-tga',
-    '.wav': 'audio/x-wav',
-    '.wax': 'audio/x-ms-asx',
-    '.wb1': 'application/x-quattropro',
-    '.wb2': 'application/x-quattropro',
-    '.wb3': 'application/x-quattropro',
-    '.wbmp': 'image/vnd.wap.wbmp',
-    '.wcm': 'application/vnd.ms-works',
-    '.wdb': 'application/vnd.ms-works',
-    '.webm': 'video/webm',
-    '.wk1': 'application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3',
-    '.wk3': 'application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3',
-    '.wk4': 'application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3',
-    '.wks': 'application/vnd.ms-works',
-    '.wma': 'audio/x-ms-wma',
-    '.wmf': 'image/x-wmf',
-    '.wml': 'text/vnd.wap.wml',
-    '.wmls': 'text/vnd.wap.wmlscript',
-    '.wmv': 'video/x-ms-wmv',
-    '.wmx': 'audio/x-ms-asx',
-    '.wp': 'application/vnd.wordperfect',
-    '.wp4': 'application/vnd.wordperfect',
-    '.wp5': 'application/vnd.wordperfect',
-    '.wp6': 'application/vnd.wordperfect',
-    '.wpd': 'application/vnd.wordperfect',
-    '.wpg': 'application/x-wpg',
-    '.wpl': 'application/vnd.ms-wpl',
-    '.wpp': 'application/vnd.wordperfect',
-    '.wps': 'application/vnd.ms-works',
-    '.wri': 'application/x-mswrite',
-    '.wrl': 'model/vrml',
-    '.wv': 'audio/x-wavpack',
-    '.wvc': 'audio/x-wavpack-correction',
-    '.wvp': 'audio/x-wavpack',
-    '.wvx': 'audio/x-ms-asx',
-    '.x3f': 'image/x-sigma-x3f',
-    '.xac': 'application/x-gnucash',
-    '.xbel': 'application/x-xbel',
-    '.xbl': 'application/xml',
-    '.xbm': 'image/x-xbitmap',
-    '.xcf': 'image/x-xcf',
-    '.xcf.bz2': 'image/x-compressed-xcf',
-    '.xcf.gz': 'image/x-compressed-xcf',
-    '.xhtml': 'application/xhtml+xml',
-    '.xi': 'audio/x-xi',
-    '.xla': 'application/vnd.ms-excel',
-    '.xlc': 'application/vnd.ms-excel',
-    '.xld': 'application/vnd.ms-excel',
-    '.xlf': 'application/x-xliff',
-    '.xliff': 'application/x-xliff',
-    '.xll': 'application/vnd.ms-excel',
-    '.xlm': 'application/vnd.ms-excel',
-    '.xls': 'application/vnd.ms-excel',
-    '.xlsm': 'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet',
-    '.xlsx': 'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet',
-    '.xlt': 'application/vnd.ms-excel',
-    '.xlw': 'application/vnd.ms-excel',
-    '.xm': 'audio/x-xm',
-    '.xmf': 'audio/x-xmf',
-    '.xmi': 'text/x-xmi',
-    '.xml': 'application/xml',
-    '.xpm': 'image/x-xpixmap',
-    '.xps': 'application/vnd.ms-xpsdocument',
-    '.xsl': 'application/xml',
-    '.xslfo': 'text/x-xslfo',
-    '.xslt': 'application/xml',
-    '.xspf': 'application/xspf+xml',
-    '.xul': 'application/vnd.mozilla.xul+xml',
-    '.xwd': 'image/x-xwindowdump',
-    '.xyz': 'chemical/x-pdb',
-    '.xz': 'application/x-xz',
-    '.w2p': 'application/w2p',
-    '.z': 'application/x-compress',
-    '.zabw': 'application/x-abiword',
-    '.zip': 'application/zip',
-    '.zoo': 'application/x-zoo',
+    ".load": "text/html",
+    ".123": "application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3",
+    ".3ds": "image/x-3ds",
+    ".3g2": "video/3gpp",
+    ".3ga": "video/3gpp",
+    ".3gp": "video/3gpp",
+    ".3gpp": "video/3gpp",
+    ".602": "application/x-t602",
+    ".669": "audio/x-mod",
+    ".7z": "application/x-7z-compressed",
+    ".a": "application/x-archive",
+    ".aac": "audio/mp4",
+    ".abw": "application/x-abiword",
+    ".abw.crashed": "application/x-abiword",
+    ".abw.gz": "application/x-abiword",
+    ".ac3": "audio/ac3",
+    ".ace": "application/x-ace",
+    ".adb": "text/x-adasrc",
+    ".ads": "text/x-adasrc",
+    ".afm": "application/x-font-afm",
+    ".ag": "image/x-applix-graphics",
+    ".ai": "application/illustrator",
+    ".aif": "audio/x-aiff",
+    ".aifc": "audio/x-aiff",
+    ".aiff": "audio/x-aiff",
+    ".al": "application/x-perl",
+    ".alz": "application/x-alz",
+    ".amr": "audio/amr",
+    ".ani": "application/x-navi-animation",
+    ".anim[1-9j]": "video/x-anim",
+    ".anx": "application/annodex",
+    ".ape": "audio/x-ape",
+    ".arj": "application/x-arj",
+    ".arw": "image/x-sony-arw",
+    ".as": "application/x-applix-spreadsheet",
+    ".asc": "text/plain",
+    ".asf": "video/x-ms-asf",
+    ".asp": "application/x-asp",
+    ".ass": "text/x-ssa",
+    ".asx": "audio/x-ms-asx",
+    ".atom": "application/atom+xml",
+    ".au": "audio/basic",
+    ".avi": "video/x-msvideo",
+    ".aw": "application/x-applix-word",
+    ".awb": "audio/amr-wb",
+    ".awk": "application/x-awk",
+    ".axa": "audio/annodex",
+    ".axv": "video/annodex",
+    ".bak": "application/x-trash",
+    ".bcpio": "application/x-bcpio",
+    ".bdf": "application/x-font-bdf",
+    ".bib": "text/x-bibtex",
+    ".bin": "application/octet-stream",
+    ".blend": "application/x-blender",
+    ".blender": "application/x-blender",
+    ".bmp": "image/bmp",
+    ".bz": "application/x-bzip",
+    ".bz2": "application/x-bzip",
+    ".c": "text/x-csrc",
+    ".c++": "text/x-c++src",
+    ".cab": "application/vnd.ms-cab-compressed",
+    ".cb7": "application/x-cb7",
+    ".cbr": "application/x-cbr",
+    ".cbt": "application/x-cbt",
+    ".cbz": "application/x-cbz",
+    ".cc": "text/x-c++src",
+    ".cdf": "application/x-netcdf",
+    ".cdr": "application/vnd.corel-draw",
+    ".cer": "application/x-x509-ca-cert",
+    ".cert": "application/x-x509-ca-cert",
+    ".cgm": "image/cgm",
+    ".chm": "application/x-chm",
+    ".chrt": "application/x-kchart",
+    ".class": "application/x-java",
+    ".cls": "text/x-tex",
+    ".cmake": "text/x-cmake",
+    ".cpio": "application/x-cpio",
+    ".cpio.gz": "application/x-cpio-compressed",
+    ".cpp": "text/x-c++src",
+    ".cr2": "image/x-canon-cr2",
+    ".crt": "application/x-x509-ca-cert",
+    ".crw": "image/x-canon-crw",
+    ".cs": "text/x-csharp",
+    ".csh": "application/x-csh",
+    ".css": "text/css",
+    ".cssl": "text/css",
+    ".csv": "text/csv",
+    ".cue": "application/x-cue",
+    ".cur": "image/x-win-bitmap",
+    ".cxx": "text/x-c++src",
+    ".d": "text/x-dsrc",
+    ".dar": "application/x-dar",
+    ".dbf": "application/x-dbf",
+    ".dc": "application/x-dc-rom",
+    ".dcl": "text/x-dcl",
+    ".dcm": "application/dicom",
+    ".dcr": "image/x-kodak-dcr",
+    ".dds": "image/x-dds",
+    ".deb": "application/x-deb",
+    ".der": "application/x-x509-ca-cert",
+    ".desktop": "application/x-desktop",
+    ".dia": "application/x-dia-diagram",
+    ".diff": "text/x-patch",
+    ".divx": "video/x-msvideo",
+    ".djv": "image/vnd.djvu",
+    ".djvu": "image/vnd.djvu",
+    ".dng": "image/x-adobe-dng",
+    ".doc": "application/msword",
+    ".docbook": "application/docbook+xml",
+    ".docm": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document",
+    ".docx": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document",
+    ".dot": "text/vnd.graphviz",
+    ".dsl": "text/x-dsl",
+    ".dtd": "application/xml-dtd",
+    ".dtx": "text/x-tex",
+    ".dv": "video/dv",
+    ".dvi": "application/x-dvi",
+    ".dvi.bz2": "application/x-bzdvi",
+    ".dvi.gz": "application/x-gzdvi",
+    ".dwg": "image/vnd.dwg",
+    ".dxf": "image/vnd.dxf",
+    ".e": "text/x-eiffel",
+    ".egon": "application/x-egon",
+    ".eif": "text/x-eiffel",
+    ".el": "text/x-emacs-lisp",
+    ".emf": "image/x-emf",
+    ".emp": "application/vnd.emusic-emusic_package",
+    ".ent": "application/xml-external-parsed-entity",
+    ".eps": "image/x-eps",
+    ".eps.bz2": "image/x-bzeps",
+    ".eps.gz": "image/x-gzeps",
+    ".epsf": "image/x-eps",
+    ".epsf.bz2": "image/x-bzeps",
+    ".epsf.gz": "image/x-gzeps",
+    ".epsi": "image/x-eps",
+    ".epsi.bz2": "image/x-bzeps",
+    ".epsi.gz": "image/x-gzeps",
+    ".epub": "application/epub+zip",
+    ".erl": "text/x-erlang",
+    ".es": "application/ecmascript",
+    ".etheme": "application/x-e-theme",
+    ".etx": "text/x-setext",
+    ".exe": "application/x-ms-dos-executable",
+    ".exr": "image/x-exr",
+    ".ez": "application/andrew-inset",
+    ".f": "text/x-fortran",
+    ".f90": "text/x-fortran",
+    ".f95": "text/x-fortran",
+    ".fb2": "application/x-fictionbook+xml",
+    ".fig": "image/x-xfig",
+    ".fits": "image/fits",
+    ".fl": "application/x-fluid",
+    ".flac": "audio/x-flac",
+    ".flc": "video/x-flic",
+    ".fli": "video/x-flic",
+    ".flv": "video/x-flv",
+    ".flw": "application/x-kivio",
+    ".fo": "text/x-xslfo",
+    ".for": "text/x-fortran",
+    ".g3": "image/fax-g3",
+    ".gb": "application/x-gameboy-rom",
+    ".gba": "application/x-gba-rom",
+    ".gcrd": "text/directory",
+    ".ged": "application/x-gedcom",
+    ".gedcom": "application/x-gedcom",
+    ".gen": "application/x-genesis-rom",
+    ".gf": "application/x-tex-gf",
+    ".gg": "application/x-sms-rom",
+    ".gif": "image/gif",
+    ".glade": "application/x-glade",
+    ".gmo": "application/x-gettext-translation",
+    ".gnc": "application/x-gnucash",
+    ".gnd": "application/gnunet-directory",
+    ".gnucash": "application/x-gnucash",
+    ".gnumeric": "application/x-gnumeric",
+    ".gnuplot": "application/x-gnuplot",
+    ".gp": "application/x-gnuplot",
+    ".gpg": "application/pgp-encrypted",
+    ".gplt": "application/x-gnuplot",
+    ".gra": "application/x-graphite",
+    ".gsf": "application/x-font-type1",
+    ".gsm": "audio/x-gsm",
+    ".gtar": "application/x-tar",
+    ".gv": "text/vnd.graphviz",
+    ".gvp": "text/x-google-video-pointer",
+    ".gz": "application/x-gzip",
+    ".h": "text/x-chdr",
+    ".h++": "text/x-c++hdr",
+    ".hdf": "application/x-hdf",
+    ".hh": "text/x-c++hdr",
+    ".hp": "text/x-c++hdr",
+    ".hpgl": "application/vnd.hp-hpgl",
+    ".hpp": "text/x-c++hdr",
+    ".hs": "text/x-haskell",
+    ".htm": "text/html",
+    ".html": "text/html",
+    ".hwp": "application/x-hwp",
+    ".hwt": "application/x-hwt",
+    ".hxx": "text/x-c++hdr",
+    ".ica": "application/x-ica",
+    ".icb": "image/x-tga",
+    ".icns": "image/x-icns",
+    ".ico": "image/vnd.microsoft.icon",
+    ".ics": "text/calendar",
+    ".idl": "text/x-idl",
+    ".ief": "image/ief",
+    ".iff": "image/x-iff",
+    ".ilbm": "image/x-ilbm",
+    ".ime": "text/x-imelody",
+    ".imy": "text/x-imelody",
+    ".ins": "text/x-tex",
+    ".iptables": "text/x-iptables",
+    ".iso": "application/x-cd-image",
+    ".iso9660": "application/x-cd-image",
+    ".it": "audio/x-it",
+    ".j2k": "image/jp2",
+    ".jad": "text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor",
+    ".jar": "application/x-java-archive",
+    ".java": "text/x-java",
+    ".jng": "image/x-jng",
+    ".jnlp": "application/x-java-jnlp-file",
+    ".jp2": "image/jp2",
+    ".jpc": "image/jp2",
+    ".jpe": "image/jpeg",
+    ".jpeg": "image/jpeg",
+    ".jpf": "image/jp2",
+    ".jpg": "image/jpeg",
+    ".jpr": "application/x-jbuilder-project",
+    ".jpx": "image/jp2",
+    ".js": "application/javascript",
+    ".json": "application/json",
+    ".jsonp": "application/jsonp",
+    ".k25": "image/x-kodak-k25",
+    ".kar": "audio/midi",
+    ".karbon": "application/x-karbon",
+    ".kdc": "image/x-kodak-kdc",
+    ".kdelnk": "application/x-desktop",
+    ".kexi": "application/x-kexiproject-sqlite3",
+    ".kexic": "application/x-kexi-connectiondata",
+    ".kexis": "application/x-kexiproject-shortcut",
+    ".kfo": "application/x-kformula",
+    ".kil": "application/x-killustrator",
+    ".kino": "application/smil",
+    ".kml": "application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml",
+    ".kmz": "application/vnd.google-earth.kmz",
+    ".kon": "application/x-kontour",
+    ".kpm": "application/x-kpovmodeler",
+    ".kpr": "application/x-kpresenter",
+    ".kpt": "application/x-kpresenter",
+    ".kra": "application/x-krita",
+    ".ksp": "application/x-kspread",
+    ".kud": "application/x-kugar",
+    ".kwd": "application/x-kword",
+    ".kwt": "application/x-kword",
+    ".la": "application/x-shared-library-la",
+    ".latex": "text/x-tex",
+    ".ldif": "text/x-ldif",
+    ".lha": "application/x-lha",
+    ".lhs": "text/x-literate-haskell",
+    ".lhz": "application/x-lhz",
+    ".log": "text/x-log",
+    ".ltx": "text/x-tex",
+    ".lua": "text/x-lua",
+    ".lwo": "image/x-lwo",
+    ".lwob": "image/x-lwo",
+    ".lws": "image/x-lws",
+    ".ly": "text/x-lilypond",
+    ".lyx": "application/x-lyx",
+    ".lz": "application/x-lzip",
+    ".lzh": "application/x-lha",
+    ".lzma": "application/x-lzma",
+    ".lzo": "application/x-lzop",
+    ".m": "text/x-matlab",
+    ".m15": "audio/x-mod",
+    ".m2t": "video/mpeg",
+    ".m3u": "audio/x-mpegurl",
+    ".m3u8": "audio/x-mpegurl",
+    ".m4": "application/x-m4",
+    ".m4a": "audio/mp4",
+    ".m4b": "audio/x-m4b",
+    ".m4v": "video/mp4",
+    ".mab": "application/x-markaby",
+    ".man": "application/x-troff-man",
+    ".mbox": "application/mbox",
+    ".md": "application/x-genesis-rom",
+    ".mdb": "application/vnd.ms-access",
+    ".mdi": "image/vnd.ms-modi",
+    ".me": "text/x-troff-me",
+    ".med": "audio/x-mod",
+    ".metalink": "application/metalink+xml",
+    ".mgp": "application/x-magicpoint",
+    ".mid": "audio/midi",
+    ".midi": "audio/midi",
+    ".mif": "application/x-mif",
+    ".minipsf": "audio/x-minipsf",
+    ".mka": "audio/x-matroska",
+    ".mkv": "video/x-matroska",
+    ".ml": "text/x-ocaml",
+    ".mli": "text/x-ocaml",
+    ".mm": "text/x-troff-mm",
+    ".mmf": "application/x-smaf",
+    ".mml": "text/mathml",
+    ".mng": "video/x-mng",
+    ".mo": "application/x-gettext-translation",
+    ".mo3": "audio/x-mo3",
+    ".moc": "text/x-moc",
+    ".mod": "audio/x-mod",
+    ".mof": "text/x-mof",
+    ".moov": "video/quicktime",
+    ".mov": "video/quicktime",
+    ".movie": "video/x-sgi-movie",
+    ".mp+": "audio/x-musepack",
+    ".mp2": "video/mpeg",
+    ".mp3": "audio/mpeg",
+    ".mp4": "video/mp4",
+    ".mpc": "audio/x-musepack",
+    ".mpe": "video/mpeg",
+    ".mpeg": "video/mpeg",
+    ".mpg": "video/mpeg",
+    ".mpga": "audio/mpeg",
+    ".mpp": "audio/x-musepack",
+    ".mrl": "text/x-mrml",
+    ".mrml": "text/x-mrml",
+    ".mrw": "image/x-minolta-mrw",
+    ".ms": "text/x-troff-ms",
+    ".msi": "application/x-msi",
+    ".msod": "image/x-msod",
+    ".msx": "application/x-msx-rom",
+    ".mtm": "audio/x-mod",
+    ".mup": "text/x-mup",
+    ".mxf": "application/mxf",
+    ".n64": "application/x-n64-rom",
+    ".nb": "application/mathematica",
+    ".nc": "application/x-netcdf",
+    ".nds": "application/x-nintendo-ds-rom",
+    ".nef": "image/x-nikon-nef",
+    ".nes": "application/x-nes-rom",
+    ".nfo": "text/x-nfo",
+    ".not": "text/x-mup",
+    ".nsc": "application/x-netshow-channel",
+    ".nsv": "video/x-nsv",
+    ".o": "application/x-object",
+    ".obj": "application/x-tgif",
+    ".ocl": "text/x-ocl",
+    ".oda": "application/oda",
+    ".odb": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.database",
+    ".odc": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart",
+    ".odf": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula",
+    ".odg": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics",
+    ".odi": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.image",
+    ".odm": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-master",
+    ".odp": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation",
+    ".ods": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet",
+    ".odt": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text",
+    ".oga": "audio/ogg",
+    ".ogg": "video/x-theora+ogg",
+    ".ogm": "video/x-ogm+ogg",
+    ".ogv": "video/ogg",
+    ".ogx": "application/ogg",
+    ".old": "application/x-trash",
+    ".oleo": "application/x-oleo",
+    ".opml": "text/x-opml+xml",
+    ".ora": "image/openraster",
+    ".orf": "image/x-olympus-orf",
+    ".otc": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart-template",
+    ".otf": "application/x-font-otf",
+    ".otg": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics-template",
+    ".oth": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-web",
+    ".otp": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation-template",
+    ".ots": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet-template",
+    ".ott": "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-template",
+    ".owl": "application/rdf+xml",
+    ".oxt": "application/vnd.openofficeorg.extension",
+    ".p": "text/x-pascal",
+    ".p10": "application/pkcs10",
+    ".p12": "application/x-pkcs12",
+    ".p7b": "application/x-pkcs7-certificates",
+    ".p7s": "application/pkcs7-signature",
+    ".pack": "application/x-java-pack200",
+    ".pak": "application/x-pak",
+    ".par2": "application/x-par2",
+    ".pas": "text/x-pascal",
+    ".patch": "text/x-patch",
+    ".pbm": "image/x-portable-bitmap",
+    ".pcd": "image/x-photo-cd",
+    ".pcf": "application/x-cisco-vpn-settings",
+    ".pcf.gz": "application/x-font-pcf",
+    ".pcf.z": "application/x-font-pcf",
+    ".pcl": "application/vnd.hp-pcl",
+    ".pcx": "image/x-pcx",
+    ".pdb": "chemical/x-pdb",
+    ".pdc": "application/x-aportisdoc",
+    ".pdf": "application/pdf",
+    ".pdf.bz2": "application/x-bzpdf",
+    ".pdf.gz": "application/x-gzpdf",
+    ".pef": "image/x-pentax-pef",
+    ".pem": "application/x-x509-ca-cert",
+    ".perl": "application/x-perl",
+    ".pfa": "application/x-font-type1",
+    ".pfb": "application/x-font-type1",
+    ".pfx": "application/x-pkcs12",
+    ".pgm": "image/x-portable-graymap",
+    ".pgn": "application/x-chess-pgn",
+    ".pgp": "application/pgp-encrypted",
+    ".php": "application/x-php",
+    ".php3": "application/x-php",
+    ".php4": "application/x-php",
+    ".pict": "image/x-pict",
+    ".pict1": "image/x-pict",
+    ".pict2": "image/x-pict",
+    ".pickle": "application/python-pickle",
+    ".pk": "application/x-tex-pk",
+    ".pkipath": "application/pkix-pkipath",
+    ".pkr": "application/pgp-keys",
+    ".pl": "application/x-perl",
+    ".pla": "audio/x-iriver-pla",
+    ".pln": "application/x-planperfect",
+    ".pls": "audio/x-scpls",
+    ".pm": "application/x-perl",
+    ".png": "image/png",
+    ".pnm": "image/x-portable-anymap",
+    ".pntg": "image/x-macpaint",
+    ".po": "text/x-gettext-translation",
+    ".por": "application/x-spss-por",
+    ".pot": "text/x-gettext-translation-template",
+    ".ppm": "image/x-portable-pixmap",
+    ".pps": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
+    ".ppt": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
+    ".pptm": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation",
+    ".pptx": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation",
+    ".ppz": "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint",
+    ".prc": "application/x-palm-database",
+    ".ps": "application/postscript",
+    ".ps.bz2": "application/x-bzpostscript",
+    ".ps.gz": "application/x-gzpostscript",
+    ".psd": "image/vnd.adobe.photoshop",
+    ".psf": "audio/x-psf",
+    ".psf.gz": "application/x-gz-font-linux-psf",
+    ".psflib": "audio/x-psflib",
+    ".psid": "audio/prs.sid",
+    ".psw": "application/x-pocket-word",
+    ".pw": "application/x-pw",
+    ".py": "text/x-python",
+    ".pyc": "application/x-python-bytecode",
+    ".pyo": "application/x-python-bytecode",
+    ".qif": "image/x-quicktime",
+    ".qt": "video/quicktime",
+    ".qtif": "image/x-quicktime",
+    ".qtl": "application/x-quicktime-media-link",
+    ".qtvr": "video/quicktime",
+    ".ra": "audio/vnd.rn-realaudio",
+    ".raf": "image/x-fuji-raf",
+    ".ram": "application/ram",
+    ".rar": "application/x-rar",
+    ".ras": "image/x-cmu-raster",
+    ".raw": "image/x-panasonic-raw",
+    ".rax": "audio/vnd.rn-realaudio",
+    ".rb": "application/x-ruby",
+    ".rdf": "application/rdf+xml",
+    ".rdfs": "application/rdf+xml",
+    ".reg": "text/x-ms-regedit",
+    ".rej": "application/x-reject",
+    ".rgb": "image/x-rgb",
+    ".rle": "image/rle",
+    ".rm": "application/vnd.rn-realmedia",
+    ".rmj": "application/vnd.rn-realmedia",
+    ".rmm": "application/vnd.rn-realmedia",
+    ".rms": "application/vnd.rn-realmedia",
+    ".rmvb": "application/vnd.rn-realmedia",
+    ".rmx": "application/vnd.rn-realmedia",
+    ".roff": "text/troff",
+    ".rp": "image/vnd.rn-realpix",
+    ".rpm": "application/x-rpm",
+    ".rss": "application/rss+xml",
+    ".rt": "text/vnd.rn-realtext",
+    ".rtf": "application/rtf",
+    ".rtx": "text/richtext",
+    ".rv": "video/vnd.rn-realvideo",
+    ".rvx": "video/vnd.rn-realvideo",
+    ".s3m": "audio/x-s3m",
+    ".sam": "application/x-amipro",
+    ".sami": "application/x-sami",
+    ".sav": "application/x-spss-sav",
+    ".scm": "text/x-scheme",
+    ".sda": "application/vnd.stardivision.draw",
+    ".sdc": "application/vnd.stardivision.calc",
+    ".sdd": "application/vnd.stardivision.impress",
+    ".sdp": "application/sdp",
+    ".sds": "application/vnd.stardivision.chart",
+    ".sdw": "application/vnd.stardivision.writer",
+    ".sgf": "application/x-go-sgf",
+    ".sgi": "image/x-sgi",
+    ".sgl": "application/vnd.stardivision.writer",
+    ".sgm": "text/sgml",
+    ".sgml": "text/sgml",
+    ".sh": "application/x-shellscript",
+    ".shar": "application/x-shar",
+    ".shn": "application/x-shorten",
+    ".siag": "application/x-siag",
+    ".sid": "audio/prs.sid",
+    ".sik": "application/x-trash",
+    ".sis": "application/vnd.symbian.install",
+    ".sisx": "x-epoc/x-sisx-app",
+    ".sit": "application/x-stuffit",
+    ".siv": "application/sieve",
+    ".sk": "image/x-skencil",
+    ".sk1": "image/x-skencil",
+    ".skr": "application/pgp-keys",
+    ".slk": "text/spreadsheet",
+    ".smaf": "application/x-smaf",
+    ".smc": "application/x-snes-rom",
+    ".smd": "application/vnd.stardivision.mail",
+    ".smf": "application/vnd.stardivision.math",
+    ".smi": "application/x-sami",
+    ".smil": "application/smil",
+    ".sml": "application/smil",
+    ".sms": "application/x-sms-rom",
+    ".snd": "audio/basic",
+    ".so": "application/x-sharedlib",
+    ".spc": "application/x-pkcs7-certificates",
+    ".spd": "application/x-font-speedo",
+    ".spec": "text/x-rpm-spec",
+    ".spl": "application/x-shockwave-flash",
+    ".spx": "audio/x-speex",
+    ".sql": "text/x-sql",
+    ".sr2": "image/x-sony-sr2",
+    ".src": "application/x-wais-source",
+    ".srf": "image/x-sony-srf",
+    ".srt": "application/x-subrip",
+    ".ssa": "text/x-ssa",
+    ".stc": "application/vnd.sun.xml.calc.template",
+    ".std": "application/vnd.sun.xml.draw.template",
+    ".sti": "application/vnd.sun.xml.impress.template",
+    ".stm": "audio/x-stm",
+    ".stw": "application/vnd.sun.xml.writer.template",
+    ".sty": "text/x-tex",
+    ".sub": "text/x-subviewer",
+    ".sun": "image/x-sun-raster",
+    ".sv4cpio": "application/x-sv4cpio",
+    ".sv4crc": "application/x-sv4crc",
+    ".svg": "image/svg+xml",
+    ".svgz": "image/svg+xml-compressed",
+    ".swf": "application/x-shockwave-flash",
+    ".sxc": "application/vnd.sun.xml.calc",
+    ".sxd": "application/vnd.sun.xml.draw",
+    ".sxg": "application/vnd.sun.xml.writer.global",
+    ".sxi": "application/vnd.sun.xml.impress",
+    ".sxm": "application/vnd.sun.xml.math",
+    ".sxw": "application/vnd.sun.xml.writer",
+    ".sylk": "text/spreadsheet",
+    ".t": "text/troff",
+    ".t2t": "text/x-txt2tags",
+    ".tar": "application/x-tar",
+    ".tar.bz": "application/x-bzip-compressed-tar",
+    ".tar.bz2": "application/x-bzip-compressed-tar",
+    ".tar.gz": "application/x-compressed-tar",
+    ".tar.lzma": "application/x-lzma-compressed-tar",
+    ".tar.lzo": "application/x-tzo",
+    ".tar.xz": "application/x-xz-compressed-tar",
+    ".tar.z": "application/x-tarz",
+    ".tbz": "application/x-bzip-compressed-tar",
+    ".tbz2": "application/x-bzip-compressed-tar",
+    ".tcl": "text/x-tcl",
+    ".tex": "text/x-tex",
+    ".texi": "text/x-texinfo",
+    ".texinfo": "text/x-texinfo",
+    ".tga": "image/x-tga",
+    ".tgz": "application/x-compressed-tar",
+    ".theme": "application/x-theme",
+    ".themepack": "application/x-windows-themepack",
+    ".tif": "image/tiff",
+    ".tiff": "image/tiff",
+    ".tk": "text/x-tcl",
+    ".tlz": "application/x-lzma-compressed-tar",
+    ".tnef": "application/vnd.ms-tnef",
+    ".tnf": "application/vnd.ms-tnef",
+    ".toc": "application/x-cdrdao-toc",
+    ".torrent": "application/x-bittorrent",
+    ".tpic": "image/x-tga",
+    ".tr": "text/troff",
+    ".ts": "application/x-linguist",
+    ".tsv": "text/tab-separated-values",
+    ".tta": "audio/x-tta",
+    ".ttc": "application/x-font-ttf",
+    ".ttf": "application/x-font-ttf",
+    ".ttx": "application/x-font-ttx",
+    ".txt": "text/plain",
+    ".txz": "application/x-xz-compressed-tar",
+    ".tzo": "application/x-tzo",
+    ".ufraw": "application/x-ufraw",
+    ".ui": "application/x-designer",
+    ".uil": "text/x-uil",
+    ".ult": "audio/x-mod",
+    ".uni": "audio/x-mod",
+    ".uri": "text/x-uri",
+    ".url": "text/x-uri",
+    ".ustar": "application/x-ustar",
+    ".vala": "text/x-vala",
+    ".vapi": "text/x-vala",
+    ".vcf": "text/directory",
+    ".vcs": "text/calendar",
+    ".vct": "text/directory",
+    ".vda": "image/x-tga",
+    ".vhd": "text/x-vhdl",
+    ".vhdl": "text/x-vhdl",
+    ".viv": "video/vivo",
+    ".vivo": "video/vivo",
+    ".vlc": "audio/x-mpegurl",
+    ".vob": "video/mpeg",
+    ".voc": "audio/x-voc",
+    ".vor": "application/vnd.stardivision.writer",
+    ".vst": "image/x-tga",
+    ".wav": "audio/x-wav",
+    ".wax": "audio/x-ms-asx",
+    ".wb1": "application/x-quattropro",
+    ".wb2": "application/x-quattropro",
+    ".wb3": "application/x-quattropro",
+    ".wbmp": "image/vnd.wap.wbmp",
+    ".wcm": "application/vnd.ms-works",
+    ".wdb": "application/vnd.ms-works",
+    ".webm": "video/webm",
+    ".wk1": "application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3",
+    ".wk3": "application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3",
+    ".wk4": "application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3",
+    ".wks": "application/vnd.ms-works",
+    ".wma": "audio/x-ms-wma",
+    ".wmf": "image/x-wmf",
+    ".wml": "text/vnd.wap.wml",
+    ".wmls": "text/vnd.wap.wmlscript",
+    ".wmv": "video/x-ms-wmv",
+    ".wmx": "audio/x-ms-asx",
+    ".wp": "application/vnd.wordperfect",
+    ".wp4": "application/vnd.wordperfect",
+    ".wp5": "application/vnd.wordperfect",
+    ".wp6": "application/vnd.wordperfect",
+    ".wpd": "application/vnd.wordperfect",
+    ".wpg": "application/x-wpg",
+    ".wpl": "application/vnd.ms-wpl",
+    ".wpp": "application/vnd.wordperfect",
+    ".wps": "application/vnd.ms-works",
+    ".wri": "application/x-mswrite",
+    ".wrl": "model/vrml",
+    ".wv": "audio/x-wavpack",
+    ".wvc": "audio/x-wavpack-correction",
+    ".wvp": "audio/x-wavpack",
+    ".wvx": "audio/x-ms-asx",
+    ".x3f": "image/x-sigma-x3f",
+    ".xac": "application/x-gnucash",
+    ".xbel": "application/x-xbel",
+    ".xbl": "application/xml",
+    ".xbm": "image/x-xbitmap",
+    ".xcf": "image/x-xcf",
+    ".xcf.bz2": "image/x-compressed-xcf",
+    ".xcf.gz": "image/x-compressed-xcf",
+    ".xhtml": "application/xhtml+xml",
+    ".xi": "audio/x-xi",
+    ".xla": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
+    ".xlc": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
+    ".xld": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
+    ".xlf": "application/x-xliff",
+    ".xliff": "application/x-xliff",
+    ".xll": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
+    ".xlm": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
+    ".xls": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
+    ".xlsm": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet",
+    ".xlsx": "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet",
+    ".xlt": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
+    ".xlw": "application/vnd.ms-excel",
+    ".xm": "audio/x-xm",
+    ".xmf": "audio/x-xmf",
+    ".xmi": "text/x-xmi",
+    ".xml": "application/xml",
+    ".xpm": "image/x-xpixmap",
+    ".xps": "application/vnd.ms-xpsdocument",
+    ".xsl": "application/xml",
+    ".xslfo": "text/x-xslfo",
+    ".xslt": "application/xml",
+    ".xspf": "application/xspf+xml",
+    ".xul": "application/vnd.mozilla.xul+xml",
+    ".xwd": "image/x-xwindowdump",
+    ".xyz": "chemical/x-pdb",
+    ".xz": "application/x-xz",
+    ".w2p": "application/w2p",
+    ".z": "application/x-compress",
+    ".zabw": "application/x-abiword",
+    ".zip": "application/zip",
+    ".zoo": "application/x-zoo",
 }
 
 
-def contenttype(filename, default='text/plain'):
+def contenttype(filename, default="text/plain"):
     """
     Returns the Content-Type string matching extension of the given filename.
     """
 
-    i = filename.rfind('.')
+    i = filename.rfind(".")
     if i >= 0:
         default = CONTENT_TYPE.get(filename[i:].lower(), default)
-        j = filename.rfind('.', 0, i)
+        j = filename.rfind(".", 0, i)
         if j >= 0:
             default = CONTENT_TYPE.get(filename[j:].lower(), default)
-    if default.startswith('text/'):
-        default += '; charset=utf-8'
+    if default.startswith("text/"):
+        default += "; charset=utf-8"
     return default
diff --git a/emmett/libs/portalocker.py b/emmett/libs/portalocker.py
index 720963e3..480452bf 100644
--- a/emmett/libs/portalocker.py
+++ b/emmett/libs/portalocker.py
@@ -43,22 +43,23 @@
 
 os_locking = None
 try:
-    import google.appengine
-    os_locking = 'gae'
-except:
+    os_locking = "gae"
+except Exception:
     try:
         import fcntl
-        os_locking = 'posix'
-    except:
+
+        os_locking = "posix"
+    except Exception:
         try:
+            import pywintypes
             import win32con
             import win32file
-            import pywintypes
-            os_locking = 'windows'
-        except:
+
+            os_locking = "windows"
+        except Exception:
             pass
 
-if os_locking == 'windows':
+if os_locking == "windows":
     LOCK_EX = win32con.LOCKFILE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK
     LOCK_SH = 0  # the default
     LOCK_NB = win32con.LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY
@@ -69,14 +70,14 @@
 
     def lock(file, flags):
         hfile = win32file._get_osfhandle(file.fileno())
-        win32file.LockFileEx(hfile, flags, 0, 0x7fff0000, __overlapped)
+        win32file.LockFileEx(hfile, flags, 0, 0x7FFF0000, __overlapped)
 
     def unlock(file):
         hfile = win32file._get_osfhandle(file.fileno())
-        win32file.UnlockFileEx(hfile, 0, 0x7fff0000, __overlapped)
+        win32file.UnlockFileEx(hfile, 0, 0x7FFF0000, __overlapped)
 
 
-elif os_locking == 'posix':
+elif os_locking == "posix":
     LOCK_EX = fcntl.LOCK_EX
     LOCK_SH = fcntl.LOCK_SH
     LOCK_NB = fcntl.LOCK_NB
@@ -89,9 +90,9 @@ def unlock(file):
 
 
 else:
-    #if platform.system() == 'Windows':
+    # if platform.system() == 'Windows':
     #    logger.error('no file locking, you must install the win32 extensions from: http://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin32/files/')
-    #elif os_locking != 'gae':
+    # elif os_locking != 'gae':
     #    logger.debug('no file locking, this will cause problems')
 
     LOCK_EX = None
@@ -106,18 +107,18 @@ def unlock(file):
 
 
 class LockedFile(object):
-    def __init__(self, filename, mode='rb'):
+    def __init__(self, filename, mode="rb"):
         self.filename = filename
         self.mode = mode
         self.file = None
-        if 'r' in mode:
-            kwargs = {'encoding': 'utf8'} if 'b' not in mode else {}
+        if "r" in mode:
+            kwargs = {"encoding": "utf8"} if "b" not in mode else {}
             self.file = open(filename, mode, **kwargs)
             lock(self.file, LOCK_SH)
-        elif 'w' in mode or 'a' in mode:
-            self.file = open(filename, mode.replace('w', 'a'))
+        elif "w" in mode or "a" in mode:
+            self.file = open(filename, mode.replace("w", "a"))
             lock(self.file, LOCK_EX)
-            if 'a' not in mode:
+            if "a" not in mode:
                 self.file.seek(0)
                 self.file.truncate()
         else:
@@ -148,13 +149,13 @@ def __del__(self):
 
 
 def read_locked(filename):
-    fp = LockedFile(filename, 'r')
+    fp = LockedFile(filename, "r")
     data = fp.read()
     fp.close()
     return data
 
 
 def write_locked(filename, data):
-    fp = LockedFile(filename, 'wb')
+    fp = LockedFile(filename, "wb")
     data = fp.write(data)
     fp.close()
diff --git a/emmett/locals.py b/emmett/locals.py
index 3a17a447..b99b44e5 100644
--- a/emmett/locals.py
+++ b/emmett/locals.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.locals
-    -------------
+emmett.locals
+-------------
 
-    Provides shortcuts to `current` object.
+Provides shortcuts to `current` object.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from typing import Optional, cast
@@ -21,11 +21,12 @@
 from .wrappers.response import Response
 from .wrappers.websocket import Websocket
 
-request = cast(Request, _VProxy[Request](_ctxv, 'request'))
-response = cast(Response, _VProxy[Response](_ctxv, 'response'))
-session = cast(Optional[sdict], _VProxy[Optional[sdict]](_ctxv, 'session'))
-websocket = cast(Websocket, _VProxy[Websocket](_ctxv, 'websocket'))
-T = cast(Translator, _OProxy[Translator](current, 'T'))
+
+request = cast(Request, _VProxy[Request](_ctxv, "request"))
+response = cast(Response, _VProxy[Response](_ctxv, "response"))
+session = cast(Optional[sdict], _VProxy[Optional[sdict]](_ctxv, "session"))
+websocket = cast(Websocket, _VProxy[Websocket](_ctxv, "websocket"))
+T = cast(Translator, _OProxy[Translator](current, "T"))
 
 
 def now() -> DateTime:
diff --git a/emmett/orm/__init__.py b/emmett/orm/__init__.py
index 8a8ffa65..cefe76a6 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/__init__.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/__init__.py
@@ -1,16 +1,27 @@
 from . import _patches
 from .adapters import adapters as adapters_registry
-from .base import Database
-from .objects import Field, TransactionOps
-from .models import Model
 from .apis import (
-    belongs_to, refers_to, has_one, has_many,
-    compute, rowattr, rowmethod,
-    before_insert, before_update, before_delete,
-    before_save, before_destroy,
-    before_commit,
-    after_insert, after_update, after_delete,
-    after_save, after_destroy,
     after_commit,
-    scope
+    after_delete,
+    after_destroy,
+    after_insert,
+    after_save,
+    after_update,
+    before_commit,
+    before_delete,
+    before_destroy,
+    before_insert,
+    before_save,
+    before_update,
+    belongs_to,
+    compute,
+    has_many,
+    has_one,
+    refers_to,
+    rowattr,
+    rowmethod,
+    scope,
 )
+from .base import Database
+from .models import Model
+from .objects import Field, TransactionOps
diff --git a/emmett/orm/_patches.py b/emmett/orm/_patches.py
index 23c51c01..cfe4f670 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/_patches.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/_patches.py
@@ -1,85 +1,71 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm._patches
-    -------------------
+emmett.orm._patches
+-------------------
 
-    Provides pyDAL patches.
+Provides pyDAL patches.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from emmett_core.utils import cachedprop
-
-from ..serializers import Serializers
-
 from pydal.adapters.base import BaseAdapter
 from pydal.connection import ConnectionPool
 from pydal.helpers.classes import ConnectionConfigurationMixin
 from pydal.helpers.serializers import Serializers as _Serializers
 
+from ..serializers import Serializers
 from .adapters import (
-    _initialize,
     _begin,
     _in_transaction,
-    _push_transaction,
+    _initialize,
     _pop_transaction,
+    _push_transaction,
+    _top_transaction,
     _transaction_depth,
-    _top_transaction
 )
 from .connection import (
     ConnectionManager,
     PooledConnectionManager,
-    _connection_init,
-    _connect_sync,
-    _connect_loop,
-    _close_sync,
     _close_loop,
+    _close_sync,
+    _connect_and_configure,
+    _connect_loop,
+    _connect_sync,
     _connection_getter,
+    _connection_init,
     _connection_setter,
     _cursors_getter,
-    _connect_and_configure
 )
 from .engines.sqlite import SQLite
 
 
 def _patch_adapter_cls():
-    setattr(BaseAdapter, '_initialize_', _initialize)
-    setattr(BaseAdapter, 'in_transaction', _in_transaction)
-    setattr(BaseAdapter, 'push_transaction', _push_transaction)
-    setattr(BaseAdapter, 'pop_transaction', _pop_transaction)
-    setattr(BaseAdapter, 'transaction_depth', _transaction_depth)
-    setattr(BaseAdapter, 'top_transaction', _top_transaction)
-    setattr(BaseAdapter, '_connection_manager_cls', PooledConnectionManager)
-    setattr(BaseAdapter, 'begin', _begin)
-    setattr(SQLite, '_connection_manager_cls', ConnectionManager)
+    BaseAdapter._initialize_ = _initialize
+    BaseAdapter.in_transaction = _in_transaction
+    BaseAdapter.push_transaction = _push_transaction
+    BaseAdapter.pop_transaction = _pop_transaction
+    BaseAdapter.transaction_depth = _transaction_depth
+    BaseAdapter.top_transaction = _top_transaction
+    BaseAdapter._connection_manager_cls = PooledConnectionManager
+    BaseAdapter.begin = _begin
+    SQLite._connection_manager_cls = ConnectionManager
 
 
 def _patch_adapter_connection():
-    setattr(ConnectionPool, '__init__', _connection_init)
-    setattr(ConnectionPool, 'reconnect', _connect_sync)
-    setattr(ConnectionPool, 'reconnect_loop', _connect_loop)
-    setattr(ConnectionPool, 'close', _close_sync)
-    setattr(ConnectionPool, 'close_loop', _close_loop)
-    setattr(
-        ConnectionPool,
-        'connection',
-        property(_connection_getter, _connection_setter)
-    )
-    setattr(ConnectionPool, 'cursors', property(_cursors_getter))
-    setattr(
-        ConnectionConfigurationMixin,
-        '_reconnect_and_configure',
-        _connect_and_configure
-    )
+    ConnectionPool.__init__ = _connection_init
+    ConnectionPool.reconnect = _connect_sync
+    ConnectionPool.reconnect_loop = _connect_loop
+    ConnectionPool.close = _close_sync
+    ConnectionPool.close_loop = _close_loop
+    ConnectionPool.connection = property(_connection_getter, _connection_setter)
+    ConnectionPool.cursors = property(_cursors_getter)
+    ConnectionConfigurationMixin._reconnect_and_configure = _connect_and_configure
 
 
 def _patch_serializers():
-    setattr(
-        _Serializers,
-        'json',
-        cachedprop(lambda _: Serializers.get_for('json'), name='json')
-    )
+    _Serializers.json = cachedprop(lambda _: Serializers.get_for("json"), name="json")
 
 
 _patch_adapter_cls()
diff --git a/emmett/orm/adapters.py b/emmett/orm/adapters.py
index 089a49a5..9ac806b9 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/adapters.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/adapters.py
@@ -1,35 +1,20 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.adapters
-    -------------------
+emmett.orm.adapters
+-------------------
 
-    Provides ORM adapters facilities.
+Provides ORM adapters facilities.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import sys
-
 from functools import wraps
 
 from pydal.adapters.base import SQLAdapter
-from pydal.adapters.mssql import (
-    MSSQL1,
-    MSSQL3,
-    MSSQL4,
-    MSSQL1N,
-    MSSQL3N,
-    MSSQL4N
-)
-from pydal.adapters.postgres import (
-    Postgre,
-    PostgrePsyco,
-    PostgrePG8000,
-    PostgreNew,
-    PostgrePsycoNew,
-    PostgrePG8000New
-)
+from pydal.adapters.mssql import MSSQL1, MSSQL1N, MSSQL3, MSSQL3N, MSSQL4, MSSQL4N
+from pydal.adapters.postgres import Postgre, PostgreNew, PostgrePG8000, PostgrePG8000New, PostgrePsyco, PostgrePsycoNew
 from pydal.helpers.classes import SQLALL
 from pydal.helpers.regex import REGEX_TABLE_DOT_FIELD
 from pydal.parsers import ParserMethodWrapper, for_type as _parser_for_type
@@ -37,37 +22,38 @@
 
 from .engines import adapters
 from .helpers import GeoFieldWrapper, PasswordFieldWrapper, typed_row_reference
-from .objects import Expression, Field, Row, IterRows
-
-
-adapters._registry_.update({
-    'mssql': MSSQL4,
-    'mssql2': MSSQL1,
-    'mssql3': MSSQL3,
-    'mssqln': MSSQL4N,
-    'mssqln2': MSSQL1N,
-    'mssqln3': MSSQL3N,
-    'postgres2': PostgreNew,
-    'postgres2:psycopg2': PostgrePsycoNew,
-    'postgres2:pg8000': PostgrePG8000New,
-    'postgres3': Postgre,
-    'postgres3:psycopg2': PostgrePsyco,
-    'postgres3:pg8000': PostgrePG8000
-})
+from .objects import Expression, Field, IterRows, Row
+
+
+adapters._registry_.update(
+    {
+        "mssql": MSSQL4,
+        "mssql2": MSSQL1,
+        "mssql3": MSSQL3,
+        "mssqln": MSSQL4N,
+        "mssqln2": MSSQL1N,
+        "mssqln3": MSSQL3N,
+        "postgres2": PostgreNew,
+        "postgres2:psycopg2": PostgrePsycoNew,
+        "postgres2:pg8000": PostgrePG8000New,
+        "postgres3": Postgre,
+        "postgres3:psycopg2": PostgrePsyco,
+        "postgres3:pg8000": PostgrePG8000,
+    }
+)
 
 
 def _wrap_on_obj(f, adapter):
     @wraps(f)
     def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
         return f(adapter, *args, **kwargs)
+
     return wrapped
 
 
 def patch_adapter(adapter):
     #: BaseAdapter interfaces
-    adapter._expand_all_with_concrete_tables = _wrap_on_obj(
-        _expand_all_with_concrete_tables, adapter
-    )
+    adapter._expand_all_with_concrete_tables = _wrap_on_obj(_expand_all_with_concrete_tables, adapter)
     adapter._parse = _wrap_on_obj(_parse, adapter)
     adapter._parse_expand_colnames = _wrap_on_obj(_parse_expand_colnames, adapter)
     adapter.iterparse = _wrap_on_obj(iterparse, adapter)
@@ -87,44 +73,28 @@ def patch_adapter(adapter):
 
 
 def patch_dialect(dialect):
-    _create_table_map = {
-        'mysql': _create_table_mysql,
-        'firebird': _create_table_firebird
-    }
-    dialect.create_table = _wrap_on_obj(
-        _create_table_map.get(dialect.adapter.dbengine, _create_table), dialect
-    )
+    _create_table_map = {"mysql": _create_table_mysql, "firebird": _create_table_firebird}
+    dialect.create_table = _wrap_on_obj(_create_table_map.get(dialect.adapter.dbengine, _create_table), dialect)
     dialect.add_foreign_key_constraint = _wrap_on_obj(_add_fk_constraint, dialect)
     dialect.drop_constraint = _wrap_on_obj(_drop_constraint, dialect)
 
 
 def patch_parser(dialect, parser):
-    parser.registered['password'] = ParserMethodWrapper(
-        parser,
-        _parser_for_type('password')(_parser_password).f
+    parser.registered["password"] = ParserMethodWrapper(parser, _parser_for_type("password")(_parser_password).f)
+    parser.registered["reference"] = ParserMethodWrapper(
+        parser, _parser_for_type("reference")(_parser_reference).f, parser._before_registry_["reference"]
     )
-    parser.registered['reference'] = ParserMethodWrapper(
-        parser,
-        _parser_for_type('reference')(_parser_reference).f,
-        parser._before_registry_['reference']
-    )
-    if 'geography' in dialect.types:
-        parser.registered['geography'] = ParserMethodWrapper(
-            parser,
-            _parser_for_type('geography')(_parser_geo).f
-        )
-    if 'geometry' in dialect.types:
-        parser.registered['geometry'] = ParserMethodWrapper(
-            parser,
-            _parser_for_type('geometry')(_parser_geo).f
-        )
+    if "geography" in dialect.types:
+        parser.registered["geography"] = ParserMethodWrapper(parser, _parser_for_type("geography")(_parser_geo).f)
+    if "geometry" in dialect.types:
+        parser.registered["geometry"] = ParserMethodWrapper(parser, _parser_for_type("geometry")(_parser_geo).f)
 
 
 def patch_representer(representer):
-    representer.registered_t['reference'] = TReprMethodWrapper(
+    representer.registered_t["reference"] = TReprMethodWrapper(
         representer,
-        _representer_for_type('reference')(_representer_reference),
-        representer._tbefore_registry_['reference']
+        _representer_for_type("reference")(_representer_reference),
+        representer._tbefore_registry_["reference"],
     )
 
 
@@ -132,17 +102,14 @@ def insert(adapter, table, fields):
     query = adapter._insert(table, fields)
     try:
         adapter.execute(query)
-    except:
+    except Exception:
         e = sys.exc_info()[1]
-        if hasattr(table, '_on_insert_error'):
+        if hasattr(table, "_on_insert_error"):
             return table._on_insert_error(table, fields, e)
         raise e
     if not table._id:
-        id = {
-            field.name: val for field, val in fields
-            if field.name in table._primarykey
-        } or None
-    elif table._id.type == 'id':
+        id = {field.name: val for field, val in fields if field.name in table._primarykey} or None
+    elif table._id.type == "id":
         id = adapter.lastrowid(table)
     else:
         id = {field.name: val for field, val in fields}.get(table._id.name)
@@ -193,7 +160,7 @@ def _select_wcols(
     orderby_on_limitby=True,
     for_update=False,
     outer_scoped=[],
-    **kwargs
+    **kwargs,
 ):
     return adapter._select_wcols_inner(
         query,
@@ -207,7 +174,7 @@ def _select_wcols(
         limitby=limitby,
         orderby_on_limitby=orderby_on_limitby,
         for_update=for_update,
-        outer_scoped=outer_scoped
+        outer_scoped=outer_scoped,
     )
 
 
@@ -215,42 +182,25 @@ def _select_aux(adapter, sql, fields, attributes, colnames):
     rows = adapter._select_aux_execute(sql)
     if isinstance(rows, tuple):
         rows = list(rows)
-    limitby = attributes.get('limitby', None) or (0,)
+    limitby = attributes.get("limitby", None) or (0,)
     rows = adapter.rowslice(rows, limitby[0], None)
-    return adapter.parse(
-        rows,
-        fields,
-        colnames,
-        concrete_tables=attributes.get('_concrete_tables', [])
-    )
+    return adapter.parse(rows, fields, colnames, concrete_tables=attributes.get("_concrete_tables", []))
 
 
 def parse(adapter, rows, fields, colnames, **options):
     fdata, tables = _parse_expand_colnames(adapter, fields)
     new_rows = [
         _parse(
-            adapter,
-            row,
-            fdata,
-            tables,
-            options['concrete_tables'],
-            fields,
-            colnames,
-            options.get('blob_decode', True)
-        ) for row in rows
+            adapter, row, fdata, tables, options["concrete_tables"], fields, colnames, options.get("blob_decode", True)
+        )
+        for row in rows
     ]
     rowsobj = adapter.db.Rows(adapter.db, new_rows, colnames, rawrows=rows)
     return rowsobj
 
 
 def iterparse(adapter, sql, fields, colnames, **options):
-    return IterRows(
-        adapter.db,
-        sql,
-        fields,
-        options.get('_concrete_tables', []),
-        colnames
-    )
+    return IterRows(adapter.db, sql, fields, options.get("_concrete_tables", []), colnames)
 
 
 def _parse_expand_colnames(adapter, fieldlist):
@@ -269,12 +219,10 @@ def _parse_expand_colnames(adapter, fieldlist):
 
 
 def _parse(adapter, row, fdata, tables, concrete_tables, fields, colnames, blob_decode):
-    new_row, rows_cls, rows_accum = _build_newrow_wtables(
-        adapter, tables, concrete_tables
-    )
+    new_row, rows_cls, rows_accum = _build_newrow_wtables(adapter, tables, concrete_tables)
     extras = adapter.db.Row()
     #: let's loop over columns
-    for (idx, colname) in enumerate(colnames):
+    for idx, colname in enumerate(colnames):
         value = row[idx]
         fd = fdata[idx]
         tablename = None
@@ -289,9 +237,7 @@ def _parse(adapter, row, fdata, tables, concrete_tables, fields, colnames, blob_
             colset[fieldname] = value
         #: otherwise we set the value in extras
         else:
-            value = adapter.parse_value(
-                value, fields[idx]._itype, fields[idx].type, blob_decode
-            )
+            value = adapter.parse_value(value, fields[idx]._itype, fields[idx].type, blob_decode)
             extras[colname] = value
             new_column_name = adapter._regex_select_as_parser(colname)
             if new_column_name is not None:
@@ -301,13 +247,13 @@ def _parse(adapter, row, fdata, tables, concrete_tables, fields, colnames, blob_
         new_row[key] = val._from_engine(rows_accum[key])
     #: add extras if needed (eg. operations results)
     if extras:
-        new_row['_extra'] = extras
+        new_row["_extra"] = extras
     return new_row
 
 
 def _build_newrow_wtables(adapter, tables, concrete_tables):
     row, cls_map, accum = adapter.db.Row(), {}, {}
-    for name, table in tables.items():
+    for name, _ in tables.items():
         cls_map[name] = adapter.db.Row
         accum[name] = {}
     for table in concrete_tables:
@@ -317,14 +263,14 @@ def _build_newrow_wtables(adapter, tables, concrete_tables):
 
 
 def _create_table(dialect, tablename, fields):
-    return [
-        "CREATE TABLE %s(\n    %s\n);" % (dialect.quote(tablename), fields)]
+    return ["CREATE TABLE %s(\n    %s\n);" % (dialect.quote(tablename), fields)]
 
 
 def _create_table_mysql(dialect, tablename, fields):
-    return ["CREATE TABLE %s(\n    %s\n) ENGINE=%s CHARACTER SET utf8;" % (
-        dialect.quote(tablename), fields,
-        dialect.adapter.adapter_args.get('engine', 'InnoDB'))]
+    return [
+        "CREATE TABLE %s(\n    %s\n) ENGINE=%s CHARACTER SET utf8;"
+        % (dialect.quote(tablename), fields, dialect.adapter.adapter_args.get("engine", "InnoDB"))
+    ]
 
 
 def _create_table_firebird(dialect, tablename, fields):
@@ -332,30 +278,25 @@ def _create_table_firebird(dialect, tablename, fields):
     sequence_name = dialect.sequence_name(tablename)
     trigger_name = dialect.trigger_name(tablename)
     trigger_sql = (
-        'create trigger %s for %s active before insert position 0 as\n'
-        'begin\n'
+        "create trigger %s for %s active before insert position 0 as\n"
+        "begin\n"
         'if(new."id" is null) then\n'
-        'begin\n'
+        "begin\n"
         'new."id" = gen_id(%s, 1);\n'
-        'end\n'
-        'end;')
-    rv.extend([
-        'create generator %s;' % sequence_name,
-        'set generator %s to 0;' % sequence_name,
-        trigger_sql % (trigger_name, dialect.quote(tablename), sequence_name)
-    ])
+        "end\n"
+        "end;"
+    )
+    rv.extend(
+        [
+            "create generator %s;" % sequence_name,
+            "set generator %s to 0;" % sequence_name,
+            trigger_sql % (trigger_name, dialect.quote(tablename), sequence_name),
+        ]
+    )
     return rv
 
 
-def _add_fk_constraint(
-    dialect,
-    name,
-    table_local,
-    table_foreign,
-    columns_local,
-    columns_foreign,
-    on_delete
-):
+def _add_fk_constraint(dialect, name, table_local, table_foreign, columns_local, columns_foreign, on_delete):
     return (
         f"ALTER TABLE {dialect.quote(table_local)} "
         f"ADD CONSTRAINT {dialect.quote(name)} "
@@ -371,7 +312,7 @@ def _drop_constraint(dialect, name, table):
 
 
 def _parser_reference(parser, value, referee):
-    if '.' not in referee:
+    if "." not in referee:
         value = typed_row_reference(value, parser.adapter.db[referee])
     return value
 
@@ -385,7 +326,7 @@ def _parser_password(parser, value):
 
 
 def _representer_reference(representer, value, referenced):
-    rtname, _, rfname = referenced.partition('.')
+    rtname, _, rfname = referenced.partition(".")
     rtable = representer.adapter.db[rtname]
     if not rfname and rtable._id:
         rfname = rtable._id.name
@@ -394,9 +335,9 @@ def _representer_reference(representer, value, referenced):
     rtype = rtable[rfname].type
     if isinstance(value, Row) and getattr(value, "_concrete", False):
         value = value[(value._model.primary_keys or ["id"])[0]]
-    if rtype in ('id', 'integer'):
+    if rtype in ("id", "integer"):
         return str(int(value))
-    if rtype == 'string':
+    if rtype == "string":
         return str(value)
     return representer.adapter.represent(value, rtype)
 
@@ -406,7 +347,8 @@ def _initialize(adapter, *args, **kwargs):
     adapter._connection_manager.configure(
         max_connections=adapter.db._pool_size,
         connect_timeout=adapter.db._connect_timeout,
-        stale_timeout=adapter.db._keep_alive_timeout)
+        stale_timeout=adapter.db._keep_alive_timeout,
+    )
 
 
 def _begin(adapter):
diff --git a/emmett/orm/apis.py b/emmett/orm/apis.py
index b0c934ac..523e839a 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/apis.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/apis.py
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.apis
-    ---------------
+emmett.orm.apis
+---------------
 
-    Provides ORM apis.
+Provides ORM apis.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from collections import OrderedDict
 from typing import List
 
 from .errors import MissingFieldsForCompute
-from .helpers import Reference, Callback
+from .helpers import Callback, Reference
 
 
 class belongs_to(Reference):
@@ -93,61 +93,62 @@ class rowmethod(rowattr):
 
 
 def before_insert(f):
-    return Callback(f, '_before_insert')
+    return Callback(f, "_before_insert")
 
 
 def after_insert(f):
-    return Callback(f, '_after_insert')
+    return Callback(f, "_after_insert")
 
 
 def before_update(f):
-    return Callback(f, '_before_update')
+    return Callback(f, "_before_update")
 
 
 def after_update(f):
-    return Callback(f, '_after_update')
+    return Callback(f, "_after_update")
 
 
 def before_delete(f):
-    return Callback(f, '_before_delete')
+    return Callback(f, "_before_delete")
 
 
 def after_delete(f):
-    return Callback(f, '_after_delete')
+    return Callback(f, "_after_delete")
 
 
 def before_save(f):
-    return Callback(f, '_before_save')
+    return Callback(f, "_before_save")
 
 
 def after_save(f):
-    return Callback(f, '_after_save')
+    return Callback(f, "_after_save")
 
 
 def before_destroy(f):
-    return Callback(f, '_before_destroy')
+    return Callback(f, "_before_destroy")
 
 
 def after_destroy(f):
-    return Callback(f, '_after_destroy')
+    return Callback(f, "_after_destroy")
 
 
 def before_commit(f):
-    return Callback(f, '_before_commit')
+    return Callback(f, "_before_commit")
 
 
 def after_commit(f):
-    return Callback(f, '_after_commit')
+    return Callback(f, "_after_commit")
 
 
 def _commit_callback_op(kind, op):
     def _deco(f):
-        return Callback(f, f'_{kind}_commit_{op}')
+        return Callback(f, f"_{kind}_commit_{op}")
+
     return _deco
 
 
-before_commit.operation = lambda op: _commit_callback_op('before', op)
-after_commit.operation = lambda op: _commit_callback_op('after', op)
+before_commit.operation = lambda op: _commit_callback_op("before", op)
+after_commit.operation = lambda op: _commit_callback_op("after", op)
 
 
 class scope(object):
diff --git a/emmett/orm/base.py b/emmett/orm/base.py
index c9e8c502..fa8729e9 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/base.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/base.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.base
-    ---------------
+emmett.orm.base
+---------------
 
-    Provides base pyDAL implementation for Emmett.
+Provides base pyDAL implementation for Emmett.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -14,12 +14,11 @@
 import copyreg
 import os
 import threading
-
 from functools import wraps
 
+from emmett_core.serializers import _json_default
 from pydal import DAL as _pyDAL
 from pydal._globals import THREAD_LOCAL
-from emmett_core.serializers import _json_default
 
 from .._shortcuts import uuid as _uuid
 from ..datastructures import sdict
@@ -27,10 +26,10 @@
 from ..pipeline import Pipe
 from ..serializers import xml
 from .adapters import patch_adapter
-from .objects import Table, Field, Set, Row, Rows
 from .helpers import ConnectionContext, TimingHandler
 from .models import MetaModel, Model
-from .transactions import _atomic, _transaction, _savepoint
+from .objects import Field, Row, Rows, Set, Table
+from .transactions import _atomic, _savepoint, _transaction
 
 
 class DatabasePipe(Pipe):
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ async def close(self):
 
 
 class Database(_pyDAL):
-    serializers = {'json': _json_default, 'xml': xml}
+    serializers = {"json": _json_default, "xml": xml}
     logger = None
     uuid = lambda x: _uuid()
 
@@ -80,19 +79,12 @@ def uri_from_config(config=None):
         return uri
 
     def __new__(cls, app, *args, **kwargs):
-        config = kwargs.get('config', sdict()) or app.config.db
+        config = kwargs.get("config", sdict()) or app.config.db
         uri = config.uri or Database.uri_from_config(config)
         return super(Database, cls).__new__(cls, uri, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def __init__(
-        self,
-        app,
-        config=None,
-        pool_size=None,
-        keep_alive_timeout=3600,
-        connect_timeout=60,
-        folder=None,
-        **kwargs
+        self, app, config=None, pool_size=None, keep_alive_timeout=3600, connect_timeout=60, folder=None, **kwargs
     ):
         app.send_signal(Signals.before_database)
         self.logger = app.log
@@ -100,30 +92,24 @@ def __init__(
         if not config.uri:
             config.uri = self.uri_from_config(config)
         if not config.migrations_folder:
-            config.migrations_folder = 'migrations'
+            config.migrations_folder = "migrations"
         self.config = config
-        self._auto_migrate = self.config.get(
-            'auto_migrate', kwargs.pop('auto_migrate', False))
-        self._auto_connect = self.config.get(
-            'auto_connect', kwargs.pop('auto_connect', None))
-        self._use_bigint_on_id_fields = self.config.get(
-            'big_id_fields', kwargs.pop('big_id_fields', False))
+        self._auto_migrate = self.config.get("auto_migrate", kwargs.pop("auto_migrate", False))
+        self._auto_connect = self.config.get("auto_connect", kwargs.pop("auto_connect", None))
+        self._use_bigint_on_id_fields = self.config.get("big_id_fields", kwargs.pop("big_id_fields", False))
         #: load config data
-        kwargs['check_reserved'] = self.config.check_reserved or \
-            kwargs.get('check_reserved', None)
-        kwargs['migrate'] = self._auto_migrate
-        kwargs['driver_args'] = self.config.driver_args or \
-            kwargs.get('driver_args', None)
-        kwargs['adapter_args'] = self.config.adapter_args or \
-            kwargs.get('adapter_args', None)
+        kwargs["check_reserved"] = self.config.check_reserved or kwargs.get("check_reserved", None)
+        kwargs["migrate"] = self._auto_migrate
+        kwargs["driver_args"] = self.config.driver_args or kwargs.get("driver_args", None)
+        kwargs["adapter_args"] = self.config.adapter_args or kwargs.get("adapter_args", None)
         if self._auto_connect is not None:
-            kwargs['do_connect'] = self._auto_connect
+            kwargs["do_connect"] = self._auto_connect
         else:
-            kwargs['do_connect'] = os.environ.get('EMMETT_CLI_ENV') == 'true'
+            kwargs["do_connect"] = os.environ.get("EMMETT_CLI_ENV") == "true"
         if self._use_bigint_on_id_fields:
-            kwargs['bigint_id'] = True
+            kwargs["bigint_id"] = True
         #: set directory
-        folder = folder or 'databases'
+        folder = folder or "databases"
         folder = os.path.join(app.root_path, folder)
         if self._auto_migrate:
             with self._cls_global_lock_:
@@ -132,17 +118,14 @@ def __init__(
         #: set pool_size
         pool_size = self.config.pool_size or pool_size or 5
         self._keep_alive_timeout = (
-            keep_alive_timeout if self.config.keep_alive_timeout is None
-            else self.config.keep_alive_timeout)
-        self._connect_timeout = (
-            connect_timeout if self.config.connect_timeout is None
-            else self.config.connect_timeout)
+            keep_alive_timeout if self.config.keep_alive_timeout is None else self.config.keep_alive_timeout
+        )
+        self._connect_timeout = connect_timeout if self.config.connect_timeout is None else self.config.connect_timeout
         #: add timings storage if requested
         if config.store_execution_timings:
             self.execution_handlers.append(TimingHandler)
         #: finally setup pyDAL instance
-        super(Database, self).__init__(
-            self.config.uri, pool_size, folder, **kwargs)
+        super(Database, self).__init__(self.config.uri, pool_size, folder, **kwargs)
         patch_adapter(self._adapter)
         Model._init_inheritable_dicts_()
         app.send_signal(Signals.after_database, database=self)
@@ -153,29 +136,19 @@ def pipe(self):
 
     @property
     def execution_timings(self):
-        return getattr(THREAD_LOCAL, '_emtdal_timings_', [])
+        return getattr(THREAD_LOCAL, "_emtdal_timings_", [])
 
     def connection_open(self, with_transaction=True, reuse_if_open=True):
-        return self._adapter.reconnect(
-            with_transaction=with_transaction, reuse_if_open=reuse_if_open)
+        return self._adapter.reconnect(with_transaction=with_transaction, reuse_if_open=reuse_if_open)
 
     def connection_close(self):
         self._adapter.close()
 
-    def connection(
-        self,
-        with_transaction: bool = True,
-        reuse_if_open: bool = True
-    ) -> ConnectionContext:
-        return ConnectionContext(
-            self,
-            with_transaction=with_transaction,
-            reuse_if_open=reuse_if_open
-        )
+    def connection(self, with_transaction: bool = True, reuse_if_open: bool = True) -> ConnectionContext:
+        return ConnectionContext(self, with_transaction=with_transaction, reuse_if_open=reuse_if_open)
 
     def connection_open_loop(self, with_transaction=True, reuse_if_open=True):
-        return self._adapter.reconnect_loop(
-            with_transaction=with_transaction, reuse_if_open=reuse_if_open)
+        return self._adapter.reconnect_loop(with_transaction=with_transaction, reuse_if_open=reuse_if_open)
 
     def connection_close_loop(self):
         return self._adapter.close_loop()
@@ -195,15 +168,13 @@ def define_models(self, *models):
                 obj._define_relations_()
                 obj._define_virtuals_()
                 # define table and store in model
-                args = dict(
-                    migrate=obj.migrate,
-                    format=obj.format,
-                    table_class=Table,
-                    primarykey=obj.primary_keys or ['id']
-                )
-                model.table = self.define_table(
-                    obj.tablename, *obj.fields, **args
-                )
+                args = {
+                    "migrate": obj.migrate,
+                    "format": obj.format,
+                    "table_class": Table,
+                    "primarykey": obj.primary_keys or ["id"],
+                }
+                model.table = self.define_table(obj.tablename, *obj.fields, **args)
                 model.table._model_ = obj
                 # set reference in db for model name
                 self.__setattr__(model.__name__, obj.table)
@@ -219,7 +190,7 @@ def where(self, query=None, ignore_common_filters=None, model=None):
         if isinstance(query, Table):
             q = self._adapter.id_query(query)
         elif isinstance(query, Field):
-            q = (query != None)
+            q = query != None  # noqa: E711
         elif isinstance(query, dict):
             icf = query.get("ignore_common_filters")
             if icf:
@@ -229,14 +200,14 @@ def where(self, query=None, ignore_common_filters=None, model=None):
                 q = self._adapter.id_query(query.table)
             else:
                 q = query
-        return Set(
-            self, q, ignore_common_filters=ignore_common_filters, model=model)
+        return Set(self, q, ignore_common_filters=ignore_common_filters, model=model)
 
     def with_connection(self, f):
         @wraps(f)
         def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
             with self.connection():
                 f(*args, **kwargs)
+
         return wrapped
 
     def atomic(self):
@@ -261,7 +232,7 @@ def rollback(self):
 
 def _Database_unpickler(db_uid):
     fake_app_obj = sdict(config=sdict(db=sdict()))
-    fake_app_obj.config.db.adapter = '<zombie>'
+    fake_app_obj.config.db.adapter = "<zombie>"
     return Database(fake_app_obj, db_uid=db_uid)
 
 
diff --git a/emmett/orm/connection.py b/emmett/orm/connection.py
index 1919c38a..a3b8a483 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/connection.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/connection.py
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.connection
-    ---------------------
+emmett.orm.connection
+---------------------
 
-    Provides pyDAL connection implementation for Emmett.
+Provides pyDAL connection implementation for Emmett.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
 
-    Parts of this code are inspired to peewee
-    :copyright: (c) 2010 by Charles Leifer
+Parts of this code are inspired to peewee
+:copyright: (c) 2010 by Charles Leifer
 
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import asyncio
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 import heapq
 import threading
 import time
-
 from collections import OrderedDict
 from functools import partial
 
@@ -30,13 +29,13 @@
 
 
 class ConnectionStateCtxVars:
-    __slots__ = ('_connection', '_transactions', '_cursors', '_closed')
+    __slots__ = ("_connection", "_transactions", "_cursors", "_closed")
 
     def __init__(self):
-        self._connection = contextvars.ContextVar('_emt_orm_cs_connection')
-        self._transactions = contextvars.ContextVar('_emt_orm_cs_transactions')
-        self._cursors = contextvars.ContextVar('_emt_orm_cs_cursors')
-        self._closed = contextvars.ContextVar('_emt_orm_cs_closed')
+        self._connection = contextvars.ContextVar("_emt_orm_cs_connection")
+        self._transactions = contextvars.ContextVar("_emt_orm_cs_transactions")
+        self._cursors = contextvars.ContextVar("_emt_orm_cs_cursors")
+        self._closed = contextvars.ContextVar("_emt_orm_cs_closed")
         self.reset()
 
     @property
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ def reset(self):
 
 
 class ConnectionState:
-    __slots__ = ('_connection', '_transactions', '_cursors', '_closed')
+    __slots__ = ("_connection", "_transactions", "_cursors", "_closed")
 
     def __init__(self, connection=None):
         self.connection = connection
@@ -87,14 +86,14 @@ def connection(self, value):
 
 
 class ConnectionStateCtl:
-    __slots__ = ['_state_obj_var', '_state_load_var']
+    __slots__ = ["_state_obj_var", "_state_load_var"]
 
     state_cls = ConnectionState
 
     def __init__(self):
         inst_id = id(self)
-        self._state_obj_var = f'__emt_orm_state_{inst_id}__'
-        self._state_load_var = f'__emt_orm_state_loaded_{inst_id}__'
+        self._state_obj_var = f"__emt_orm_state_{inst_id}__"
+        self._state_load_var = f"__emt_orm_state_loaded_{inst_id}__"
 
     @property
     def _has_ctx(self):
@@ -133,7 +132,7 @@ def reset(self):
 
 
 class ConnectionManager:
-    __slots__ = ['adapter', 'state', '__dict__']
+    __slots__ = ["adapter", "state", "__dict__"]
     state_cls = ConnectionStateCtl
 
     def __init__(self, adapter, **kwargs):
@@ -157,12 +156,7 @@ def _connection_open_sync(self):
         return self._connector_sync(), True
 
     async def _connection_open_loop(self):
-        return (
-            await self._loop.run_in_executor(
-                None, self._connector_loop
-            ),
-            True
-        )
+        return (await self._loop.run_in_executor(None, self._connector_loop), True)
 
     def _connection_close_sync(self, connection, *args, **kwargs):
         try:
@@ -171,9 +165,7 @@ def _connection_close_sync(self, connection, *args, **kwargs):
             pass
 
     async def _connection_close_loop(self, connection, *args, **kwargs):
-        return await self._loop.run_in_executor(
-            None, partial(self._connection_close_sync, connection)
-        )
+        return await self._loop.run_in_executor(None, partial(self._connection_close_sync, connection))
 
     connect_sync = _connection_open_sync
     connect_loop = _connection_open_loop
@@ -188,18 +180,16 @@ def __del__(self):
 
 class PooledConnectionManager(ConnectionManager):
     __slots__ = [
-        'max_connections', 'connect_timeout', 'stale_timeout',
-        'connections_map', 'connections_sync',
-        'in_use', '_lock_sync'
+        "max_connections",
+        "connect_timeout",
+        "stale_timeout",
+        "connections_map",
+        "connections_sync",
+        "in_use",
+        "_lock_sync",
     ]
 
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        adapter,
-        max_connections=5,
-        connect_timeout=0,
-        stale_timeout=0
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, adapter, max_connections=5, connect_timeout=0, stale_timeout=0):
         super().__init__(adapter)
         self.max_connections = max(max_connections, 1)
         self.connect_timeout = connect_timeout
@@ -234,9 +224,7 @@ def connect_sync(self):
         raise MaxConnectionsExceeded()
 
     async def connect_loop(self):
-        return await asyncio.wait_for(
-            self._acquire_loop(), self.connect_timeout or None
-        )
+        return await asyncio.wait_for(self._acquire_loop(), self.connect_timeout or None)
 
     def _acquire_sync(self):
         _opened = False
@@ -274,9 +262,7 @@ async def _acquire_loop(self):
                         break
             ts, key = await self.connections_loop.get()
             if self.stale_timeout and self.is_stale(ts):
-                await self._connection_close_loop(
-                    self.connections_map.pop(key)
-                )
+                await self._connection_close_loop(self.connections_map.pop(key))
             else:
                 conn = self.connections_map[key]
                 break
@@ -326,7 +312,7 @@ def _connect_sync(self, with_transaction=True, reuse_if_open=False):
     if not self._connection_manager.state.closed:
         if reuse_if_open:
             return False
-        raise RuntimeError('Connection already opened.')
+        raise RuntimeError("Connection already opened.")
     self.connection, _opened = self._connection_manager.connect_sync()
     if _opened:
         self.after_connection_hook()
@@ -340,7 +326,7 @@ async def _connect_loop(self, with_transaction=True, reuse_if_open=False):
     if not self._connection_manager.state.closed:
         if reuse_if_open:
             return False
-        raise RuntimeError('Connection already opened.')
+        raise RuntimeError("Connection already opened.")
     self.connection, _opened = await self._connection_manager.connect_loop()
     if _opened:
         self.after_connection_hook()
@@ -350,7 +336,7 @@ async def _connect_loop(self, with_transaction=True, reuse_if_open=False):
     return True
 
 
-def _close_sync(self, action='commit', really=True):
+def _close_sync(self, action="commit", really=True):
     is_open = not self._connection_manager.state.closed
     if not is_open:
         return is_open
@@ -369,7 +355,7 @@ def _close_sync(self, action='commit', really=True):
     return is_open
 
 
-async def _close_loop(self, action='commit', really=True):
+async def _close_loop(self, action="commit", really=True):
     is_open = not self._connection_manager.state.closed
     if not is_open:
         return is_open
diff --git a/emmett/orm/engines/__init__.py b/emmett/orm/engines/__init__.py
index 1a1702a6..a612ca93 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/engines/__init__.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/engines/__init__.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
 from pydal.adapters import adapters
 
-from . import (
-    postgres,
-    sqlite
-)
+from . import postgres, sqlite
diff --git a/emmett/orm/engines/postgres.py b/emmett/orm/engines/postgres.py
index dcc47f88..b6bbc174 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/engines/postgres.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/engines/postgres.py
@@ -1,19 +1,15 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.engines.postgres
-    ---------------------------
+emmett.orm.engines.postgres
+---------------------------
 
-    Provides ORM PostgreSQL engine specific features.
+Provides ORM PostgreSQL engine specific features.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
-from pydal.adapters.postgres import (
-    PostgreBoolean,
-    PostgrePsycoBoolean,
-    PostgrePG8000Boolean
-)
+from pydal.adapters.postgres import PostgreBoolean, PostgrePG8000Boolean, PostgrePsycoBoolean
 from pydal.dialects import register_expression, sqltype_for
 from pydal.dialects.postgre import PostgreDialectBooleanJSON
 from pydal.helpers.serializers import serializers
@@ -27,98 +23,94 @@
 
 
 class JSONBPostgreDialect(PostgreDialectBooleanJSON):
-    @sqltype_for('jsonb')
+    @sqltype_for("jsonb")
     def type_jsonb(self):
-        return 'jsonb'
+        return "jsonb"
 
     def _jcontains(self, field, data, query_env={}):
-        return '(%s @> %s)' % (
+        return "(%s @> %s)" % (
             self.expand(field, query_env=query_env),
-            self.expand(data, field.type, query_env=query_env)
+            self.expand(data, field.type, query_env=query_env),
         )
 
-    @register_expression('jcontains')
+    @register_expression("jcontains")
     def _jcontains_expr(self, expr, data):
         return Query(expr.db, self._jcontains, expr, data)
 
     def _jin(self, field, data, query_env={}):
-        return '(%s <@ %s)' % (
+        return "(%s <@ %s)" % (
             self.expand(field, query_env=query_env),
-            self.expand(data, field.type, query_env=query_env)
+            self.expand(data, field.type, query_env=query_env),
         )
 
-    @register_expression('jin')
+    @register_expression("jin")
     def _jin_expr(self, expr, data):
         return Query(expr.db, self._jin, expr, data)
 
     def _jget_common(self, op, field, data, query_env):
         if not isinstance(data, int):
-            _dtype = field.type if isinstance(data, (dict, list)) else 'string'
+            _dtype = field.type if isinstance(data, (dict, list)) else "string"
             data = self.expand(data, field_type=_dtype, query_env=query_env)
-        return '%s %s %s' % (
-            self.expand(field, query_env=query_env),
-            op,
-            str(data)
-        )
+        return "%s %s %s" % (self.expand(field, query_env=query_env), op, str(data))
 
     def _jget(self, field, data, query_env={}):
-        return self._jget_common('->', field, data, query_env=query_env)
+        return self._jget_common("->", field, data, query_env=query_env)
 
-    @register_expression('jget')
+    @register_expression("jget")
     def _jget_expr(self, expr, data):
         return Expression(expr.db, self._jget, expr, data, expr.type)
 
     def _jgetv(self, field, data, query_env={}):
-        return self._jget_common('->>', field, data, query_env=query_env)
+        return self._jget_common("->>", field, data, query_env=query_env)
 
-    @register_expression('jgetv')
+    @register_expression("jgetv")
     def _jgetv_expr(self, expr, data):
-        return Expression(expr.db, self._jgetv, expr, data, 'string')
+        return Expression(expr.db, self._jgetv, expr, data, "string")
 
     def _jpath(self, field, data, query_env={}):
-        return '%s #> %s' % (
+        return "%s #> %s" % (
             self.expand(field, query_env=query_env),
-            self.expand(data, field_type='string', query_env=query_env)
+            self.expand(data, field_type="string", query_env=query_env),
         )
 
-    @register_expression('jpath')
+    @register_expression("jpath")
     def _jpath_expr(self, expr, data):
         return Expression(expr.db, self._jpath, expr, data, expr.type)
 
     def _jpathv(self, field, data, query_env={}):
-        return '%s #>> %s' % (
+        return "%s #>> %s" % (
             self.expand(field, query_env=query_env),
-            self.expand(data, field_type='string', query_env=query_env)
+            self.expand(data, field_type="string", query_env=query_env),
         )
 
-    @register_expression('jpathv')
+    @register_expression("jpathv")
     def _jpathv_expr(self, expr, data):
-        return Expression(expr.db, self._jpathv, expr, data, 'string')
+        return Expression(expr.db, self._jpathv, expr, data, "string")
 
     def _jhas(self, field, data, all=False, query_env={}):
-        _op, _ftype = '?', 'string'
+        _op, _ftype = "?", "string"
         if isinstance(data, list):
-            _op = '?&' if all else '?|'
-            _ftype = 'list:string'
-        return '%s %s %s' % (
+            _op = "?&" if all else "?|"
+            _ftype = "list:string"
+        return "%s %s %s" % (
             self.expand(field, query_env=query_env),
             _op,
-            self.expand(data, field_type=_ftype, query_env=query_env)
+            self.expand(data, field_type=_ftype, query_env=query_env),
         )
 
-    @register_expression('jhas')
+    @register_expression("jhas")
     def _jhas_expr(self, expr, data, all=False):
         return Query(expr.db, self._jhas, expr, data, all=all)
 
 
 class JSONBPostgreParser(PostgreBooleanAutoJSONParser):
-    @parse_type('jsonb')
+    @parse_type("jsonb")
     def _jsonb(self, value):
         return value
 
 
 class JSONBPostgreRepresenter(PostgreArraysRepresenter):
-    @repr_type('jsonb')
+    @repr_type("jsonb")
     def _jsonb(self, value):
         return serializers.json(value)
 
@@ -145,9 +137,9 @@ def _insert(self, table, fields):
                 retval = table._id._rname
             return self.dialect.insert(
                 table._rname,
-                ','.join(el[0]._rname for el in fields),
-                ','.join(self.expand(v, f.type) for f, v in fields),
-                retval
+                ",".join(el[0]._rname for el in fields),
+                ",".join(self.expand(v, f.type) for f, v in fields),
+                retval,
             )
         return self.dialect.insert_empty(table._rname)
 
@@ -159,16 +151,16 @@ def lastrowid(self, table):
         return self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
 
 
-@adapters.register_for('postgres')
+@adapters.register_for("postgres")
 class PostgresAdapter(PostgresAdapterMixin, PostgreBoolean):
     pass
 
 
-@adapters.register_for('postgres:psycopg2')
+@adapters.register_for("postgres:psycopg2")
 class PostgresPsycoPG2Adapter(PostgresAdapterMixin, PostgrePsycoBoolean):
     pass
 
 
-@adapters.register_for('postgres:pg8000')
+@adapters.register_for("postgres:pg8000")
 class PostgresPG8000Adapter(PostgresAdapterMixin, PostgrePG8000Boolean):
     pass
diff --git a/emmett/orm/engines/sqlite.py b/emmett/orm/engines/sqlite.py
index a979ce76..2b6b5d81 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/engines/sqlite.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/engines/sqlite.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.engines.sqlite
-    -------------------------
+emmett.orm.engines.sqlite
+-------------------------
 
-    Provides ORM SQLite engine specific features.
+Provides ORM SQLite engine specific features.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from pydal.adapters.sqlite import SQLite as _SQLite
@@ -14,27 +14,21 @@
 from . import adapters
 
 
-@adapters.register_for('sqlite', 'sqlite:memory')
+@adapters.register_for("sqlite", "sqlite:memory")
 class SQLite(_SQLite):
     def _initialize_(self, do_connect):
         super()._initialize_(do_connect)
-        self.driver_args['isolation_level'] = None
+        self.driver_args["isolation_level"] = None
 
     def begin(self, lock_type=None):
-        statement = 'BEGIN %s;' % lock_type if lock_type else 'BEGIN;'
+        statement = "BEGIN %s;" % lock_type if lock_type else "BEGIN;"
         self.execute(statement)
 
     def delete(self, table, query):
-        deleted = (
-            [x[table._id.name] for x in self.db(query).select(table._id)]
-            if table._id else []
-        )
+        deleted = [x[table._id.name] for x in self.db(query).select(table._id)] if table._id else []
         counter = super(_SQLite, self).delete(table, query)
         if table._id and counter:
             for field in table._referenced_by:
-                if (
-                    field.type == 'reference ' + table._dalname and
-                    field.ondelete == 'CASCADE'
-                ):
+                if field.type == "reference " + table._dalname and field.ondelete == "CASCADE":
                     self.db(field.belongs(deleted)).delete()
         return counter
diff --git a/emmett/orm/errors.py b/emmett/orm/errors.py
index 691bf876..293e9e35 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/errors.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/errors.py
@@ -1,39 +1,33 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.errors
-    -----------------
+emmett.orm.errors
+-----------------
 
-    Provides some error wrappers.
+Provides some error wrappers.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 
 class MaxConnectionsExceeded(RuntimeError):
     def __init__(self):
-        super().__init__('Exceeded maximum connections')
+        super().__init__("Exceeded maximum connections")
 
 
-class MissingFieldsForCompute(RuntimeError):
-    ...
+class MissingFieldsForCompute(RuntimeError): ...
 
 
-class SaveException(RuntimeError):
-    ...
+class SaveException(RuntimeError): ...
 
 
-class InsertFailureOnSave(SaveException):
-    ...
+class InsertFailureOnSave(SaveException): ...
 
 
-class UpdateFailureOnSave(SaveException):
-    ...
+class UpdateFailureOnSave(SaveException): ...
 
 
-class DestroyException(RuntimeError):
-    ...
+class DestroyException(RuntimeError): ...
 
 
-class ValidationError(RuntimeError):
-    ...
+class ValidationError(RuntimeError): ...
diff --git a/emmett/orm/geo.py b/emmett/orm/geo.py
index 8ecb3e6a..df752609 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/geo.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/geo.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.geo
-    --------------
+emmett.orm.geo
+--------------
 
-    Provides geographic facilities.
+Provides geographic facilities.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from .helpers import GeoFieldWrapper
@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@ def Point(x, y):
 
 
 def Line(*coordinates):
-    return GeoFieldWrapper(
-        "LINESTRING(%s)" % ','.join("%f %f" % point for point in coordinates)
-    )
+    return GeoFieldWrapper("LINESTRING(%s)" % ",".join("%f %f" % point for point in coordinates))
 
 
 def Polygon(*coordinates_groups):
@@ -29,46 +27,30 @@ def Polygon(*coordinates_groups):
     except Exception:
         pass
     return GeoFieldWrapper(
-        "POLYGON(%s)" % (
-            ",".join([
-                "(%s)" % ",".join("%f %f" % point for point in group)
-                for group in coordinates_groups
-            ])
-        )
+        "POLYGON(%s)"
+        % (",".join(["(%s)" % ",".join("%f %f" % point for point in group) for group in coordinates_groups]))
     )
 
 
 def MultiPoint(*points):
-    return GeoFieldWrapper(
-        "MULTIPOINT(%s)" % (
-            ",".join([
-                "(%f %f)" % point for point in points
-            ])
-        )
-    )
+    return GeoFieldWrapper("MULTIPOINT(%s)" % (",".join(["(%f %f)" % point for point in points])))
 
 
 def MultiLine(*lines):
     return GeoFieldWrapper(
-        "MULTILINESTRING(%s)" % (
-            ",".join([
-                "(%s)" % ",".join("%f %f" % point for point in line)
-                for line in lines
-            ])
-        )
+        "MULTILINESTRING(%s)" % (",".join(["(%s)" % ",".join("%f %f" % point for point in line) for line in lines]))
     )
 
 
 def MultiPolygon(*polygons):
     return GeoFieldWrapper(
-        "MULTIPOLYGON(%s)" % (
-            ",".join([
-                "(%s)" % (
-                    ",".join([
-                        "(%s)" % ",".join("%f %f" % point for point in group)
-                        for group in polygon
-                    ])
-                ) for polygon in polygons
-            ])
+        "MULTIPOLYGON(%s)"
+        % (
+            ",".join(
+                [
+                    "(%s)" % (",".join(["(%s)" % ",".join("%f %f" % point for point in group) for group in polygon]))
+                    for polygon in polygons
+                ]
+            )
         )
     )
diff --git a/emmett/orm/helpers.py b/emmett/orm/helpers.py
index 949df374..58713725 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/helpers.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/helpers.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.helpers
-    ------------------
+emmett.orm.helpers
+------------------
 
-    Provides ORM helpers.
+Provides ORM helpers.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -15,23 +15,23 @@
 import operator
 import re
 import time
-
 from functools import reduce, wraps
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable
 
+from emmett_core.utils import cachedprop
 from pydal._globals import THREAD_LOCAL
 from pydal.helpers.classes import ExecutionHandler
 from pydal.objects import Field as _Field
-from emmett_core.utils import cachedprop
 
 from ..datastructures import sdict
 
+
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from .objects import Table
 
 
 class RowReferenceMeta:
-    __slots__ = ['table', 'pk', 'caster']
+    __slots__ = ["table", "pk", "caster"]
 
     def __init__(self, table: Table, caster: Callable[[Any], Any]):
         self.table = table
@@ -39,15 +39,14 @@ def __init__(self, table: Table, caster: Callable[[Any], Any]):
         self.caster = caster
 
     def fetch(self, val):
-        return self.table._db(self.table._id == self.caster(val)).select(
-            limitby=(0, 1),
-            orderby_on_limitby=False
-        ).first()
+        return (
+            self.table._db(self.table._id == self.caster(val)).select(limitby=(0, 1), orderby_on_limitby=False).first()
+        )
 
 
 class RowReferenceMultiMeta:
-    __slots__ = ['table', 'pks', 'pks_idx', 'caster', 'casters']
-    _casters = {'integer': int, 'string': str}
+    __slots__ = ["table", "pks", "pks_idx", "caster", "casters"]
+    _casters = {"integer": int, "string": str}
 
     def __init__(self, table: Table) -> None:
         self.table = table
@@ -58,15 +57,10 @@ def __init__(self, table: Table) -> None:
 
     def fetch(self, val):
         query = reduce(
-            operator.and_, [
-                self.table[pk] == self.casters[pk](self.caster.__getitem__(val, idx))
-                for pk, idx in self.pks_idx.items()
-            ]
+            operator.and_,
+            [self.table[pk] == self.casters[pk](self.caster.__getitem__(val, idx)) for pk, idx in self.pks_idx.items()],
         )
-        return self.table._db(query).select(
-            limitby=(0, 1),
-            orderby_on_limitby=False
-        ).first()
+        return self.table._db(query).select(limitby=(0, 1), orderby_on_limitby=False).first()
 
 
 class RowReferenceMixin:
@@ -75,8 +69,7 @@ def _allocate_(self):
             self._refrecord = self._refmeta.fetch(self)
         if not self._refrecord:
             raise RuntimeError(
-                "Using a recursive select but encountered a broken " +
-                "reference: %s %r" % (self._table, self)
+                "Using a recursive select but encountered a broken " + "reference: %s %r" % (self._table, self)
             )
 
     def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
@@ -92,7 +85,7 @@ def get(self, key: str, default: Any = None) -> Any:
         return self.__getattr__(key, default)
 
     def __setattr__(self, key: str, value: Any):
-        if key.startswith('_'):
+        if key.startswith("_"):
             self._refmeta.caster.__setattr__(self, key, value)
             return
         self._allocate_()
@@ -118,16 +111,16 @@ def __repr__(self) -> str:
 class RowReferenceInt(RowReferenceMixin, int):
     def __new__(cls, id, table: Table, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any):
         rv = super().__new__(cls, id, *args, **kwargs)
-        int.__setattr__(rv, '_refmeta', RowReferenceMeta(table, int))
-        int.__setattr__(rv, '_refrecord', None)
+        int.__setattr__(rv, "_refmeta", RowReferenceMeta(table, int))
+        int.__setattr__(rv, "_refrecord", None)
         return rv
 
 
 class RowReferenceStr(RowReferenceMixin, str):
     def __new__(cls, id, table: Table, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any):
         rv = super().__new__(cls, id, *args, **kwargs)
-        str.__setattr__(rv, '_refmeta', RowReferenceMeta(table, str))
-        str.__setattr__(rv, '_refrecord', None)
+        str.__setattr__(rv, "_refmeta", RowReferenceMeta(table, str))
+        str.__setattr__(rv, "_refrecord", None)
         return rv
 
 
@@ -135,15 +128,13 @@ class RowReferenceMulti(RowReferenceMixin, tuple):
     def __new__(cls, id, table: Table, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any):
         tupid = tuple(id[key] for key in table._primarykey)
         rv = super().__new__(cls, tupid, *args, **kwargs)
-        tuple.__setattr__(rv, '_refmeta', RowReferenceMultiMeta(table))
-        tuple.__setattr__(rv, '_refrecord', None)
+        tuple.__setattr__(rv, "_refmeta", RowReferenceMultiMeta(table))
+        tuple.__setattr__(rv, "_refrecord", None)
         return rv
 
     def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
         if key in self._refmeta.pks:
-            return self._refmeta.casters[key](
-                tuple.__getitem__(self, self._refmeta.pks_idx[key])
-            )
+            return self._refmeta.casters[key](tuple.__getitem__(self, self._refmeta.pks_idx[key]))
         if key in self._refmeta.table:
             self._allocate_()
         if self._refrecord:
@@ -152,9 +143,7 @@ def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         if key in self._refmeta.pks:
-            return self._refmeta.casters[key](
-                tuple.__getitem__(self, self._refmeta.pks_idx[key])
-            )
+            return self._refmeta.casters[key](tuple.__getitem__(self, self._refmeta.pks_idx[key]))
         self._allocate_()
         return self._refrecord.get(key, None)
 
@@ -167,22 +156,22 @@ class GeoFieldWrapper(str):
         "POLYGON": "Polygon",
         "MULTIPOINT": "MultiPoint",
         "MULTILINESTRING": "MultiLineString",
-        "MULTIPOLYGON": "MultiPolygon"
+        "MULTIPOLYGON": "MultiPolygon",
     }
 
     def __new__(cls, value, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any):
         geometry, raw_coords = value.strip()[:-1].split("(", 1)
         rv = super().__new__(cls, value, *args, **kwargs)
         coords = cls._parse_coords_block(raw_coords)
-        str.__setattr__(rv, '_geometry', geometry.strip())
-        str.__setattr__(rv, '_coordinates', coords)
+        str.__setattr__(rv, "_geometry", geometry.strip())
+        str.__setattr__(rv, "_coordinates", coords)
         return rv
 
     @classmethod
     def _parse_coords_block(cls, v):
         groups = []
         parens_match = cls._rule_parens.match(v)
-        parens = parens_match.group(1) if parens_match else ''
+        parens = parens_match.group(1) if parens_match else ""
         if parens:
             for element in v.split(parens):
                 if not element:
@@ -192,9 +181,7 @@ def _parse_coords_block(cls, v):
                 groups.append(f"{parens}{element}"[1:shift])
         if not groups:
             return cls._parse_coords_group(v)
-        return tuple(
-            cls._parse_coords_block(group) for group in groups
-        )
+        return tuple(cls._parse_coords_block(group) for group in groups)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _parse_coords_group(v):
@@ -225,17 +212,13 @@ def coordinates(self):
     @property
     def groups(self):
         if not self._geometry.startswith("MULTI"):
-            return tuple()
+            return ()
         return tuple(
-            self.__class__(f"{self._geometry[5:]}({self._repr_coords(coords)[0]})")
-            for coords in self._coordinates
+            self.__class__(f"{self._geometry[5:]}({self._repr_coords(coords)[0]})") for coords in self._coordinates
         )
 
     def __json__(self):
-        return {
-            "type": self._json_geom_map[self._geometry],
-            "coordinates": self._coordinates
-        }
+        return {"type": self._json_geom_map[self._geometry], "coordinates": self._coordinates}
 
 
 class PasswordFieldWrapper(str):
@@ -244,27 +227,24 @@ class PasswordFieldWrapper(str):
 
 class Reference(object):
     def __init__(self, *args, **params):
-        self.reference = [arg for arg in args]
+        self.reference = list(args)
         self.params = params
         self.refobj[id(self)] = self
 
     def __call__(self, func):
-        if self.__class__.__name__ not in ['has_one', 'has_many']:
-            raise SyntaxError(
-                '%s cannot be used as a decorator' % self.__class__.__name__)
+        if self.__class__.__name__ not in ["has_one", "has_many"]:
+            raise SyntaxError("%s cannot be used as a decorator" % self.__class__.__name__)
         if not callable(func):
-            raise SyntaxError('Argument must be callable')
+            raise SyntaxError("Argument must be callable")
         if self.reference:
-            raise SyntaxError(
-                "When using %s as decorator, you must use the 'field' option" %
-                self.__class__.__name__)
-        new_reference = {func.__name__: {'method': func}}
-        field = self.params.get('field')
+            raise SyntaxError("When using %s as decorator, you must use the 'field' option" % self.__class__.__name__)
+        new_reference = {func.__name__: {"method": func}}
+        field = self.params.get("field")
         if field:
-            new_reference[func.__name__]['field'] = field
-        cast = self.params.get('cast')
+            new_reference[func.__name__]["field"] = field
+        cast = self.params.get("cast")
         if cast:
-            new_reference[func.__name__]['cast'] = cast
+            new_reference[func.__name__]["cast"] = cast
         self.reference = [new_reference]
         return self
 
@@ -345,10 +325,11 @@ def _get_belongs(self, modelname, value):
 
     def belongs_query(self):
         return reduce(
-            operator.and_, [
+            operator.and_,
+            [
                 self.model.table[local] == self.model.db[self.ref.model][foreign]
                 for local, foreign in self.ref.coupled_fields
-            ]
+            ],
         )
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -361,17 +342,10 @@ def many_query(ref, rid):
                     components.append(element.cast(ref.cast))
                 else:
                     components.append(element)
-        return reduce(
-            operator.and_, [
-                field == components[idx]
-                for idx, field in enumerate(ref.fields_instances)
-            ]
-        )
+        return reduce(operator.and_, [field == components[idx] for idx, field in enumerate(ref.fields_instances)])
 
     def _many(self, ref, rid):
-        return ref.dbset.where(
-            self._patch_query_with_scopes(ref, self.many_query(ref, rid))
-        ).query
+        return ref.dbset.where(self._patch_query_with_scopes(ref, self.many_query(ref, rid))).query
 
     def many(self, row=None):
         return self._many(self.ref, self._make_refid(row))
@@ -381,17 +355,11 @@ def via(self, row=None):
         rid = self._make_refid(row)
         sname = self.model.__class__.__name__
         stack = []
-        midrel = self.model._hasmany_ref_.get(
-            self.ref.via,
-            self.model._hasone_ref_.get(self.ref.via)
-        )
+        midrel = self.model._hasmany_ref_.get(self.ref.via, self.model._hasone_ref_.get(self.ref.via))
         stack.append(self.ref)
         while midrel.via is not None:
             stack.insert(0, midrel)
-            midrel = self.model._hasmany_ref_.get(
-                midrel.via,
-                self.model._hasone_ref_.get(midrel.via)
-            )
+            midrel = self.model._hasmany_ref_.get(midrel.via, self.model._hasone_ref_.get(midrel.via))
         query = self._many(midrel, rid)
         step_model = midrel.table_name
         sel_field = db[step_model].ALL
@@ -405,12 +373,11 @@ def via(self, row=None):
                 last_belongs = step_model
                 last_via = via
                 _query = reduce(
-                    operator.and_, [
-                        (
-                            db[belongs_model.model][foreign] ==
-                            db[step_model][local]
-                        ) for local, foreign in belongs_model.coupled_fields
-                    ]
+                    operator.and_,
+                    [
+                        (db[belongs_model.model][foreign] == db[step_model][local])
+                        for local, foreign in belongs_model.coupled_fields
+                    ],
                 )
                 sel_field = db[belongs_model.model].ALL
                 step_model = belongs_model.model
@@ -418,10 +385,7 @@ def via(self, row=None):
                 #: shortcut way
                 last_belongs = None
                 rname = via.field or via.name
-                midrel = db[step_model]._model_._hasmany_ref_.get(
-                    rname,
-                    db[step_model]._model_._hasone_ref_.get(rname)
-                )
+                midrel = db[step_model]._model_._hasmany_ref_.get(rname, db[step_model]._model_._hasone_ref_.get(rname))
                 if midrel.via:
                     nested = RelationBuilder(midrel, midrel.model_class)
                     nested_data = nested.via()
@@ -429,19 +393,13 @@ def via(self, row=None):
                     step_model = midrel.model_class.tablename
                 else:
                     _query = self._many(
-                        midrel, [
-                            db[step_model][step_field]
-                            for step_field in (
-                                db[step_model]._model_.primary_keys or ["id"]
-                            )
-                        ]
+                        midrel,
+                        [db[step_model][step_field] for step_field in (db[step_model]._model_.primary_keys or ["id"])],
                     )
                     step_model = midrel.table_name
                 sel_field = db[step_model].ALL
             query = query & _query
-        query = via.dbset.where(
-            self._patch_query_with_scopes_on(via, query, step_model)
-        ).query
+        query = via.dbset.where(self._patch_query_with_scopes_on(via, query, step_model)).query
         return query, sel_field, sname, rid, last_belongs, last_via
 
 
@@ -464,8 +422,7 @@ def __call__(self):
 
 class TimingHandler(ExecutionHandler):
     def _timings(self):
-        THREAD_LOCAL._emtdal_timings_ = getattr(
-            THREAD_LOCAL, '_emtdal_timings_', [])
+        THREAD_LOCAL._emtdal_timings_ = getattr(THREAD_LOCAL, "_emtdal_timings_", [])
         return THREAD_LOCAL._emtdal_timings_
 
     @cachedprop
@@ -481,7 +438,7 @@ def after_execute(self, command):
 
 
 class ConnectionContext:
-    __slots__ = ['db', 'conn', 'with_transaction', 'reuse_if_open']
+    __slots__ = ["db", "conn", "with_transaction", "reuse_if_open"]
 
     def __init__(self, db, with_transaction=True, reuse_if_open=True):
         self.db = db
@@ -490,10 +447,7 @@ def __init__(self, db, with_transaction=True, reuse_if_open=True):
         self.reuse_if_open = reuse_if_open
 
     def __enter__(self):
-        self.conn = self.db.connection_open(
-            with_transaction=self.with_transaction,
-            reuse_if_open=self.reuse_if_open
-        )
+        self.conn = self.db.connection_open(with_transaction=self.with_transaction, reuse_if_open=self.reuse_if_open)
         return self
 
     def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
@@ -503,8 +457,7 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
 
     async def __aenter__(self):
         self.conn = await self.db.connection_open_loop(
-            with_transaction=self.with_transaction,
-            reuse_if_open=self.reuse_if_open
+            with_transaction=self.with_transaction, reuse_if_open=self.reuse_if_open
         )
         return self
 
@@ -515,7 +468,7 @@ async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
 
 
 def decamelize(name):
-    return "_".join(re.findall('[A-Z][^A-Z]*', name)).lower()
+    return "_".join(re.findall("[A-Z][^A-Z]*", name)).lower()
 
 
 def camelize(name):
@@ -529,17 +482,16 @@ def make_tablename(classname):
 def wrap_scope_on_set(dbset, model_instance, scope):
     @wraps(scope)
     def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
-        return dbset.where(
-            scope(model_instance, *args, **kwargs),
-            model=model_instance.__class__)
+        return dbset.where(scope(model_instance, *args, **kwargs), model=model_instance.__class__)
+
     return wrapped
 
 
 def wrap_scope_on_model(scope):
     @wraps(scope)
     def wrapped(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        return cls.db.where(
-            scope(cls._instance_(), *args, **kwargs), model=cls)
+        return cls.db.where(scope(cls._instance_(), *args, **kwargs), model=cls)
+
     return wrapped
 
 
@@ -547,27 +499,22 @@ def wrap_virtual_on_model(model, virtual):
     @wraps(virtual)
     def wrapped(row, *args, **kwargs):
         return virtual(model, row, *args, **kwargs)
+
     return wrapped
 
 
 def typed_row_reference(id: Any, table: Table):
     field_type = table._id.type if table._id else None
-    return {
-        'id': RowReferenceInt,
-        'integer': RowReferenceInt,
-        'string': RowReferenceStr,
-        None: RowReferenceMulti
-    }[field_type](id, table)
+    return {"id": RowReferenceInt, "integer": RowReferenceInt, "string": RowReferenceStr, None: RowReferenceMulti}[
+        field_type
+    ](id, table)
 
 
 def typed_row_reference_from_record(record: Any, model: Any):
     field_type = model.table._id.type if model.table._id else None
-    refcls = {
-        'id': RowReferenceInt,
-        'integer': RowReferenceInt,
-        'string': RowReferenceStr,
-        None: RowReferenceMulti
-    }[field_type]
+    refcls = {"id": RowReferenceInt, "integer": RowReferenceInt, "string": RowReferenceStr, None: RowReferenceMulti}[
+        field_type
+    ]
     if len(model._fieldset_pk) > 1:
         id = {pk: record[pk] for pk in model._fieldset_pk}
     else:
@@ -578,7 +525,7 @@ def typed_row_reference_from_record(record: Any, model: Any):
 
 
 def _rowref_pickler(obj):
-    return obj._refmeta.caster, (obj.__pure__(), )
+    return obj._refmeta.caster, (obj.__pure__(),)
 
 
 copyreg.pickle(RowReferenceInt, _rowref_pickler)
diff --git a/emmett/orm/migrations/__init__.py b/emmett/orm/migrations/__init__.py
index 5b9db84a..87321f19 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/migrations/__init__.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/migrations/__init__.py
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-from .base import Migration, Column
+from .base import Column, Migration
 from .operations import *
diff --git a/emmett/orm/migrations/base.py b/emmett/orm/migrations/base.py
index 7c0d6e15..7178d4a3 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/migrations/base.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/migrations/base.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.migrations.base
-    --------------------------
+emmett.orm.migrations.base
+--------------------------
 
-    Provides base migrations objects.
+Provides base migrations objects.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -14,10 +14,11 @@
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Dict, Type
 
 from ...datastructures import sdict
-from .. import Database, Model, Field
-from .engine import MetaEngine, Engine
+from .. import Database, Field, Model
+from .engine import Engine, MetaEngine
 from .helpers import WrappedOperation, _feasible_as_dbms_default
 
+
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from .operations import Operation
 
@@ -32,13 +33,11 @@ class Migration:
     skip_on_compare: bool = False
 
     @classmethod
-    def register_operation(
-        cls,
-        name: str
-    ) -> Callable[[Type[Operation]], Type[Operation]]:
+    def register_operation(cls, name: str) -> Callable[[Type[Operation]], Type[Operation]]:
         def wrap(op_cls: Type[Operation]) -> Type[Operation]:
             cls._registered_ops_[name] = op_cls
             return op_cls
+
         return wrap
 
     def __init__(self, app: Any, db: Database, is_meta: bool = False):
@@ -56,14 +55,7 @@ def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> WrappedOperation:
 
 
 class Column(sdict):
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        name: str,
-        type: str = 'string',
-        unique: bool = False,
-        notnull: bool = False,
-        **kwargs: Any
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, name: str, type: str = "string", unique: bool = False, notnull: bool = False, **kwargs: Any):
         self.name = name
         self.type = type
         self.unique = unique
@@ -76,7 +68,7 @@ def _fk_type(self, db: Database, tablename: str):
         if self.name not in db[tablename]._model_._belongs_ref_:
             return
         ref = db[tablename]._model_._belongs_ref_[self.name]
-        if ref.ftype != 'id':
+        if ref.ftype != "id":
             self.type = ref.ftype
             self.length = db[ref.model][ref.fk].length
             self.on_delete = None
@@ -90,7 +82,7 @@ def from_field(cls, field: Field) -> Column:
             field.notnull,
             length=field.length,
             ondelete=field.ondelete,
-            **field._ormkw
+            **field._ormkw,
         )
         if _feasible_as_dbms_default(field.default):
             rv.default = field.default
@@ -98,7 +90,4 @@ def from_field(cls, field: Field) -> Column:
         return rv
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "%s(%s)" % (
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-            ", ".join(["%s=%r" % (k, v) for k, v in self.items()])
-        )
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, ", ".join(["%s=%r" % (k, v) for k, v in self.items()]))
diff --git a/emmett/orm/migrations/commands.py b/emmett/orm/migrations/commands.py
index 6d055ecb..64019389 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/migrations/commands.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/migrations/commands.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.migrations.commands
-    ------------------------------
+emmett.orm.migrations.commands
+------------------------------
 
-    Provides command interfaces for migrations.
+Provides command interfaces for migrations.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@
 import click
 
 from ...datastructures import sdict
-from .base import Database, Schema, Column
+from .base import Column, Database, Schema
 from .helpers import DryRunDatabase, make_migration_id, to_tuple
-from .operations import MigrationOp, UpgradeOps, DowngradeOps
+from .operations import DowngradeOps, MigrationOp, UpgradeOps
 from .scripts import ScriptDir
 
 
@@ -30,14 +30,7 @@ def __init__(self, app: Any, dals: List[Database]):
 
     def _load_envs(self, dals):
         for dal in dals:
-            self.envs.append(
-                sdict(
-                    db=dal,
-                    scriptdir=ScriptDir(
-                        self.app, dal.config.migrations_folder
-                    )
-                )
-            )
+            self.envs.append(sdict(db=dal, scriptdir=ScriptDir(self.app, dal.config.migrations_folder)))
 
     def load_schema(self, ctx):
         ctx.db.define_models(Schema)
@@ -53,6 +46,7 @@ def _ensure_schema_table_(self, ctx):
             ctx.db.rollback()
             from .engine import Engine
             from .operations import CreateTableOp
+
             op = CreateTableOp.from_table(self._build_schema_metatable_(ctx))
             op.engine = Engine(ctx.db)
             op.run()
@@ -61,13 +55,11 @@ def _ensure_schema_table_(self, ctx):
     @staticmethod
     def _build_schema_metatable_(ctx):
         from .generation import MetaTable
+
         columns = []
         for field in list(ctx.db.Schema):
             columns.append(Column.from_field(field))
-        return MetaTable(
-            ctx.db.Schema._tablename,
-            columns
-        )
+        return MetaTable(ctx.db.Schema._tablename, columns)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _load_current_revision_(ctx):
@@ -81,226 +73,152 @@ def _load_current_revision_(ctx):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _log_store_new(revid):
-        click.echo(
-            " ".join([
-                "> Adding revision",
-                click.style(revid, fg="cyan", bold=True),
-                "to schema"
-            ])
-        )
+        click.echo(" ".join(["> Adding revision", click.style(revid, fg="cyan", bold=True), "to schema"]))
 
     @staticmethod
     def _log_store_del(revid):
-        click.echo(
-            " ".join([
-                "> Removing revision",
-                click.style(revid, fg="cyan", bold=True),
-                "from schema"
-            ])
-        )
+        click.echo(" ".join(["> Removing revision", click.style(revid, fg="cyan", bold=True), "from schema"]))
 
     @staticmethod
     def _log_store_upd(revid_src, revid_dst):
         click.echo(
-            " ".join([
-                "> Updating schema revision from",
-                click.style(revid_src, fg="cyan", bold=True),
-                "to",
-                click.style(revid_dst, fg="cyan", bold=True),
-            ])
+            " ".join(
+                [
+                    "> Updating schema revision from",
+                    click.style(revid_src, fg="cyan", bold=True),
+                    "to",
+                    click.style(revid_dst, fg="cyan", bold=True),
+                ]
+            )
         )
 
     @staticmethod
     def _log_dry_run(msg):
-        click.secho(msg, fg='yellow')
+        click.secho(msg, fg="yellow")
 
     def _store_current_revision_(self, ctx, source, dest):
-        _store_logs = {
-            'new': self._log_store_new,
-            'del': self._log_store_del,
-            'upd': self._log_store_upd
-        }
+        _store_logs = {"new": self._log_store_new, "del": self._log_store_del, "upd": self._log_store_upd}
         source = to_tuple(source)
         dest = to_tuple(dest)
         if not source and dest:
-            _store_logs['new'](dest[0])
+            _store_logs["new"](dest[0])
             ctx.db.Schema.insert(version=dest[0])
             ctx.db.commit()
             ctx._current_revision_ = [dest[0]]
             return
         if not dest and source:
-            _store_logs['del'](source[0])
+            _store_logs["del"](source[0])
             ctx.db(ctx.db.Schema.version == source[0]).delete()
             ctx.db.commit()
             ctx._current_revision_ = []
             return
         if len(source) > 1:
             if len(source) > 2:
-                ctx.db(
-                    ctx.db.Schema.version.belongs(
-                        source[1:])).delete()
-                _store_logs['del'](source[1:])
+                ctx.db(ctx.db.Schema.version.belongs(source[1:])).delete()
+                _store_logs["del"](source[1:])
             else:
-                ctx.db(
-                    ctx.db.Schema.version == source[1]).delete()
-                _store_logs['del'](source[1])
-            ctx.db(ctx.db.Schema.version == source[0]).update(
-                version=dest[0]
-            )
-            _store_logs['upd'](source[0], dest[0])
+                ctx.db(ctx.db.Schema.version == source[1]).delete()
+                _store_logs["del"](source[1])
+            ctx.db(ctx.db.Schema.version == source[0]).update(version=dest[0])
+            _store_logs["upd"](source[0], dest[0])
             ctx._current_revision_ = [dest[0]]
         else:
             if list(source) != ctx._current_revision_:
                 ctx.db.Schema.insert(version=dest[0])
-                _store_logs['new'](dest[0])
+                _store_logs["new"](dest[0])
                 ctx._current_revision_.append(dest[0])
             else:
-                ctx.db(
-                    ctx.db.Schema.version == source[0]
-                ).update(
-                    version=dest[0]
-                )
-                _store_logs['upd'](source[0], dest[0])
+                ctx.db(ctx.db.Schema.version == source[0]).update(version=dest[0])
+                _store_logs["upd"](source[0], dest[0])
                 ctx._current_revision_ = [dest[0]]
         ctx.db.commit()
 
     @staticmethod
     def _generate_migration_script(ctx, migration, head):
         from .generation import Renderer
+
         upgrades, downgrades = Renderer.render_migration(migration)
         ctx.scriptdir.generate_revision(
-            migration.rev_id, migration.message, head, upgrades=upgrades,
-            downgrades=downgrades
+            migration.rev_id, migration.message, head, upgrades=upgrades, downgrades=downgrades
         )
 
     def generate(self, message, head):
         from .generation import Generator
+
         for ctx in self.envs:
             upgrade_ops = Generator.generate_from(ctx.db, ctx.scriptdir, head)
             revid = make_migration_id()
-            migration = MigrationOp(
-                revid, upgrade_ops, upgrade_ops.reverse(), message
-            )
+            migration = MigrationOp(revid, upgrade_ops, upgrade_ops.reverse(), message)
             self._generate_migration_script(ctx, migration, head)
-            click.echo(
-                " ".join([
-                    "> Generated migration for revision",
-                    click.style(revid, fg="cyan", bold=True)
-                ])
-            )
+            click.echo(" ".join(["> Generated migration for revision", click.style(revid, fg="cyan", bold=True)]))
 
     def new(self, message, head):
         for ctx in self.envs:
             source_rev = ctx.scriptdir.get_revision(head)
             revid = make_migration_id()
-            migration = MigrationOp(
-                revid, UpgradeOps(), DowngradeOps(), message
-            )
-            self._generate_migration_script(
-                ctx, migration, source_rev.revision
-            )
-            click.echo(
-                " ".join([
-                    "> Created new migration for revision",
-                    click.style(revid, fg="cyan", bold=True)
-                ])
-            )
+            migration = MigrationOp(revid, UpgradeOps(), DowngradeOps(), message)
+            self._generate_migration_script(ctx, migration, source_rev.revision)
+            click.echo(" ".join(["> Created new migration for revision", click.style(revid, fg="cyan", bold=True)]))
 
     def history(self, base, head, verbose):
         for ctx in self.envs:
             click.echo("> Migrations history:")
             lines = []
-            for sc in ctx.scriptdir.walk_revisions(
-                base=base or "base",
-                head=head or "heads"
-            ):
-                lines.append(
-                    sc.cmd_format(
-                        verbose=verbose, include_doc=True, include_parents=True
-                    )
-                )
+            for sc in ctx.scriptdir.walk_revisions(base=base or "base", head=head or "heads"):
+                lines.append(sc.cmd_format(verbose=verbose, include_doc=True, include_parents=True))
             for line in lines:
                 click.echo(line)
             if not lines:
-                click.secho(
-                    "No migrations for the selected application.", fg="yellow"
-                )
+                click.secho("No migrations for the selected application.", fg="yellow")
 
     def status(self, verbose):
         for ctx in self.envs:
             self.load_schema(ctx)
-            click.echo(
-                " ".join([
-                    "> Current revision(s) for",
-                    click.style(ctx.db._uri, bold=True)
-                ])
-            )
+            click.echo(" ".join(["> Current revision(s) for", click.style(ctx.db._uri, bold=True)]))
             lines = []
             for rev in ctx.scriptdir.get_revisions(ctx._current_revision_):
                 lines.append(rev.cmd_format(verbose))
             for line in lines:
                 click.echo(line)
             if not lines:
-                click.secho(
-                    "No revision state found on the schema.", fg="yellow"
-                )
+                click.secho("No revision state found on the schema.", fg="yellow")
 
     def up(self, rev_id, dry_run=False):
         log_verb = "Previewing" if dry_run else "Performing"
         for ctx in self.envs:
             self.load_schema(ctx)
             start_point = ctx._current_revision_
-            revisions = ctx.scriptdir.get_upgrade_revs(
-                rev_id, start_point
-            )
-            click.echo(
-                " ".join([
-                    f"> {log_verb} upgrades against",
-                    click.style(ctx.db._uri, bold=True)
-                ])
-            )
-            db = (
-                DryRunDatabase(ctx.db, self._log_dry_run) if dry_run else
-                ctx.db
-            )
+            revisions = ctx.scriptdir.get_upgrade_revs(rev_id, start_point)
+            click.echo(" ".join([f"> {log_verb} upgrades against", click.style(ctx.db._uri, bold=True)]))
+            db = DryRunDatabase(ctx.db, self._log_dry_run) if dry_run else ctx.db
             with db.connection():
                 for revision in revisions:
-                    click.echo(
-                        " ".join([
-                            f"> {log_verb} upgrade:",
-                            click.style(str(revision), fg="cyan", bold=True)
-                        ])
-                    )
+                    click.echo(" ".join([f"> {log_verb} upgrade:", click.style(str(revision), fg="cyan", bold=True)]))
                     migration = revision.migration_class(self.app, db)
                     try:
                         migration.up()
                         db.commit()
                         if dry_run:
                             continue
-                        self._store_current_revision_(
-                            ctx, migration.revises, migration.revision
-                        )
+                        self._store_current_revision_(ctx, migration.revises, migration.revision)
                         click.echo(
-                            "".join([
-                                click.style(
-                                    "> Succesfully upgraded to revision ",
-                                    fg="green"
-                                ),
-                                click.style(
-                                    revision.revision, fg="cyan", bold=True
-                                ),
-                                click.style(f": {revision.doc}", fg="green")
-                            ])
+                            "".join(
+                                [
+                                    click.style("> Succesfully upgraded to revision ", fg="green"),
+                                    click.style(revision.revision, fg="cyan", bold=True),
+                                    click.style(f": {revision.doc}", fg="green"),
+                                ]
+                            )
                         )
                     except Exception:
                         db.rollback()
                         click.echo(
-                            " ".join([
-                                click.style("> Failed upgrading to", fg="red"),
-                                click.style(
-                                    revision.revision, fg="red", bold=True
-                                ),
-                            ])
+                            " ".join(
+                                [
+                                    click.style("> Failed upgrading to", fg="red"),
+                                    click.style(revision.revision, fg="red", bold=True),
+                                ]
+                            )
                         )
                         raise
 
@@ -309,58 +227,37 @@ def down(self, rev_id, dry_run=False):
         for ctx in self.envs:
             self.load_schema(ctx)
             start_point = ctx._current_revision_
-            revisions = ctx.scriptdir.get_downgrade_revs(
-                rev_id, start_point)
-            click.echo(
-                " ".join([
-                    f"> {log_verb} downgrades against",
-                    click.style(ctx.db._uri, bold=True)
-                ])
-            )
-            db = (
-                DryRunDatabase(ctx.db, self._log_dry_run) if dry_run else
-                ctx.db
-            )
+            revisions = ctx.scriptdir.get_downgrade_revs(rev_id, start_point)
+            click.echo(" ".join([f"> {log_verb} downgrades against", click.style(ctx.db._uri, bold=True)]))
+            db = DryRunDatabase(ctx.db, self._log_dry_run) if dry_run else ctx.db
             with db.connection():
                 for revision in revisions:
-                    click.echo(
-                        " ".join([
-                            f"> {log_verb} downgrade:",
-                            click.style(str(revision), fg="cyan", bold=True)
-                        ])
-                    )
+                    click.echo(" ".join([f"> {log_verb} downgrade:", click.style(str(revision), fg="cyan", bold=True)]))
                     migration = revision.migration_class(self.app, db)
                     try:
                         migration.down()
                         db.commit()
                         if dry_run:
                             continue
-                        self._store_current_revision_(
-                            ctx, migration.revision, migration.revises
-                        )
+                        self._store_current_revision_(ctx, migration.revision, migration.revises)
                         click.echo(
-                            "".join([
-                                click.style(
-                                    "> Succesfully downgraded from revision ",
-                                    fg="green"
-                                ),
-                                click.style(
-                                    revision.revision, fg="cyan", bold=True
-                                ),
-                                click.style(f": {revision.doc}", fg="green")
-                            ])
+                            "".join(
+                                [
+                                    click.style("> Succesfully downgraded from revision ", fg="green"),
+                                    click.style(revision.revision, fg="cyan", bold=True),
+                                    click.style(f": {revision.doc}", fg="green"),
+                                ]
+                            )
                         )
                     except Exception:
                         db.rollback()
                         click.echo(
-                            " ".join([
-                                click.style(
-                                    "> Failed downgrading from", fg="red"
-                                ),
-                                click.style(
-                                    revision.revision, fg="red", bold=True
-                                ),
-                            ])
+                            " ".join(
+                                [
+                                    click.style("> Failed downgrading from", fg="red"),
+                                    click.style(revision.revision, fg="red", bold=True),
+                                ]
+                            )
                         )
                         raise
 
@@ -373,32 +270,29 @@ def set(self, rev_id, auto_confirm=False):
                 click.secho("> No matching revision found", fg="red")
                 return
             click.echo(
-                " ".join([
-                    click.style("> Setting revision to", fg="yellow"),
-                    click.style(target_revision.revision, bold=True, fg="yellow"),
-                    click.style("against", fg="yellow"),
-                    click.style(ctx.db._uri, bold=True, fg="yellow")
-                ])
+                " ".join(
+                    [
+                        click.style("> Setting revision to", fg="yellow"),
+                        click.style(target_revision.revision, bold=True, fg="yellow"),
+                        click.style("against", fg="yellow"),
+                        click.style(ctx.db._uri, bold=True, fg="yellow"),
+                    ]
+                )
             )
             if not auto_confirm:
                 if not click.confirm("Do you want to continue?"):
                     click.echo("Aborting")
                     return
             with ctx.db.connection():
-                self._store_current_revision_(
-                    ctx, current_revision, target_revision.revision
-                )
+                self._store_current_revision_(ctx, current_revision, target_revision.revision)
                 click.echo(
-                    "".join([
-                        click.style(
-                            "> Succesfully set revision to ",
-                            fg="green"
-                        ),
-                        click.style(
-                            target_revision.revision, fg="cyan", bold=True
-                        ),
-                        click.style(f": {target_revision.doc}", fg="green")
-                    ])
+                    "".join(
+                        [
+                            click.style("> Succesfully set revision to ", fg="green"),
+                            click.style(target_revision.revision, fg="cyan", bold=True),
+                            click.style(f": {target_revision.doc}", fg="green"),
+                        ]
+                    )
                 )
 
 
@@ -413,9 +307,7 @@ def new(app, dals, message, head):
 def history(app, dals, rev_range, verbose):
     if rev_range is not None:
         if ":" not in rev_range:
-            raise Exception(
-                "History range requires [start]:[end], "
-                "[start]:, or :[end]")
+            raise Exception("History range requires [start]:[end], " "[start]:, or :[end]")
         base, head = rev_range.strip().split(":")
     else:
         base = head = None
diff --git a/emmett/orm/migrations/engine.py b/emmett/orm/migrations/engine.py
index c52f2df4..565e0704 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/migrations/engine.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/migrations/engine.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.migrations.engine
-    ----------------------------
+emmett.orm.migrations.engine
+----------------------------
 
-    Provides migration engine for pyDAL.
+Provides migration engine for pyDAL.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 from ...datastructures import sdict
 
+
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from .base import Column, Database
     from .generation import MetaData
@@ -48,40 +49,27 @@ def drop_index(self, name, table_name):
         self.db.drop_index(table_name, name)
 
     def create_foreign_key_constraint(
-        self,
-        name,
-        table_name,
-        column_names,
-        foreign_table_name,
-        foreign_keys,
-        on_delete
+        self, name, table_name, column_names, foreign_table_name, foreign_keys, on_delete
     ):
         self.db.create_foreign_key_constraint(
-            table_name,
-            name,
-            column_names,
-            foreign_table_name,
-            foreign_keys,
-            on_delete
+            table_name, name, column_names, foreign_table_name, foreign_keys, on_delete
         )
 
     def drop_foreign_key_constraint(self, name, table_name):
         self.db.drop_foreign_key_constraint(table_name, name)
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _parse_column_changes(
-        changes: List[Tuple[str, str, str, Dict[str, Any], Any, Any]]
-    ) -> Dict[str, List[Any]]:
+    def _parse_column_changes(changes: List[Tuple[str, str, str, Dict[str, Any], Any, Any]]) -> Dict[str, List[Any]]:
         rv = {}
         for change in changes:
             if change[0] == "modify_type":
-                rv['type'] = [change[4], change[5], change[3]['existing_length']]
+                rv["type"] = [change[4], change[5], change[3]["existing_length"]]
             elif change[0] == "modify_length":
-                rv['length'] = [change[4], change[5], change[3]['existing_type']]
+                rv["length"] = [change[4], change[5], change[3]["existing_type"]]
             elif change[0] == "modify_notnull":
-                rv['notnull'] = [change[4], change[5]]
+                rv["notnull"] = [change[4], change[5]]
             elif change[0] == "modify_default":
-                rv['default'] = [change[4], change[5], change[3]['existing_type']]
+                rv["default"] = [change[4], change[5], change[3]["existing_type"]]
             else:
                 rv[change[0].split("modify_")[-1]] = [change[4], change[5], change[3]]
         return rv
@@ -110,7 +98,7 @@ def create_table(self, name, columns, primary_keys, **kwargs):
 
     def drop_table(self, name):
         adapt_v = sdict(_rname=self.dialect.quote(name))
-        sql_list = self.dialect.drop_table(adapt_v, 'cascade')
+        sql_list = self.dialect.drop_table(adapt_v, "cascade")
         for sql in sql_list:
             self._log_and_exec(sql)
 
@@ -123,11 +111,7 @@ def drop_column(self, tablename, colname):
         self._log_and_exec(sql)
 
     def alter_column(self, table_name, column_name, changes):
-        sql = self._alter_column_sql(
-            table_name,
-            column_name,
-            self._parse_column_changes(changes)
-        )
+        sql = self._alter_column_sql(table_name, column_name, self._parse_column_changes(changes))
         if sql is not None:
             self._log_and_exec(sql)
 
@@ -150,7 +134,7 @@ def create_foreign_key_constraint(
         column_names: List[str],
         foreign_table_name: str,
         foreign_keys: List[str],
-        on_delete: str
+        on_delete: str,
     ):
         sql = self.dialect.add_foreign_key_constraint(
             name, table_name, foreign_table_name, column_names, foreign_keys, on_delete
@@ -165,104 +149,74 @@ def _gen_reference(self, tablename, column):
         referenced = column.type[10:].strip()
         constraint_name = self.dialect.constraint_name(tablename, column.name)
         try:
-            rtablename, rfieldname = referenced.split('.')
+            rtablename, rfieldname = referenced.split(".")
         except Exception:
             rtablename = referenced
-            rfieldname = 'id'
+            rfieldname = "id"
         if not rtablename:
             rtablename = tablename
-        csql_info = dict(
-            index_name=self.dialect.quote(column.name + '__idx'),
-            field_name=self.dialect.quote(column.name),
-            constraint_name=self.dialect.quote(constraint_name),
-            foreign_key='%s (%s)' % (
-                self.dialect.quote(rtablename),
-                self.dialect.quote(rfieldname)
-            ),
-            on_delete_action=column.ondelete)
-        csql_info['null'] = (
-            ' NOT NULL' if column.notnull else
-            self.dialect.allow_null
-        )
-        csql_info['unique'] = ' UNIQUE' if column.unique else ''
-        csql = self.adapter.types['reference'] % csql_info
+        csql_info = {
+            "index_name": self.dialect.quote(column.name + "__idx"),
+            "field_name": self.dialect.quote(column.name),
+            "constraint_name": self.dialect.quote(constraint_name),
+            "foreign_key": "%s (%s)" % (self.dialect.quote(rtablename), self.dialect.quote(rfieldname)),
+            "on_delete_action": column.ondelete,
+        }
+        csql_info["null"] = " NOT NULL" if column.notnull else self.dialect.allow_null
+        csql_info["unique"] = " UNIQUE" if column.unique else ""
+        csql = self.adapter.types["reference"] % csql_info
         return csql
 
     def _gen_primary_key(self, fields, primary_keys=[]):
         if primary_keys:
-            fields.append(
-                self.dialect.primary_key(
-                    ', '.join([self.dialect.quote(pk) for pk in primary_keys])
-                )
-            )
+            fields.append(self.dialect.primary_key(", ".join([self.dialect.quote(pk) for pk in primary_keys])))
 
     def _gen_geo(self, column_type, geometry_type, srid, dimension):
-        if not hasattr(self.adapter, 'srid'):
-            raise RuntimeError('Adapter does not support geometry')
+        if not hasattr(self.adapter, "srid"):
+            raise RuntimeError("Adapter does not support geometry")
         if column_type not in self.adapter.types:
-            raise SyntaxError(
-                f'Field: unknown field type: {column_type}'
-            )
+            raise SyntaxError(f"Field: unknown field type: {column_type}")
         return "{ctype}({gtype},{srid},{dimension})".format(
             ctype=self.adapter.types[column_type],
             gtype=geometry_type,
             srid=srid or self.adapter.srid,
-            dimension=dimension or 2
+            dimension=dimension or 2,
         )
 
-    def _new_column_sql(
-        self,
-        tablename: str,
-        column: Column,
-        primary_key: bool = False
-    ) -> str:
-        if column.type.startswith('reference'):
+    def _new_column_sql(self, tablename: str, column: Column, primary_key: bool = False) -> str:
+        if column.type.startswith("reference"):
             csql = self._gen_reference(tablename, column)
-        elif column.type.startswith('list:reference'):
+        elif column.type.startswith("list:reference"):
             csql = self.adapter.types[column.type[:14]]
-        elif column.type.startswith('decimal'):
-            precision, scale = map(int, column.type[8:-1].split(','))
-            csql = self.adapter.types[column.type[:7]] % dict(
-                precision=precision, scale=scale
-            )
-        elif column.type.startswith('geo'):
-            csql = self._gen_geo(
-                column.type,
-                column.geometry_type,
-                column.srid,
-                column.dimension
-            )
+        elif column.type.startswith("decimal"):
+            precision, scale = map(int, column.type[8:-1].split(","))
+            csql = self.adapter.types[column.type[:7]] % {"precision": precision, "scale": scale}
+        elif column.type.startswith("geo"):
+            csql = self._gen_geo(column.type, column.geometry_type, column.srid, column.dimension)
         elif column.type not in self.adapter.types:
-            raise SyntaxError(
-                f'Field: unknown field type: {column.type} for {column.nmae}'
-            )
+            raise SyntaxError(f"Field: unknown field type: {column.type} for {column.nmae}")
         else:
-            csql = self.adapter.types[column.type] % {'length': column.length}
-        if self.adapter.dbengine not in ('firebird', 'informix', 'oracle'):
+            csql = self.adapter.types[column.type] % {"length": column.length}
+        if self.adapter.dbengine not in ("firebird", "informix", "oracle"):
             cprops = "%(notnull)s%(default)s%(unique)s%(pk)s%(qualifier)s"
         else:
             cprops = "%(default)s%(notnull)s%(unique)s%(pk)s%(qualifier)s"
-        if not column.type.startswith(('id', 'reference')):
+        if not column.type.startswith(("id", "reference")):
             csql += cprops % {
-                'notnull': ' NOT NULL' if column.notnull else self.dialect.allow_null,
-                'default': (
-                    ' DEFAULT %s' % self.adapter.represent(column.default, column.type)
-                    if column.default is not None else ''
+                "notnull": " NOT NULL" if column.notnull else self.dialect.allow_null,
+                "default": (
+                    " DEFAULT %s" % self.adapter.represent(column.default, column.type)
+                    if column.default is not None
+                    else ""
                 ),
-                'unique': ' UNIQUE' if column.unique else '',
-                'pk': ' PRIMARY KEY' if primary_key else '',
-                'qualifier': (
-                    ' %s' % column.custom_qualifier if column.custom_qualifier else ''
-                )
+                "unique": " UNIQUE" if column.unique else "",
+                "pk": " PRIMARY KEY" if primary_key else "",
+                "qualifier": (" %s" % column.custom_qualifier if column.custom_qualifier else ""),
             }
         return csql
 
     def _new_table_sql(
-        self,
-        tablename: str,
-        columns: List[Column],
-        primary_keys: List[str] = [],
-        id_col: str ='id'
+        self, tablename: str, columns: List[Column], primary_keys: List[str] = [], id_col: str = "id"
     ) -> str:
         # TODO:
         # - SQLCustomType
@@ -270,39 +224,34 @@ def _new_table_sql(
         fields = []
         for column in columns:
             csql = self._new_column_sql(
-                tablename,
-                column,
-                primary_key=(
-                    column.name in primary_keys if not composed_primary_key else False
-                )
+                tablename, column, primary_key=(column.name in primary_keys if not composed_primary_key else False)
             )
-            fields.append('%s %s' % (self.dialect.quote(column.name), csql))
+            fields.append("%s %s" % (self.dialect.quote(column.name), csql))
         # backend-specific extensions to fields
-        if self.adapter.dbengine == 'mysql':
+        if self.adapter.dbengine == "mysql":
             if not primary_keys:
                 primary_keys.append(id_col)
         elif not composed_primary_key:
             primary_keys.clear()
 
         self._gen_primary_key(fields, primary_keys)
-        fields = ',\n    '.join(fields)
+        fields = ",\n    ".join(fields)
         return self.dialect.create_table(tablename, fields)
 
     def _add_column_sql(self, tablename, column):
         csql = self._new_column_sql(tablename, column)
-        return 'ALTER TABLE %(tname)s ADD %(cname)s %(sql)s;' % {
-            'tname': self.dialect.quote(tablename),
-            'cname': self.dialect.quote(column.name),
-            'sql': csql
+        return "ALTER TABLE %(tname)s ADD %(cname)s %(sql)s;" % {
+            "tname": self.dialect.quote(tablename),
+            "cname": self.dialect.quote(column.name),
+            "sql": csql,
         }
 
     def _drop_column_sql(self, table_name, column_name):
         if self.adapter.dbengine == "firebird":
-            sql = 'ALTER TABLE %s DROP %s;'
+            sql = "ALTER TABLE %s DROP %s;"
         else:
-            sql = 'ALTER TABLE %s DROP COLUMN %s;'
-        return sql % (
-            self.dialect.quote(table_name), self.dialect.quote(column_name))
+            sql = "ALTER TABLE %s DROP COLUMN %s;"
+        return sql % (self.dialect.quote(table_name), self.dialect.quote(column_name))
 
     def _represent_changes(self, changes, field):
         geo_attrs = ("geometry_type", "srid", "dimension")
@@ -311,62 +260,46 @@ def _represent_changes(self, changes, field):
             geo_changes[key] = changes.pop(key)
             geo_data.update(geo_changes[key][3])
 
-        if 'default' in changes and changes['default'][1] is not None:
-            ftype = changes['default'][2] or field.type
-            if 'type' in changes:
-                ftype = changes['type'][1]
-            changes['default'][1] = self.adapter.represent(
-                changes['default'][1], ftype)
-        if 'type' in changes:
-            changes.pop('length', None)
-            coltype = changes['type'][1]
-            if coltype.startswith('reference'):
-                raise NotImplementedError(
-                    'Type change on reference fields is not supported.'
-                )
-            elif coltype.startswith('decimal'):
-                precision, scale = map(int, coltype[8:-1].split(','))
-                csql = self.adapter.types[coltype[:7]] % \
-                    dict(precision=precision, scale=scale)
-            elif coltype.startswith('geo'):
+        if "default" in changes and changes["default"][1] is not None:
+            ftype = changes["default"][2] or field.type
+            if "type" in changes:
+                ftype = changes["type"][1]
+            changes["default"][1] = self.adapter.represent(changes["default"][1], ftype)
+        if "type" in changes:
+            changes.pop("length", None)
+            coltype = changes["type"][1]
+            if coltype.startswith("reference"):
+                raise NotImplementedError("Type change on reference fields is not supported.")
+            elif coltype.startswith("decimal"):
+                precision, scale = map(int, coltype[8:-1].split(","))
+                csql = self.adapter.types[coltype[:7]] % {"precision": precision, "scale": scale}
+            elif coltype.startswith("geo"):
                 gen_attrs = []
                 for key in geo_attrs:
-                    val = (
-                        geo_changes.get(f"{key}", (None, None))[1] or
-                        geo_data[f"existing_{key}"]
-                    )
+                    val = geo_changes.get(f"{key}", (None, None))[1] or geo_data[f"existing_{key}"]
                     gen_attrs.append(val)
                 csql = self._gen_geo(coltype, gen_attrs)
             else:
-                csql = self.adapter.types[coltype] % {
-                    'length': changes['type'][2] or field.length
-                }
-            changes['type'][1] = csql
-        elif 'length' in changes:
-            change = changes.pop('length')
+                csql = self.adapter.types[coltype] % {"length": changes["type"][2] or field.length}
+            changes["type"][1] = csql
+        elif "length" in changes:
+            change = changes.pop("length")
             ftype = change[2] or field.type
-            changes['type'] = [None, self.adapter.types[ftype] % {'length': change[1]}]
+            changes["type"] = [None, self.adapter.types[ftype] % {"length": change[1]}]
         elif geo_changes:
             coltype = geo_data["existing_type"] or field.type
             gen_attrs = []
             for key in geo_attrs:
-                val = (
-                    geo_changes.get(f"{key}", (None, None))[1] or
-                    geo_data[f"existing_{key}"]
-                )
+                val = geo_changes.get(f"{key}", (None, None))[1] or geo_data[f"existing_{key}"]
                 gen_attrs.append(val)
-            changes['type'] = [None, self._gen_geo(coltype, *gen_attrs)]
-
+            changes["type"] = [None, self._gen_geo(coltype, *gen_attrs)]
 
     def _alter_column_sql(self, table_name, column_name, changes):
-        sql = 'ALTER TABLE %(tname)s ALTER COLUMN %(cname)s %(changes)s;'
+        sql = "ALTER TABLE %(tname)s ALTER COLUMN %(cname)s %(changes)s;"
         sql_changes_map = {
-            'type': "%s" if self.adapter.dbengine in ["mysql", "mssql"] else "TYPE %s",
-            'notnull': {
-                True: "SET NOT NULL",
-                False: "DROP NOT NULL"
-            },
-            'default': ["SET DEFAULT %s", "DROP DEFAULT"]
+            "type": "%s" if self.adapter.dbengine in ["mysql", "mssql"] else "TYPE %s",
+            "notnull": {True: "SET NOT NULL", False: "DROP NOT NULL"},
+            "default": ["SET DEFAULT %s", "DROP DEFAULT"],
         }
         field = self.db[table_name][column_name]
         self._represent_changes(changes, field)
@@ -376,16 +309,13 @@ def _alter_column_sql(self, table_name, column_name, changes):
             if isinstance(change_sql, dict):
                 sql_changes.append(change_sql[change_val[1]])
             elif isinstance(change_sql, list):
-                sql_changes.append(
-                    change_sql[0] % change_val[1] if change_val[1] is not None else
-                    change_sql[1]
-                )
+                sql_changes.append(change_sql[0] % change_val[1] if change_val[1] is not None else change_sql[1])
             else:
                 sql_changes.append(change_sql % change_val[1])
         if not sql_changes:
             return None
         return sql % {
-            'tname': self.dialect.quote(table_name),
-            'cname': self.dialect.quote(column_name),
-            'changes': " ".join(sql_changes)
+            "tname": self.dialect.quote(table_name),
+            "cname": self.dialect.quote(column_name),
+            "changes": " ".join(sql_changes),
         }
diff --git a/emmett/orm/migrations/exceptions.py b/emmett/orm/migrations/exceptions.py
index fc1d3198..eb86e00c 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/migrations/exceptions.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/migrations/exceptions.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.migrations.exceptions
-    --------------------------------
+emmett.orm.migrations.exceptions
+--------------------------------
 
-    Provides exceptions for migration operations.
+Provides exceptions for migration operations.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 
@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ def __init__(self, lower, upper):
         self.lower = lower
         self.upper = upper
         super(RangeNotAncestorError, self).__init__(
-            "Revision %s is not an ancestor of revision %s" %
-            (lower or "base", upper or "base")
+            "Revision %s is not an ancestor of revision %s" % (lower or "base", upper or "base")
         )
 
 
@@ -29,8 +28,7 @@ def __init__(self, heads, argument):
         self.heads = heads
         self.argument = argument
         super(MultipleHeads, self).__init__(
-            "Multiple heads are present for given argument '%s'; "
-            "%s" % (argument, ", ".join(heads))
+            "Multiple heads are present for given argument '%s'; " "%s" % (argument, ", ".join(heads))
         )
 
 
diff --git a/emmett/orm/migrations/generation.py b/emmett/orm/migrations/generation.py
index 59ce6467..2ce14a9a 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/migrations/generation.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/migrations/generation.py
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.migrations.generation
-    --------------------------------
+emmett.orm.migrations.generation
+--------------------------------
 
-    Provides generation utils for migrations.
+Provides generation utils for migrations.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
 
-    Based on the code of Alembic (https://bitbucket.org/zzzeek/alembic)
-    :copyright: (c) 2009-2015 by Michael Bayer
+Based on the code of Alembic (https://bitbucket.org/zzzeek/alembic)
+:copyright: (c) 2009-2015 by Michael Bayer
 
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 from ...datastructures import OrderedSet
 from ..objects import Rows, Table
 from .base import Column, Database
-from .helpers import Dispatcher, DEFAULT_VALUE
+from .helpers import DEFAULT_VALUE, Dispatcher
 from .operations import (
     AddColumnOp,
     AlterColumnOp,
@@ -36,19 +36,13 @@
     MigrationOp,
     OpContainer,
     Operation,
-    UpgradeOps
+    UpgradeOps,
 )
 from .scripts import ScriptDir
 
 
 class MetaTable:
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        name: str,
-        columns: List[Column] = [],
-        primary_keys: List[str] = [],
-        **kw: Any
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, name: str, columns: List[Column] = [], primary_keys: List[str] = [], **kw: Any):
         self.name = name
         self.columns = OrderedDict()
         for column in columns:
@@ -72,25 +66,14 @@ def __delitem__(self, name: str):
         del self.columns[name]
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return "Table(%r, %s)" % (
-            self.name,
-            ", ".join(["%s" % column for column in self.columns.values()])
-        )
+        return "Table(%r, %s)" % (self.name, ", ".join(["%s" % column for column in self.columns.values()]))
 
     def insert(self, *args, **kwargs) -> Any:
         return None
 
 
 class MetaIndex:
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        table_name: str,
-        name: str,
-        fields: List[str],
-        expressions: List[str],
-        unique: bool,
-        **kw: Any
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, table_name: str, name: str, fields: List[str], expressions: List[str], unique: bool, **kw: Any):
         self.table_name = table_name
         self.name = name
         self.fields = fields
@@ -100,16 +83,13 @@ def __init__(
 
     @property
     def where(self) -> Optional[str]:
-        return self.kw.get('where')
+        return self.kw.get("where")
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        opts = [('expressions', self.expressions), ('unique', self.unique)]
+        opts = [("expressions", self.expressions), ("unique", self.unique)]
         for key, val in self.kw.items():
             opts.append((key, val))
-        return "Index(%r, %r, %s)" % (
-            self.name, self.fields,
-            ", ".join(["%s=%r" % (opt[0], opt[1]) for opt in opts])
-        )
+        return "Index(%r, %r, %s)" % (self.name, self.fields, ", ".join(["%s=%r" % (opt[0], opt[1]) for opt in opts]))
 
 
 class MetaForeignKey:
@@ -121,7 +101,7 @@ def __init__(
         foreign_table_name: str,
         foreign_keys: List[str],
         on_delete: str,
-        **kw
+        **kw,
     ):
         self.table_name = table_name
         self.name = name
@@ -150,7 +130,7 @@ def __repr__(self) -> str:
             self.foreign_table_name,
             self.column_names,
             self.foreign_keys,
-            self.on_delete
+            self.on_delete,
         )
 
 
@@ -189,13 +169,7 @@ def where(self, *args, **kwargs) -> MetaDataSet:
     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         return self.where(*args, **kwargs)
 
-    def create_table(
-        self,
-        name: str,
-        columns: List[Column],
-        primary_keys: List[str],
-        **kw: Any
-    ):
+    def create_table(self, name: str, columns: List[Column], primary_keys: List[str], **kw: Any):
         self.tables[name] = MetaTable(name, columns, primary_keys, **kw)
 
     def drop_table(self, name: str):
@@ -211,13 +185,7 @@ def change_column(self, table_name: str, column_name: str, changes: Dict[str, An
         self.tables[table_name][column_name].update(**changes)
 
     def create_index(
-        self,
-        table_name: str,
-        index_name: str,
-        fields: List[str],
-        expressions: List[str],
-        unique: bool,
-        **kw: Any
+        self, table_name: str, index_name: str, fields: List[str], expressions: List[str], unique: bool, **kw: Any
     ):
         self.tables[table_name].indexes[index_name] = MetaIndex(
             table_name, index_name, fields, expressions, unique, **kw
@@ -233,15 +201,10 @@ def create_foreign_key_constraint(
         column_names: List[str],
         foreign_table_name: str,
         foreign_keys: List[str],
-        on_delete: str
+        on_delete: str,
     ):
         self.tables[table_name].foreign_keys[constraint_name] = MetaForeignKey(
-            table_name,
-            constraint_name,
-            column_names,
-            foreign_table_name,
-            foreign_keys,
-            on_delete
+            table_name, constraint_name, column_names, foreign_table_name, foreign_keys, on_delete
         )
 
     def drop_foreign_key_constraint(self, table_name: str, constraint_name: str):
@@ -261,10 +224,8 @@ def make_ops(self) -> List[Operation]:
     def _build_metatable(self, dbtable: Table):
         return MetaTable(
             dbtable._tablename,
-            [
-                Column.from_field(field) for field in list(dbtable)
-            ],
-            primary_keys=list(dbtable._primary_keys)
+            [Column.from_field(field) for field in list(dbtable)],
+            primary_keys=list(dbtable._primary_keys),
         )
 
     def _build_metaindex(self, dbtable: Table, index_name: str) -> MetaIndex:
@@ -272,15 +233,15 @@ def _build_metaindex(self, dbtable: Table, index_name: str) -> MetaIndex:
         dbindex = model._indexes_[index_name]
         kw = {}
         with self.db._adapter.index_expander():
-            if 'where' in dbindex:
-                kw['where'] = str(dbindex['where'])
+            if "where" in dbindex:
+                kw["where"] = str(dbindex["where"])
             rv = MetaIndex(
                 model.tablename,
                 index_name,
-                [field for field in dbindex['fields']],
-                [str(expr) for expr in dbindex['expressions']],
-                dbindex['unique'],
-                **kw
+                list(dbindex["fields"]),
+                [str(expr) for expr in dbindex["expressions"]],
+                dbindex["unique"],
+                **kw,
             )
         return rv
 
@@ -288,12 +249,7 @@ def _build_metafk(self, dbtable: Table, fk_name: str) -> MetaForeignKey:
         model = dbtable._model_
         dbfk = model._foreign_keys_[fk_name]
         return MetaForeignKey(
-            model.tablename,
-            fk_name,
-            dbfk['fields_local'],
-            dbfk['table'],
-            dbfk['fields_foreign'],
-            dbfk['on_delete']
+            model.tablename, fk_name, dbfk["fields_local"], dbfk["table"], dbfk["fields_foreign"], dbfk["on_delete"]
         )
 
     def tables(self):
@@ -322,64 +278,37 @@ def table(self, dbtable: Table, metatable: MetaTable):
         self.indexes_and_uniques(dbtable, metatable)
         self.foreign_keys(dbtable, metatable)
 
-    def indexes_and_uniques(
-        self,
-        dbtable: Table,
-        metatable: MetaTable,
-        ops_stack: Optional[List[Operation]] = None
-    ):
+    def indexes_and_uniques(self, dbtable: Table, metatable: MetaTable, ops_stack: Optional[List[Operation]] = None):
         ops = ops_stack if ops_stack is not None else self.ops
-        db_index_names = OrderedSet(
-            [idxname for idxname in dbtable._model_._indexes_.keys()]
-        )
+        db_index_names = OrderedSet(list(dbtable._model_._indexes_.keys()))
         meta_index_names = OrderedSet(list(metatable.indexes))
         #: removed indexes
         for index_name in meta_index_names.difference(db_index_names):
             ops.append(DropIndexOp.from_index(metatable.indexes[index_name]))
         #: new indexs
         for index_name in db_index_names.difference(meta_index_names):
-            ops.append(
-                CreateIndexOp.from_index(
-                    self._build_metaindex(dbtable, index_name)
-                )
-            )
+            ops.append(CreateIndexOp.from_index(self._build_metaindex(dbtable, index_name)))
         #: existing indexes
         for index_name in meta_index_names.intersection(db_index_names):
             metaindex = metatable.indexes[index_name]
             dbindex = self._build_metaindex(dbtable, index_name)
             if any(
-                getattr(metaindex, key) != getattr(dbindex, key)
-                for key in ['fields', 'expressions', 'unique', 'kw']
+                getattr(metaindex, key) != getattr(dbindex, key) for key in ["fields", "expressions", "unique", "kw"]
             ):
                 ops.append(DropIndexOp.from_index(metaindex))
                 ops.append(CreateIndexOp.from_index(dbindex))
         # TODO: uniques
 
-    def foreign_keys(
-        self,
-        dbtable: Table,
-        metatable: MetaTable,
-        ops_stack: Optional[List[Operation]] = None
-    ):
+    def foreign_keys(self, dbtable: Table, metatable: MetaTable, ops_stack: Optional[List[Operation]] = None):
         ops = ops_stack if ops_stack is not None else self.ops
-        db_fk_names = OrderedSet(
-            [fkname for fkname in dbtable._model_._foreign_keys_.keys()]
-        )
+        db_fk_names = OrderedSet(list(dbtable._model_._foreign_keys_.keys()))
         meta_fk_names = OrderedSet(list(metatable.foreign_keys))
         #: removed fks
         for fk_name in meta_fk_names.difference(db_fk_names):
-            ops.append(
-                DropForeignKeyConstraintOp.from_foreign_key(
-                    metatable.foreign_keys[fk_name]
-                )
-            )
+            ops.append(DropForeignKeyConstraintOp.from_foreign_key(metatable.foreign_keys[fk_name]))
         #: new fks
         for fk_name in db_fk_names.difference(meta_fk_names):
-            ops.append(
-                CreateForeignKeyConstraintOp.from_foreign_key(
-                    self._build_metafk(dbtable, fk_name)
-                )
-            )
+            ops.append(CreateForeignKeyConstraintOp.from_foreign_key(self._build_metafk(dbtable, fk_name)))
         #: existing fks
         for fk_name in meta_fk_names.intersection(db_fk_names):
             metafk = metatable.foreign_keys[fk_name]
@@ -389,29 +318,22 @@ def foreign_keys(
                 ops.append(CreateForeignKeyConstraintOp.from_foreign_key(dbfk))
 
     def columns(self, dbtable: Table, metatable: MetaTable):
-        db_column_names = OrderedSet([fname for fname in dbtable.fields])
+        db_column_names = OrderedSet(list(dbtable.fields))
         meta_column_names = OrderedSet(metatable.fields)
         #: new columns
         for column_name in db_column_names.difference(meta_column_names):
-            self.ops.append(AddColumnOp.from_column_and_tablename(
-                dbtable._tablename, Column.from_field(dbtable[column_name])
-            ))
+            self.ops.append(
+                AddColumnOp.from_column_and_tablename(dbtable._tablename, Column.from_field(dbtable[column_name]))
+            )
         #: existing columns
         for column_name in meta_column_names.intersection(db_column_names):
             self.ops.append(AlterColumnOp(dbtable._tablename, column_name))
-            self.column(
-                Column.from_field(dbtable[column_name]),
-                metatable.columns[column_name]
-            )
+            self.column(Column.from_field(dbtable[column_name]), metatable.columns[column_name])
             if not self.ops[-1].has_changes():
                 self.ops.pop()
         #: removed columns
         for column_name in meta_column_names.difference(db_column_names):
-            self.ops.append(
-                DropColumnOp.from_column_and_tablename(
-                    dbtable._tablename, metatable.columns[column_name]
-                )
-            )
+            self.ops.append(DropColumnOp.from_column_and_tablename(dbtable._tablename, metatable.columns[column_name]))
 
     def column(self, dbcolumn: Column, metacolumn: Column):
         self.notnulls(dbcolumn, metacolumn)
@@ -431,9 +353,7 @@ def types(self, dbcolumn: Column, metacolumn: Column):
 
     def lengths(self, dbcolumn: Column, metacolumn: Column):
         self.ops[-1].existing_length = metacolumn.length
-        if any(
-            field.type == "string" for field in [dbcolumn, metacolumn]
-        ) and dbcolumn.length != metacolumn.length:
+        if any(field.type == "string" for field in [dbcolumn, metacolumn]) and dbcolumn.length != metacolumn.length:
             self.ops[-1].modify_length = dbcolumn.length
 
     def notnulls(self, dbcolumn: Column, metacolumn: Column):
@@ -461,12 +381,8 @@ def __init__(self, db: Database, scriptdir: ScriptDir, head: str):
         self._load_head_to_meta()
 
     def _load_head_to_meta(self):
-        for revision in reversed(
-            list(self.scriptdir.walk_revisions("base", self.head))
-        ):
-            migration = revision.migration_class(
-                None, self.meta, is_meta=True
-            )
+        for revision in reversed(list(self.scriptdir.walk_revisions("base", self.head))):
+            migration = revision.migration_class(None, self.meta, is_meta=True)
             if migration.skip_on_compare:
                 continue
             migration.up()
@@ -475,12 +391,7 @@ def generate(self) -> UpgradeOps:
         return Comparator.compare(self.db, self.meta)
 
     @classmethod
-    def generate_from(
-        cls,
-        dal: Database,
-        scriptdir: ScriptDir,
-        head: str
-    ) -> UpgradeOps:
+    def generate_from(cls, dal: Database, scriptdir: ScriptDir, head: str) -> UpgradeOps:
         return cls(dal, scriptdir, head).generate()
 
 
@@ -501,10 +412,7 @@ def render_opcontainer(self, op_container: OpContainer) -> List[str]:
     @classmethod
     def render_migration(cls, migration_op: MigrationOp):
         r = cls()
-        return (
-            r.render_opcontainer(migration_op.upgrade_ops),
-            r.render_opcontainer(migration_op.downgrade_ops)
-        )
+        return (r.render_opcontainer(migration_op.upgrade_ops), r.render_opcontainer(migration_op.downgrade_ops))
 
 
 renderers = Dispatcher()
@@ -514,10 +422,7 @@ def render_migration(cls, migration_op: MigrationOp):
 def _add_table(op: CreateTableOp) -> str:
     table = op.to_table()
 
-    args = [
-        col for col in [_render_column(col) for col in table.columns.values()]
-        if col
-    ]
+    args = [col for col in [_render_column(col) for col in table.columns.values()] if col]
     # + sorted([
     #     rcons for rcons in [
     #         _render_constraint(cons) for cons in table.constraints]
@@ -527,18 +432,19 @@ def _add_table(op: CreateTableOp) -> str:
     indent = " " * 12
 
     if len(args) > 255:
-        args = '*[' + (',\n' + indent).join(args) + ']'
+        args = "*[" + (",\n" + indent).join(args) + "]"
     else:
-        args = (',\n' + indent).join(args)
+        args = (",\n" + indent).join(args)
 
     text = (
-        "self.create_table(\n" + indent + "%(tablename)r,\n" + indent + "%(args)s,\n" +
-        indent + "primary_keys=%(primary_keys)r"
-    ) % {
-        'tablename': op.table_name,
-        'args': args,
-        'primary_keys': table.primary_keys
-    }
+        "self.create_table(\n"
+        + indent
+        + "%(tablename)r,\n"
+        + indent
+        + "%(args)s,\n"
+        + indent
+        + "primary_keys=%(primary_keys)r"
+    ) % {"tablename": op.table_name, "args": args, "primary_keys": table.primary_keys}
     for k in sorted(op.kw):
         text += ",\n" + indent + "%s=%r" % (k.replace(" ", "_"), op.kw[k])
     text += ")"
@@ -547,9 +453,7 @@ def _add_table(op: CreateTableOp) -> str:
 
 @renderers.dispatch_for(DropTableOp)
 def _drop_table(op: DropTableOp) -> str:
-    text = "self.drop_table(%(tname)r" % {
-        "tname": op.table_name
-    }
+    text = "self.drop_table(%(tname)r" % {"tname": op.table_name}
     text += ")"
     return text
 
@@ -568,7 +472,7 @@ def _render_column(column: Column) -> str:
 
     if column.type in ("string", "password", "upload"):
         opts.append(("length", column.length))
-    elif column.type.startswith('reference'):
+    elif column.type.startswith("reference"):
         opts.append(("ondelete", column.ondelete))
     elif column.type.startswith("geo"):
         for key in ("geometry_type", "srid", "dimension"):
@@ -577,37 +481,24 @@ def _render_column(column: Column) -> str:
 
     kw_str = ""
     if opts:
-        kw_str = ", %s" % \
-            ", ".join(["%s=%r" % (key, val) for key, val in opts])
-    return "migrations.Column(%(name)r, %(type)r%(kw)s)" % {
-        'name': column.name,
-        'type': column.type,
-        'kw': kw_str
-    }
+        kw_str = ", %s" % ", ".join(["%s=%r" % (key, val) for key, val in opts])
+    return "migrations.Column(%(name)r, %(type)r%(kw)s)" % {"name": column.name, "type": column.type, "kw": kw_str}
 
 
 @renderers.dispatch_for(AddColumnOp)
 def _add_column(op: AddColumnOp) -> str:
-    return "self.add_column(%(tname)r, %(column)s)" % {
-        "tname": op.table_name,
-        "column": _render_column(op.column)
-    }
+    return "self.add_column(%(tname)r, %(column)s)" % {"tname": op.table_name, "column": _render_column(op.column)}
 
 
 @renderers.dispatch_for(DropColumnOp)
 def _drop_column(op: DropTableOp) -> str:
-    return "self.drop_column(%(tname)r, %(cname)r)" % {
-        "tname": op.table_name,
-        "cname": op.column_name
-    }
+    return "self.drop_column(%(tname)r, %(cname)r)" % {"tname": op.table_name, "cname": op.column_name}
 
 
 @renderers.dispatch_for(AlterColumnOp)
 def _alter_column(op: AlterColumnOp) -> str:
     indent = " " * 12
-    text = "self.alter_column(%(tname)r, %(cname)r" % {
-        'tname': op.table_name,
-        'cname': op.column_name}
+    text = "self.alter_column(%(tname)r, %(cname)r" % {"tname": op.table_name, "cname": op.column_name}
 
     if op.existing_type is not None:
         text += ",\n%sexisting_type=%r" % (indent, op.existing_type)
@@ -637,47 +528,31 @@ def _alter_column(op: AlterColumnOp) -> str:
 def _add_index(op: CreateIndexOp) -> str:
     kw_str = ""
     if op.kw:
-        kw_str = ", %s" % ", ".join(
-            ["%s=%r" % (key, val) for key, val in op.kw.items()])
+        kw_str = ", %s" % ", ".join(["%s=%r" % (key, val) for key, val in op.kw.items()])
     return "self.create_index(%(iname)r, %(tname)r, %(idata)s)" % {
         "tname": op.table_name,
         "iname": op.index_name,
-        "idata": "%r, expressions=%r, unique=%s%s" % (
-            op.fields, op.expressions, op.unique, kw_str)
+        "idata": "%r, expressions=%r, unique=%s%s" % (op.fields, op.expressions, op.unique, kw_str),
     }
 
 
 @renderers.dispatch_for(DropIndexOp)
 def _drop_index(op: DropIndexOp) -> str:
-    return "self.drop_index(%(iname)r, %(tname)r)" % {
-        "tname": op.table_name,
-        "iname": op.index_name
-    }
+    return "self.drop_index(%(iname)r, %(tname)r)" % {"tname": op.table_name, "iname": op.index_name}
 
 
 @renderers.dispatch_for(CreateForeignKeyConstraintOp)
 def _add_fk_constraint(op: CreateForeignKeyConstraintOp) -> str:
     kw_str = ""
     if op.kw:
-        kw_str = ", %s" % ", ".join(
-            ["%s=%r" % (key, val) for key, val in op.kw.items()]
-        )
+        kw_str = ", %s" % ", ".join(["%s=%r" % (key, val) for key, val in op.kw.items()])
     return "self.create_foreign_key(%s%s)" % (
-        "%r, %r, %r, %r, %r, on_delete=%r" % (
-            op.constraint_name,
-            op.table_name,
-            op.foreign_table_name,
-            op.column_names,
-            op.foreign_keys,
-            op.on_delete
-        ),
-        kw_str
+        "%r, %r, %r, %r, %r, on_delete=%r"
+        % (op.constraint_name, op.table_name, op.foreign_table_name, op.column_names, op.foreign_keys, op.on_delete),
+        kw_str,
     )
 
 
 @renderers.dispatch_for(DropForeignKeyConstraintOp)
 def _drop_fk_constraint(op: DropForeignKeyConstraintOp) -> str:
-    return "self.drop_foreign_key(%(cname)r, %(tname)r)" % {
-        "tname": op.table_name,
-        "cname": op.constraint_name
-    }
+    return "self.drop_foreign_key(%(cname)r, %(tname)r)" % {"tname": op.table_name, "cname": op.constraint_name}
diff --git a/emmett/orm/migrations/helpers.py b/emmett/orm/migrations/helpers.py
index 0f804b7b..fd9ed6a6 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/migrations/helpers.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/migrations/helpers.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.migrations.helpers
-    -----------------------------
+emmett.orm.migrations.helpers
+-----------------------------
 
-    Provides helpers for migrations.
+Provides helpers for migrations.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 from ...datastructures import _unique_list
 from .base import Database
 
+
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from .engine import MetaEngine
     from .operations import Operation
@@ -50,12 +51,12 @@ def __init__(self):
         self._registry: Dict[Type[Operation], Callable[[Operation], str]] = {}
 
     def dispatch_for(
-        self,
-        target: Type[Operation]
+        self, target: Type[Operation]
     ) -> Callable[[Callable[[Operation], str]], Callable[[Operation], str]]:
         def wrap(fn: Callable[[Operation], str]) -> Callable[[Operation], str]:
             self._registry[target] = fn
             return fn
+
         return wrap
 
     def dispatch(self, obj: Operation):
@@ -98,11 +99,11 @@ def to_tuple(x, default=None):
     if x is None:
         return default
     elif isinstance(x, str):
-        return (x, )
+        return (x,)
     elif isinstance(x, Iterable):
         return tuple(x)
     else:
-        return (x, )
+        return (x,)
 
 
 def tuple_or_value(val):
diff --git a/emmett/orm/migrations/operations.py b/emmett/orm/migrations/operations.py
index b2558c6b..965e60b3 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/migrations/operations.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/migrations/operations.py
@@ -1,30 +1,30 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.migrations.operations
-    --------------------------------
+emmett.orm.migrations.operations
+--------------------------------
 
-    Provides operations handlers for migrations.
+Provides operations handlers for migrations.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
 
-    Based on the code of Alembic (https://bitbucket.org/zzzeek/alembic)
-    :copyright: (c) 2009-2015 by Michael Bayer
+Based on the code of Alembic (https://bitbucket.org/zzzeek/alembic)
+:copyright: (c) 2009-2015 by Michael Bayer
 
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import re
-
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
 
-from .base import Migration, Column
+from .base import Column, Migration
 from .helpers import DEFAULT_VALUE
 
+
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from .engine import MetaEngine
-    from .generation import MetaTable, MetaIndex, MetaForeignKey
+    from .generation import MetaForeignKey, MetaIndex, MetaTable
 
 
 class Operation:
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ def as_diffs(self):
     @classmethod
     def _ops_as_diffs(cls, migrations):
         for op in migrations.ops:
-            if hasattr(op, 'ops'):
+            if hasattr(op, "ops"):
                 for sub_op in cls._ops_as_diffs(op):
                     yield sub_op
             else:
@@ -66,10 +66,7 @@ def __init__(self, table_name: str, ops: List[Operation]):
         self.table_name = table_name
 
     def reverse(self) -> ModifyTableOps:
-        return ModifyTableOps(
-            self.table_name,
-            ops=list(reversed([op.reverse() for op in self.ops]))
-        )
+        return ModifyTableOps(self.table_name, ops=list(reversed([op.reverse() for op in self.ops])))
 
 
 class UpgradeOps(OpContainer):
@@ -79,9 +76,7 @@ def __init__(self, ops: List[Operation] = [], upgrade_token: str = "upgrades"):
         self.upgrade_token = upgrade_token
 
     def reverse(self) -> DowngradeOps:
-        return DowngradeOps(
-            ops=list(reversed([op.reverse() for op in self.ops]))
-        )
+        return DowngradeOps(ops=list(reversed([op.reverse() for op in self.ops])))
 
 
 class DowngradeOps(OpContainer):
@@ -91,9 +86,7 @@ def __init__(self, ops: List[Operation] = [], downgrade_token: str = "downgrades
         self.downgrade_token = downgrade_token
 
     def reverse(self):
-        return UpgradeOps(
-            ops=list(reversed([op.reverse() for op in self.ops]))
-        )
+        return UpgradeOps(ops=list(reversed([op.reverse() for op in self.ops])))
 
 
 class MigrationOp(Operation):
@@ -104,7 +97,7 @@ def __init__(
         downgrade_ops: DowngradeOps,
         message: Optional[str] = None,
         head: Optional[str] = None,
-        splice: Any = None
+        splice: Any = None,
     ):
         self.rev_id = rev_id
         self.message = message
@@ -122,7 +115,7 @@ def __init__(
         columns: List[Column],
         primary_keys: List[str] = [],
         _orig_table: Optional[MetaTable] = None,
-        **kw: Any
+        **kw: Any,
     ):
         self.table_name = table_name
         self.columns = columns
@@ -139,45 +132,28 @@ def to_diff_tuple(self) -> Tuple[str, MetaTable]:
     @classmethod
     def from_table(cls, table: MetaTable) -> CreateTableOp:
         return cls(
-            table.name,
-            [table[colname] for colname in table.fields],
-            list(table.primary_keys),
-            _orig_table=table
+            table.name, [table[colname] for colname in table.fields], list(table.primary_keys), _orig_table=table
         )
 
     def to_table(self, migration_context: Any = None) -> MetaTable:
         if self._orig_table is not None:
             return self._orig_table
         from .generation import MetaTable
-        return MetaTable(
-            self.table_name,
-            self.columns,
-            self.primary_keys,
-            **self.kw
-        )
+
+        return MetaTable(self.table_name, self.columns, self.primary_keys, **self.kw)
 
     @classmethod
-    def create_table(
-        cls,
-        table_name: str,
-        *columns: Column,
-        **kw: Any
-    ) -> CreateTableOp:
+    def create_table(cls, table_name: str, *columns: Column, **kw: Any) -> CreateTableOp:
         return cls(table_name, columns, **kw)
 
     def run(self):
-        self.engine.create_table(
-            self.table_name, self.columns, self.primary_keys, **self.kw
-        )
+        self.engine.create_table(self.table_name, self.columns, self.primary_keys, **self.kw)
 
 
 @Migration.register_operation("drop_table")
 class DropTableOp(Operation):
     def __init__(
-        self,
-        table_name: str,
-        table_kw: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        _orig_table: Optional[MetaTable] = None
+        self, table_name: str, table_kw: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None, _orig_table: Optional[MetaTable] = None
     ):
         self.table_name = table_name
         self.table_kw = table_kw or {}
@@ -188,9 +164,7 @@ def to_diff_tuple(self) -> Tuple[str, MetaTable]:
 
     def reverse(self) -> CreateTableOp:
         if self._orig_table is None:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "operation is not reversible; original table is not present"
-            )
+            raise ValueError("operation is not reversible; original table is not present")
         return CreateTableOp.from_table(self._orig_table)
 
     @classmethod
@@ -201,10 +175,8 @@ def to_table(self) -> MetaTable:
         if self._orig_table is not None:
             return self._orig_table
         from .generation import MetaTable
-        return MetaTable(
-            self.table_name,
-            **self.table_kw
-        )
+
+        return MetaTable(self.table_name, **self.table_kw)
 
     @classmethod
     def drop_table(cls, table_name: str, **kw: Any) -> DropTableOp:
@@ -230,7 +202,7 @@ def rename_table(cls, old_table_name: str, new_table_name: str) -> RenameTableOp
         return cls(old_table_name, new_table_name)
 
     def run(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError('Table renaming is currently not supported.')
+        raise NotImplementedError("Table renaming is currently not supported.")
 
 
 @Migration.register_operation("add_column")
@@ -262,13 +234,7 @@ def run(self):
 
 @Migration.register_operation("drop_column")
 class DropColumnOp(AlterTableOp):
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        table_name: str,
-        column_name: str,
-        _orig_column: Optional[Column] = None,
-        **kw: Any
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, table_name: str, column_name: str, _orig_column: Optional[Column] = None, **kw: Any):
         super().__init__(table_name)
         self.column_name = column_name
         self.kw = kw
@@ -279,13 +245,9 @@ def to_diff_tuple(self) -> Tuple[str, str, Column]:
 
     def reverse(self) -> AddColumnOp:
         if self._orig_column is None:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "operation is not reversible; original column is not present"
-            )
+            raise ValueError("operation is not reversible; original column is not present")
 
-        return AddColumnOp.from_column_and_tablename(
-            self.table_name, self._orig_column
-        )
+        return AddColumnOp.from_column_and_tablename(self.table_name, self._orig_column)
 
     @classmethod
     def from_column_and_tablename(cls, tname: str, col: Column) -> DropColumnOp:
@@ -319,7 +281,7 @@ def __init__(
         modify_name: Optional[str] = None,
         modify_type: Optional[str] = None,
         modify_length: Optional[int] = None,
-        **kw: Any
+        **kw: Any,
     ):
         super().__init__(table_name)
         self.column_name = column_name
@@ -348,13 +310,10 @@ def to_diff_tuple(self) -> List[Tuple[str, str, str, Dict[str, Any], Any, Any]]:
                         "existing_length": self.existing_length,
                         "existing_notnull": self.existing_notnull,
                         "existing_default": self.existing_default,
-                        **{
-                            nkey: nval for nkey, nval in self.kw.items()
-                            if nkey.startswith('existing_')
-                        }
+                        **{nkey: nval for nkey, nval in self.kw.items() if nkey.startswith("existing_")},
                     },
                     self.existing_type,
-                    self.modify_type
+                    self.modify_type,
                 )
             )
 
@@ -367,10 +326,10 @@ def to_diff_tuple(self) -> List[Tuple[str, str, str, Dict[str, Any], Any, Any]]:
                     {
                         "existing_type": self.existing_type,
                         "existing_notnull": self.existing_notnull,
-                        "existing_default": self.existing_default
+                        "existing_default": self.existing_default,
                     },
                     self.existing_length,
-                    self.modify_length
+                    self.modify_length,
                 )
             )
 
@@ -380,12 +339,9 @@ def to_diff_tuple(self) -> List[Tuple[str, str, str, Dict[str, Any], Any, Any]]:
                     "modify_notnull",
                     tname,
                     cname,
-                    {
-                        "existing_type": self.existing_type,
-                        "existing_default": self.existing_default
-                    },
+                    {"existing_type": self.existing_type, "existing_default": self.existing_default},
                     self.existing_notnull,
-                    self.modify_notnull
+                    self.modify_notnull,
                 )
             )
 
@@ -395,12 +351,9 @@ def to_diff_tuple(self) -> List[Tuple[str, str, str, Dict[str, Any], Any, Any]]:
                     "modify_default",
                     tname,
                     cname,
-                    {
-                        "existing_notnull": self.existing_notnull,
-                        "existing_type": self.existing_type
-                    },
+                    {"existing_notnull": self.existing_notnull, "existing_type": self.existing_type},
                     self.existing_default,
-                    self.modify_default
+                    self.modify_default,
                 )
             )
 
@@ -414,13 +367,10 @@ def to_diff_tuple(self) -> List[Tuple[str, str, str, Dict[str, Any], Any, Any]]:
                         cname,
                         {
                             "existing_type": self.existing_type,
-                            **{
-                                nkey: nval for nkey, nval in self.kw.items()
-                                if nkey.startswith('existing_')
-                            }
+                            **{nkey: nval for nkey, nval in self.kw.items() if nkey.startswith("existing_")},
                         },
                         self.kw.get(f"existing_{attr}"),
-                        val
+                        val,
                     )
                 )
 
@@ -428,47 +378,42 @@ def to_diff_tuple(self) -> List[Tuple[str, str, str, Dict[str, Any], Any, Any]]:
 
     def has_changes(self) -> bool:
         hc = (
-            self.modify_notnull is not None or
-            self.modify_default is not DEFAULT_VALUE or
-            self.modify_type is not None or
-            self.modify_length is not None
+            self.modify_notnull is not None
+            or self.modify_default is not DEFAULT_VALUE
+            or self.modify_type is not None
+            or self.modify_length is not None
         )
         if hc:
             return True
         for kw in self.kw:
-            if kw.startswith('modify_'):
+            if kw.startswith("modify_"):
                 return True
         return False
 
     def reverse(self) -> AlterColumnOp:
         kw = self.kw.copy()
-        kw['existing_type'] = self.existing_type
-        kw['existing_length'] = self.existing_length
-        kw['existing_notnull'] = self.existing_notnull
-        kw['existing_default'] = self.existing_default
+        kw["existing_type"] = self.existing_type
+        kw["existing_length"] = self.existing_length
+        kw["existing_notnull"] = self.existing_notnull
+        kw["existing_default"] = self.existing_default
         if self.modify_type is not None:
-            kw['modify_type'] = self.modify_type
+            kw["modify_type"] = self.modify_type
         if self.modify_length is not None:
-            kw['modify_length'] = self.modify_length
+            kw["modify_length"] = self.modify_length
         if self.modify_notnull is not None:
-            kw['modify_notnull'] = self.modify_notnull
+            kw["modify_notnull"] = self.modify_notnull
         if self.modify_default is not DEFAULT_VALUE:
-            kw['modify_default'] = self.modify_default
+            kw["modify_default"] = self.modify_default
 
-        all_keys = set(m.group(1) for m in [
-            re.match(r'^(?:existing_|modify_)(.+)$', k)
-            for k in kw
-        ] if m)
+        all_keys = {m.group(1) for m in [re.match(r"^(?:existing_|modify_)(.+)$", k) for k in kw] if m}
 
         for k in all_keys:
-            if 'modify_%s' % k in kw:
-                swap = kw['existing_%s' % k]
-                kw['existing_%s' % k] = kw['modify_%s' % k]
-                kw['modify_%s' % k] = swap
+            if "modify_%s" % k in kw:
+                swap = kw["existing_%s" % k]
+                kw["existing_%s" % k] = kw["modify_%s" % k]
+                kw["modify_%s" % k] = swap
 
-        return self.__class__(
-            self.table_name, self.column_name, **kw
-        )
+        return self.__class__(self.table_name, self.column_name, **kw)
 
     @classmethod
     def alter_column(
@@ -484,7 +429,7 @@ def alter_column(
         existing_length: Optional[int] = None,
         existing_default: Any = None,
         existing_notnull: Optional[bool] = None,
-        **kw: Any
+        **kw: Any,
     ) -> AlterColumnOp:
         return cls(
             table_name,
@@ -498,13 +443,11 @@ def alter_column(
             modify_length=length,
             modify_default=default,
             modify_notnull=notnull,
-            **kw
+            **kw,
         )
 
     def run(self):
-        self.engine.alter_column(
-            self.table_name, self.column_name, self.to_diff_tuple()
-        )
+        self.engine.alter_column(self.table_name, self.column_name, self.to_diff_tuple())
 
 
 @Migration.register_operation("create_index")
@@ -517,7 +460,7 @@ def __init__(
         expressions: List[str] = [],
         unique: bool = False,
         _orig_index: Optional[MetaIndex] = None,
-        **kw: Any
+        **kw: Any,
     ):
         self.index_name = index_name
         self.table_name = table_name
@@ -536,22 +479,15 @@ def to_diff_tuple(self) -> Tuple[str, MetaIndex]:
     @classmethod
     def from_index(cls, index: MetaIndex) -> CreateIndexOp:
         return cls(
-            index.name, index.table_name, index.fields, index.expressions,
-            index.unique, _orig_index=index, **index.kw
+            index.name, index.table_name, index.fields, index.expressions, index.unique, _orig_index=index, **index.kw
         )
 
     def to_index(self) -> MetaIndex:
         if self._orig_index is not None:
             return self._orig_index
         from .generation import MetaIndex
-        return MetaIndex(
-            self.table_name,
-            self.index_name,
-            self.fields,
-            self.expressions,
-            self.unique,
-            **self.kw
-        )
+
+        return MetaIndex(self.table_name, self.index_name, self.fields, self.expressions, self.unique, **self.kw)
 
     @classmethod
     def create_index(
@@ -561,29 +497,19 @@ def create_index(
         fields: List[str] = [],
         expressions: List[str] = [],
         unique: bool = False,
-        **kw: Any
+        **kw: Any,
     ) -> CreateIndexOp:
         return cls(index_name, table_name, fields, expressions, unique, **kw)
 
     def run(self):
         self.engine.create_index(
-            self.index_name,
-            self.table_name,
-            self.fields,
-            self.expressions,
-            self.unique,
-            **self.kw
+            self.index_name, self.table_name, self.fields, self.expressions, self.unique, **self.kw
         )
 
 
 @Migration.register_operation("drop_index")
 class DropIndexOp(Operation):
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        index_name: str,
-        table_name: Optional[str] = None,
-        _orig_index: Optional[MetaIndex] = None
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, index_name: str, table_name: Optional[str] = None, _orig_index: Optional[MetaIndex] = None):
         self.index_name = index_name
         self.table_name = table_name
         self._orig_index = _orig_index
@@ -593,9 +519,7 @@ def to_diff_tuple(self) -> Tuple[str, MetaIndex]:
 
     def reverse(self) -> CreateIndexOp:
         if self._orig_index is None:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "operation is not reversible; original index is not present"
-            )
+            raise ValueError("operation is not reversible; original index is not present")
         return CreateIndexOp.from_index(self._orig_index)
 
     @classmethod
@@ -606,6 +530,7 @@ def to_index(self) -> MetaIndex:
         if self._orig_index is not None:
             return self._orig_index
         from .generation import MetaIndex
+
         return MetaIndex(self.table_name, self.index_name, [], [], False)
 
     @classmethod
@@ -627,7 +552,7 @@ def __init__(
         foreign_keys: List[str],
         on_delete: str,
         _orig_fk: Optional[MetaForeignKey] = None,
-        **kw: Any
+        **kw: Any,
     ):
         super().__init__(table_name)
         self.constraint_name = name
@@ -647,10 +572,7 @@ def to_diff_tuple(self) -> Tuple[str, MetaForeignKey]:
         return ("create_fk_constraint", self.to_foreign_key())
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_foreign_key(
-        cls,
-        foreign_key: MetaForeignKey
-    ) -> CreateForeignKeyConstraintOp:
+    def from_foreign_key(cls, foreign_key: MetaForeignKey) -> CreateForeignKeyConstraintOp:
         return cls(
             foreign_key.name,
             foreign_key.table_name,
@@ -658,7 +580,7 @@ def from_foreign_key(
             foreign_key.column_names,
             foreign_key.foreign_keys,
             foreign_key.on_delete,
-            _orig_fk=foreign_key
+            _orig_fk=foreign_key,
         )
 
     def to_foreign_key(self) -> MetaForeignKey:
@@ -666,13 +588,14 @@ def to_foreign_key(self) -> MetaForeignKey:
             return self._orig_fk
 
         from .generation import MetaForeignKey
+
         return MetaForeignKey(
             self.table_name,
             self.constraint_name,
             self.column_names,
             self.foreign_table_name,
             self.foreign_keys,
-            self.on_delete
+            self.on_delete,
         )
 
     @classmethod
@@ -683,7 +606,7 @@ def create_foreign_key(
         foreign_table_name: str,
         column_names: List[str],
         foreign_keys: List[str],
-        on_delete: str
+        on_delete: str,
     ) -> CreateForeignKeyConstraintOp:
         return cls(
             name=name,
@@ -691,7 +614,7 @@ def create_foreign_key(
             foreign_table_name=foreign_table_name,
             column_names=column_names,
             foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
-            on_delete=on_delete
+            on_delete=on_delete,
         )
 
     def run(self):
@@ -701,19 +624,13 @@ def run(self):
             self.column_names,
             self.foreign_table_name,
             self.foreign_keys,
-            self.on_delete
+            self.on_delete,
         )
 
 
 @Migration.register_operation("drop_foreign_key")
 class DropForeignKeyConstraintOp(AlterTableOp):
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        name: str,
-        table_name: str,
-        _orig_fk: Optional[MetaForeignKey] = None,
-        **kw: Any
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, name: str, table_name: str, _orig_fk: Optional[MetaForeignKey] = None, **kw: Any):
         super().__init__(table_name)
         self.constraint_name = name
         self.kw = kw
@@ -721,38 +638,26 @@ def __init__(
 
     def reverse(self) -> CreateForeignKeyConstraintOp:
         if self._orig_fk is None:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "operation is not reversible; original constraint is not present"
-            )
+            raise ValueError("operation is not reversible; original constraint is not present")
         return CreateForeignKeyConstraintOp.from_foreign_key(self._orig_fk)
 
     def to_diff_tuple(self) -> Tuple[str, MetaForeignKey]:
         return ("drop_fk_constraint", self.to_foreign_key())
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_foreign_key(
-        cls,
-        foreign_key: MetaForeignKey
-    ) -> DropForeignKeyConstraintOp:
-        return cls(
-            foreign_key.name,
-            foreign_key.table_name,
-            _orig_fk=foreign_key
-        )
+    def from_foreign_key(cls, foreign_key: MetaForeignKey) -> DropForeignKeyConstraintOp:
+        return cls(foreign_key.name, foreign_key.table_name, _orig_fk=foreign_key)
 
     def to_foreign_key(self):
         if self._orig_fk is not None:
             return self._orig_fk
 
         from .generation import MetaForeignKey
-        return MetaForeignKey(self.table_name, self.constraint_name, [], '', [], '')
+
+        return MetaForeignKey(self.table_name, self.constraint_name, [], "", [], "")
 
     @classmethod
-    def drop_foreign_key(
-        cls,
-        name: str,
-        table_name: str
-    ) -> DropForeignKeyConstraintOp:
+    def drop_foreign_key(cls, name: str, table_name: str) -> DropForeignKeyConstraintOp:
         return DropForeignKeyConstraintOp(name, table_name)
 
     def run(self):
diff --git a/emmett/orm/migrations/revisions.py b/emmett/orm/migrations/revisions.py
index 2dac4b36..56fd4edd 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/migrations/revisions.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/migrations/revisions.py
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.migrations.revisions
-    -------------------------------
+emmett.orm.migrations.revisions
+-------------------------------
 
-    Provides revisions logic for migrations.
+Provides revisions logic for migrations.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
 
-    Based on the code of Alembic (https://bitbucket.org/zzzeek/alembic)
-    :copyright: (c) 2009-2015 by Michael Bayer
+Based on the code of Alembic (https://bitbucket.org/zzzeek/alembic)
+:copyright: (c) 2009-2015 by Michael Bayer
 
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from collections import deque
@@ -18,10 +18,8 @@
 from emmett_core.utils import cachedprop
 
 from ...datastructures import OrderedSet
-from .helpers import to_tuple, tuple_or_value, dedupe_tuple
-from .exceptions import (
-    RevisionError, RangeNotAncestorError, ResolutionError, MultipleHeads
-)
+from .exceptions import MultipleHeads, RangeNotAncestorError, ResolutionError, RevisionError
+from .helpers import dedupe_tuple, to_tuple, tuple_or_value
 
 
 class Revision(object):
@@ -29,31 +27,24 @@ class Revision(object):
     _all_nextrev = frozenset()
     revision = None
     down_revision = None
-    #dependencies = None
-    #branch_labels = None
+    # dependencies = None
+    # branch_labels = None
 
-    def __init__(self, revision, down_revision,
-                 dependencies=None, branch_labels=None):
+    def __init__(self, revision, down_revision, dependencies=None, branch_labels=None):
         self.revision = revision
         self.down_revision = tuple_or_value(down_revision)
-        #self.dependencies = tuple_or_value(dependencies)
-        #self._resolved_dependencies = ()
-        #self._orig_branch_labels = to_tuple(branch_labels, default=())
-        #self.branch_labels = set(self._orig_branch_labels)
+        # self.dependencies = tuple_or_value(dependencies)
+        # self._resolved_dependencies = ()
+        # self._orig_branch_labels = to_tuple(branch_labels, default=())
+        # self.branch_labels = set(self._orig_branch_labels)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        args = [
-            repr(self.revision),
-            repr(self.down_revision)
-        ]
+        args = [repr(self.revision), repr(self.down_revision)]
         # if self.dependencies:
         #     args.append("dependencies=%r" % self.dependencies)
         # if self.branch_labels:
         #     args.append("branch_labels=%r" % self.branch_labels)
-        return "%s(%s)" % (
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-            ", ".join(args)
-        )
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, ", ".join(args))
 
     def add_nextrev(self, revision):
         self._all_nextrev = self._all_nextrev.union([revision.revision])
@@ -63,7 +54,7 @@ def add_nextrev(self, revision):
     @property
     def _all_down_revisions(self):
         return to_tuple(self.down_revision, default=())
-        #+ self._resolved_dependencies
+        # + self._resolved_dependencies
 
     @property
     def _versioned_down_revisions(self):
@@ -112,14 +103,11 @@ def _revision_map(self):
         self.bases = ()
         self._real_bases = ()
 
-        #has_branch_labels = set()
-        #has_depends_on = set()
+        # has_branch_labels = set()
+        # has_depends_on = set()
         for revision in self._generator():
-
             if revision.revision in rmap:
-                self.app.log.warn(
-                    "Revision %s is present more than once" % revision.revision
-                )
+                self.app.log.warn("Revision %s is present more than once" % revision.revision)
             rmap[revision.revision] = revision
             # if revision.branch_labels:
             #     has_branch_labels.add(revision)
@@ -128,9 +116,9 @@ def _revision_map(self):
             heads.add(revision.revision)
             _real_heads.add(revision.revision)
             if revision.is_base:
-                self.bases += (revision.revision, )
-                self._real_bases += (revision.revision, )
-            #if revision._is_real_base:
+                self.bases += (revision.revision,)
+                self._real_bases += (revision.revision,)
+            # if revision._is_real_base:
             #    self._real_bases += (revision.revision, )
 
         # for revision in has_branch_labels:
@@ -142,9 +130,7 @@ def _revision_map(self):
         for rev in rmap.values():
             for downrev in rev._all_down_revisions:
                 if downrev not in rmap:
-                    self.app.log.warn(
-                        "Revision %s referenced from %s is not present" %
-                        (downrev, rev))
+                    self.app.log.warn("Revision %s referenced from %s is not present" % (downrev, rev))
                 down_revision = rmap[downrev]
                 down_revision.add_nextrev(rev)
                 if downrev in rev._versioned_down_revisions:
@@ -190,14 +176,14 @@ def get_current_head(self):
 
     def _resolve_revision_number(self, rid):
         self._revision_map
-        if rid == 'heads':
+        if rid == "heads":
             return self._real_heads
-        elif rid == 'head':
+        elif rid == "head":
             current_head = self.get_current_head()
             if current_head:
-                return (current_head, )
+                return (current_head,)
             return ()
-        elif rid == 'base' or rid is None:
+        elif rid == "base" or rid is None:
             return ()
         else:
             return to_tuple(rid, default=None)
@@ -207,19 +193,15 @@ def _revision_for_ident(self, resolved_id):
             revision = self._revision_map[resolved_id]
         except KeyError:
             # do a partial lookup
-            revs = [x for x in self._revision_map
-                    if x and x.startswith(resolved_id)]
+            revs = [x for x in self._revision_map if x and x.startswith(resolved_id)]
             if not revs:
-                raise ResolutionError(
-                    "No such revision or branch '%s'" % resolved_id,
-                    resolved_id)
+                raise ResolutionError("No such revision or branch '%s'" % resolved_id, resolved_id)
             elif len(revs) > 1:
                 raise ResolutionError(
                     "Multiple revisions start "
-                    "with '%s': %s..." % (
-                        resolved_id,
-                        ", ".join("'%s'" % r for r in revs[0:3])
-                    ), resolved_id)
+                    "with '%s': %s..." % (resolved_id, ", ".join("'%s'" % r for r in revs[0:3])),
+                    resolved_id,
+                )
             else:
                 revision = self._revision_map[revs[0]]
         return revision
@@ -238,65 +220,53 @@ def get_revisions(self, rid):
             return sum([self.get_revisions(id_elem) for id_elem in rid], ())
         else:
             resolved_id = self._resolve_revision_number(rid)
-            return tuple(
-                self._revision_for_ident(rev_id) for rev_id in resolved_id)
+            return tuple(self._revision_for_ident(rev_id) for rev_id in resolved_id)
 
     def add_revision(self, revision, _replace=False):
         map_ = self._revision_map
         if not _replace and revision.revision in map_:
-            self.app.log.warn(
-                "Revision %s is present more than once" % revision.revision)
+            self.app.log.warn("Revision %s is present more than once" % revision.revision)
         elif _replace and revision.revision not in map_:
             raise Exception("revision %s not in map" % revision.revision)
 
         map_[revision.revision] = revision
 
         if revision.is_base:
-            self.bases += (revision.revision, )
-            self._real_bases += (revision.revision, )
+            self.bases += (revision.revision,)
+            self._real_bases += (revision.revision,)
         # if revision._is_real_base:
         #     self._real_bases += (revision.revision, )
         for downrev in revision._all_down_revisions:
             if downrev not in map_:
-                self.app.log.warn(
-                    "Revision %s referenced from %s is not present"
-                    % (downrev, revision)
-                )
+                self.app.log.warn("Revision %s referenced from %s is not present" % (downrev, revision))
             map_[downrev].add_nextrev(revision)
         if revision._is_real_head:
             self._real_heads = tuple(
-                head for head in self._real_heads
-                if head not in
-                set(revision._all_down_revisions).union([revision.revision])
+                head
+                for head in self._real_heads
+                if head not in set(revision._all_down_revisions).union([revision.revision])
             ) + (revision.revision,)
         if revision.is_head:
             self.heads = tuple(
-                head for head in self.heads
-                if head not in
-                set(revision._versioned_down_revisions).union(
-                    [revision.revision])
+                head
+                for head in self.heads
+                if head not in set(revision._versioned_down_revisions).union([revision.revision])
             ) + (revision.revision,)
 
-    def iterate_revisions(self, upper, lower, implicit_base=False,
-                          inclusive=False):
+    def iterate_revisions(self, upper, lower, implicit_base=False, inclusive=False):
         #: iterate through script revisions, starting at the given upper
         #  revision identifier and ending at the lower.
-        return self._iterate_revisions(
-            upper, lower, inclusive=inclusive, implicit_base=implicit_base)
+        return self._iterate_revisions(upper, lower, inclusive=inclusive, implicit_base=implicit_base)
 
     def _get_ancestor_nodes(self, targets, map_=None, check=False):
         fn = lambda rev: rev._versioned_down_revisions
 
-        return self._iterate_related_revisions(
-            fn, targets, map_=map_, check=check
-        )
+        return self._iterate_related_revisions(fn, targets, map_=map_, check=check)
 
     def _get_descendant_nodes(self, targets, map_=None, check=False):
         fn = lambda rev: rev.nextrev
 
-        return self._iterate_related_revisions(
-            fn, targets, map_=map_, check=check
-        )
+        return self._iterate_related_revisions(fn, targets, map_=map_, check=check)
 
     def _iterate_related_revisions(self, fn, targets, map_, check=False):
         if map_ is None:
@@ -305,7 +275,6 @@ def _iterate_related_revisions(self, fn, targets, map_, check=False):
         seen = set()
         todo = deque()
         for target in targets:
-
             todo.append(target)
             if check:
                 per_target = set()
@@ -318,16 +287,14 @@ def _iterate_related_revisions(self, fn, targets, map_, check=False):
                 if rev in seen:
                     continue
                 seen.add(rev)
-                todo.extend(
-                    map_[rev_id] for rev_id in fn(rev))
+                todo.extend(map_[rev_id] for rev_id in fn(rev))
                 yield rev
             if check and per_target.intersection(targets).difference([target]):
                 raise RevisionError(
-                    "Requested revision %s overlaps with "
-                    "other requested revisions" % target.revision)
+                    "Requested revision %s overlaps with " "other requested revisions" % target.revision
+                )
 
-    def _iterate_revisions(self, upper, lower, inclusive=True,
-                           implicit_base=False):
+    def _iterate_revisions(self, upper, lower, inclusive=True, implicit_base=False):
         #: iterate revisions from upper to lower.
         requested_lowers = self.get_revisions(lower)
         uppers = dedupe_tuple(self.get_revisions(upper))
@@ -338,16 +305,10 @@ def _iterate_revisions(self, upper, lower, inclusive=True,
         upper_ancestors = set(self._get_ancestor_nodes(uppers, check=True))
 
         if implicit_base and requested_lowers:
-            lower_ancestors = set(
-                self._get_ancestor_nodes(requested_lowers)
-            )
-            lower_descendants = set(
-                self._get_descendant_nodes(requested_lowers)
-            )
+            lower_ancestors = set(self._get_ancestor_nodes(requested_lowers))
+            lower_descendants = set(self._get_descendant_nodes(requested_lowers))
             base_lowers = set()
-            candidate_lowers = upper_ancestors.\
-                difference(lower_ancestors).\
-                difference(lower_descendants)
+            candidate_lowers = upper_ancestors.difference(lower_ancestors).difference(lower_descendants)
             for rev in candidate_lowers:
                 for downrev in rev._all_down_revisions:
                     if self._revision_map[downrev] in candidate_lowers:
@@ -364,10 +325,8 @@ def _iterate_revisions(self, upper, lower, inclusive=True,
             lowers = requested_lowers
 
         # represents all nodes we will produce
-        total_space = set(
-            rev.revision for rev in upper_ancestors).intersection(
-            rev.revision for rev
-            in self._get_descendant_nodes(lowers, check=True)
+        total_space = {rev.revision for rev in upper_ancestors}.intersection(
+            rev.revision for rev in self._get_descendant_nodes(lowers, check=True)
         )
 
         if not total_space:
@@ -375,27 +334,23 @@ def _iterate_revisions(self, upper, lower, inclusive=True,
 
         # organize branch points to be consumed separately from
         # member nodes
-        branch_todo = set(
-            rev for rev in
-            (self._revision_map[rev] for rev in total_space)
-            if rev._is_real_branch_point and
-            len(total_space.intersection(rev._all_nextrev)) > 1
-        )
+        branch_todo = {
+            rev
+            for rev in (self._revision_map[rev] for rev in total_space)
+            if rev._is_real_branch_point and len(total_space.intersection(rev._all_nextrev)) > 1
+        }
 
         # it's not possible for any "uppers" to be in branch_todo,
         # because the ._all_nextrev of those nodes is not in total_space
-        #assert not branch_todo.intersection(uppers)
+        # assert not branch_todo.intersection(uppers)
 
-        todo = deque(
-            r for r in uppers if r.revision in total_space)
+        todo = deque(r for r in uppers if r.revision in total_space)
 
         # iterate for total_space being emptied out
         total_space_modified = True
         while total_space:
-
             if not total_space_modified:
-                raise RevisionError(
-                    "Dependency resolution failed; iteration can't proceed")
+                raise RevisionError("Dependency resolution failed; iteration can't proceed")
             total_space_modified = False
             # when everything non-branch pending is consumed,
             # add to the todo any branch nodes that have no
@@ -403,13 +358,10 @@ def _iterate_revisions(self, upper, lower, inclusive=True,
             if not todo:
                 todo.extendleft(
                     sorted(
-                        (
-                            rev for rev in branch_todo
-                            if not rev._all_nextrev.intersection(total_space)
-                        ),
+                        (rev for rev in branch_todo if not rev._all_nextrev.intersection(total_space)),
                         # favor "revisioned" branch points before
                         # dependent ones
-                        key=lambda rev: 0 if rev.is_branch_point else 1
+                        key=lambda rev: 0 if rev.is_branch_point else 1,
                     )
                 )
                 branch_todo.difference_update(todo)
@@ -421,11 +373,13 @@ def _iterate_revisions(self, upper, lower, inclusive=True,
 
                 # do depth first for elements within branches,
                 # don't consume any actual branch nodes
-                todo.extendleft([
-                    self._revision_map[downrev]
-                    for downrev in reversed(rev._all_down_revisions)
-                    if self._revision_map[downrev] not in branch_todo and
-                    downrev in total_space])
+                todo.extendleft(
+                    [
+                        self._revision_map[downrev]
+                        for downrev in reversed(rev._all_down_revisions)
+                        if self._revision_map[downrev] not in branch_todo and downrev in total_space
+                    ]
+                )
 
                 if not inclusive and rev in requested_lowers:
                     continue
diff --git a/emmett/orm/migrations/scripts.py b/emmett/orm/migrations/scripts.py
index eee7b6fb..452cf90c 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/migrations/scripts.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/migrations/scripts.py
@@ -1,22 +1,21 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.migrations.scripts
-    -----------------------------
+emmett.orm.migrations.scripts
+-----------------------------
 
-    Provides scripts interface for migrations.
+Provides scripts interface for migrations.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
 
-    Based on the code of Alembic (https://bitbucket.org/zzzeek/alembic)
-    :copyright: (c) 2009-2015 by Michael Bayer
+Based on the code of Alembic (https://bitbucket.org/zzzeek/alembic)
+:copyright: (c) 2009-2015 by Michael Bayer
 
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import os
 import re
 import sys
-
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from datetime import datetime
 from importlib import resources
@@ -26,30 +25,25 @@
 from ...html import asis
 from . import __name__ as __pkg__
 from .base import Migration
-from .exceptions import (
-    RangeNotAncestorError, MultipleHeads, ResolutionError, RevisionError
-)
-from .helpers import tuple_rev_as_scalar, format_with_comma
+from .exceptions import MultipleHeads, RangeNotAncestorError, ResolutionError, RevisionError
+from .helpers import format_with_comma, tuple_rev_as_scalar
 from .revisions import Revision, RevisionsMap
 
 
 class ScriptDir(object):
-    _slug_re = re.compile(r'\w+')
+    _slug_re = re.compile(r"\w+")
     _default_file_template = "%(rev)s_%(slug)s"
 
     def __init__(self, app, migrations_folder=None):
         self.app = app
-        self.path = os.path.join(
-            app.root_path, migrations_folder or 'migrations')
+        self.path = os.path.join(app.root_path, migrations_folder or "migrations")
         if not os.path.exists(self.path):
             os.mkdir(self.path)
         self.cwd = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-        self.file_template = self.app.config.migrations.file_template or \
-            self._default_file_template
-        self.truncate_slug_length = \
-            self.app.config.migrations.filename_len or 40
+        self.file_template = self.app.config.migrations.file_template or self._default_file_template
+        self.truncate_slug_length = self.app.config.migrations.filename_len or 40
         self.revision_map = RevisionsMap(self.app, self._load_revisions)
-        self.templater = Renoir(path=self.cwd, mode='plain')
+        self.templater = Renoir(path=self.cwd, mode="plain")
 
     def _load_revisions(self):
         sys.path.insert(0, self.path)
@@ -60,10 +54,7 @@ def _load_revisions(self):
             yield script
 
     @contextmanager
-    def _catch_revision_errors(
-            self,
-            ancestor=None, multiple_heads=None, start=None, end=None,
-            resolution=None):
+    def _catch_revision_errors(self, ancestor=None, multiple_heads=None, start=None, end=None, resolution=None):
         try:
             yield
         except RangeNotAncestorError as rna:
@@ -85,25 +76,20 @@ def _catch_revision_errors(
                     "argument '%(head_arg)s'; please "
                     "specify a specific target revision, "
                     "'<branchname>@%(head_arg)s' to "
-                    "narrow to a specific head, or 'heads' for all heads")
-            multiple_heads = multiple_heads % {
-                "head_arg": end or mh.argument,
-                "heads": str(mh.heads)
-            }
+                    "narrow to a specific head, or 'heads' for all heads"
+                )
+            multiple_heads = multiple_heads % {"head_arg": end or mh.argument, "heads": str(mh.heads)}
             raise Exception(multiple_heads)
         except ResolutionError as re:
             if resolution is None:
-                resolution = "Can't locate revision identified by '%s'" % (
-                    re.argument
-                )
+                resolution = "Can't locate revision identified by '%s'" % (re.argument)
             raise Exception(resolution)
         except RevisionError as err:
             raise Exception(err.args[0])
 
     def walk_revisions(self, base="base", head="heads"):
         with self._catch_revision_errors(start=base, end=head):
-            for rev in self.revision_map.iterate_revisions(
-                    head, base, inclusive=True):
+            for rev in self.revision_map.iterate_revisions(head, base, inclusive=True):
                 yield rev
 
     def get_revision(self, revid):
@@ -116,42 +102,41 @@ def get_revisions(self, revid):
 
     def get_upgrade_revs(self, destination, current_rev):
         with self._catch_revision_errors(
-                ancestor="Destination %(end)s is not a valid upgrade "
-                "target from current head(s)", end=destination):
-            revs = self.revision_map.iterate_revisions(
-                destination, current_rev, implicit_base=True)
+            ancestor="Destination %(end)s is not a valid upgrade " "target from current head(s)", end=destination
+        ):
+            revs = self.revision_map.iterate_revisions(destination, current_rev, implicit_base=True)
             return reversed(list(revs))
 
     def get_downgrade_revs(self, destination, current_rev):
         with self._catch_revision_errors(
-                ancestor="Destination %(end)s is not a valid downgrade "
-                "target from current head(s)", end=destination):
-            revs = self.revision_map.iterate_revisions(
-                current_rev, destination)
+            ancestor="Destination %(end)s is not a valid downgrade " "target from current head(s)", end=destination
+        ):
+            revs = self.revision_map.iterate_revisions(current_rev, destination)
             return list(revs)
 
     def _rev_filename(self, revid, message, creation_date):
         slug = "_".join(self._slug_re.findall(message or "")).lower()
         if len(slug) > self.truncate_slug_length:
-            slug = slug[:self.truncate_slug_length].rsplit('_', 1)[0] + '_'
+            slug = slug[: self.truncate_slug_length].rsplit("_", 1)[0] + "_"
         filename = "%s.py" % (
-            self.file_template % {
-                'rev': revid,
-                'slug': slug,
-                'year': creation_date.year,
-                'month': creation_date.month,
-                'day': creation_date.day,
-                'hour': creation_date.hour,
-                'minute': creation_date.minute,
-                'second': creation_date.second
+            self.file_template
+            % {
+                "rev": revid,
+                "slug": slug,
+                "year": creation_date.year,
+                "month": creation_date.month,
+                "day": creation_date.day,
+                "hour": creation_date.hour,
+                "minute": creation_date.minute,
+                "second": creation_date.second,
             }
         )
         return filename
 
     def _generate_template(self, filename, ctx):
-        tmpl_source = resources.read_text(__pkg__, 'migration.tmpl')
+        tmpl_source = resources.read_text(__pkg__, "migration.tmpl")
         rendered = self.templater._render(source=tmpl_source, context=ctx)
-        with open(os.path.join(self.path, filename), 'w') as f:
+        with open(os.path.join(self.path, filename), "w") as f:
             f.write(rendered)
 
     def generate_revision(self, revid, message, head=None, splice=False, **kw):
@@ -171,11 +156,13 @@ def generate_revision(self, revid, message, head=None, splice=False, **kw):
         if head is None:
             head = "head"
 
-        with self._catch_revision_errors(multiple_heads=(
-            "Multiple heads are present; please specify the head "
-            "revision on which the new revision should be based, "
-            "or perform a merge."
-        )):
+        with self._catch_revision_errors(
+            multiple_heads=(
+                "Multiple heads are present; please specify the head "
+                "revision on which the new revision should be based, "
+                "or perform a merge."
+            )
+        ):
             heads = self.revision_map.get_revisions(head)
 
         if len(set(heads)) != len(heads):
@@ -190,11 +177,10 @@ def generate_revision(self, revid, message, head=None, splice=False, **kw):
                 if head is not None and not head.is_head:
                     raise Exception(
                         "Revision %s is not a head revision; please specify "
-                        "--splice to create a new branch from this revision"
-                        % head.revision)
+                        "--splice to create a new branch from this revision" % head.revision
+                    )
 
-        down_migration = tuple(
-            h.revision if h is not None else None for h in heads)
+        down_migration = tuple(h.revision if h is not None else None for h in heads)
 
         down_migration_var = tuple_rev_as_scalar(down_migration)
         if isinstance(down_migration_var, str):
@@ -202,16 +188,16 @@ def generate_revision(self, revid, message, head=None, splice=False, **kw):
         else:
             down_migration_var = str(down_migration_var)
 
-        template_ctx = dict(
-            asis=asis,
-            up_migration=revid,
-            down_migration=down_migration_var,
-            creation_date=creation_date,
-            down_migration_str=", ".join(r for r in down_migration),
-            message=message if message is not None else ("empty message"),
-            upgrades=kw.get('upgrades', ['pass']),
-            downgrades=kw.get('downgrades', ['pass'])
-        )
+        template_ctx = {
+            "asis": asis,
+            "up_migration": revid,
+            "down_migration": down_migration_var,
+            "creation_date": creation_date,
+            "down_migration_str": ", ".join(r for r in down_migration),
+            "message": message if message is not None else ("empty message"),
+            "upgrades": kw.get("upgrades", ["pass"]),
+            "downgrades": kw.get("downgrades", ["pass"]),
+        }
         self._generate_template(rev_filename, template_ctx)
 
         script = Script._from_filename(self, rev_filename)
@@ -220,7 +206,7 @@ def generate_revision(self, revid, message, head=None, splice=False, **kw):
 
 
 class Script(Revision):
-    _only_source_rev_file = re.compile(r'(?!__init__)(.*\.py)$')
+    _only_source_rev_file = re.compile(r"(?!__init__)(.*\.py)$")
     migration_class = None
     path = None
 
@@ -228,10 +214,7 @@ def __init__(self, module, migration_class, path):
         self.module = module
         self.migration_class = migration_class
         self.path = path
-        super(Script, self).__init__(
-            self.migration_class.revision,
-            self.migration_class.revises
-        )
+        super(Script, self).__init__(self.migration_class.revision, self.migration_class.revises)
 
     @property
     def doc(self):
@@ -251,22 +234,16 @@ def log_entry(self):
             " (mergepoint)" if self.is_merge_point else "",
         )
         if self.is_merge_point:
-            entry += "Merges: %s\n" % (self._format_down_revision(), )
+            entry += "Merges: %s\n" % (self._format_down_revision(),)
         else:
-            entry += "Parent: %s\n" % (self._format_down_revision(), )
+            entry += "Parent: %s\n" % (self._format_down_revision(),)
 
         if self.is_branch_point:
-            entry += "Branches into: %s\n" % (
-                format_with_comma(self.nextrev))
+            entry += "Branches into: %s\n" % (format_with_comma(self.nextrev))
 
         entry += "Path: %s\n" % (self.path,)
 
-        entry += "\n%s\n" % (
-            "\n".join(
-                "    %s" % para
-                for para in self.longdoc.splitlines()
-            )
-        )
+        entry += "\n%s\n" % ("\n".join("    %s" % para for para in self.longdoc.splitlines()))
         return entry
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -276,21 +253,17 @@ def __str__(self):
             " (head)" if self.is_head else "",
             " (branchpoint)" if self.is_branch_point else "",
             " (mergepoint)" if self.is_merge_point else "",
-            self.doc)
+            self.doc,
+        )
 
-    def _head_only(
-            self, include_doc=False,
-            include_parents=False, tree_indicators=True,
-            head_indicators=True):
+    def _head_only(self, include_doc=False, include_parents=False, tree_indicators=True, head_indicators=True):
         text = self.revision
         if include_parents:
-            text = "%s -> %s" % (
-                self._format_down_revision(), text)
+            text = "%s -> %s" % (self._format_down_revision(), text)
         if head_indicators or tree_indicators:
             text += "%s%s" % (
                 " (head)" if self._is_real_head else "",
-                " (effective head)" if self.is_head and
-                    not self._is_real_head else ""
+                " (effective head)" if self.is_head and not self._is_real_head else "",
             )
         if tree_indicators:
             text += "%s%s" % (
@@ -301,17 +274,11 @@ def _head_only(
             text += ", %s" % self.doc
         return text
 
-    def cmd_format(
-        self,
-            verbose,
-            include_doc=False,
-            include_parents=False, tree_indicators=True):
+    def cmd_format(self, verbose, include_doc=False, include_parents=False, tree_indicators=True):
         if verbose:
             return self.log_entry
         else:
-            return self._head_only(
-                include_doc,
-                include_parents, tree_indicators)
+            return self._head_only(include_doc, include_parents, tree_indicators)
 
     def _format_down_revision(self):
         if not self.down_revision:
@@ -325,14 +292,13 @@ def _from_filename(cls, scriptdir, filename):
         if not py_match:
             return None
         py_filename = py_match.group(1)
-        py_module = py_filename.split('.py')[0]
+        py_module = py_filename.split(".py")[0]
         __import__(py_module)
         module = sys.modules[py_module]
-        migration_class = getattr(module, 'Migration', None)
+        migration_class = getattr(module, "Migration", None)
         if migration_class is None:
             for v in module.__dict__.values():
                 if isinstance(v, Migration):
                     migration_class = v
                     break
-        return Script(
-            module, migration_class, os.path.join(scriptdir.path, filename))
+        return Script(module, migration_class, os.path.join(scriptdir.path, filename))
diff --git a/emmett/orm/migrations/utils.py b/emmett/orm/migrations/utils.py
index 6ae72560..38e04599 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/migrations/utils.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/migrations/utils.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.migrations.utilities
-    -------------------------------
+emmett.orm.migrations.utilities
+-------------------------------
 
-    Provides some migration utilities.
+Provides some migration utilities.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from ..base import Database
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ def _load_head_to_meta(self):
 
 class RuntimeMigration(MigrationOp):
     def __init__(self, engine: Engine, ops: UpgradeOps):
-        super().__init__('runtime', ops, ops.reverse(), 'runtime')
+        super().__init__("runtime", ops, ops.reverse(), "runtime")
         self.engine = engine
         for op in self.upgrade_ops.ops:
             op.engine = self.engine
diff --git a/emmett/orm/models.py b/emmett/orm/models.py
index 186612e1..b76def18 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/models.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/models.py
@@ -1,39 +1,23 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.models
-    -----------------
+emmett.orm.models
+-----------------
 
-    Provides model layer for Emmet's ORM.
+Provides model layer for Emmet's ORM.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import operator
 import types
-
 from collections import OrderedDict
 from functools import reduce
 from typing import Any, Callable
 
 from ..datastructures import sdict
-from .apis import (
-    compute,
-    rowattr,
-    rowmethod,
-    scope,
-    belongs_to,
-    refers_to,
-    has_one,
-    has_many
-)
-from .errors import (
-    InsertFailureOnSave,
-    SaveException,
-    UpdateFailureOnSave,
-    ValidationError,
-    DestroyException
-)
+from .apis import belongs_to, compute, has_many, has_one, refers_to, rowattr, rowmethod, scope
+from .errors import DestroyException, InsertFailureOnSave, SaveException, UpdateFailureOnSave, ValidationError
 from .helpers import (
     Callback,
     ReferenceData,
@@ -45,23 +29,30 @@
     typed_row_reference,
     typed_row_reference_from_record,
     wrap_scope_on_model,
-    wrap_virtual_on_model
+    wrap_virtual_on_model,
 )
 from .objects import Field, StructuredRow
-from .wrappers import HasOneWrap, HasOneViaWrap, HasManyWrap, HasManyViaWrap
+from .wrappers import HasManyViaWrap, HasManyWrap, HasOneViaWrap, HasOneWrap
 
 
 class MetaModel(type):
     _inheritable_dict_attrs_ = [
-        'indexes', 'validation', ('fields_rw', {'id': False}), 'foreign_keys',
-        'default_values', 'update_values', 'repr_values',
-        'form_labels', 'form_info', 'form_widgets'
+        "indexes",
+        "validation",
+        ("fields_rw", {"id": False}),
+        "foreign_keys",
+        "default_values",
+        "update_values",
+        "repr_values",
+        "form_labels",
+        "form_info",
+        "form_widgets",
     ]
 
     def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
         new_class = type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
         #: collect declared attributes
-        tablename = attrs.get('tablename')
+        tablename = attrs.get("tablename")
         fields = []
         vfields = []
         computations = []
@@ -83,8 +74,7 @@ def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
             elif isinstance(value, scope):
                 declared_scopes[key] = value
         declared_relations = sdict(
-            belongs=OrderedDict(), refers=OrderedDict(),
-            hasone=OrderedDict(), hasmany=OrderedDict()
+            belongs=OrderedDict(), refers=OrderedDict(), hasone=OrderedDict(), hasmany=OrderedDict()
         )
         for ref in belongs_to._references_.values():
             for item in ref.reference:
@@ -132,25 +122,22 @@ def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
         all_computations = OrderedDict()
         all_callbacks = OrderedDict()
         all_scopes = {}
-        all_relations = sdict(
-            belongs=OrderedDict(), refers=OrderedDict(),
-            hasone=OrderedDict(), hasmany=OrderedDict()
-        )
+        all_relations = sdict(belongs=OrderedDict(), refers=OrderedDict(), hasone=OrderedDict(), hasmany=OrderedDict())
         super_vfields = OrderedDict()
         for base in reversed(new_class.__mro__[1:]):
-            if hasattr(base, '_declared_fields_'):
+            if hasattr(base, "_declared_fields_"):
                 all_fields.update(base._declared_fields_)
-            if hasattr(base, '_declared_virtuals_'):
+            if hasattr(base, "_declared_virtuals_"):
                 all_vfields.update(base._declared_virtuals_)
                 super_vfields.update(base._declared_virtuals_)
-            if hasattr(base, '_declared_computations_'):
+            if hasattr(base, "_declared_computations_"):
                 all_computations.update(base._declared_computations_)
-            if hasattr(base, '_declared_callbacks_'):
+            if hasattr(base, "_declared_callbacks_"):
                 all_callbacks.update(base._declared_callbacks_)
-            if hasattr(base, '_declared_scopes_'):
+            if hasattr(base, "_declared_scopes_"):
                 all_scopes.update(base._declared_scopes_)
             for key in list(all_relations):
-                attrkey = '_declared_' + key + '_ref_'
+                attrkey = "_declared_" + key + "_ref_"
                 if hasattr(base, attrkey):
                     all_relations[key].update(getattr(base, attrkey))
         #: compose 'all' attributes
@@ -237,13 +224,13 @@ def __new__(cls):
         return super(Model, cls).__new__(cls)
 
     def __init__(self):
-        if not hasattr(self, 'migrate'):
-            self.migrate = self.config.get('migrate', self.db._migrate)
-        if not hasattr(self, 'format'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "migrate"):
+            self.migrate = self.config.get("migrate", self.db._migrate)
+        if not hasattr(self, "format"):
             self.format = None
-        if not hasattr(self, 'primary_keys'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "primary_keys"):
             self.primary_keys = []
-        self._fieldset_pk = set(self.primary_keys or ['id'])
+        self._fieldset_pk = set(self.primary_keys or ["id"])
 
     @property
     def config(self):
@@ -253,7 +240,7 @@ def __parse_relation_via(self, via):
         if via is None:
             return via
         rv = sdict()
-        splitted = via.split('.')
+        splitted = via.split(".")
         rv.via = splitted[0]
         if len(splitted) > 1:
             rv.field = splitted[1]
@@ -290,30 +277,27 @@ def __build_relation_modelname(self, name, relation, singularize):
             relation.model = relation.model[:-1]
 
     def __build_relation_fieldnames(self, relation):
-        splitted = relation.model.split('.')
+        splitted = relation.model.split(".")
         relation.model = splitted[0]
         if len(splitted) > 1:
             relation.fields = [splitted[1]]
         else:
             if len(self.primary_keys) > 1:
-                relation.fields = [
-                    f"{decamelize(self.__class__.__name__)}_{pk}"
-                    for pk in self.primary_keys
-                ]
+                relation.fields = [f"{decamelize(self.__class__.__name__)}_{pk}" for pk in self.primary_keys]
             else:
                 relation.fields = [decamelize(self.__class__.__name__)]
 
     def __parse_relation_dict(self, rel, singularize):
-        if 'scope' in rel.model:
-            rel.scope = rel.model['scope']
-        if 'where' in rel.model:
-            rel.where = rel.model['where']
-        if 'via' in rel.model:
-            rel.update(self.__parse_relation_via(rel.model['via']))
+        if "scope" in rel.model:
+            rel.scope = rel.model["scope"]
+        if "where" in rel.model:
+            rel.where = rel.model["where"]
+        if "via" in rel.model:
+            rel.update(self.__parse_relation_via(rel.model["via"]))
             del rel.model
         else:
-            if 'target' in rel.model:
-                rel.model = rel.model['target']
+            if "target" in rel.model:
+                rel.model = rel.model["target"]
             if not isinstance(rel.model, str):
                 self.__build_relation_modelname(rel.name, rel, singularize)
 
@@ -323,19 +307,16 @@ def __parse_many_relation(self, item, singularize=True):
             rv.name = list(item)[0]
             rv.model = item[rv.name]
             if isinstance(rv.model, dict):
-                if 'method' in rv.model:
-                    if 'field' in rv.model:
-                        rv.fields = [rv.model['field']]
+                if "method" in rv.model:
+                    if "field" in rv.model:
+                        rv.fields = [rv.model["field"]]
                     else:
                         if len(self.primary_keys) > 1:
-                            rv.fields = [
-                                f"{decamelize(self.__class__.__name__)}_{pk}"
-                                for pk in self.primary_keys
-                            ]
+                            rv.fields = [f"{decamelize(self.__class__.__name__)}_{pk}" for pk in self.primary_keys]
                         else:
                             rv.fields = [decamelize(self.__class__.__name__)]
-                    rv.cast = rv.model.get('cast')
-                    rv.method = rv.model['method']
+                    rv.cast = rv.model.get("cast")
+                    rv.method = rv.model["method"]
                     del rv.model
                 else:
                     self.__parse_relation_dict(rv, singularize)
@@ -348,18 +329,15 @@ def __parse_many_relation(self, item, singularize=True):
             if rv.model == "self":
                 rv.model = self.__class__.__name__
         if not rv.via:
-            rv.reverse = (
-                rv.fields[0] if len(rv.fields) == 1 else
-                decamelize(self.__class__.__name__)
-            )
+            rv.reverse = rv.fields[0] if len(rv.fields) == 1 else decamelize(self.__class__.__name__)
         return rv
 
     def _define_props_(self):
         #: create pydal's Field elements
         self.fields = []
-        if not self.primary_keys and 'id' not in self._all_fields_:
-            idfield = Field('id')._make_field('id', model=self)
-            setattr(self.__class__, 'id', idfield)
+        if not self.primary_keys and "id" not in self._all_fields_:
+            idfield = Field("id")._make_field("id", model=self)
+            self.__class__.id = idfield
             self.fields.append(idfield)
         for name, obj in self._all_fields_.items():
             if obj.modelname is not None:
@@ -372,10 +350,7 @@ def __find_matching_fk_definition(self, rfields, lfields, rmodel):
         if not set(rfields).issubset(set(rmodel.primary_keys)):
             return match
         for key, val in self.foreign_keys.items():
-            if (
-                set(val["foreign_fields"]) == set(rmodel.primary_keys) and
-                set(lfields).issubset(set(val["fields"]))
-            ):
+            if set(val["foreign_fields"]) == set(rmodel.primary_keys) and set(lfields).issubset(set(val["fields"])):
                 match = key
                 break
         return match
@@ -383,13 +358,10 @@ def __find_matching_fk_definition(self, rfields, lfields, rmodel):
     def _define_relations_(self):
         self._virtual_relations_ = OrderedDict()
         self._compound_relations_ = {}
-        bad_args_error = (
-            "belongs_to, has_one and has_many "
-            "only accept strings or dicts as arguments"
-        )
+        bad_args_error = "belongs_to, has_one and has_many " "only accept strings or dicts as arguments"
         #: belongs_to and refers_to are mapped with 'reference' type Field
         _references = []
-        _reference_keys = ['_all_belongs_ref_', '_all_refers_ref_']
+        _reference_keys = ["_all_belongs_ref_", "_all_refers_ref_"]
         belongs_references = {}
         belongs_fks = {}
         for key in _reference_keys:
@@ -397,24 +369,18 @@ def _define_relations_(self):
                 _references.append(list(getattr(self, key).values()))
             else:
                 _references.append([])
-        is_belongs, ondelete = True, 'cascade'
+        is_belongs, ondelete = True, "cascade"
         for _references_obj in _references:
             for item in _references_obj:
                 if not isinstance(item, (str, dict)):
                     raise RuntimeError(bad_args_error)
                 reference = self.__parse_belongs_relation(item, ondelete)
                 reference.is_refers = not is_belongs
-                refmodel = (
-                    self.db[reference.model]._model_
-                    if reference.model != self.__class__.__name__
-                    else self
-                )
+                refmodel = self.db[reference.model]._model_ if reference.model != self.__class__.__name__ else self
                 ref_multi_pk = len(refmodel._fieldset_pk) > 1
                 fk_def_key, fks_data, multi_fk = None, {}, []
                 if ref_multi_pk and reference.fk:
-                    fk_def_key = self.__find_matching_fk_definition(
-                        [reference.fk], [reference.name], refmodel
-                    )
+                    fk_def_key = self.__find_matching_fk_definition([reference.fk], [reference.name], refmodel)
                     if not fk_def_key:
                         raise SyntaxError(
                             f"{self.__class__.__name__}.{reference.name} relation "
@@ -445,10 +411,9 @@ def _define_relations_(self):
                         local_fields=fks_data["fields"],
                         foreign_fields=fks_data["foreign_fields"],
                         coupled_fields=[
-                            (local, fks_data["foreign_fields"][idx])
-                            for idx, local in enumerate(fks_data["fields"])
+                            (local, fks_data["foreign_fields"][idx]) for idx, local in enumerate(fks_data["fields"])
                         ],
-                        is_refers=reference.is_refers
+                        is_refers=reference.is_refers,
                     )
                     self._compound_relations_[reference.name] = sdict(
                         model=reference.model,
@@ -465,40 +430,31 @@ def _define_relations_(self):
                         local_fields=[reference.name],
                         foreign_fields=[reference.fk],
                         coupled_fields=[(reference.name, reference.fk)],
-                        is_refers=reference.is_refers
+                        is_refers=reference.is_refers,
                     )
                 if not fk_def_key and fks_data:
-                    self.foreign_keys[reference.name] = self.foreign_keys.get(
-                        reference.name
-                    ) or fks_data
+                    self.foreign_keys[reference.name] = self.foreign_keys.get(reference.name) or fks_data
                 for reference in references:
                     if reference.model != self.__class__.__name__:
                         tablename = self.db[reference.model]._tablename
                     else:
                         tablename = self.tablename
                     fieldobj = Field(
-                        (
-                            f"reference {tablename}" if not ref_multi_pk else
-                            f"reference {tablename}.{reference.fk}"
-                        ),
+                        (f"reference {tablename}" if not ref_multi_pk else f"reference {tablename}.{reference.fk}"),
                         ondelete=reference.on_delete,
-                        _isrefers=not is_belongs
+                        _isrefers=not is_belongs,
                     )
                     setattr(self.__class__, reference.name, fieldobj)
-                    self.fields.append(
-                        getattr(self, reference.name)._make_field(
-                            reference.name, self
-                        )
-                    )
+                    self.fields.append(getattr(self, reference.name)._make_field(reference.name, self))
                     belongs_references[reference.name] = reference
             is_belongs = False
-            ondelete = 'nullify'
-        setattr(self.__class__, '_belongs_ref_', belongs_references)
-        setattr(self.__class__, '_belongs_fks_', belongs_fks)
+            ondelete = "nullify"
+        self.__class__._belongs_ref_ = belongs_references
+        self.__class__._belongs_fks_ = belongs_fks
         #: has_one are mapped with rowattr
         hasone_references = {}
-        if hasattr(self, '_all_hasone_ref_'):
-            for item in getattr(self, '_all_hasone_ref_').values():
+        if hasattr(self, "_all_hasone_ref_"):
+            for item in getattr(self, "_all_hasone_ref_").values():
                 if not isinstance(item, (str, dict)):
                     raise RuntimeError(bad_args_error)
                 reference = self.__parse_many_relation(item, False)
@@ -508,15 +464,13 @@ def _define_relations_(self):
                 else:
                     #: maps has_one('thing'), has_one({'thing': 'othername'})
                     wrapper = HasOneWrap
-                self._virtual_relations_[reference.name] = rowattr(
-                    reference.name
-                )(wrapper(reference))
+                self._virtual_relations_[reference.name] = rowattr(reference.name)(wrapper(reference))
                 hasone_references[reference.name] = reference
-        setattr(self.__class__, '_hasone_ref_', hasone_references)
+        self.__class__._hasone_ref_ = hasone_references
         #: has_many are mapped with rowattr
         hasmany_references = {}
-        if hasattr(self, '_all_hasmany_ref_'):
-            for item in getattr(self, '_all_hasmany_ref_').values():
+        if hasattr(self, "_all_hasmany_ref_"):
+            for item in getattr(self, "_all_hasmany_ref_").values():
                 if not isinstance(item, (str, dict)):
                     raise RuntimeError(bad_args_error)
                 reference = self.__parse_many_relation(item)
@@ -526,11 +480,9 @@ def _define_relations_(self):
                 else:
                     #: maps has_many('things'), has_many({'things': 'othername'})
                     wrapper = HasManyWrap
-                self._virtual_relations_[reference.name] = rowattr(
-                    reference.name
-                )(wrapper(reference))
+                self._virtual_relations_[reference.name] = rowattr(reference.name)(wrapper(reference))
                 hasmany_references[reference.name] = reference
-        setattr(self.__class__, '_hasmany_ref_', hasmany_references)
+        self.__class__._hasmany_ref_ = hasmany_references
         self.__define_fks()
 
     def __define_fks(self):
@@ -538,15 +490,8 @@ def __define_fks(self):
         implicit_defs = {}
         grouped_rels = {}
         for rname, rel in self._belongs_ref_.items():
-            rmodel = (
-                self.db[rel.model]._model_
-                if rel.model != self.__class__.__name__
-                else self
-            )
-            if (
-                not rmodel.primary_keys and
-                getattr(rmodel, list(rmodel._fieldset_pk)[0]).type == 'id'
-            ):
+            rmodel = self.db[rel.model]._model_ if rel.model != self.__class__.__name__ else self
+            if not rmodel.primary_keys and getattr(rmodel, list(rmodel._fieldset_pk)[0]).type == "id":
                 continue
             if len(rmodel._fieldset_pk) > 1:
                 match = self.__find_matching_fk_definition([rel.fk], [rel.name], rmodel)
@@ -557,46 +502,43 @@ def __define_fks(self):
                         "needs to be defined into `foreign_keys`."
                     )
                 crels = grouped_rels[match] = grouped_rels.get(
-                    match, {
-                        'rels': {},
-                        'table': rmodel.tablename,
-                        'on_delete': self.foreign_keys[match].get(
-                            "on_delete", "cascade"
-                        )
-                    }
+                    match,
+                    {
+                        "rels": {},
+                        "table": rmodel.tablename,
+                        "on_delete": self.foreign_keys[match].get("on_delete", "cascade"),
+                    },
                 )
-                crels['rels'][rname] = rel
+                crels["rels"][rname] = rel
             else:
                 # NOTE: we need this since pyDAL doesn't support id/refs types != int
                 implicit_defs[rname] = {
-                    'table': rmodel.tablename,
-                    'fields_local': [rname],
-                    'fields_foreign': [rel.fk],
-                    'on_delete': Field._internal_delete[rel.on_delete]
+                    "table": rmodel.tablename,
+                    "fields_local": [rname],
+                    "fields_foreign": [rel.fk],
+                    "on_delete": Field._internal_delete[rel.on_delete],
                 }
-        for rname, rel in implicit_defs.items():
-            constraint_name =  self.__create_fk_contraint_name(
-                rel['table'], *rel['fields_local']
-            )
+        for _, rel in implicit_defs.items():
+            constraint_name = self.__create_fk_contraint_name(rel["table"], *rel["fields_local"])
             self._foreign_keys_[constraint_name] = {**rel}
         for crels in grouped_rels.values():
             constraint_name = self.__create_fk_contraint_name(
-                crels['table'], *[rel.name for rel in crels['rels'].values()]
+                crels["table"], *[rel.name for rel in crels["rels"].values()]
             )
             self._foreign_keys_[constraint_name] = {
-                'table': crels['table'],
-                'fields_local': [rel.name for rel in crels['rels'].values()],
-                'fields_foreign': [rel.fk for rel in crels['rels'].values()],
-                'on_delete': Field._internal_delete[crels['on_delete']]
+                "table": crels["table"],
+                "fields_local": [rel.name for rel in crels["rels"].values()],
+                "fields_foreign": [rel.fk for rel in crels["rels"].values()],
+                "on_delete": Field._internal_delete[crels["on_delete"]],
             }
 
     def _define_virtuals_(self):
         self._all_rowattrs_ = {}
         self._all_rowmethods_ = {}
         self._super_rowmethods_ = {}
-        err = 'rowattr or rowmethod cannot have the name of an existent field!'
+        err = "rowattr or rowmethod cannot have the name of an existent field!"
         field_names = [field.name for field in self.fields]
-        for attr in ['_virtual_relations_', '_all_virtuals_']:
+        for attr in ["_virtual_relations_", "_all_virtuals_"]:
             for obj in getattr(self, attr, {}).values():
                 if obj.field_name in field_names:
                     raise RuntimeError(err)
@@ -616,47 +558,36 @@ def _define_virtuals_(self):
 
     def _set_row_persistence_id(self, row, ret):
         row.id = ret.id
-        object.__setattr__(row, '_concrete', True)
+        object.__setattr__(row, "_concrete", True)
 
     def _set_row_persistence_pk(self, row, ret):
         row[self.primary_keys[0]] = ret[self.primary_keys[0]]
-        object.__setattr__(row, '_concrete', True)
+        object.__setattr__(row, "_concrete", True)
 
     def _set_row_persistence_pks(self, row, ret):
         for field_name in self.primary_keys:
             row[field_name] = ret[field_name]
-        object.__setattr__(row, '_concrete', True)
+        object.__setattr__(row, "_concrete", True)
 
     def _unset_row_persistence(self, row):
         for field_name in self._fieldset_pk:
             row[field_name] = None
-        object.__setattr__(row, '_concrete', False)
+        object.__setattr__(row, "_concrete", False)
 
     def _build_rowclass_(self):
         #: build helpers for rows
         save_excluded_fields = (
-            set(
-                field.name for field in self.fields if
-                getattr(field, "type", None) == "id"
-            ) |
-            set(self._all_rowattrs_.keys()) |
-            set(self._all_rowmethods_.keys())
+            {field.name for field in self.fields if getattr(field, "type", None) == "id"}
+            | set(self._all_rowattrs_.keys())
+            | set(self._all_rowmethods_.keys())
         )
-        self._fieldset_initable = set([
-            field.name for field in self.fields
-        ]) - save_excluded_fields
-        self._fieldset_editable = set([
-            field.name for field in self.fields
-        ]) - save_excluded_fields - self._fieldset_pk
+        self._fieldset_initable = {field.name for field in self.fields} - save_excluded_fields
+        self._fieldset_editable = {field.name for field in self.fields} - save_excluded_fields - self._fieldset_pk
         self._fieldset_all = self._fieldset_initable | self._fieldset_pk
-        self._fieldset_update = set([
-            field.name for field in self.fields
-            if getattr(field, "update", None) is not None
-        ]) & self._fieldset_editable
-        self._relations_wrapset = (
-            set(self._belongs_fks_.keys()) -
-            set(self._compound_relations_.keys())
-        )
+        self._fieldset_update = {
+            field.name for field in self.fields if getattr(field, "update", None) is not None
+        } & self._fieldset_editable
+        self._relations_wrapset = set(self._belongs_fks_.keys()) - set(self._compound_relations_.keys())
         if not self.primary_keys:
             self._set_row_persistence = self._set_row_persistence_id
         elif len(self.primary_keys) == 1:
@@ -665,22 +596,12 @@ def _build_rowclass_(self):
             self._set_row_persistence = self._set_row_persistence_pks
         #: create dynamic row class
         clsname = self.__class__.__name__ + "Row"
-        attrs = {'_model': self}
+        attrs = {"_model": self}
         attrs.update({k: RowFieldMapper(k) for k in self._fieldset_all})
-        attrs.update({
-            k: RowVirtualMapper(k, v)
-            for k, v in self._all_rowattrs_.items()
-        })
+        attrs.update({k: RowVirtualMapper(k, v) for k, v in self._all_rowattrs_.items()})
         attrs.update(self._all_rowmethods_)
-        attrs.update({
-            k: RowRelationMapper(self.db, self._belongs_ref_[k])
-            for k in self._relations_wrapset
-        })
-        attrs.update({
-            k: RowCompoundRelationMapper(
-                self.db, data
-            ) for k, data in self._compound_relations_.items()
-        })
+        attrs.update({k: RowRelationMapper(self.db, self._belongs_ref_[k]) for k in self._relations_wrapset})
+        attrs.update({k: RowCompoundRelationMapper(self.db, data) for k, data in self._compound_relations_.items()})
         self._rowclass_ = type(clsname, (StructuredRow,), attrs)
         globals()[clsname] = self._rowclass_
 
@@ -714,7 +635,7 @@ def __define_validation(self):
 
     def __define_access(self):
         for field, value in self.fields_rw.items():
-            if field == 'id' and field not in self.table:
+            if field == "id" and field not in self.table:
                 continue
             if isinstance(value, (tuple, list)):
                 readable, writable = value
@@ -737,14 +658,12 @@ def __define_representation(self):
             self.table[field].represent = value
 
     def __define_computations(self):
-        err = 'computations should have the name of an existing field to compute!'
+        err = "computations should have the name of an existing field to compute!"
         field_names = [field.name for field in self.fields]
         for obj in self._all_computations_.values():
             if obj.field_name not in field_names:
                 raise RuntimeError(err)
-            self.table[obj.field_name].compute = (
-                lambda row, obj=obj, self=self: obj.compute(self, row)
-            )
+            self.table[obj.field_name].compute = lambda row, obj=obj, self=self: obj.compute(self, row)
 
     def __define_callbacks(self):
         for obj in self._all_callbacks_.values():
@@ -766,72 +685,63 @@ def __define_callbacks(self):
                     "_after_commit_update",
                     "_after_commit_delete",
                     "_after_commit_save",
-                    "_after_commit_destroy"
+                    "_after_commit_destroy",
                 ]:
-                    getattr(self.table, t).append(
-                        lambda a, obj=obj, self=self: obj.f(self, a)
-                    )
+                    getattr(self.table, t).append(lambda a, obj=obj, self=self: obj.f(self, a))
                 else:
-                    getattr(self.table, t).append(
-                        lambda a, b, obj=obj, self=self: obj.f(self, a, b)
-                    )
+                    getattr(self.table, t).append(lambda a, b, obj=obj, self=self: obj.f(self, a, b))
 
     def __define_scopes(self):
         self._scopes_ = {}
         for obj in self._all_scopes_.values():
             self._scopes_[obj.name] = obj
             if not hasattr(self.__class__, obj.name):
-                setattr(
-                    self.__class__, obj.name,
-                    classmethod(wrap_scope_on_model(obj.f))
-                )
+                setattr(self.__class__, obj.name, classmethod(wrap_scope_on_model(obj.f)))
 
     def __prepend_table_name(self, name, ns):
-        return '%s_%s__%s' % (self.tablename, ns, name)
+        return "%s_%s__%s" % (self.tablename, ns, name)
 
     def __create_index_name(self, *values):
         components = []
         for value in values:
-            components.append(value.replace('_', ''))
-        return self.__prepend_table_name("_".join(components), 'widx')
+            components.append(value.replace("_", ""))
+        return self.__prepend_table_name("_".join(components), "widx")
 
     def __create_fk_contraint_name(self, *values):
         components = []
         for value in values:
-            components.append(value.replace('_', ''))
-        return self.__prepend_table_name("fk__" + "_".join(components), 'ecnt')
+            components.append(value.replace("_", ""))
+        return self.__prepend_table_name("fk__" + "_".join(components), "ecnt")
 
     def __parse_index_dict(self, value):
         rv = {}
-        fields = value.get('fields') or []
+        fields = value.get("fields") or []
         if not isinstance(fields, (list, tuple)):
             fields = [fields]
-        rv['fields'] = fields
+        rv["fields"] = fields
         where_query = None
-        where_cond = value.get('where')
+        where_cond = value.get("where")
         if callable(where_cond):
             where_query = where_cond(self.__class__)
         if where_query:
-            rv['where'] = where_query
+            rv["where"] = where_query
         expressions = []
-        expressions_cond = value.get('expressions')
+        expressions_cond = value.get("expressions")
         if callable(expressions_cond):
             expressions = expressions_cond(self.__class__)
         if not isinstance(expressions, (tuple, list)):
             expressions = [expressions]
-        rv['expressions'] = expressions
-        rv['unique'] = value.get('unique', False)
+        rv["expressions"] = expressions
+        rv["unique"] = value.get("unique", False)
         return rv
 
     def __define_indexes(self):
         self._indexes_ = {}
         #: auto-define indexes based on fields
         for field in self.fields:
-            if getattr(field, 'unique', False):
-                idx_name = self.__prepend_table_name(f'{field.name}_unique', 'widx')
-                idx_dict = self.__parse_index_dict(
-                    {'fields': [field.name], 'unique': True}
-                )
+            if getattr(field, "unique", False):
+                idx_name = self.__prepend_table_name(f"{field.name}_unique", "widx")
+                idx_dict = self.__parse_index_dict({"fields": [field.name], "unique": True})
                 self._indexes_[idx_name] = idx_dict
         #: parse user-defined fields
         for key, value in self.indexes.items():
@@ -841,14 +751,14 @@ def __define_indexes(self):
                 if not isinstance(key, tuple):
                     key = [key]
                 if any(field not in self.table for field in key):
-                    raise SyntaxError(f'Invalid field specified in indexes: {key}')
+                    raise SyntaxError(f"Invalid field specified in indexes: {key}")
                 idx_name = self.__create_index_name(*key)
-                idx_dict = {'fields': key, 'expressions': [], 'unique': False}
+                idx_dict = {"fields": key, "expressions": [], "unique": False}
             elif isinstance(value, dict):
-                idx_name = self.__prepend_table_name(key, 'widx')
+                idx_name = self.__prepend_table_name(key, "widx")
                 idx_dict = self.__parse_index_dict(value)
             else:
-                raise SyntaxError('Values in indexes dict should be booleans or dicts')
+                raise SyntaxError("Values in indexes dict should be booleans or dicts")
             self._indexes_[idx_name] = idx_dict
 
     def _row_record_query_id(self, row):
@@ -858,35 +768,30 @@ def _row_record_query_pk(self, row):
         return self.table[self.primary_keys[0]] == row[self.primary_keys[0]]
 
     def _row_record_query_pks(self, row):
-        return reduce(
-            operator.and_, [self.table[pk] == row[pk] for pk in self.primary_keys]
-        )
+        return reduce(operator.and_, [self.table[pk] == row[pk] for pk in self.primary_keys])
 
     def __define_query_helpers(self):
         if not self.primary_keys:
-            self._query_id = self.table.id != None # noqa
+            self._query_id = self.table.id != None  # noqa
             self._query_row = self._row_record_query_id
             self._order_by_id_asc = self.table.id
             self._order_by_id_desc = ~self.table.id
         elif len(self.primary_keys) == 1:
-            self._query_id = self.table[self.primary_keys[0]] != None # noqa
+            self._query_id = self.table[self.primary_keys[0]] != None  # noqa
             self._query_row = self._row_record_query_pk
             self._order_by_id_asc = self.table[self.primary_keys[0]]
             self._order_by_id_desc = ~self.table[self.primary_keys[0]]
         else:
             self._query_id = reduce(
-                operator.and_, [
-                    self.table[key] != None # noqa
+                operator.and_,
+                [
+                    self.table[key] != None  # noqa
                     for key in self.primary_keys
-                ]
+                ],
             )
             self._query_row = self._row_record_query_pks
-            self._order_by_id_asc = reduce(
-                operator.or_, [self.table[key] for key in self.primary_keys]
-            )
-            self._order_by_id_desc = reduce(
-                operator.or_, [~self.table[key] for key in self.primary_keys]
-            )
+            self._order_by_id_asc = reduce(operator.or_, [self.table[key] for key in self.primary_keys])
+            self._order_by_id_desc = reduce(operator.or_, [~self.table[key] for key in self.primary_keys])
 
     def __define_form_utils(self):
         #: labels
@@ -924,27 +829,26 @@ def new(cls, **attributes):
             if callable(val):
                 val = val()
             rowattrs[field] = val
-        for field in (inst.primary_keys or ["id"]):
+        for field in inst.primary_keys or ["id"]:
             if inst.table[field].type == "id":
                 rowattrs[field] = None
         for field in set(inst._compound_relations_.keys()) & attrset:
             reldata = inst._compound_relations_[field]
             for local_field, foreign_field in reldata.coupled_fields:
                 rowattrs[local_field] = attributes[field][foreign_field]
-        rv = inst._rowclass_(
-            rowattrs, __concrete=False,
-            **{k: attributes[k] for k in attrset - set(rowattrs)}
-        )
-        rv._fields.update({
-            field: attributes[field] if not attributes[field] else (
-                typed_row_reference_from_record(
-                    attributes[field], inst.db[inst._belongs_fks_[field].model]._model_
-                ) if isinstance(attributes[field], StructuredRow) else
-                typed_row_reference(
-                    attributes[field], inst.db[inst._belongs_fks_[field].model]
+        rv = inst._rowclass_(rowattrs, __concrete=False, **{k: attributes[k] for k in attrset - set(rowattrs)})
+        rv._fields.update(
+            {
+                field: attributes[field]
+                if not attributes[field]
+                else (
+                    typed_row_reference_from_record(attributes[field], inst.db[inst._belongs_fks_[field].model]._model_)
+                    if isinstance(attributes[field], StructuredRow)
+                    else typed_row_reference(attributes[field], inst.db[inst._belongs_fks_[field].model])
                 )
-            ) for field in inst._relations_wrapset & attrset
-        })
+                for field in inst._relations_wrapset & attrset
+            }
+        )
         return rv
 
     @classmethod
@@ -965,7 +869,7 @@ def validate(cls, row, write_values: bool = False):
         inst, errors = cls._instance_(), sdict()
         for field_name in inst._fieldset_all:
             field = inst.table[field_name]
-            default = getattr(field, 'default')
+            default = getattr(field, "default")
             if callable(default):
                 default = default()
             value = row.get(field_name, default)
@@ -988,17 +892,11 @@ def all(cls):
 
     @classmethod
     def first(cls):
-        return cls.all().select(
-            orderby=cls._instance_()._order_by_id_asc,
-            limitby=(0, 1)
-        ).first()
+        return cls.all().select(orderby=cls._instance_()._order_by_id_asc, limitby=(0, 1)).first()
 
     @classmethod
     def last(cls):
-        return cls.all().select(
-            orderby=cls._instance_()._order_by_id_desc,
-            limitby=(0, 1)
-        ).first()
+        return cls.all().select(orderby=cls._instance_()._order_by_id_desc, limitby=(0, 1)).first()
 
     @classmethod
     def get(cls, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -1010,40 +908,32 @@ def get(cls, *args, **kwargs):
                 elif isinstance(args[0], dict) and not kwargs:
                     return cls.table(**args[0])
             if len(args) != len(inst._fieldset_pk):
-                raise SyntaxError(
-                    f"{cls.__name__}.get requires the same number of arguments "
-                    "as its primary keys"
-                )
+                raise SyntaxError(f"{cls.__name__}.get requires the same number of arguments " "as its primary keys")
             pks = inst.primary_keys or ["id"]
-            return cls.table(
-                **{pks[idx]: val for idx, val in enumerate(args)}
-            )
+            return cls.table(**{pks[idx]: val for idx, val in enumerate(args)})
         return cls.table(**kwargs)
 
-    @rowmethod('update_record')
+    @rowmethod("update_record")
     def _update_record(self, row, skip_callbacks=False, **fields):
         newfields = fields or dict(row)
         for field_name in set(newfields.keys()) - self._fieldset_editable:
             del newfields[field_name]
-        res = self.db(
-            self._query_row(row), ignore_common_filters=True
-        ).update(skip_callbacks=skip_callbacks, **newfields)
+        res = self.db(self._query_row(row), ignore_common_filters=True).update(
+            skip_callbacks=skip_callbacks, **newfields
+        )
         if res:
             row.update(self.get(**{key: row[key] for key in self._fieldset_pk}))
         return row
 
-    @rowmethod('delete_record')
+    @rowmethod("delete_record")
     def _delete_record(self, row, skip_callbacks=False):
         return self.db(self._query_row(row)).delete(skip_callbacks=skip_callbacks)
 
-    @rowmethod('refresh')
+    @rowmethod("refresh")
     def _row_refresh(self, row) -> bool:
         if not row._concrete:
             return False
-        last = self.db(self._query_row(row)).select(
-            limitby=(0, 1),
-            orderby_on_limitby=False
-        ).first()
+        last = self.db(self._query_row(row)).select(limitby=(0, 1), orderby_on_limitby=False).first()
         if not last:
             return False
         row._fields.update(last._fields)
@@ -1051,19 +941,12 @@ def _row_refresh(self, row) -> bool:
         row._changes.clear()
         return True
 
-    @rowmethod('save')
-    def _row_save(
-        self,
-        row,
-        raise_on_error: bool = False,
-        skip_callbacks: bool = False
-    ) -> bool:
+    @rowmethod("save")
+    def _row_save(self, row, raise_on_error: bool = False, skip_callbacks: bool = False) -> bool:
         if row._concrete:
             if set(row._changes.keys()) & self._fieldset_pk:
                 if raise_on_error:
-                    raise SaveException(
-                        'Cannot save a record with altered primary key(s)'
-                    )
+                    raise SaveException("Cannot save a record with altered primary key(s)")
                 return False
             for field_name in self._fieldset_update:
                 val = self.table[field_name].update
@@ -1076,9 +959,9 @@ def _row_save(
                 raise ValidationError
             return False
         if row._concrete:
-            res = self.db(
-                self._query_row(row), ignore_common_filters=True
-            )._update_from_save(self, row, skip_callbacks=skip_callbacks)
+            res = self.db(self._query_row(row), ignore_common_filters=True)._update_from_save(
+                self, row, skip_callbacks=skip_callbacks
+            )
             if not res:
                 if raise_on_error:
                     raise UpdateFailureOnSave
@@ -1089,26 +972,18 @@ def _row_save(
                 if raise_on_error:
                     raise InsertFailureOnSave
                 return False
-        extra_changes = {
-            key: row._changes[key]
-            for key in set(row._changes.keys()) & set(row.__dict__.keys())
-        }
+        extra_changes = {key: row._changes[key] for key in set(row._changes.keys()) & set(row.__dict__.keys())}
         row._changes.clear()
         row._changes.update(extra_changes)
         return True
 
-    @rowmethod('destroy')
-    def _row_destroy(
-        self,
-        row,
-        raise_on_error: bool = False,
-        skip_callbacks: bool = False
-    ) -> bool:
+    @rowmethod("destroy")
+    def _row_destroy(self, row, raise_on_error: bool = False, skip_callbacks: bool = False) -> bool:
         if not row._concrete:
             return False
-        res = self.db(
-            self._query_row(row), ignore_common_filters=True
-        )._delete_from_destroy(self, row, skip_callbacks=skip_callbacks)
+        res = self.db(self._query_row(row), ignore_common_filters=True)._delete_from_destroy(
+            self, row, skip_callbacks=skip_callbacks
+        )
         if not res:
             if raise_on_error:
                 raise DestroyException
@@ -1192,9 +1067,9 @@ def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
         pks = {fk: obj[lk] for lk, fk in self.fields}
         key = (self.field, *pks.values())
         if key not in obj._compound_rels:
-            obj._compound_rels[key] = RowReferenceMulti(pks, self.table) if all(
-                v is not None for v in pks.values()
-            ) else None
+            obj._compound_rels[key] = (
+                RowReferenceMulti(pks, self.table) if all(v is not None for v in pks.values()) else None
+            )
         return obj._compound_rels[key]
 
     def __delete__(self, obj):
diff --git a/emmett/orm/objects.py b/emmett/orm/objects.py
index b85f3f28..3dcba987 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/objects.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/objects.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.objects
-    ------------------
+emmett.orm.objects
+------------------
 
-    Provides pyDAL objects implementation for Emmett.
+Provides pyDAL objects implementation for Emmett.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import copy
@@ -14,23 +14,22 @@
 import decimal
 import operator
 import types
-
 from collections import OrderedDict, defaultdict
 from enum import Enum
 from functools import reduce
 from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
 
+from emmett_core.utils import cachedprop
 from pydal.objects import (
-    Table as _Table,
+    Expression,
     Field as _Field,
-    Set as _Set,
-    Row as _Row,
-    Rows as _Rows,
     IterRows as _IterRows,
     Query,
-    Expression
+    Row as _Row,
+    Rows as _Rows,
+    Set as _Set,
+    Table as _Table,
 )
-from emmett_core.utils import cachedprop
 
 from ..ctx import current
 from ..datastructures import sdict
@@ -38,23 +37,21 @@
 from ..serializers import xml_encode
 from ..validators import ValidateFromDict
 from .helpers import (
-    RelationBuilder,
     GeoFieldWrapper,
+    RelationBuilder,
     RowReferenceMixin,
+    typed_row_reference_from_record,
     wrap_scope_on_set,
-    typed_row_reference_from_record
 )
 
+
 type_int = int
 
 
 class Table(_Table):
     def __init__(self, db, tablename, *fields, **kwargs):
-        _primary_keys, _notnulls = list(kwargs.get('primarykey', [])), {}
-        _notnulls = {
-            field.name: field.notnull
-            for field in fields if hasattr(field, 'notnull')
-        }
+        _primary_keys, _notnulls = list(kwargs.get("primarykey", [])), {}
+        _notnulls = {field.name: field.notnull for field in fields if hasattr(field, "notnull")}
         super(Table, self).__init__(db, tablename, *fields, **kwargs)
         self._before_save = []
         self._after_save = []
@@ -75,57 +72,32 @@ def __init__(self, db, tablename, *fields, **kwargs):
         self._unique_fields_validation_ = {}
         self._primary_keys = _primary_keys
         #: avoid pyDAL mess in ops and migrations
-        if len(self._primary_keys) == 1 and getattr(self, '_primarykey', None):
+        if len(self._primary_keys) == 1 and getattr(self, "_primarykey", None):
             del self._primarykey
         for key in self._primary_keys:
             self[key].notnull = _notnulls[key]
-        if not hasattr(self, '_id'):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_id"):
             self._id = None
 
     @cachedprop
     def _has_commit_insert_callbacks(self):
-        return any([
-            self._before_commit,
-            self._after_commit,
-            self._before_commit_insert,
-            self._after_commit_insert
-        ])
+        return any([self._before_commit, self._after_commit, self._before_commit_insert, self._after_commit_insert])
 
     @cachedprop
     def _has_commit_update_callbacks(self):
-        return any([
-            self._before_commit,
-            self._after_commit,
-            self._before_commit_update,
-            self._after_commit_update
-        ])
+        return any([self._before_commit, self._after_commit, self._before_commit_update, self._after_commit_update])
 
     @cachedprop
     def _has_commit_delete_callbacks(self):
-        return any([
-            self._before_commit,
-            self._after_commit,
-            self._before_commit_delete,
-            self._after_commit_delete
-        ])
+        return any([self._before_commit, self._after_commit, self._before_commit_delete, self._after_commit_delete])
 
     @cachedprop
     def _has_commit_save_callbacks(self):
-        return any([
-            self._before_commit,
-            self._after_commit,
-            self._before_commit_save,
-            self._after_commit_save
-        ])
+        return any([self._before_commit, self._after_commit, self._before_commit_save, self._after_commit_save])
 
     @cachedprop
     def _has_commit_destroy_callbacks(self):
-        return any([
-            self._before_commit,
-            self._after_commit,
-            self._before_commit_destroy,
-            self._after_commit_destroy
-        ])
+        return any([self._before_commit, self._after_commit, self._before_commit_destroy, self._after_commit_destroy])
 
     def _create_references(self):
         self._referenced_by = []
@@ -145,14 +117,7 @@ def insert(self, skip_callbacks=False, **fields):
             if self._has_commit_insert_callbacks:
                 txn = self._db._adapter.top_transaction()
                 if txn:
-                    txn._add_op(TransactionOp(
-                        TransactionOps.insert,
-                        self,
-                        TransactionOpContext(
-                            values=row,
-                            ret=ret
-                        )
-                    ))
+                    txn._add_op(TransactionOp(TransactionOps.insert, self, TransactionOpContext(values=row, ret=ret)))
             if ret:
                 for f in self._after_insert:
                     f(row, ret)
@@ -177,16 +142,13 @@ def _insert_from_save(self, row, skip_callbacks=False):
             if self._has_commit_save_callbacks:
                 txn = self._db._adapter.top_transaction()
                 if txn:
-                    txn._add_op(TransactionOp(
-                        TransactionOps.save,
-                        self,
-                        TransactionOpContext(
-                            values=fields,
-                            ret=ret,
-                            row=row.clone_changed(),
-                            changes=row.changes
+                    txn._add_op(
+                        TransactionOp(
+                            TransactionOps.save,
+                            self,
+                            TransactionOpContext(values=fields, ret=ret, row=row.clone_changed(), changes=row.changes),
                         )
-                    ))
+                    )
             if row._concrete:
                 for f in self._after_save:
                     f(row)
@@ -194,58 +156,48 @@ def _insert_from_save(self, row, skip_callbacks=False):
 
 
 class Field(_Field):
-    _internal_types = {
-        'integer': 'int',
-        'double': 'float',
-        'boolean': 'bool',
-        'list:integer': 'list:int'
-    }
+    _internal_types = {"integer": "int", "double": "float", "boolean": "bool", "list:integer": "list:int"}
     _pydal_types = {
-        'int': 'integer',
-        'bool': 'boolean',
-        'list:int': 'list:integer',
-    }
-    _internal_delete = {
-        'cascade': 'CASCADE', 'nullify': 'SET NULL', 'nothing': 'NO ACTION'
+        "int": "integer",
+        "bool": "boolean",
+        "list:int": "list:integer",
     }
+    _internal_delete = {"cascade": "CASCADE", "nullify": "SET NULL", "nothing": "NO ACTION"}
     _inst_count_ = 0
     _obj_created_ = False
 
-    def __init__(self, type='string', *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, type="string", *args, **kwargs):
         self.modelname = None
         #: convert type
         self._type = self._internal_types.get(type, type)
         #: convert 'rw' -> 'readable', 'writeable'
-        if 'rw' in kwargs:
-            _rw = kwargs.pop('rw')
+        if "rw" in kwargs:
+            _rw = kwargs.pop("rw")
             if isinstance(_rw, (tuple, list)):
                 read, write = _rw
             else:
                 read = write = _rw
-            kwargs['readable'] = read
-            kwargs['writable'] = write
+            kwargs["readable"] = read
+            kwargs["writable"] = write
         #: convert 'info' -> 'comment'
-        _info = kwargs.pop('info', None)
+        _info = kwargs.pop("info", None)
         if _info:
-            kwargs['comment'] = _info
+            kwargs["comment"] = _info
         #: convert ondelete parameter
-        _ondelete = kwargs.get('ondelete')
+        _ondelete = kwargs.get("ondelete")
         if _ondelete:
             if _ondelete not in list(self._internal_delete):
-                raise SyntaxError(
-                    'Field ondelete should be set on %s, %s or %s' %
-                    list(self._internal_delete)
-                )
-            kwargs['ondelete'] = self._internal_delete[_ondelete]
+                raise SyntaxError("Field ondelete should be set on %s, %s or %s" % list(self._internal_delete))
+            kwargs["ondelete"] = self._internal_delete[_ondelete]
         #: process 'refers_to' fields
-        self._isrefers = kwargs.pop('_isrefers', None)
+        self._isrefers = kwargs.pop("_isrefers", None)
         #: get auto validation preferences
-        self._auto_validation = kwargs.pop('auto_validation', True)
+        self._auto_validation = kwargs.pop("auto_validation", True)
         #: intercept validation (will be processed by `_make_field`)
         self._requires = {}
         self._custom_requires = []
-        if 'validation' in kwargs:
-            _validation = kwargs.pop('validation')
+        if "validation" in kwargs:
+            _validation = kwargs.pop("validation")
             if isinstance(_validation, dict):
                 self._requires = _validation
             else:
@@ -255,10 +207,10 @@ def __init__(self, type='string', *args, **kwargs):
         self._validation = {}
         self._vparser = ValidateFromDict()
         #: ensure 'length' is an integer
-        if 'length' in kwargs:
-            kwargs['length'] = int(kwargs['length'])
+        if "length" in kwargs:
+            kwargs["length"] = int(kwargs["length"])
         #: store args and kwargs for `_make_field`
-        self._ormkw = kwargs.pop('_kw', {})
+        self._ormkw = kwargs.pop("_kw", {})
         self._args = args
         self._kwargs = kwargs
         #: increase creation counter (used to keep order of fields)
@@ -267,42 +219,36 @@ def __init__(self, type='string', *args, **kwargs):
 
     def _default_validation(self):
         rv = {}
-        auto_types = [
-            'int', 'float', 'date', 'time', 'datetime', 'json'
-        ]
+        auto_types = ["int", "float", "date", "time", "datetime", "json"]
         if self._type in auto_types:
-            rv['is'] = self._type
-        elif self._type.startswith('decimal'):
-            rv['is'] = 'decimal'
-        elif self._type == 'jsonb':
-            rv['is'] = 'json'
-        if self._type == 'bigint':
-            rv['is'] = 'int'
-        if self._type == 'bool':
-            rv['in'] = (False, True)
-        if self._type in ['string', 'text', 'password']:
-            rv['len'] = {'lte': self.length}
-        if self._type == 'password':
-            rv['len']['gte'] = 6
-            rv['crypt'] = True
-        if self._type == 'list:int':
-            rv['is'] = 'list:int'
-        if (
-            self.notnull or self._type.startswith('reference') or
-            self._type.startswith('list:reference')
-        ):
-            rv['presence'] = True
+            rv["is"] = self._type
+        elif self._type.startswith("decimal"):
+            rv["is"] = "decimal"
+        elif self._type == "jsonb":
+            rv["is"] = "json"
+        if self._type == "bigint":
+            rv["is"] = "int"
+        if self._type == "bool":
+            rv["in"] = (False, True)
+        if self._type in ["string", "text", "password"]:
+            rv["len"] = {"lte": self.length}
+        if self._type == "password":
+            rv["len"]["gte"] = 6
+            rv["crypt"] = True
+        if self._type == "list:int":
+            rv["is"] = "list:int"
+        if self.notnull or self._type.startswith("reference") or self._type.startswith("list:reference"):
+            rv["presence"] = True
         if not self.notnull and self._isrefers is True:
-            rv['allow'] = 'empty'
+            rv["allow"] = "empty"
         if self.unique:
-            rv['unique'] = True
+            rv["unique"] = True
         return rv
 
     def _parse_validation(self):
         for key in list(self._requires):
             self._validation[key] = self._requires[key]
-        self.requires = self._vparser(self, self._validation) + \
-            self._custom_requires
+        self.requires = self._vparser(self, self._validation) + self._custom_requires
 
     #: `_make_field` will be called by `Model` class or `Form` class
     #  it will make internal Field class compatible with the pyDAL's one
@@ -339,113 +285,102 @@ def __str__(self):
         return object.__str__(self)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        if self.modelname and hasattr(self, 'name'):
-            return "<%s.%s (%s) field>" % (self.modelname, self.name,
-                                           self._type)
+        if self.modelname and hasattr(self, "name"):
+            return "<%s.%s (%s) field>" % (self.modelname, self.name, self._type)
         return super(Field, self).__repr__()
 
     @classmethod
     def string(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        return cls('string', *args, **kwargs)
+        return cls("string", *args, **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def int(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        return cls('int', *args, **kwargs)
+        return cls("int", *args, **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def bigint(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        return cls('bigint', *args, **kwargs)
+        return cls("bigint", *args, **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def float(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        return cls('float', *args, **kwargs)
+        return cls("float", *args, **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def text(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        return cls('text', *args, **kwargs)
+        return cls("text", *args, **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def bool(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        return cls('bool', *args, **kwargs)
+        return cls("bool", *args, **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def blob(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        return cls('blob', *args, **kwargs)
+        return cls("blob", *args, **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def date(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        return cls('date', *args, **kwargs)
+        return cls("date", *args, **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def time(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        return cls('time', *args, **kwargs)
+        return cls("time", *args, **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def datetime(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        return cls('datetime', *args, **kwargs)
+        return cls("datetime", *args, **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def decimal(cls, precision, scale, *args, **kwargs):
-        return cls('decimal({},{})'.format(precision, scale), *args, **kwargs)
+        return cls("decimal({},{})".format(precision, scale), *args, **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def json(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        return cls('json', *args, **kwargs)
+        return cls("json", *args, **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def jsonb(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        return cls('jsonb', *args, **kwargs)
+        return cls("jsonb", *args, **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def password(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        return cls('password', *args, **kwargs)
+        return cls("password", *args, **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def upload(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        return cls('upload', *args, **kwargs)
+        return cls("upload", *args, **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def int_list(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        return cls('list:int', *args, **kwargs)
+        return cls("list:int", *args, **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def string_list(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        return cls('list:string', *args, **kwargs)
+        return cls("list:string", *args, **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def geography(
         cls,
-        geometry_type: str = 'GEOMETRY',
+        geometry_type: str = "GEOMETRY",
         srid: Optional[type_int] = None,
         dimension: Optional[type_int] = None,
-        **kwargs
+        **kwargs,
     ):
-        kwargs['_kw'] = {
-            "geometry_type": geometry_type,
-            "srid": srid,
-            "dimension": dimension
-        }
+        kwargs["_kw"] = {"geometry_type": geometry_type, "srid": srid, "dimension": dimension}
         return cls("geography", **kwargs)
 
     @classmethod
     def geometry(
         cls,
-        geometry_type: str = 'GEOMETRY',
+        geometry_type: str = "GEOMETRY",
         srid: Optional[type_int] = None,
         dimension: Optional[type_int] = None,
-        **kwargs
+        **kwargs,
     ):
-        kwargs['_kw'] = {
-            "geometry_type": geometry_type,
-            "srid": srid,
-            "dimension": dimension
-        }
+        kwargs["_kw"] = {"geometry_type": geometry_type, "srid": srid, "dimension": dimension}
         return cls("geometry", **kwargs)
 
     def cast(self, value, **kwargs):
-        return Expression(
-            self.db, self._dialect.cast, self,
-            self._dialect.types[value] % kwargs, value)
+        return Expression(self.db, self._dialect.cast, self, self._dialect.types[value] % kwargs, value)
 
 
 class Set(_Set):
@@ -465,9 +400,10 @@ def _load_scopes_(self):
 
     def _clone(self, ignore_common_filters=None, model=None, **changes):
         return self.__class__(
-            self.db, changes.get('query', self.query),
+            self.db,
+            changes.get("query", self.query),
             ignore_common_filters=ignore_common_filters,
-            model=model or self._model_
+            model=model or self._model_,
         )
 
     def where(self, query, ignore_common_filters=None, model=None):
@@ -478,12 +414,11 @@ def where(self, query, ignore_common_filters=None, model=None):
         elif isinstance(query, str):
             query = Expression(self.db, query)
         elif isinstance(query, Field):
-            query = query != None
+            query = query != None  # noqa: E711
         elif isinstance(query, types.LambdaType):
             model = model or self._model_
             if not model:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    "Too many models involved in the Set to use a lambda")
+                raise ValueError("Too many models involved in the Set to use a lambda")
             query = query(model)
         q = self.query & query if self.query else query
         return self._clone(ignore_common_filters, model, query=q)
@@ -498,27 +433,21 @@ def _parse_paginate(self, pagination):
         return ((offset - 1) * limit, offset * limit)
 
     def _join_set_builder(self, obj, jdata, auto_select_tables):
-        return JoinedSet._from_set(
-            obj, jdata=jdata, auto_select_tables=auto_select_tables
-        )
+        return JoinedSet._from_set(obj, jdata=jdata, auto_select_tables=auto_select_tables)
 
     def _left_join_set_builder(self, jdata):
-        return JoinedSet._from_set(
-            self, ljdata=jdata, auto_select_tables=[self._model_.table]
-        )
+        return JoinedSet._from_set(self, ljdata=jdata, auto_select_tables=[self._model_.table])
 
     def _run_select_(self, *fields, **options):
         tablemap = self.db._adapter.tables(
             self.query,
-            options.get('join', None),
-            options.get('left', None),
-            options.get('orderby', None),
-            options.get('groupby', None)
+            options.get("join", None),
+            options.get("left", None),
+            options.get("orderby", None),
+            options.get("groupby", None),
         )
-        fields, concrete_tables = self.db._adapter._expand_all_with_concrete_tables(
-            fields, tablemap
-        )
-        options['_concrete_tables'] = concrete_tables
+        fields, concrete_tables = self.db._adapter._expand_all_with_concrete_tables(fields, tablemap)
+        options["_concrete_tables"] = concrete_tables
         return self.db._adapter.select(self.query, fields, options)
 
     def _get_table_from_query(self) -> Table:
@@ -528,32 +457,27 @@ def _get_table_from_query(self) -> Table:
 
     def select(self, *fields, **options):
         obj = self
-        pagination, including = (
-            options.pop('paginate', None),
-            options.pop('including', None)
-        )
+        pagination, including = (options.pop("paginate", None), options.pop("including", None))
         if pagination:
-            options['limitby'] = self._parse_paginate(pagination)
+            options["limitby"] = self._parse_paginate(pagination)
         if including and self._model_ is not None:
-            options['left'], jdata = self._parse_left_rjoins(including)
+            options["left"], jdata = self._parse_left_rjoins(including)
             obj = self._left_join_set_builder(jdata)
         return obj._run_select_(*fields, **options)
 
     def iterselect(self, *fields, **options):
-        pagination = options.pop('paginate', None)
+        pagination = options.pop("paginate", None)
         if pagination:
-            options['limitby'] = self._parse_paginate(pagination)
+            options["limitby"] = self._parse_paginate(pagination)
         tablemap = self.db._adapter.tables(
             self.query,
-            options.get('join', None),
-            options.get('left', None),
-            options.get('orderby', None),
-            options.get('groupby', None)
+            options.get("join", None),
+            options.get("left", None),
+            options.get("orderby", None),
+            options.get("groupby", None),
         )
-        fields, concrete_tables = self.db._adapter._expand_all_with_concrete_tables(
-            fields, tablemap
-        )
-        options['_concrete_tables'] = concrete_tables
+        fields, concrete_tables = self.db._adapter._expand_all_with_concrete_tables(fields, tablemap)
+        options["_concrete_tables"] = concrete_tables
         return self.db._adapter.iterselect(self.query, fields, options)
 
     def update(self, skip_callbacks=False, **update_fields):
@@ -568,15 +492,11 @@ def update(self, skip_callbacks=False, **update_fields):
             if table._has_commit_update_callbacks:
                 txn = self._db._adapter.top_transaction()
                 if txn:
-                    txn._add_op(TransactionOp(
-                        TransactionOps.update,
-                        table,
-                        TransactionOpContext(
-                            values=row,
-                            dbset=self,
-                            ret=ret
+                    txn._add_op(
+                        TransactionOp(
+                            TransactionOps.update, table, TransactionOpContext(values=row, dbset=self, ret=ret)
                         )
-                    ))
+                    )
             ret and [f(self, row) for f in table._after_update]
         return ret
 
@@ -589,14 +509,7 @@ def delete(self, skip_callbacks=False):
             if table._has_commit_delete_callbacks:
                 txn = self._db._adapter.top_transaction()
                 if txn:
-                    txn._add_op(TransactionOp(
-                        TransactionOps.delete,
-                        table,
-                        TransactionOpContext(
-                            dbset=self,
-                            ret=ret
-                        )
-                    ))
+                    txn._add_op(TransactionOp(TransactionOps.delete, table, TransactionOpContext(dbset=self, ret=ret)))
             ret and [f(self) for f in table._after_delete]
         return ret
 
@@ -604,19 +517,15 @@ def validate_and_update(self, skip_callbacks=False, **update_fields):
         table = self._get_table_from_query()
         current._dbvalidation_record_id_ = None
         if table._unique_fields_validation_ and self.count() == 1:
-            if any(
-                table._unique_fields_validation_.get(fieldname)
-                for fieldname in update_fields.keys()
-            ):
-                current._dbvalidation_record_id_ = \
-                    self.select(table.id).first().id
+            if any(table._unique_fields_validation_.get(fieldname) for fieldname in update_fields.keys()):
+                current._dbvalidation_record_id_ = self.select(table.id).first().id
         response = Row()
         response.errors = Row()
         new_fields = copy.copy(update_fields)
         for key, value in update_fields.items():
             value, error = table[key].validate(value)
             if error:
-                response.errors[key] = '%s' % error
+                response.errors[key] = "%s" % error
             else:
                 new_fields[key] = value
         del current._dbvalidation_record_id_
@@ -629,9 +538,7 @@ def validate_and_update(self, skip_callbacks=False, **update_fields):
             if not skip_callbacks and any(f(self, row) for f in table._before_update):
                 ret = 0
             else:
-                ret = self.db._adapter.update(
-                    table, self.query, row.op_values()
-                )
+                ret = self.db._adapter.update(table, self.query, row.op_values())
                 if not skip_callbacks and ret:
                     for f in table._after_update:
                         f(self, row)
@@ -642,9 +549,7 @@ def _update_from_save(self, model, row, skip_callbacks=False):
         table: Table = model.table
         if not skip_callbacks and any(f(row) for f in table._before_save):
             return False
-        fields = table._fields_and_values_for_save(
-            row, model._fieldset_editable, table._fields_and_values_for_update
-        )
+        fields = table._fields_and_values_for_save(row, model._fieldset_editable, table._fields_and_values_for_update)
         if not skip_callbacks and any(f(self, fields) for f in table._before_update):
             return False
         ret = self.db._adapter.update(table, self.query, fields.op_values())
@@ -652,27 +557,21 @@ def _update_from_save(self, model, row, skip_callbacks=False):
             if table._has_commit_update_callbacks or table._has_commit_save_callbacks:
                 txn = self._db._adapter.top_transaction()
                 if txn and table._has_commit_update_callbacks:
-                    txn._add_op(TransactionOp(
-                        TransactionOps.update,
-                        table,
-                        TransactionOpContext(
-                            values=fields,
-                            dbset=self,
-                            ret=ret
+                    txn._add_op(
+                        TransactionOp(
+                            TransactionOps.update, table, TransactionOpContext(values=fields, dbset=self, ret=ret)
                         )
-                    ))
+                    )
                 if txn and table._has_commit_save_callbacks:
-                    txn._add_op(TransactionOp(
-                        TransactionOps.save,
-                        table,
-                        TransactionOpContext(
-                            values=fields,
-                            dbset=self,
-                            ret=ret,
-                            row=row.clone_changed(),
-                            changes=row.changes
+                    txn._add_op(
+                        TransactionOp(
+                            TransactionOps.save,
+                            table,
+                            TransactionOpContext(
+                                values=fields, dbset=self, ret=ret, row=row.clone_changed(), changes=row.changes
+                            ),
                         )
-                    ))
+                    )
             ret and [f(self, fields) for f in table._after_update]
             ret and [f(row) for f in table._after_save]
         return bool(ret)
@@ -687,31 +586,18 @@ def _delete_from_destroy(self, model, row, skip_callbacks=False):
         if ret:
             model._unset_row_persistence(row)
         if not skip_callbacks:
-            if (
-                table._has_commit_delete_callbacks or
-                table._has_commit_destroy_callbacks
-            ):
+            if table._has_commit_delete_callbacks or table._has_commit_destroy_callbacks:
                 txn = self._db._adapter.top_transaction()
                 if txn and table._has_commit_delete_callbacks:
-                    txn._add_op(TransactionOp(
-                        TransactionOps.delete,
-                        table,
-                        TransactionOpContext(
-                            dbset=self,
-                            ret=ret
-                        )
-                    ))
+                    txn._add_op(TransactionOp(TransactionOps.delete, table, TransactionOpContext(dbset=self, ret=ret)))
                 if txn and table._has_commit_destroy_callbacks:
-                    txn._add_op(TransactionOp(
-                        TransactionOps.destroy,
-                        table,
-                        TransactionOpContext(
-                            dbset=self,
-                            ret=ret,
-                            row=row.clone_changed(),
-                            changes=row.changes
+                    txn._add_op(
+                        TransactionOp(
+                            TransactionOps.destroy,
+                            table,
+                            TransactionOpContext(dbset=self, ret=ret, row=row.clone_changed(), changes=row.changes),
                         )
-                    ))
+                    )
             ret and [f(self) for f in table._after_delete]
             ret and [f(row) for f in table._after_destroy]
         return bool(ret)
@@ -745,25 +631,23 @@ def _parse_rjoin(self, arg):
         if rel:
             if rel.via:
                 r = RelationBuilder(rel, self._model_._instance_()).via()
-                return r[0], r[1]._table, 'many'
+                return r[0], r[1]._table, "many"
             r = RelationBuilder(rel, self._model_._instance_())
-            return r.many(), rel.table, 'many'
+            return r.many(), rel.table, "many"
         #: match belongs_to and refers_to
         rel = self._model_._belongs_fks_.get(arg)
         if rel:
             r = RelationBuilder(rel, self._model_._instance_()).belongs_query()
-            return r, self._model_.db[rel.model], 'belongs'
+            return r, self._model_.db[rel.model], "belongs"
         #: match has_one
         rel = self._model_._hasone_ref_.get(arg)
         if rel:
             if rel.via:
                 r = RelationBuilder(rel, self._model_._instance_()).via()
-                return r[0], r[1]._table, 'one'
+                return r[0], r[1]._table, "one"
             r = RelationBuilder(rel, self._model_._instance_())
-            return r.many(), rel.table, 'one'
-        raise RuntimeError(
-            f'Unable to find {arg} relation of {self._model_.__name__} model'
-        )
+            return r.many(), rel.table, "one"
+        raise RuntimeError(f"Unable to find {arg} relation of {self._model_.__name__} model")
 
     def _parse_left_rjoins(self, args):
         if not isinstance(args, (list, tuple)):
@@ -798,7 +682,7 @@ def __getattr__(self, name):
 
 
 class RelationSet(object):
-    _relation_method_ = 'many'
+    _relation_method_ = "many"
 
     def __init__(self, db, relation_builder, row):
         self.db = db
@@ -821,8 +705,7 @@ def _model_(self):
     def _fields_(self):
         pks = self._relation_.model.primary_keys or ["id"]
         return [
-            (relation_field.name, pks[idx])
-            for idx, relation_field in enumerate(self._relation_.ref.fields_instances)
+            (relation_field.name, pks[idx]) for idx, relation_field in enumerate(self._relation_.ref.fields_instances)
         ]
 
     @cachedprop
@@ -845,12 +728,12 @@ def __call__(self, query, ignore_common_filters=False):
         return self._set.where(query, ignore_common_filters)
 
     def _last_resultset(self, refresh=False):
-        if refresh or not hasattr(self, '_cached_resultset'):
+        if refresh or not hasattr(self, "_cached_resultset"):
             self._cached_resultset = self._cache_resultset()
         return self._cached_resultset
 
     def _filter_reload(self, kwargs):
-        return kwargs.pop('reload', False)
+        return kwargs.pop("reload", False)
 
     def new(self, **kwargs):
         attrs = self._get_fields_from_scopes(self._scopes_, self._model_.tablename)
@@ -879,10 +762,7 @@ def _get_fields_from_scopes(scopes, table_name):
                     components.append(component.second)
                     components.append(component.first)
                 else:
-                    if (
-                        isinstance(component, Field) and
-                        component._tablename == table_name
-                    ):
+                    if isinstance(component, Field) and component._tablename == table_name:
                         current_kv.append(component)
                     else:
                         if current_kv:
@@ -903,7 +783,7 @@ def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         refresh = self._filter_reload(kwargs)
         if not args and not kwargs:
             return self._last_resultset(refresh)
-        kwargs['limitby'] = (0, 1)
+        kwargs["limitby"] = (0, 1)
         return self.select(*args, **kwargs).first()
 
 
@@ -920,24 +800,18 @@ def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
     def add(self, obj, skip_callbacks=False):
         if not isinstance(obj, (StructuredRow, RowReferenceMixin)):
             raise RuntimeError(f"Unsupported parameter {obj}")
-        attrs = self._get_fields_from_scopes(
-            self._scopes_, self._model_.tablename
-        )
+        attrs = self._get_fields_from_scopes(self._scopes_, self._model_.tablename)
         rev_attrs = {}
         for ref, local in self._fields_:
             attrs[ref] = self._row_[local]
             rev_attrs[local] = attrs[ref]
-        rv = self.db(self._model_._query_row(obj)).validate_and_update(
-            skip_callbacks=skip_callbacks, **attrs
-        )
+        rv = self.db(self._model_._query_row(obj)).validate_and_update(skip_callbacks=skip_callbacks, **attrs)
         if rv:
             for key, val in attrs.items():
                 obj[key] = val
             if len(rev_attrs) > 1:
                 comprel_key = (self._relation_.ref.reverse, *rev_attrs.values())
-                obj._compound_rels[comprel_key] = typed_row_reference_from_record(
-                    self._row_, self._row_._model
-                )
+                obj._compound_rels[comprel_key] = typed_row_reference_from_record(self._row_, self._row_._model)
         return rv
 
     def remove(self, obj, skip_callbacks=False):
@@ -945,15 +819,10 @@ def remove(self, obj, skip_callbacks=False):
             raise RuntimeError(f"Unsupported parameter {obj}")
         attrs, is_delete = {ref: None for ref, _ in self._fields_}, False
         if self._model_._belongs_fks_[self._relation_.ref.reverse].is_refers:
-            rv = self.db(self._model_._query_row(obj)).validate_and_update(
-                skip_callbacks=skip_callbacks,
-                **attrs
-            )
+            rv = self.db(self._model_._query_row(obj)).validate_and_update(skip_callbacks=skip_callbacks, **attrs)
         else:
             is_delete = True
-            rv = self.db(self._model_._query_row(obj)).delete(
-                skip_callbacks=skip_callbacks
-            )
+            rv = self.db(self._model_._query_row(obj)).delete(skip_callbacks=skip_callbacks)
         if rv:
             for key, val in attrs.items():
                 obj[key] = val
@@ -965,19 +834,12 @@ def remove(self, obj, skip_callbacks=False):
 
 
 class ViaSet(RelationSet):
-    _relation_method_ = 'via'
+    _relation_method_ = "via"
 
     @cachedprop
     def _viadata(self):
         query, rfield, model_name, rid, via, viadata = super()._get_query_()
-        return sdict(
-            query=query,
-            rfield=rfield,
-            model_name=model_name,
-            rid=rid,
-            via=via,
-            data=viadata
-        )
+        return sdict(query=query, rfield=rfield, model_name=model_name, rid=rid, via=via, data=viadata)
 
     def _get_query_(self):
         return self._viadata.query
@@ -997,11 +859,11 @@ def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
             if not kwargs:
                 return self._last_resultset(refresh)
             args = [self._viadata.rfield]
-        kwargs['limitby'] = (0, 1)
+        kwargs["limitby"] = (0, 1)
         return self.select(*args, **kwargs).first()
 
     def create(self, **kwargs):
-        raise RuntimeError('Cannot create third objects for one via relations')
+        raise RuntimeError("Cannot create third objects for one via relations")
 
 
 class HasManyViaSet(ViaSet):
@@ -1037,12 +899,12 @@ def _fields_from_scopes(self):
         return self._get_fields_from_scopes(scopes, rel.table_name)
 
     def create(self, **kwargs):
-        raise RuntimeError('Cannot create third objects for many via relations')
+        raise RuntimeError("Cannot create third objects for many via relations")
 
     def add(self, obj, skip_callbacks=False, **kwargs):
         # works on join tables only!
         if self._viadata.via is None:
-            raise RuntimeError(self._via_error % 'add')
+            raise RuntimeError(self._via_error % "add")
         nrow = self._fields_from_scopes()
         nrow.update(**kwargs)
         #: get belongs references
@@ -1052,25 +914,22 @@ def add(self, obj, skip_callbacks=False, **kwargs):
         for local_field, foreign_field in rel_fields:
             nrow[local_field] = obj[foreign_field]
         #: validate and insert
-        return self.db[self._viadata.via]._model_.create(
-            nrow, skip_callbacks=skip_callbacks
-        )
+        return self.db[self._viadata.via]._model_.create(nrow, skip_callbacks=skip_callbacks)
 
     def remove(self, obj, skip_callbacks=False):
         # works on join tables only!
         if self._viadata.via is None:
-            raise RuntimeError(self._via_error % 'remove')
+            raise RuntimeError(self._via_error % "remove")
         #: get belongs references
         self_fields, rel_fields = self._get_relation_fields()
         #: delete
         query = reduce(
-            operator.and_, [
-                self.db[self._viadata.via][field] == self._viadata.rid[idx]
-                for idx, field in enumerate(self_fields)
-            ] + [
+            operator.and_,
+            [self.db[self._viadata.via][field] == self._viadata.rid[idx] for idx, field in enumerate(self_fields)]
+            + [
                 self.db[self._viadata.via][local_field] == obj[foreign_field]
                 for local_field, foreign_field in rel_fields
-            ]
+            ],
         )
         return self.db(query).delete(skip_callbacks=skip_callbacks)
 
@@ -1097,46 +956,40 @@ def _clone(self, ignore_common_filters=None, model=None, **changes):
 
     def _join_set_builder(self, obj, jdata, auto_select_tables):
         return JoinedSet._from_set(
-            obj, jdata=self._jdata_ + jdata, ljdata=self._ljdata_,
-            auto_select_tables=self._auto_select_tables_ + auto_select_tables
+            obj,
+            jdata=self._jdata_ + jdata,
+            ljdata=self._ljdata_,
+            auto_select_tables=self._auto_select_tables_ + auto_select_tables,
         )
 
     def _left_join_set_builder(self, jdata):
         return JoinedSet._from_set(
-            self, jdata=self._jdata_, ljdata=self._ljdata_ + jdata,
-            auto_select_tables=self._auto_select_tables_
+            self, jdata=self._jdata_, ljdata=self._ljdata_ + jdata, auto_select_tables=self._auto_select_tables_
         )
 
     def _iterselect_rows(self, *fields, **options):
         tablemap = self.db._adapter.tables(
             self.query,
-            options.get('join', None),
-            options.get('left', None),
-            options.get('orderby', None),
-            options.get('groupby', None)
-        )
-        fields, concrete_tables = self.db._adapter._expand_all_with_concrete_tables(
-            fields, tablemap
+            options.get("join", None),
+            options.get("left", None),
+            options.get("orderby", None),
+            options.get("groupby", None),
         )
+        fields, concrete_tables = self.db._adapter._expand_all_with_concrete_tables(fields, tablemap)
         colnames, sql = self.db._adapter._select_wcols(self.query, fields, **options)
         return JoinIterRows(self.db, sql, fields, concrete_tables, colnames)
 
     def _split_joins(self, joins):
-        rv = {'belongs': [], 'one': [], 'many': []}
+        rv = {"belongs": [], "one": [], "many": []}
         for jname, jtable, rel_type in joins:
             rv[rel_type].append((jname, jtable))
-        return rv['belongs'], rv['one'], rv['many']
+        return rv["belongs"], rv["one"], rv["many"]
 
     def _build_records_from_joined(self, rowmap, inclusions, colnames):
         for rid, many_data in inclusions.items():
             for jname, included in many_data.items():
-                rowmap[rid][jname]._cached_resultset = Rows(
-                    self.db, list(included.values()), []
-                )
-        return JoinRows(
-            self.db, list(rowmap.values()), colnames,
-            _jdata=self._jdata_ + self._ljdata_
-        )
+                rowmap[rid][jname]._cached_resultset = Rows(self.db, list(included.values()), [])
+        return JoinRows(self.db, list(rowmap.values()), colnames, _jdata=self._jdata_ + self._ljdata_)
 
     def _select_rowpks_extractor(self, row):
         if not set(row.keys()).issuperset(self._pks_):
@@ -1149,27 +1002,20 @@ def _run_select_(self, *fields, **options):
         #: build parsers
         belongs_j, one_j, many_j = self._split_joins(self._jdata_)
         belongs_l, one_l, many_l = self._split_joins(self._ljdata_)
-        parsers = (
-            self._build_jparsers(belongs_j, one_j, many_j) +
-            self._build_lparsers(belongs_l, one_l, many_l)
-        )
+        parsers = self._build_jparsers(belongs_j, one_j, many_j) + self._build_lparsers(belongs_l, one_l, many_l)
         #: auto add selection field for left joins
         if self._ljdata_:
             fields = list(fields)
             if not fields:
                 fields = [v.ALL for v in self._auto_select_tables_]
-            for join in options['left']:
+            for join in options["left"]:
                 fields.append(join.first.ALL)
         #: use iterselect for performance
         rows = self._iterselect_rows(*fields, **options)
         #: rebuild rowset using nested objects
         plainrows = []
         rowmap = OrderedDict()
-        inclusions = defaultdict(
-            lambda: {
-                jname: OrderedDict() for jname, _ in (many_j + many_l)
-            }
-        )
+        inclusions = defaultdict(lambda: {jname: OrderedDict() for jname, _ in (many_j + many_l)})
         for row in rows:
             if self._stable_ not in row:
                 plainrows.append(row)
@@ -1183,9 +1029,7 @@ def _run_select_(self, *fields, **options):
                 parser(rowmap, inclusions, row, rid)
         if not rowmap and plainrows:
             return Rows(self.db, plainrows, rows.colnames)
-        return self._build_records_from_joined(
-            rowmap, inclusions, rows.colnames
-        )
+        return self._build_records_from_joined(rowmap, inclusions, rows.colnames)
 
     def _build_jparsers(self, belongs, one, many):
         rv = []
@@ -1212,15 +1056,15 @@ def _jbelong_parser(db, fieldname, tablename):
         rmodel = db[tablename]._model_
 
         def parser(rowmap, inclusions, row, rid):
-            rowmap[rid][fieldname] = typed_row_reference_from_record(
-                row[tablename], rmodel
-            )
+            rowmap[rid][fieldname] = typed_row_reference_from_record(row[tablename], rmodel)
+
         return parser
 
     @staticmethod
     def _jone_parser(db, fieldname, tablename):
         def parser(rowmap, inclusions, row, rid):
             rowmap[rid][fieldname]._cached_resultset = row[tablename]
+
         return parser
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -1230,10 +1074,10 @@ def _jmany_parser(db, fieldname, tablename):
         ext = lambda row: tuple(row[pk] for pk in pks) if len(pks) > 1 else row[pks[0]]
 
         def parser(rowmap, inclusions, row, rid):
-            inclusions[rid][fieldname][ext(row[tablename])] = \
-                inclusions[rid][fieldname].get(
-                    ext(row[tablename]), row[tablename]
-                )
+            inclusions[rid][fieldname][ext(row[tablename])] = inclusions[rid][fieldname].get(
+                ext(row[tablename]), row[tablename]
+            )
+
         return parser
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -1245,9 +1089,8 @@ def _lbelong_parser(db, fieldname, tablename):
         def parser(rowmap, inclusions, row, rid):
             if not check(row[tablename]):
                 return
-            rowmap[rid][fieldname] = typed_row_reference_from_record(
-                row[tablename], rmodel
-            )
+            rowmap[rid][fieldname] = typed_row_reference_from_record(row[tablename], rmodel)
+
         return parser
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -1260,6 +1103,7 @@ def parser(rowmap, inclusions, row, rid):
             if not check(row[tablename]):
                 return
             rowmap[rid][fieldname]._cached_resultset = row[tablename]
+
         return parser
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -1272,17 +1116,16 @@ def _lmany_parser(db, fieldname, tablename):
         def parser(rowmap, inclusions, row, rid):
             if not check(row[tablename]):
                 return
-            inclusions[rid][fieldname][ext(row[tablename])] = \
-                inclusions[rid][fieldname].get(
-                    ext(row[tablename]), row[tablename]
-                )
+            inclusions[rid][fieldname][ext(row[tablename])] = inclusions[rid][fieldname].get(
+                ext(row[tablename]), row[tablename]
+            )
+
         return parser
 
 
 class Row(_Row):
     _as_dict_types_ = tuple(
-        [type(None)] + [int, float, bool, list, dict, str] +
-        [datetime.datetime, datetime.date, datetime.time]
+        [type(None)] + [int, float, bool, list, dict, str] + [datetime.datetime, datetime.date, datetime.time]
     )
 
     @classmethod
@@ -1312,10 +1155,10 @@ def __json__(self):
         return self.as_dict()
 
     def __xml__(self, key=None, quote=True):
-        return xml_encode(self.as_dict(), key or 'row', quote)
+        return xml_encode(self.as_dict(), key or "row", quote)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '<Row {}>'.format(self.as_dict(geo_coordinates=False))
+        return "<Row {}>".format(self.as_dict(geo_coordinates=False))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return str(self)
@@ -1353,11 +1196,7 @@ def _from_engine(cls, data: Dict[str, Any]):
         rv._fields.update(data)
         return rv
 
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        fields: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        **extras: Any
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, fields: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None, **extras: Any):
         object.__setattr__(self, "_changes", {})
         object.__setattr__(self, "_compound_rels", {})
         object.__setattr__(self, "_concrete", extras.pop("__concrete", False))
@@ -1374,10 +1213,7 @@ def __getitem__(self, name):
     def __setattr__(self, key, value):
         if key in self.__slots__:
             return
-        oldv = (
-            self._changes[key][0] if key in self._changes else
-            getattr(self, key, None)
-        )
+        oldv = self._changes[key][0] if key in self._changes else getattr(self, key, None)
         object.__setattr__(self, key, value)
         newv = getattr(self, key, None)
         if (oldv is None and value is not None) or oldv != newv:
@@ -1392,12 +1228,7 @@ def __getstate__(self):
         return {
             "__fields": self._fields,
             "__extras": self.__dict__,
-            "__struct": {
-                "_concrete": self._concrete,
-                "_changes": {},
-                "_compound_rels": {},
-                "_virtuals": {}
-            }
+            "__struct": {"_concrete": self._concrete, "_changes": {}, "_compound_rels": {}, "_virtuals": {}},
         }
 
     def __setstate__(self, state):
@@ -1464,9 +1295,7 @@ def clone(self):
         return self.__class__(fields, __concrete=self._concrete, **self.__dict__)
 
     def clone_changed(self):
-        return self.__class__(
-            {**self._fields}, __concrete=self._concrete, **self.__dict__
-        )
+        return self.__class__({**self._fields}, __concrete=self._concrete, **self.__dict__)
 
     @property
     def validation_errors(self):
@@ -1478,9 +1307,7 @@ def is_valid(self):
 
 
 class Rows(_Rows):
-    def __init__(
-        self, db=None, records=[], colnames=[], compact=True, rawrows=None
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, db=None, records=[], colnames=[], compact=True, rawrows=None):
         self.db = db
         self.records = records
         self.colnames = colnames
@@ -1491,7 +1318,7 @@ def __init__(
     def compact(self):
         if not self.records:
             return False
-        return len(self._rowkeys_) == 1 and self._rowkeys_[0] != '_extra'
+        return len(self._rowkeys_) == 1 and self._rowkeys_[0] != "_extra"
 
     @cachedprop
     def compact_tablename(self):
@@ -1519,7 +1346,7 @@ def sorted(self, f, reverse=False):
             keyf = lambda r: f(r[self.compact_tablename])
         else:
             keyf = f
-        return [r for r in sorted(self.records, key=keyf, reverse=reverse)]
+        return sorted(self.records, key=keyf, reverse=reverse)
 
     def sort(self, f, reverse=False):
         self.records = self.sorted(f, reverse)
@@ -1538,9 +1365,9 @@ def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
     def as_list(self, datetime_to_str=False, custom_types=None):
         return [item.as_dict(datetime_to_str, custom_types) for item in self]
 
-    def as_dict(self, key='id', datetime_to_str=False, custom_types=None):
-        if '.' in key:
-            splitted_key = key.split('.')
+    def as_dict(self, key="id", datetime_to_str=False, custom_types=None):
+        if "." in key:
+            splitted_key = key.split(".")
             keyf = lambda row: row[splitted_key[0]][splitted_key[1]]
         else:
             keyf = lambda row: row[key]
@@ -1550,7 +1377,7 @@ def __json__(self):
         return [item.__json__() for item in self]
 
     def __xml__(self, key=None, quote=True):
-        key = key or 'rows'
+        key = key or "rows"
         return tag[key](*[item.__xml__(quote=quote) for item in self])
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -1580,17 +1407,11 @@ def __next__(self):
         if db_row is None:
             raise StopIteration
         row = self.db._adapter._parse(
-            db_row,
-            self.fdata,
-            self.tables,
-            self.concrete_tables,
-            self.fields,
-            self.colnames,
-            self.blob_decode
+            db_row, self.fdata, self.tables, self.concrete_tables, self.fields, self.colnames, self.blob_decode
         )
         if self.compact:
             keys = list(row.keys())
-            if len(keys) == 1 and keys[0] != '_extra':
+            if len(keys) == 1 and keys[0] != "_extra":
                 row = row[keys[0]]
         return row
 
@@ -1609,13 +1430,10 @@ def __iter__(self):
 
 class JoinRows(Rows):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        self._joins_ = kwargs.pop('_jdata')
+        self._joins_ = kwargs.pop("_jdata")
         super(JoinRows, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
-    def as_list(
-        self, compact=True, storage_to_dict=True, datetime_to_str=False,
-        custom_types=None
-    ):
+    def as_list(self, compact=True, storage_to_dict=True, datetime_to_str=False, custom_types=None):
         if storage_to_dict:
             items = []
             for row in self:
@@ -1625,7 +1443,7 @@ def as_list(
                         item[jdata[0]] = row[jdata[0]].as_list()
                 items.append(item)
         else:
-            items = [item for item in self]
+            items = list(self)
         return items
 
 
@@ -1654,7 +1472,7 @@ def __init__(
         dbset: Optional[Set] = None,
         ret: Any = None,
         row: Optional[Row] = None,
-        changes: Optional[sdict] = None
+        changes: Optional[sdict] = None,
     ):
         self.values = values
         self.dbset = dbset
@@ -1666,12 +1484,7 @@ def __init__(
 class TransactionOp:
     __slots__ = ["op_type", "table", "context"]
 
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        op_type: TransactionOps,
-        table: Table,
-        context: TransactionOpContext
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, op_type: TransactionOps, table: Table, context: TransactionOpContext):
         self.op_type = op_type
         self.table = table
         self.context = context
diff --git a/emmett/orm/transactions.py b/emmett/orm/transactions.py
index d7e7160d..7dfed161 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/transactions.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/transactions.py
@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.transactions
-    -----------------------
+emmett.orm.transactions
+-----------------------
 
-    Provides pyDAL advanced transactions implementation for Emmett.
+Provides pyDAL advanced transactions implementation for Emmett.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
 
-    Parts of this code are inspired to peewee
-    :copyright: (c) 2010 by Charles Leifer
+Parts of this code are inspired to peewee
+:copyright: (c) 2010 by Charles Leifer
 
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import uuid
-
 from functools import wraps
 
 
@@ -24,6 +23,7 @@ def __call__(self, fn):
         def inner(*args, **kwargs):
             with self:
                 return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
         return inner
 
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
 class _savepoint(callable_context_manager):
     def __init__(self, adapter, sid=None):
         self.adapter = adapter
-        self.sid = sid or 's' + uuid.uuid4().hex
+        self.sid = sid or "s" + uuid.uuid4().hex
         self.quoted_sid = self.adapter.dialect.quote(self.sid)
         self._ops = []
         self._parent = None
@@ -117,16 +117,16 @@ def _add_ops(self, ops):
         self._ops.extend(ops)
 
     def _begin(self):
-        self.adapter.execute('SAVEPOINT %s;' % self.quoted_sid)
+        self.adapter.execute("SAVEPOINT %s;" % self.quoted_sid)
 
     def commit(self, begin=True):
-        self.adapter.execute('RELEASE SAVEPOINT %s;' % self.quoted_sid)
+        self.adapter.execute("RELEASE SAVEPOINT %s;" % self.quoted_sid)
         if begin:
             self._begin()
 
     def rollback(self):
         self._ops.clear()
-        self.adapter.execute('ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT %s;' % self.quoted_sid)
+        self.adapter.execute("ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT %s;" % self.quoted_sid)
 
     def __enter__(self):
         self._parent = self.adapter.top_transaction()
diff --git a/emmett/orm/wrappers.py b/emmett/orm/wrappers.py
index a588c2fa..658fe1cf 100644
--- a/emmett/orm/wrappers.py
+++ b/emmett/orm/wrappers.py
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.orm.wrappers
-    -------------------
+emmett.orm.wrappers
+-------------------
 
-    Provides ORM wrappers utilities.
+Provides ORM wrappers utilities.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from .helpers import RelationBuilder
-from .objects import HasOneSet, HasOneViaSet, HasManySet, HasManyViaSet
+from .objects import HasManySet, HasManyViaSet, HasOneSet, HasOneViaSet
 
 
 class Wrapper(object):
diff --git a/emmett/parsers.py b/emmett/parsers.py
index d38e4dae..6f0ec3bc 100644
--- a/emmett/parsers.py
+++ b/emmett/parsers.py
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.parsers
-    --------------
+emmett.parsers
+--------------
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from emmett_core.parsers import Parsers as Parsers
diff --git a/emmett/pipeline.py b/emmett/pipeline.py
index dcf7d792..16613c97 100644
--- a/emmett/pipeline.py
+++ b/emmett/pipeline.py
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.pipeline
-    ---------------
+emmett.pipeline
+---------------
 
-    Provides the pipeline classes.
+Provides the pipeline classes.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import types
 
 from emmett_core.http.helpers import redirect
-from emmett_core.pipeline.pipe import Pipe as Pipe
 from emmett_core.pipeline.extras import RequirePipe as _RequirePipe
+from emmett_core.pipeline.pipe import Pipe as Pipe
 
 from .ctx import current
 from .helpers import flash
@@ -36,26 +36,22 @@ async def pipe_request(self, next_pipe, **kwargs):
                 redirect(self.__class__._current, self.otherwise)
             else:
                 if self.flash:
-                    flash('Insufficient privileges')
+                    flash("Insufficient privileges")
                 redirect(self.__class__._current, "/")
         return await next_pipe(**kwargs)
 
 
 class Injector(Pipe):
-    namespace: str = '__global__'
+    namespace: str = "__global__"
 
     def __init__(self):
         self._injections_ = {}
-        if self.namespace != '__global__':
+        if self.namespace != "__global__":
             self._inject = self._inject_local
             return
         self._inject = self._inject_global
-        for attr_name in (
-            set(dir(self)) -
-            self.__class__._pipeline_methods_ -
-            {'output', 'namespace'}
-        ):
-            if attr_name.startswith('_'):
+        for attr_name in set(dir(self)) - self.__class__._pipeline_methods_ - {"output", "namespace"}:
+            if attr_name.startswith("_"):
                 continue
             attr = getattr(self, attr_name)
             if isinstance(attr, types.MethodType):
@@ -67,6 +63,7 @@ def __init__(self):
     def _wrapped_method(method):
         def wrap(*args, **kwargs):
             return method(*args, **kwargs)
+
         return wrap
 
     def _inject_local(self, ctx):
diff --git a/emmett/routing/response.py b/emmett/routing/response.py
index 14404d0c..d9e7b365 100644
--- a/emmett/routing/response.py
+++ b/emmett/routing/response.py
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.routing.response
-    -----------------------
+emmett.routing.response
+-----------------------
 
-    Provides response builders for http routes.
+Provides response builders for http routes.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any, Dict, Union, Tuple
+from typing import Any, Dict, Tuple, Union
 
 from emmett_core.http.response import HTTPResponse, HTTPStringResponse
 from emmett_core.routing.response import ResponseProcessor
@@ -22,53 +22,28 @@
 from ..html import asis
 from .urls import url
 
-_html_content_type = 'text/html; charset=utf-8'
+
+_html_content_type = "text/html; charset=utf-8"
 
 
 class TemplateResponseBuilder(ResponseProcessor):
-    def process(
-        self,
-        output: Union[Dict[str, Any], None],
-        response
-    ) -> str:
-        response.headers._data['content-type'] = _html_content_type
-        base_ctx = {
-            'current': current,
-            'url': url,
-            'asis': asis,
-            'load_component': load_component
-        }
+    def process(self, output: Union[Dict[str, Any], None], response) -> str:
+        response.headers._data["content-type"] = _html_content_type
+        base_ctx = {"current": current, "url": url, "asis": asis, "load_component": load_component}
         output = base_ctx if output is None else {**base_ctx, **output}
         try:
-            return self.route.app.templater.render(
-                self.route.template, output
-            )
+            return self.route.app.templater.render(self.route.template, output)
         except TemplateMissingError as exc:
-            raise HTTPStringResponse(
-                404,
-                body="{}\n".format(exc.message),
-                cookies=response.cookies
-            )
+            raise HTTPStringResponse(404, body="{}\n".format(exc.message), cookies=response.cookies)
 
 
 class SnippetResponseBuilder(ResponseProcessor):
-    def process(
-        self,
-        output: Tuple[str, Union[Dict[str, Any], None]],
-        response
-    ) -> str:
-        response.headers._data['content-type'] = _html_content_type
+    def process(self, output: Tuple[str, Union[Dict[str, Any], None]], response) -> str:
+        response.headers._data["content-type"] = _html_content_type
         template, output = output
-        base_ctx = {
-            'current': current,
-            'url': url,
-            'asis': asis,
-            'load_component': load_component
-        }
+        base_ctx = {"current": current, "url": url, "asis": asis, "load_component": load_component}
         output = base_ctx if output is None else {**base_ctx, **output}
-        return self.route.app.templater._render(
-            template, current.request.name, output
-        )
+        return self.route.app.templater._render(template, current.request.name, output)
 
 
 class AutoResponseBuilder(ResponseProcessor):
@@ -78,39 +53,18 @@ def process(self, output: Any, response) -> str:
             snippet, output = output
         if isinstance(output, dict):
             is_template = True
-            output = {
-                **{
-                    'current': current,
-                    'url': url,
-                    'asis': asis,
-                    'load_component': load_component
-                },
-                **output
-            }
+            output = {**{"current": current, "url": url, "asis": asis, "load_component": load_component}, **output}
         elif output is None:
             is_template = True
-            output = {
-                'current': current,
-                'url': url,
-                'asis': asis,
-                'load_component': load_component
-            }
+            output = {"current": current, "url": url, "asis": asis, "load_component": load_component}
         if is_template:
-            response.headers._data['content-type'] = _html_content_type
+            response.headers._data["content-type"] = _html_content_type
             if snippet:
-                return self.route.app.templater._render(
-                    snippet, current.request.name, output
-                )
+                return self.route.app.templater._render(snippet, current.request.name, output)
             try:
-                return self.route.app.templater.render(
-                    self.route.template, output
-                )
+                return self.route.app.templater.render(self.route.template, output)
             except TemplateMissingError as exc:
-                raise HTTPStringResponse(
-                    404,
-                    body="{}\n".format(exc.message),
-                    cookies=response.cookies
-                )
+                raise HTTPStringResponse(404, body="{}\n".format(exc.message), cookies=response.cookies)
         elif isinstance(output, str):
             return output
         elif isinstance(output, HTTPResponse):
diff --git a/emmett/routing/router.py b/emmett/routing/router.py
index 0edc5865..5fa1d913 100644
--- a/emmett/routing/router.py
+++ b/emmett/routing/router.py
@@ -1,33 +1,38 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.routing.router
-    ---------------------
+emmett.routing.router
+---------------------
 
-    Provides router implementations.
+Provides router implementations.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from emmett_core.routing.router import HTTPRouter as _HTTPRouter, WebsocketRouter as WebsocketRouter, RoutingCtx as RoutingCtx, RoutingCtxGroup as RoutingCtxGroup
+from emmett_core.routing.router import (
+    HTTPRouter as _HTTPRouter,
+    RoutingCtx as RoutingCtx,
+    RoutingCtxGroup as RoutingCtxGroup,
+    WebsocketRouter as WebsocketRouter,
+)
 
-from .response import AutoResponseBuilder, TemplateResponseBuilder, SnippetResponseBuilder
+from .response import AutoResponseBuilder, SnippetResponseBuilder, TemplateResponseBuilder
 from .rules import HTTPRoutingRule
 
 
 class HTTPRouter(_HTTPRouter):
-    __slots__ = ['injectors']
+    __slots__ = ["injectors"]
 
     _routing_rule_cls = HTTPRoutingRule
     _outputs = {
         **_HTTPRouter._outputs,
         **{
-            'auto': AutoResponseBuilder,
-            'template': TemplateResponseBuilder,
-            'snippet': SnippetResponseBuilder,
-        }
+            "auto": AutoResponseBuilder,
+            "template": TemplateResponseBuilder,
+            "snippet": SnippetResponseBuilder,
+        },
     }
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
diff --git a/emmett/routing/routes.py b/emmett/routing/routes.py
index 5f7d5adc..e1201230 100644
--- a/emmett/routing/routes.py
+++ b/emmett/routing/routes.py
@@ -1,20 +1,18 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.routing.routes
-    ---------------------
+emmett.routing.routes
+---------------------
 
-    Provides routes objects.
+Provides routes objects.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import re
-
 from functools import wraps
 
 import pendulum
-
 from emmett_core.http.response import HTTPResponse
 from emmett_core.routing.routes import HTTPRoute as _HTTPRoute
 
@@ -27,16 +25,14 @@ def __init__(self, rule, path, idx):
         self.build_argparser()
 
     def build_argparser(self):
-        parsers = {'date': self._parse_date_reqarg}
-        opt_parsers = {'date': self._parse_date_reqarg_opt}
+        parsers = {"date": self._parse_date_reqarg}
+        opt_parsers = {"date": self._parse_date_reqarg_opt}
         pipeline = []
         for key in parsers.keys():
             optionals = []
-            for element in re.compile(
-                r'\(([^<]+)?<{}\:(\w+)>\)\?'.format(key)
-            ).findall(self.path):
+            for element in re.compile(r"\(([^<]+)?<{}\:(\w+)>\)\?".format(key)).findall(self.path):
                 optionals.append(element[1])
-            elements = set(re.compile(r'<{}\:(\w+)>'.format(key)).findall(self.path))
+            elements = set(re.compile(r"<{}\:(\w+)>".format(key)).findall(self.path))
             args = elements - set(optionals)
             if args:
                 parser = self._wrap_reqargs_parser(parsers[key], args)
@@ -73,6 +69,7 @@ def _wrap_reqargs_parser(parser, args):
         @wraps(parser)
         def wrapped(route_args):
             return parser(args, route_args)
+
         return wrapped
 
 
diff --git a/emmett/routing/rules.py b/emmett/routing/rules.py
index 7d8edcc2..3891ad72 100644
--- a/emmett/routing/rules.py
+++ b/emmett/routing/rules.py
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.routing.rules
-    --------------------
+emmett.routing.rules
+--------------------
 
-    Provides routing rules definition apis.
+Provides routing rules definition apis.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
-
 from typing import Any, Callable
 
 from emmett_core.routing.rules import HTTPRoutingRule as _HTTPRoutingRule
@@ -22,19 +21,26 @@
 
 
 class HTTPRoutingRule(_HTTPRoutingRule):
-    __slots__ = [
-        'injectors',
-        'template_folder',
-        'template_path',
-        'template'
-    ]
+    __slots__ = ["injectors", "template_folder", "template_path", "template"]
     current = current
     route_cls = HTTPRoute
 
     def __init__(
-        self, router, paths=None, name=None, template=None, pipeline=None,
-        injectors=None, schemes=None, hostname=None, methods=None, prefix=None,
-        template_folder=None, template_path=None, cache=None, output='auto'
+        self,
+        router,
+        paths=None,
+        name=None,
+        template=None,
+        pipeline=None,
+        injectors=None,
+        schemes=None,
+        hostname=None,
+        methods=None,
+        prefix=None,
+        template_folder=None,
+        template_path=None,
+        cache=None,
+        output="auto",
     ):
         super().__init__(
             router,
@@ -46,19 +52,16 @@ def __init__(
             methods=methods,
             prefix=prefix,
             cache=cache,
-            output=output
+            output=output,
         )
         self.template = template
         self.template_folder = template_folder
         self.template_path = template_path or self.app.template_path
-        self.pipeline = (
-            self.pipeline +
-            self.router.injectors + (injectors or [])
-        )
+        self.pipeline = self.pipeline + self.router.injectors + (injectors or [])
 
     def _make_builders(self, output_type):
         builder_cls = self.router._outputs[output_type]
-        return builder_cls(self), self.router._outputs['empty'](self)
+        return builder_cls(self), self.router._outputs["empty"](self)
 
     def __call__(self, f: Callable[..., Any]) -> Callable[..., Any]:
         if not self.template:
diff --git a/emmett/routing/urls.py b/emmett/routing/urls.py
index 151de7ea..f0604fa1 100644
--- a/emmett/routing/urls.py
+++ b/emmett/routing/urls.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.routing.urls
-    -------------------
+emmett.routing.urls
+-------------------
 
-    Provides url builder apis.
+Provides url builder apis.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from emmett_core.routing.urls import Url
diff --git a/emmett/rsgi/handlers.py b/emmett/rsgi/handlers.py
index 0e6a147e..de7373ec 100644
--- a/emmett/rsgi/handlers.py
+++ b/emmett/rsgi/handlers.py
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.rsgi.handlers
-    --------------------
+emmett.rsgi.handlers
+--------------------
 
-    Provides RSGI handlers.
+Provides RSGI handlers.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
-
 from typing import Awaitable, Callable
 
 from emmett_core.http.response import HTTPResponse
@@ -24,9 +23,8 @@
 )
 
 from ..ctx import current
-from ..debug import smart_traceback, debug_handler
+from ..debug import debug_handler, smart_traceback
 from ..wrappers.response import Response
-
 from .wrappers import Request, Websocket
 
 
@@ -37,25 +35,16 @@ class HTTPHandler(_HTTPHandler):
 
     @cachedprop
     def error_handler(self) -> Callable[[], Awaitable[str]]:
-        return (
-            self._debug_handler if self.app.debug else self.exception_handler
-        )
+        return self._debug_handler if self.app.debug else self.exception_handler
 
-    def _static_handler(
-        self,
-        scope: Scope,
-        protocol: HTTPProtocol,
-        path: str
-    ) -> Awaitable[HTTPResponse]:
+    def _static_handler(self, scope: Scope, protocol: HTTPProtocol, path: str) -> Awaitable[HTTPResponse]:
         #: handle internal assets
-        if path.startswith('/__emmett__'):
+        if path.startswith("/__emmett__"):
             file_name = path[12:]
             if not file_name:
                 return self._http_response(404)
-            static_file = os.path.join(
-                os.path.dirname(__file__), '..', 'assets', file_name
-            )
-            if os.path.splitext(static_file)[1] == 'html':
+            static_file = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "assets", file_name)
+            if os.path.splitext(static_file)[1] == "html":
                 return self._http_response(404)
             return self._static_response(static_file)
         #: handle app assets
@@ -65,9 +54,7 @@ def _static_handler(
         return self.dynamic_handler(scope, protocol, path)
 
     async def _debug_handler(self) -> str:
-        current.response.headers._data['content-type'] = (
-            'text/html; charset=utf-8'
-        )
+        current.response.headers._data["content-type"] = "text/html; charset=utf-8"
         return debug_handler(smart_traceback(self.app))
 
 
diff --git a/emmett/rsgi/wrappers.py b/emmett/rsgi/wrappers.py
index c1a7b57a..9996a295 100644
--- a/emmett/rsgi/wrappers.py
+++ b/emmett/rsgi/wrappers.py
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.rsgi.wrappers
-    --------------------
+emmett.rsgi.wrappers
+--------------------
 
-    Provides RSGI request and websocket wrappers
+Provides RSGI request and websocket wrappers
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import pendulum
-
 from emmett_core.protocols.rsgi.wrappers import Request as _Request, Websocket as Websocket
 from emmett_core.utils import cachedprop
 
diff --git a/emmett/security.py b/emmett/security.py
index 5d8abdee..01cb4d84 100644
--- a/emmett/security.py
+++ b/emmett/security.py
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.security
-    ---------------
+emmett.security
+---------------
 
-    Miscellaneous security helpers.
+Miscellaneous security helpers.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import hashlib
 import hmac
 import time
-
 from collections import OrderedDict
 from uuid import uuid4
 
@@ -38,11 +37,11 @@ def gen_token(self):
 
 
 def md5_hash(text):
-    """ Generate a md5 hash with the given text """
+    """Generate a md5 hash with the given text"""
     return hashlib.md5(text).hexdigest()
 
 
-def simple_hash(text, key='', salt='', digest_alg='md5'):
+def simple_hash(text, key="", salt="", digest_alg="md5"):
     """
     Generates hash with the given text using the specified
     digest hashing algorithm
@@ -51,14 +50,10 @@ def simple_hash(text, key='', salt='', digest_alg='md5'):
         raise RuntimeError("simple_hash with digest_alg=None")
     elif not isinstance(digest_alg, str):  # manual approach
         h = digest_alg(text + key + salt)
-    elif digest_alg.startswith('pbkdf2'):  # latest and coolest!
-        iterations, keylen, alg = digest_alg[7:-1].split(',')
+    elif digest_alg.startswith("pbkdf2"):  # latest and coolest!
+        iterations, keylen, alg = digest_alg[7:-1].split(",")
         return kdf.pbkdf2_hex(
-            text,
-            salt,
-            iterations=int(iterations),
-            keylen=int(keylen),
-            hash_algorithm=kdf.PBKDF2_HMAC[alg]
+            text, salt, iterations=int(iterations), keylen=int(keylen), hash_algorithm=kdf.PBKDF2_HMAC[alg]
         )
     elif key:  # use hmac
         digest_alg = get_digest(digest_alg)
@@ -93,10 +88,10 @@ def get_digest(value):
 
 
 DIGEST_ALG_BY_SIZE = {
-    128 / 4: 'md5',
-    160 / 4: 'sha1',
-    224 / 4: 'sha224',
-    256 / 4: 'sha256',
-    384 / 4: 'sha384',
-    512 / 4: 'sha512',
+    128 / 4: "md5",
+    160 / 4: "sha1",
+    224 / 4: "sha224",
+    256 / 4: "sha256",
+    384 / 4: "sha384",
+    512 / 4: "sha512",
 }
diff --git a/emmett/serializers.py b/emmett/serializers.py
index bf5e55b6..e5a73bb0 100644
--- a/emmett/serializers.py
+++ b/emmett/serializers.py
@@ -1,37 +1,28 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.serializers
-    ------------------
+emmett.serializers
+------------------
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from emmett_core.serializers import Serializers as Serializers
 
-from .html import tag, htmlescape
+from .html import htmlescape, tag
 
 
 def xml_encode(value, key=None, quote=True):
-    if hasattr(value, '__xml__'):
+    if hasattr(value, "__xml__"):
         return value.__xml__(key, quote)
     if isinstance(value, dict):
-        return tag[key](
-            *[
-                tag[k](xml_encode(v, None, quote))
-                for k, v in value.items()
-            ])
+        return tag[key](*[tag[k](xml_encode(v, None, quote)) for k, v in value.items()])
     if isinstance(value, list):
-        return tag[key](
-            *[
-                tag[item](xml_encode(item, None, quote))
-                for item in value
-            ])
+        return tag[key](*[tag[item](xml_encode(item, None, quote)) for item in value])
     return htmlescape(value)
 
 
-@Serializers.register_for('xml')
-def xml(value, encoding='UTF-8', key='document', quote=True):
-    rv = ('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="%s"?>' % encoding) + \
-        str(xml_encode(value, key, quote))
+@Serializers.register_for("xml")
+def xml(value, encoding="UTF-8", key="document", quote=True):
+    rv = ('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="%s"?>' % encoding) + str(xml_encode(value, key, quote))
     return rv
diff --git a/emmett/sessions.py b/emmett/sessions.py
index 5f1606fc..7a62c697 100644
--- a/emmett/sessions.py
+++ b/emmett/sessions.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.sessions
-    ---------------
+emmett.sessions
+---------------
 
-    Provides session managers for applications.
+Provides session managers for applications.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
diff --git a/emmett/templating/lexers.py b/emmett/templating/lexers.py
index d7b5c5b6..801807f6 100644
--- a/emmett/templating/lexers.py
+++ b/emmett/templating/lexers.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.templating.lexers
-    ------------------------
+emmett.templating.lexers
+------------------------
 
-    Provides the Emmett lexers for Renoir engine.
+Provides the Emmett lexers for Renoir engine.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from renoir import Lexer
@@ -17,10 +17,8 @@
 
 class HelpersLexer(Lexer):
     helpers = [
-        '<script type="text/javascript" ' +
-        'src="{}/__emmett__/jquery.min.js"></script>',
-        '<script type="text/javascript" ' +
-        'src="{}/__emmett__/helpers.js"></script>'
+        '<script type="text/javascript" ' + 'src="{}/__emmett__/jquery.min.js"></script>',
+        '<script type="text/javascript" ' + 'src="{}/__emmett__/helpers.js"></script>',
     ]
 
     def process(self, ctx, value):
@@ -30,17 +28,12 @@ def process(self, ctx, value):
 
 class MetaLexer(Lexer):
     def process(self, ctx, value):
-        ctx.python_node('for name, value in current.response._meta_tmpl():')
-        ctx.variable(
-            "'<meta name=\"%s\" content=\"%s\" />' % (name, value)",
-            escape=False)
-        ctx.python_node('pass')
-        ctx.python_node(
-            'for name, value in current.response._meta_tmpl_prop():')
-        ctx.variable(
-            "'<meta property=\"%s\" content=\"%s\" />' % (name, value)",
-            escape=False)
-        ctx.python_node('pass')
+        ctx.python_node("for name, value in current.response._meta_tmpl():")
+        ctx.variable('\'<meta name="%s" content="%s" />\' % (name, value)', escape=False)
+        ctx.python_node("pass")
+        ctx.python_node("for name, value in current.response._meta_tmpl_prop():")
+        ctx.variable('\'<meta property="%s" content="%s" />\' % (name, value)', escape=False)
+        ctx.python_node("pass")
 
 
 class StaticLexer(Lexer):
@@ -48,20 +41,16 @@ class StaticLexer(Lexer):
 
     def process(self, ctx, value):
         file_name = value.split("?")[0]
-        surl = url('static', file_name)
+        surl = url("static", file_name)
         file_ext = file_name.rsplit(".", 1)[-1]
-        if file_ext == 'js':
-            s = u'<script type="text/javascript" src="%s"></script>' % surl
+        if file_ext == "js":
+            s = '<script type="text/javascript" src="%s"></script>' % surl
         elif file_ext == "css":
-            s = u'<link rel="stylesheet" href="%s" type="text/css" />' % surl
+            s = '<link rel="stylesheet" href="%s" type="text/css" />' % surl
         else:
             s = None
         if s:
             ctx.html(s)
 
 
-lexers = {
-    'include_helpers': HelpersLexer(),
-    'include_meta': MetaLexer(),
-    'include_static': StaticLexer()
-}
+lexers = {"include_helpers": HelpersLexer(), "include_meta": MetaLexer(), "include_static": StaticLexer()}
diff --git a/emmett/templating/templater.py b/emmett/templating/templater.py
index cf088534..a4ce70ad 100644
--- a/emmett/templating/templater.py
+++ b/emmett/templating/templater.py
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.templating.templater
-    ---------------------------
+emmett.templating.templater
+---------------------------
 
-    Provides the Emmett implementation for Renoir engine.
+Provides the Emmett implementation for Renoir engine.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import os
-
 from functools import reduce
 from typing import Optional, Tuple
 
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@
 
 class Templater(Renoir):
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-        kwargs['lexers'] = lexers
+        kwargs["lexers"] = lexers
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
         self._namespaces = {}
 
@@ -46,9 +45,7 @@ def register_namespace(self, namespace: str, path: Optional[str] = None):
         path = path or self.path
         self._namespaces[namespace] = path
 
-    def _get_namespace_path_elements(
-        self, file_name: str, path: Optional[str]
-    ) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+    def _get_namespace_path_elements(self, file_name: str, path: Optional[str]) -> Tuple[str, str]:
         if ":" in file_name:
             namespace, file_name = file_name.split(":")
             path = self._namespaces.get(namespace, self.path)
@@ -60,9 +57,7 @@ def _preload(self, file_name: str, path: Optional[str] = None):
         path, file_name = self._get_namespace_path_elements(file_name, path)
         file_extension = os.path.splitext(file_name)[1]
         return reduce(
-            lambda args, loader: loader(args[0], args[1]),
-            self.loaders.get(file_extension, []),
-            (path, file_name)
+            lambda args, loader: loader(args[0], args[1]), self.loaders.get(file_extension, []), (path, file_name)
         )
 
     def _no_preload(self, file_name: str, path: Optional[str] = None):
diff --git a/emmett/testing.py b/emmett/testing.py
index dac5ffb5..5fc9746c 100644
--- a/emmett/testing.py
+++ b/emmett/testing.py
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-from emmett_core.protocols.rsgi.test_client.client import EmmettTestClient as _EmmettTestClient, ClientContext as _ClientContext, ClientHTTPHandlerMixin
+from emmett_core.protocols.rsgi.test_client.client import (
+    ClientContext as _ClientContext,
+    ClientHTTPHandlerMixin,
+    EmmettTestClient as _EmmettTestClient,
+)
 
 from .ctx import current
 from .rsgi.handlers import HTTPHandler
diff --git a/emmett/tools/__init__.py b/emmett/tools/__init__.py
index eb311265..c4deab59 100644
--- a/emmett/tools/__init__.py
+++ b/emmett/tools/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from .service import ServicePipe
 from .auth import Auth
-from .mailer import Mailer
 from .decorators import requires, service
+from .mailer import Mailer
+from .service import ServicePipe
diff --git a/emmett/tools/auth/apis.py b/emmett/tools/auth/apis.py
index 480c055f..66e61e99 100644
--- a/emmett/tools/auth/apis.py
+++ b/emmett/tools/auth/apis.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.tools.auth.apis
-    ----------------------
+emmett.tools.auth.apis
+----------------------
 
-    Provides the interface for the auth system.
+Provides the interface for the auth system.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -14,52 +14,42 @@
 from datetime import timedelta
 from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Type, Union
 
-from pydal.helpers.classes import Reference as _RecordReference
 from emmett_core.routing.cache import RouteCacheRule
+from pydal.helpers.classes import Reference as _RecordReference
 
 from ...datastructures import sdict
 from ...locals import now, session
-from ...orm.objects import Row
 from ...orm.models import Model
-from ...pipeline import Pipe, Injector
-from .ext import AuthExtension
+from ...orm.objects import Row
+from ...pipeline import Injector, Pipe
 from .exposer import AuthModule
+from .ext import AuthExtension
 
 
 class Auth:
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        app,
-        db,
-        user_model=None,
-        group_model=None,
-        membership_model=None,
-        permission_model=None
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, app, db, user_model=None, group_model=None, membership_model=None, permission_model=None):
         self.ext = app.use_extension(AuthExtension)
         self.ext.bind_auth(self)
-        self.ext.use_database(
-            db, user_model, group_model, membership_model, permission_model
-        )
+        self.ext.use_database(db, user_model, group_model, membership_model, permission_model)
         self.ext.init_forms()
         self.pipe = AuthPipe(self)
 
     def module(
         self,
         import_name: str,
-        name: str = 'auth',
-        template_folder: str = 'auth',
+        name: str = "auth",
+        template_folder: str = "auth",
         template_path: Optional[str] = None,
         static_folder: Optional[str] = None,
         static_path: Optional[str] = None,
-        url_prefix: Optional[str] = 'auth',
+        url_prefix: Optional[str] = "auth",
         hostname: Optional[str] = None,
         cache: Optional[RouteCacheRule] = None,
         root_path: Optional[str] = None,
         pipeline: Optional[List[Pipe]] = None,
         injectors: Optional[List[Injector]] = None,
         module_class: Type[AuthModule] = AuthModule,
-        **kwargs: Any
+        **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> AuthModule:
         return module_class.from_app(
             self.ext.app,
@@ -75,7 +65,7 @@ def module(
             root_path=root_path,
             pipeline=pipeline or [],
             injectors=injectors or [],
-            opts=kwargs
+            opts=kwargs,
         )
 
     @property
@@ -83,7 +73,7 @@ def models(self) -> Dict[str, Model]:
         return self.ext.config.models
 
     def group_for_role(self, role: str) -> Row:
-        return self.models['group'].get(role=role)
+        return self.models["group"].get(role=role)
 
     #: context
     @property
@@ -106,7 +96,7 @@ def has_membership(
         self,
         group: Optional[Union[str, int, Row]] = None,
         user: Optional[Union[Row, int]] = None,
-        role: Optional[str] = None
+        role: Optional[str] = None,
     ) -> bool:
         rv = False
         if not group and role:
@@ -116,25 +106,28 @@ def has_membership(
         if not user and self.user:
             user = self.user.id
         if group and user:
-            if self.models['membership'].where(
-                lambda m:
-                    (m.table[self.ext.relation_names['user']] == user) &
-                    (m.table[self.ext.relation_names['group']] == group)
-            ).count():
+            if (
+                self.models["membership"]
+                .where(
+                    lambda m: (m.table[self.ext.relation_names["user"]] == user)
+                    & (m.table[self.ext.relation_names["group"]] == group)
+                )
+                .count()
+            ):
                 rv = True
         return rv
 
     def has_permission(
         self,
-        name: str = 'any',
+        name: str = "any",
         table_name: Optional[str] = None,
         record_id: Optional[int] = None,
         user: Optional[Union[int, Row]] = None,
-        group: Optional[Union[str, int, Row]] = None
+        group: Optional[Union[str, int, Row]] = None,
     ) -> bool:
-        permission = self.models['permission']
+        permission = self.models["permission"]
         parent = None
-        query = (permission.name == name)
+        query = permission.name == name
         if table_name:
             query = query & (permission.table_name == table_name)
         if record_id:
@@ -144,98 +137,72 @@ def has_permission(
         if not user and not group:
             return False
         if user is not None:
-            parent = self.models['user'].get(id=user)
+            parent = self.models["user"].get(id=user)
         elif group is not None:
             if isinstance(group, str):
                 group = self.group_for_role(group)
-            parent = self.models['group'].get(id=group)
+            parent = self.models["group"].get(id=group)
         if not parent:
             return False
-        return (
-            parent[self.ext.relation_names['permission'] + 's'].where(
-                query
-            ).count() > 0
-        )
+        return parent[self.ext.relation_names["permission"] + "s"].where(query).count() > 0
 
     #: operations
-    def create_group(self, role: str, description: str = '') -> _RecordReference:
-        res = self.models['group'].create(
-            role=role, description=description
-        )
+    def create_group(self, role: str, description: str = "") -> _RecordReference:
+        res = self.models["group"].create(role=role, description=description)
         return res.id
 
     def delete_group(self, group: Union[str, int, Row]) -> int:
         if isinstance(group, str):
             group = self.group_for_role(group)
-        return self.ext.db(self.models['group'].id == group).delete()
+        return self.ext.db(self.models["group"].id == group).delete()
 
-    def add_membership(
-        self,
-        group: Union[str, int, Row],
-        user: Optional[Row] = None
-    ) -> _RecordReference:
+    def add_membership(self, group: Union[str, int, Row], user: Optional[Row] = None) -> _RecordReference:
         if isinstance(group, int):
-            group = self.models['group'].get(group)
+            group = self.models["group"].get(group)
         elif isinstance(group, str):
             group = self.group_for_role(group)
         if not user and self.user:
             user = self.user.id
-        res = getattr(
-            group, self.ext.relation_names['user'] + 's'
-        ).add(user)
+        res = getattr(group, self.ext.relation_names["user"] + "s").add(user)
         return res.id
 
-    def remove_membership(
-        self,
-        group: Union[str, int, Row],
-        user: Optional[Row] = None
-    ):
+    def remove_membership(self, group: Union[str, int, Row], user: Optional[Row] = None):
         if isinstance(group, int):
-            group = self.models['group'].get(group)
+            group = self.models["group"].get(group)
         elif isinstance(group, str):
             group = self.group_for_role(group)
         if not user and self.user:
             user = self.user.id
-        return getattr(
-            group, self.ext.relation_names['user'] + 's'
-        ).remove(user)
+        return getattr(group, self.ext.relation_names["user"] + "s").remove(user)
 
     def login(self, email: str, password: str):
-        user = self.models['user'].get(email=email)
-        if user and user.get('password', False):
-            password = self.models['user'].password.validate(password)[0]
+        user = self.models["user"].get(email=email)
+        if user and user.get("password", False):
+            password = self.models["user"].password.validate(password)[0]
             if not user.registration_key and password == user.password:
                 self.ext.login_user(user)
                 return user
         return None
 
     def change_user_status(self, user: Union[int, Row], status: str) -> int:
-        return self.ext.db(self.models['user'].id == user).update(
-            registration_key=status
-        )
+        return self.ext.db(self.models["user"].id == user).update(registration_key=status)
 
     def disable_user(self, user: Union[int, Row]) -> int:
-        return self.change_user_status(user, 'disabled')
+        return self.change_user_status(user, "disabled")
 
     def block_user(self, user: Union[int, Row]) -> int:
-        return self.change_user_status(user, 'blocked')
+        return self.change_user_status(user, "blocked")
 
     def allow_user(self, user: Union[int, Row]) -> int:
-        return self.change_user_status(user, '')
+        return self.change_user_status(user, "")
 
     #: emails decorators
-    def registration_mail(
-        self,
-        f: Callable[[Row, Dict[str, Any]], bool]
-    ) -> Callable[[Row, Dict[str, Any]], bool]:
-        self.ext.mails['registration'] = f
+    def registration_mail(self, f: Callable[[Row, Dict[str, Any]], bool]) -> Callable[[Row, Dict[str, Any]], bool]:
+        self.ext.mails["registration"] = f
         return f
 
-    def reset_password_mail(
-        self,
-        f: Callable[[Row, Dict[str, Any]], bool]
-    ) -> Callable[[Row, Dict[str, Any]], bool]:
-        self.ext.mails['reset_password'] = f
+    def reset_password_mail(self, f: Callable[[Row, Dict[str, Any]], bool]) -> Callable[[Row, Dict[str, Any]], bool]:
+        self.ext.mails["reset_password"] = f
         return f
 
 
@@ -255,26 +222,20 @@ def session_open(self):
             return
         #: is session expired?
         visit_dt = now().as_naive_datetime()
-        if (
-            authsess.last_visit + timedelta(seconds=authsess.expiration) <
-            visit_dt
-        ):
+        if authsess.last_visit + timedelta(seconds=authsess.expiration) < visit_dt:
             del session.auth
         #: does session need re-sync with db?
         elif authsess.last_dbcheck + timedelta(seconds=300) < visit_dt:
             if self.auth.user:
                 #: is user still valid?
-                dbrow = self.auth.models['user'].get(self.auth.user.id)
+                dbrow = self.auth.models["user"].get(self.auth.user.id)
                 if dbrow and not dbrow.registration_key:
                     self.auth.ext.login_user(dbrow, authsess.remember)
                 else:
                     del session.auth
         else:
             #: set last_visit if make sense
-            if (
-                (visit_dt - authsess.last_visit).seconds >
-                min(authsess.expiration / 10, 600)
-            ):
+            if (visit_dt - authsess.last_visit).seconds > min(authsess.expiration / 10, 600):
                 authsess.last_visit = visit_dt
 
     def session_close(self):
diff --git a/emmett/tools/auth/exposer.py b/emmett/tools/auth/exposer.py
index 9206bc51..54d73fbf 100644
--- a/emmett/tools/auth/exposer.py
+++ b/emmett/tools/auth/exposer.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.tools.auth.exposer
-    -------------------------
+emmett.tools.auth.exposer
+-------------------------
 
-    Provides the routes layer for the auth system.
+Provides the routes layer for the auth system.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def __init__(
         root_path: Optional[str] = None,
         pipeline: Optional[List[Pipe]] = None,
         injectors: Optional[List[Injector]] = None,
-        **kwargs: Any
+        **kwargs: Any,
     ):
         super().__init__(
             app=app,
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def __init__(
             root_path=root_path,
             pipeline=pipeline,
             injectors=injectors,
-            **kwargs
+            **kwargs,
         )
         self.init()
 
@@ -64,30 +64,27 @@ def init(self):
         self.auth = self.ext.auth
         self.config = self.ext.config
         self._callbacks = {
-            'after_login': self._after_login,
-            'after_logout': self._after_logout,
-            'after_registration': self._after_registration,
-            'after_profile': self._after_profile,
-            'after_email_verification': self._after_email_verification,
-            'after_password_retrieval': self._after_password_retrieval,
-            'after_password_reset': self._after_password_reset,
-            'after_password_change': self._after_password_change
+            "after_login": self._after_login,
+            "after_logout": self._after_logout,
+            "after_registration": self._after_registration,
+            "after_profile": self._after_profile,
+            "after_email_verification": self._after_email_verification,
+            "after_password_retrieval": self._after_password_retrieval,
+            "after_password_reset": self._after_password_reset,
+            "after_password_change": self._after_password_change,
         }
         auth_pipe = [] if not self.config.inject_pipe else [self.auth.pipe]
-        requires_login = [
-            RequirePipe(
-                lambda: self.auth.is_logged(),
-                lambda: redirect(self.url('login')))]
+        requires_login = [RequirePipe(lambda: self.auth.is_logged(), lambda: redirect(self.url("login")))]
         self._methods_pipelines = {
-            'login': [],
-            'logout': auth_pipe + requires_login,
-            'registration': [],
-            'profile': auth_pipe + requires_login,
-            'email_verification': [],
-            'password_retrieval': [],
-            'password_reset': [],
-            'password_change': auth_pipe + requires_login,
-            'download': []
+            "login": [],
+            "logout": auth_pipe + requires_login,
+            "registration": [],
+            "profile": auth_pipe + requires_login,
+            "email_verification": [],
+            "password_retrieval": [],
+            "password_reset": [],
+            "password_change": auth_pipe + requires_login,
+            "download": [],
             # 'not_authorized': []
         }
         self.enabled_routes = list(self.config.enabled_routes)
@@ -106,63 +103,57 @@ def init(self):
         self.ext.bind_exposer(self)
 
     def _template_for(self, key):
-        tname = 'auth' if self.config.single_template else key
-        return '{}{}'.format(tname, self.app.template_default_extension)
+        tname = "auth" if self.config.single_template else key
+        return "{}{}".format(tname, self.app.template_default_extension)
 
     def url(self, path, *args, **kwargs):
         path = "{}.{}".format(self.name, path)
         return url(path, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def _flash(self, message):
-        return flash(message, 'auth')
+        return flash(message, "auth")
 
     #: routes
     async def _login(self):
         def _validate_form(form):
-            row = self.config.models['user'].get(email=form.params.email)
+            row = self.config.models["user"].get(email=form.params.email)
             if row:
                 #: verify password
                 if form.params.password == row.password:
-                    res['user'] = row
+                    res["user"] = row
                     return
-            form.errors.email = self.config.messages['login_invalid']
+            form.errors.email = self.config.messages["login_invalid"]
 
-        rv = {'message': None}
+        rv = {"message": None}
         res = {}
-        rv['form'] = await self.ext.forms.login(onvalidation=_validate_form)
-        if rv['form'].accepted:
+        rv["form"] = await self.ext.forms.login(onvalidation=_validate_form)
+        if rv["form"].accepted:
             messages = self.config.messages
-            if res['user'].registration_key == 'pending':
-                rv['message'] = messages['approval_pending']
-            elif res['user'].registration_key in ('disabled', 'blocked'):
-                rv['message'] = messages['login_disabled']
-            elif (
-                res['user'].registration_key is not None and
-                res['user'].registration_key.strip()
-            ):
-                rv['message'] = messages['verification_pending']
-            if rv['message']:
-                self.flash(rv['message'])
+            if res["user"].registration_key == "pending":
+                rv["message"] = messages["approval_pending"]
+            elif res["user"].registration_key in ("disabled", "blocked"):
+                rv["message"] = messages["login_disabled"]
+            elif res["user"].registration_key is not None and res["user"].registration_key.strip():
+                rv["message"] = messages["verification_pending"]
+            if rv["message"]:
+                self.flash(rv["message"])
             else:
-                self.ext.login_user(
-                    res['user'], rv['form'].params.get('remember', False))
-                self.ext.log_event(
-                    self.config.messages['login_log'], {'id': res['user'].id})
+                self.ext.login_user(res["user"], rv["form"].params.get("remember", False))
+                self.ext.log_event(self.config.messages["login_log"], {"id": res["user"].id})
                 redirect_after = (await request.body_params)._after
                 if redirect_after:
                     redirect(redirect_after)
-                self._callbacks['after_login'](rv['form'])
+                self._callbacks["after_login"](rv["form"])
         return rv
 
     async def _logout(self):
-        self.ext.log_event(
-            self.config.messages['logout_log'], {'id': self.auth.user.id})
+        self.ext.log_event(self.config.messages["logout_log"], {"id": self.auth.user.id})
         session.auth = None
-        self.flash(self.config.messages['logged_out'])
+        self.flash(self.config.messages["logged_out"])
         redirect_after = request.query_params._after
         if redirect_after:
             redirect(redirect_after)
-        self._callbacks['after_logout']()
+        self._callbacks["after_logout"]()
 
     async def _registration(self):
         def _validate_form(form):
@@ -171,122 +162,105 @@ def _validate_form(form):
                 form.errors.password2 = "password mismatch"
                 return
             del form.params.password2
-            res['id'] = self.config.models['user'].table.insert(
-                **form.params)
+            res["id"] = self.config.models["user"].table.insert(**form.params)
 
-        rv = {'message': None}
+        rv = {"message": None}
         res = {}
-        rv['form'] = await self.ext.forms.registration(
-            onvalidation=_validate_form)
-        if rv['form'].accepted:
+        rv["form"] = await self.ext.forms.registration(onvalidation=_validate_form)
+        if rv["form"].accepted:
             logged_in = False
-            row = self.config.models['user'].get(res['id'])
+            row = self.config.models["user"].get(res["id"])
             if self.config.registration_verification:
-                email_data = {
-                    'link': self.url(
-                        'email_verification', row.registration_key,
-                        scheme=True)}
-                if not self.ext.mails['registration'](row, email_data):
-                    rv['message'] = self.config.messages['mail_failure']
+                email_data = {"link": self.url("email_verification", row.registration_key, scheme=True)}
+                if not self.ext.mails["registration"](row, email_data):
+                    rv["message"] = self.config.messages["mail_failure"]
                     self.ext.db.rollback()
-                    self.flash(rv['message'])
+                    self.flash(rv["message"])
                     return rv
-                rv['message'] = self.config.messages['mail_success']
-                self.flash(rv['message'])
+                rv["message"] = self.config.messages["mail_success"]
+                self.flash(rv["message"])
             elif self.config.registration_approval:
-                rv['message'] = self.config.messages['approval_pending']
-                self.flash(rv['message'])
+                rv["message"] = self.config.messages["approval_pending"]
+                self.flash(rv["message"])
             else:
-                rv['message'] = self.config.messages['registration_success']
-                self.flash(rv['message'])
+                rv["message"] = self.config.messages["registration_success"]
+                self.flash(rv["message"])
                 self.ext.login_user(row)
                 logged_in = True
-                self.ext.log_event(
-                    self.config.messages['registration_log'],
-                    {'id': res['id']})
+                self.ext.log_event(self.config.messages["registration_log"], {"id": res["id"]})
             redirect_after = (await request.body_params)._after
             if redirect_after:
                 redirect(redirect_after)
-            self._callbacks['after_registration'](rv['form'], row, logged_in)
+            self._callbacks["after_registration"](rv["form"], row, logged_in)
         return rv
 
     async def _profile(self):
-        rv = {'message': None, 'form': await self.ext.forms.profile()}
-        if rv['form'].accepted:
-            self.auth.user.update(
-                self.config.models['user'].table._filter_fields(
-                    rv['form'].params))
-            rv['message'] = self.config.messages['profile_updated']
-            self.flash(rv['message'])
-            self.ext.log_event(
-                self.config.messages['profile_log'], {'id': self.auth.user.id})
+        rv = {"message": None, "form": await self.ext.forms.profile()}
+        if rv["form"].accepted:
+            self.auth.user.update(self.config.models["user"].table._filter_fields(rv["form"].params))
+            rv["message"] = self.config.messages["profile_updated"]
+            self.flash(rv["message"])
+            self.ext.log_event(self.config.messages["profile_log"], {"id": self.auth.user.id})
             redirect_after = (await request.body_params)._after
             if redirect_after:
                 redirect(redirect_after)
-            self._callbacks['after_profile'](rv['form'])
+            self._callbacks["after_profile"](rv["form"])
         return rv
 
     async def _email_verification(self, key):
-        rv = {'message': None}
-        user = self.config.models['user'].get(registration_key=key)
+        rv = {"message": None}
+        user = self.config.models["user"].get(registration_key=key)
         if not user:
-            redirect(self.url('login'))
+            redirect(self.url("login"))
         if self.config.registration_approval:
-            user.update_record(registration_key='pending')
-            rv['message'] = self.config.messages['approval_pending']
-            self.flash(rv['message'])
+            user.update_record(registration_key="pending")
+            rv["message"] = self.config.messages["approval_pending"]
+            self.flash(rv["message"])
         else:
-            user.update_record(registration_key='')
-            rv['message'] = self.config.messages['verification_success']
-            self.flash(rv['message'])
+            user.update_record(registration_key="")
+            rv["message"] = self.config.messages["verification_success"]
+            self.flash(rv["message"])
         #: make sure session has same user.registration_key as db record
         if self.auth.user:
             self.auth.user.registration_key = user.registration_key
-        self.ext.log_event(
-            self.config.messages['email_verification_log'], {'id': user.id})
+        self.ext.log_event(self.config.messages["email_verification_log"], {"id": user.id})
         redirect_after = request.query_params._after
         if redirect_after:
             redirect(redirect_after)
-        self._callbacks['after_email_verification'](user)
+        self._callbacks["after_email_verification"](user)
         return rv
 
     async def _password_retrieval(self):
         def _validate_form(form):
             messages = self.config.messages
-            row = self.config.models['user'].get(email=form.params.email)
+            row = self.config.models["user"].get(email=form.params.email)
             if not row:
                 form.errors.email = "invalid email"
                 return
-            if row.registration_key == 'pending':
-                form.errors.email = messages['approval_pending']
+            if row.registration_key == "pending":
+                form.errors.email = messages["approval_pending"]
                 return
-            if row.registration_key == 'blocked':
-                form.errors.email = messages['login_disabled']
+            if row.registration_key == "blocked":
+                form.errors.email = messages["login_disabled"]
                 return
-            res['user'] = row
+            res["user"] = row
 
-        rv = {'message': None}
+        rv = {"message": None}
         res = {}
-        rv['form'] = await self.ext.forms.password_retrieval(
-            onvalidation=_validate_form)
-        if rv['form'].accepted:
-            user = res['user']
+        rv["form"] = await self.ext.forms.password_retrieval(onvalidation=_validate_form)
+        if rv["form"].accepted:
+            user = res["user"]
             reset_key = self.ext.generate_reset_key(user)
-            email_data = {
-                'link': self.url(
-                    'password_reset', reset_key, scheme=True)}
-            if not self.ext.mails['reset_password'](user, email_data):
-                rv['message'] = self.config.messages['mail_failure']
-            rv['message'] = self.config.messages['mail_success']
-            self.flash(rv['message'])
-            self.ext.log_event(
-                self.config.messages['password_retrieval_log'],
-                {'id': user.id},
-                user=user)
+            email_data = {"link": self.url("password_reset", reset_key, scheme=True)}
+            if not self.ext.mails["reset_password"](user, email_data):
+                rv["message"] = self.config.messages["mail_failure"]
+            rv["message"] = self.config.messages["mail_success"]
+            self.flash(rv["message"])
+            self.ext.log_event(self.config.messages["password_retrieval_log"], {"id": user.id}, user=user)
             redirect_after = (await request.body_params)._after
             if redirect_after:
                 redirect(redirect_after)
-            self._callbacks['after_password_retrieval'](user)
+            self._callbacks["after_password_retrieval"](user)
         return rv
 
     async def _password_reset(self, key):
@@ -295,63 +269,49 @@ def _validate_form(form):
                 form.errors.password = "password mismatch"
                 form.errors.password2 = "password mismatch"
 
-        rv = {'message': None}
+        rv = {"message": None}
         redirect_after = request.query_params._after
         user = self.ext.get_user_by_reset_key(key)
         if not user:
-            rv['message'] = self.config.messages['reset_key_invalid']
-            self.flash(rv['message'])
+            rv["message"] = self.config.messages["reset_key_invalid"]
+            self.flash(rv["message"])
             if redirect_after:
                 redirect(redirect_after)
-            self._callbacks['after_password_reset'](user)
+            self._callbacks["after_password_reset"](user)
             return rv
-        rv['form'] = await self.ext.forms.password_reset(
-            onvalidation=_validate_form)
-        if rv['form'].accepted:
-            user.update_record(
-                password=str(rv['form'].params.password),
-                registration_key='',
-                reset_password_key=''
-            )
-            rv['message'] = self.config.messages['password_changed']
-            self.flash(rv['message'])
-            self.ext.log_event(
-                self.config.messages['password_reset_log'],
-                {'id': user.id},
-                user=user)
+        rv["form"] = await self.ext.forms.password_reset(onvalidation=_validate_form)
+        if rv["form"].accepted:
+            user.update_record(password=str(rv["form"].params.password), registration_key="", reset_password_key="")
+            rv["message"] = self.config.messages["password_changed"]
+            self.flash(rv["message"])
+            self.ext.log_event(self.config.messages["password_reset_log"], {"id": user.id}, user=user)
             if redirect_after:
                 redirect(redirect_after)
-            self._callbacks['after_password_reset'](user)
+            self._callbacks["after_password_reset"](user)
         return rv
 
     async def _password_change(self):
         def _validate_form(form):
             messages = self.config.messages
             if form.params.old_password != row.password:
-                form.errors.old_password = messages['invalid_password']
+                form.errors.old_password = messages["invalid_password"]
                 return
-            if (
-                form.params.new_password.password !=
-                form.params.new_password2.password
-            ):
+            if form.params.new_password.password != form.params.new_password2.password:
                 form.errors.new_password = "password mismatch"
                 form.errors.new_password2 = "password mismatch"
 
-        rv = {'message': None}
-        row = self.config.models['user'].get(self.auth.user.id)
-        rv['form'] = await self.ext.forms.password_change(
-            onvalidation=_validate_form)
-        if rv['form'].accepted:
-            row.update_record(password=str(rv['form'].params.new_password))
-            rv['message'] = self.config.messages['password_changed']
-            self.flash(rv['message'])
-            self.ext.log_event(
-                self.config.messages['password_change_log'],
-                {'id': row.id})
+        rv = {"message": None}
+        row = self.config.models["user"].get(self.auth.user.id)
+        rv["form"] = await self.ext.forms.password_change(onvalidation=_validate_form)
+        if rv["form"].accepted:
+            row.update_record(password=str(rv["form"].params.new_password))
+            rv["message"] = self.config.messages["password_changed"]
+            self.flash(rv["message"])
+            self.ext.log_event(self.config.messages["password_change_log"], {"id": row.id})
             redirect_after = request.query_params._after
             if redirect_after:
                 redirect(redirect_after)
-            self._callbacks['after_password_change']()
+            self._callbacks["after_password_change"]()
         return rv
 
     def _download(self, file_name):
@@ -359,70 +319,96 @@ def _download(self, file_name):
 
     #: routes decorators
     def login(self, template=None, pipeline=None, injectors=None):
-        pipeline = self._methods_pipelines['login'] + (pipeline or [])
+        pipeline = self._methods_pipelines["login"] + (pipeline or [])
         return self.route(
-            self.config['routes_paths']['login'], name='login',
-            template=template or self._template_for('login'),
-            pipeline=pipeline, injectors=injectors or [])
+            self.config["routes_paths"]["login"],
+            name="login",
+            template=template or self._template_for("login"),
+            pipeline=pipeline,
+            injectors=injectors or [],
+        )
 
     def logout(self, template=None, pipeline=None, injectors=None):
-        pipeline = self._methods_pipelines['logout'] + (pipeline or [])
+        pipeline = self._methods_pipelines["logout"] + (pipeline or [])
         return self.route(
-            self.config['routes_paths']['logout'], name='logout',
-            template=template or self._template_for('logout'),
-            pipeline=pipeline, injectors=injectors or [], methods='get')
+            self.config["routes_paths"]["logout"],
+            name="logout",
+            template=template or self._template_for("logout"),
+            pipeline=pipeline,
+            injectors=injectors or [],
+            methods="get",
+        )
 
     def registration(self, template=None, pipeline=None, injectors=None):
-        pipeline = self._methods_pipelines['registration'] + (pipeline or [])
+        pipeline = self._methods_pipelines["registration"] + (pipeline or [])
         return self.route(
-            self.config['routes_paths']['registration'], name='registration',
-            template=template or self._template_for('registration'),
-            pipeline=pipeline, injectors=injectors or [])
+            self.config["routes_paths"]["registration"],
+            name="registration",
+            template=template or self._template_for("registration"),
+            pipeline=pipeline,
+            injectors=injectors or [],
+        )
 
     def profile(self, template=None, pipeline=None, injectors=None):
-        pipeline = self._methods_pipelines['profile'] + (pipeline or [])
+        pipeline = self._methods_pipelines["profile"] + (pipeline or [])
         return self.route(
-            self.config['routes_paths']['profile'], name='profile',
-            template=template or self._template_for('profile'),
-            pipeline=pipeline, injectors=injectors or [])
+            self.config["routes_paths"]["profile"],
+            name="profile",
+            template=template or self._template_for("profile"),
+            pipeline=pipeline,
+            injectors=injectors or [],
+        )
 
     def email_verification(self, template=None, pipeline=None, injectors=None):
-        pipeline = self._methods_pipelines['email_verification'] + (pipeline or [])
+        pipeline = self._methods_pipelines["email_verification"] + (pipeline or [])
         return self.route(
-            self.config['routes_paths']['email_verification'],
-            name='email_verification',
-            template=template or self._template_for('email_verification'),
-            pipeline=pipeline, injectors=injectors or [], methods='get')
+            self.config["routes_paths"]["email_verification"],
+            name="email_verification",
+            template=template or self._template_for("email_verification"),
+            pipeline=pipeline,
+            injectors=injectors or [],
+            methods="get",
+        )
 
     def password_retrieval(self, template=None, pipeline=None, injectors=None):
-        pipeline = self._methods_pipelines['password_retrieval'] + (pipeline or [])
+        pipeline = self._methods_pipelines["password_retrieval"] + (pipeline or [])
         return self.route(
-            self.config['routes_paths']['password_retrieval'],
-            name='password_retrieval',
-            template=template or self._template_for('password_retrieval'),
-            pipeline=pipeline, injectors=injectors or [])
+            self.config["routes_paths"]["password_retrieval"],
+            name="password_retrieval",
+            template=template or self._template_for("password_retrieval"),
+            pipeline=pipeline,
+            injectors=injectors or [],
+        )
 
     def password_reset(self, template=None, pipeline=None, injectors=None):
-        pipeline = self._methods_pipelines['password_reset'] + (pipeline or [])
+        pipeline = self._methods_pipelines["password_reset"] + (pipeline or [])
         return self.route(
-            self.config['routes_paths']['password_reset'],
-            name='password_reset',
-            template=template or self._template_for('password_reset'),
-            pipeline=pipeline, injectors=injectors or [])
+            self.config["routes_paths"]["password_reset"],
+            name="password_reset",
+            template=template or self._template_for("password_reset"),
+            pipeline=pipeline,
+            injectors=injectors or [],
+        )
 
     def password_change(self, template=None, pipeline=None, injectors=None):
-        pipeline = self._methods_pipelines['password_change'] + (pipeline or [])
+        pipeline = self._methods_pipelines["password_change"] + (pipeline or [])
         return self.route(
-            self.config['routes_paths']['password_change'],
-            name='password_change',
-            template=template or self._template_for('password_change'),
-            pipeline=pipeline, injectors=injectors or [])
+            self.config["routes_paths"]["password_change"],
+            name="password_change",
+            template=template or self._template_for("password_change"),
+            pipeline=pipeline,
+            injectors=injectors or [],
+        )
 
     def download(self, template=None, pipeline=None, injectors=None):
-        pipeline = self._methods_pipelines['download'] + (pipeline or [])
+        pipeline = self._methods_pipelines["download"] + (pipeline or [])
         return self.route(
-            self.config['routes_paths']['download'], name='download',
-            pipeline=pipeline, injectors=injectors or [], methods='get')
+            self.config["routes_paths"]["download"],
+            name="download",
+            pipeline=pipeline,
+            injectors=injectors or [],
+            methods="get",
+        )
 
     #: callbacks
     def _after_login(self, form):
@@ -453,33 +439,33 @@ def _after_password_change(self):
 
     #: callbacks decorators
     def after_login(self, f):
-        self._callbacks['after_login'] = f
+        self._callbacks["after_login"] = f
         return f
 
     def after_logout(self, f):
-        self._callbacks['after_logout'] = f
+        self._callbacks["after_logout"] = f
         return f
 
     def after_registration(self, f):
-        self._callbacks['after_registration'] = f
+        self._callbacks["after_registration"] = f
         return f
 
     def after_profile(self, f):
-        self._callbacks['after_profile'] = f
+        self._callbacks["after_profile"] = f
         return f
 
     def after_email_verification(self, f):
-        self._callbacks['after_email_verification'] = f
+        self._callbacks["after_email_verification"] = f
         return f
 
     def after_password_retrieval(self, f):
-        self._callbacks['after_password_retrieval'] = f
+        self._callbacks["after_password_retrieval"] = f
         return f
 
     def after_password_reset(self, f):
-        self._callbacks['after_password_reset'] = f
+        self._callbacks["after_password_reset"] = f
         return f
 
     def after_password_change(self, f):
-        self._callbacks['after_password_change'] = f
+        self._callbacks["after_password_change"] = f
         return f
diff --git a/emmett/tools/auth/ext.py b/emmett/tools/auth/ext.py
index 5c68961b..fd9dcd36 100644
--- a/emmett/tools/auth/ext.py
+++ b/emmett/tools/auth/ext.py
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.tools.auth.ext
-    ---------------------
+emmett.tools.auth.ext
+---------------------
 
-    Provides the main auth layer.
+Provides the main auth layer.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import time
-
 from functools import wraps
 
 import click
@@ -23,90 +22,93 @@
 from ...locals import T, now, session
 from ...orm.helpers import decamelize
 from .forms import AuthForms
-from .models import (
-    AuthModel, AuthUser, AuthGroup, AuthMembership, AuthPermission, AuthEvent
-)
+from .models import AuthEvent, AuthGroup, AuthMembership, AuthModel, AuthPermission, AuthUser
 
 
 class AuthExtension(Extension):
-    namespace = 'auth'
+    namespace = "auth"
 
     default_config = {
-        'models': {
-            'user': AuthUser,
-            'group': AuthGroup,
-            'membership': AuthMembership,
-            'permission': AuthPermission,
-            'event': AuthEvent
+        "models": {
+            "user": AuthUser,
+            "group": AuthGroup,
+            "membership": AuthMembership,
+            "permission": AuthPermission,
+            "event": AuthEvent,
         },
-        'hmac_key': None,
-        'hmac_alg': 'pbkdf2(2000,20,sha512)',
-        'inject_pipe': False,
-        'log_events': True,
-        'flash_messages': True,
-        'csrf': True,
-        'enabled_routes': [
-            'login', 'logout', 'registration', 'profile', 'email_verification',
-            'password_retrieval', 'password_reset', 'password_change',
-            'download'],
-        'disabled_routes': [],
-        'routes_paths': {
-            'login': '/login',
-            'logout': '/logout',
-            'registration': '/registration',
-            'profile': '/profile',
-            'email_verification': '/email_verification/<str:key>',
-            'password_retrieval': '/password_retrieval',
-            'password_reset': '/password_reset/<str:key>',
-            'password_change': '/password_change',
-            'download': '/download/<str:file_name>'
+        "hmac_key": None,
+        "hmac_alg": "pbkdf2(2000,20,sha512)",
+        "inject_pipe": False,
+        "log_events": True,
+        "flash_messages": True,
+        "csrf": True,
+        "enabled_routes": [
+            "login",
+            "logout",
+            "registration",
+            "profile",
+            "email_verification",
+            "password_retrieval",
+            "password_reset",
+            "password_change",
+            "download",
+        ],
+        "disabled_routes": [],
+        "routes_paths": {
+            "login": "/login",
+            "logout": "/logout",
+            "registration": "/registration",
+            "profile": "/profile",
+            "email_verification": "/email_verification/<str:key>",
+            "password_retrieval": "/password_retrieval",
+            "password_reset": "/password_reset/<str:key>",
+            "password_change": "/password_change",
+            "download": "/download/<str:file_name>",
         },
-        'single_template': False,
-        'password_min_length': 6,
-        'remember_option': True,
-        'session_expiration': 3600,
-        'session_long_expiration': 3600 * 24 * 30,
-        'registration_verification': True,
-        'registration_approval': False
+        "single_template": False,
+        "password_min_length": 6,
+        "remember_option": True,
+        "session_expiration": 3600,
+        "session_long_expiration": 3600 * 24 * 30,
+        "registration_verification": True,
+        "registration_approval": False,
     }
     default_messages = {
-        'approval_pending': 'Registration is pending approval',
-        'verification_pending': 'Registration needs verification',
-        'login_disabled': 'The account is locked',
-        'login_invalid': 'Invalid credentials',
-        'logged_out': 'Logged out successfully',
-        'registration_success': 'Registration completed',
-        'profile_updated': 'Profile updated successfully',
-        'verification_success': 'Account verification completed',
-        'password_changed': 'Password changed successfully',
-        'mail_failure': 'Something went wrong with the email, try again later',
-        'mail_success': 'We sent you an email, check your inbox',
-        'reset_key_invalid': 'The reset link was invalid or expired',
-        'login_button': 'Sign in',
-        'registration_button': 'Register',
-        'profile_button': 'Save',
-        'remember_button': 'Remember me',
-        'password_retrieval_button': 'Retrieve password',
-        'password_reset_button': 'Reset password',
-        'password_change_button': 'Change password',
-        'login_log': 'User {id} logged in',
-        'logout_log': 'User {id} logged out',
-        'registration_log': 'User {id} registered',
-        'profile_log': 'User {id} updated profile',
-        'email_verification_log': 'Verification email sent to user {id}',
-        'password_retrieval_log': 'User {id} asked for password retrieval',
-        'password_reset_log': 'User {id} reset the password',
-        'password_change_log': 'User {id} changed the password',
-        'old_password': 'Current password',
-        'new_password': 'New password',
-        'verify_password': 'Confirm password',
-        'registration_email_subject': 'Email verification',
-        'registration_email_text':
-            'Hello {email}! Click on the link {link} to verify your email',
-        'reset_password_email_subject': 'Password reset requested',
-        'reset_password_email_text':
-            'A password reset was requested for your account, '
-            'click on the link {link} to proceed'
+        "approval_pending": "Registration is pending approval",
+        "verification_pending": "Registration needs verification",
+        "login_disabled": "The account is locked",
+        "login_invalid": "Invalid credentials",
+        "logged_out": "Logged out successfully",
+        "registration_success": "Registration completed",
+        "profile_updated": "Profile updated successfully",
+        "verification_success": "Account verification completed",
+        "password_changed": "Password changed successfully",
+        "mail_failure": "Something went wrong with the email, try again later",
+        "mail_success": "We sent you an email, check your inbox",
+        "reset_key_invalid": "The reset link was invalid or expired",
+        "login_button": "Sign in",
+        "registration_button": "Register",
+        "profile_button": "Save",
+        "remember_button": "Remember me",
+        "password_retrieval_button": "Retrieve password",
+        "password_reset_button": "Reset password",
+        "password_change_button": "Change password",
+        "login_log": "User {id} logged in",
+        "logout_log": "User {id} logged out",
+        "registration_log": "User {id} registered",
+        "profile_log": "User {id} updated profile",
+        "email_verification_log": "Verification email sent to user {id}",
+        "password_retrieval_log": "User {id} asked for password retrieval",
+        "password_reset_log": "User {id} reset the password",
+        "password_change_log": "User {id} changed the password",
+        "old_password": "Current password",
+        "new_password": "New password",
+        "verify_password": "Confirm password",
+        "registration_email_subject": "Email verification",
+        "registration_email_text": "Hello {email}! Click on the link {link} to verify your email",
+        "reset_password_email_subject": "Password reset requested",
+        "reset_password_email_text": "A password reset was requested for your account, "
+        "click on the link {link} to proceed",
     }
 
     def __init__(self, app, env, config):
@@ -117,45 +119,38 @@ def __init__(self, app, env, config):
         AuthModel.auth = self
 
     def __init_messages(self):
-        self.config.messages = self.config.get('messages', sdict())
+        self.config.messages = self.config.get("messages", sdict())
         for key, dval in self.default_messages.items():
             self.config.messages[key] = T(self.config.messages.get(key, dval))
 
     def __init_mails(self):
-        self.mails = {
-            'registration': self._registration_email,
-            'reset_password': self._reset_password_email
-        }
+        self.mails = {"registration": self._registration_email, "reset_password": self._reset_password_email}
 
     def __register_commands(self):
-        @self.app.cli.group('auth', short_help='Auth commands')
+        @self.app.cli.group("auth", short_help="Auth commands")
         def cli_group():
             pass
 
-        @cli_group.command('generate_key', short_help='Generate an auth key')
+        @cli_group.command("generate_key", short_help="Generate an auth key")
         @pass_script_info
         def generate_key(info):
             click.echo(uuid())
 
     def __ensure_config(self):
-        for key in (
-            set(self.default_config['routes_paths'].keys()) -
-            set(self.config['routes_paths'].keys())
-        ):
-            self.config['routes_paths'][key] = \
-                self.default_config['routes_paths'][key]
+        for key in set(self.default_config["routes_paths"].keys()) - set(self.config["routes_paths"].keys()):
+            self.config["routes_paths"][key] = self.default_config["routes_paths"][key]
 
     def __get_relnames(self):
         rv = {}
         def_names = {
-            'user': 'user',
-            'group': 'auth_group',
-            'membership': 'auth_membership',
-            'permission': 'auth_permission',
-            'event': 'auth_event'
+            "user": "user",
+            "group": "auth_group",
+            "membership": "auth_membership",
+            "permission": "auth_permission",
+            "event": "auth_event",
         }
-        for m in ['user', 'group', 'membership', 'permission', 'event']:
-            if self.config.models[m] == self.default_config['models'][m]:
+        for m in ["user", "group", "membership", "permission", "event"]:
+            if self.config.models[m] == self.default_config["models"][m]:
                 rv[m] = def_names[m]
             else:
                 rv[m] = decamelize(self.config.models[m].__name__)
@@ -168,13 +163,12 @@ def on_load(self):
                 "An auto-generated 'hmac_key' was added to the auth "
                 "configuration.\nPlase add your own key to the configuration. "
                 "You can generate a key using the auth command.\n"
-                "> emmett -a {your_app_name} auth generate_key")
+                "> emmett -a {your_app_name} auth generate_key"
+            )
             self.config.hmac_key = uuid()
-        self._hmac_key = self.config.hmac_alg + ':' + self.config.hmac_key
-        if 'MailExtension' not in self.app.ext:
-            self.app.log.warn(
-                "No mailer seems to be configured. The auth features "
-                "requiring mailer won't work.")
+        self._hmac_key = self.config.hmac_alg + ":" + self.config.hmac_key
+        if "MailExtension" not in self.app.ext:
+            self.app.log.warn("No mailer seems to be configured. The auth features " "requiring mailer won't work.")
         self.__ensure_config()
         self.relation_names = self.__get_relnames()
 
@@ -193,23 +187,16 @@ def __set_model_for_key(self, key, model):
         if not model:
             return
         _model_bases = {
-            'user': AuthModel,
-            'group': AuthGroup,
-            'membership': AuthMembership,
-            'permission': AuthPermission
+            "user": AuthModel,
+            "group": AuthGroup,
+            "membership": AuthMembership,
+            "permission": AuthPermission,
         }
         if not issubclass(model, _model_bases[key]):
-            raise RuntimeError(f'{model.__name__} is an invalid {key} auth model')
+            raise RuntimeError(f"{model.__name__} is an invalid {key} auth model")
         self.config.models[key] = model
 
-    def use_database(
-        self,
-        db,
-        user_model=None,
-        group_model=None,
-        membership_model=None,
-        permission_model=None
-    ):
+    def use_database(self, db, user_model=None, group_model=None, membership_model=None, permission_model=None):
         self.db = db
         self.__set_model_for_key("user", user_model)
         self.__set_model_for_key("group", group_model)
@@ -218,13 +205,11 @@ def use_database(
         self.define_models()
 
     def __set_models_labels(self):
-        for model in self.default_config['models'].values():
+        for model in self.default_config["models"].values():
             for supmodel in list(reversed(model.__mro__))[1:]:
-                if not supmodel.__module__.startswith(
-                    'emmett.tools.auth.models'
-                ):
+                if not supmodel.__module__.startswith("emmett.tools.auth.models"):
                     continue
-                if not hasattr(supmodel, 'form_labels'):
+                if not hasattr(supmodel, "form_labels"):
                     continue
                 current_labels = {}
                 for key, val in supmodel.form_labels.items():
@@ -236,66 +221,58 @@ def define_models(self):
         names = self.relation_names
         models = self.config.models
         #: AuthUser
-        user_model = models['user']
+        user_model = models["user"]
         many_refs = [
-            {names['membership'] + 's': models['membership'].__name__},
-            {names['event'] + 's': models['event'].__name__},
-            {names['group'] + 's': {'via': names['membership'] + 's'}},
-            {names['permission'] + 's': {'via': names['group'] + 's'}}
+            {names["membership"] + "s": models["membership"].__name__},
+            {names["event"] + "s": models["event"].__name__},
+            {names["group"] + "s": {"via": names["membership"] + "s"}},
+            {names["permission"] + "s": {"via": names["group"] + "s"}},
         ]
-        if getattr(user_model, '_auto_relations', True):
+        if getattr(user_model, "_auto_relations", True):
             for el in many_refs:
                 key = list(el)[0]
                 user_model._all_hasmany_ref_[key] = el
-        if user_model.validation.get('password') is None:
-            user_model.validation['password'] = {
-                'len': {'gte': self.config.password_min_length},
-                'crypt': {'key': self._hmac_key}
+        if user_model.validation.get("password") is None:
+            user_model.validation["password"] = {
+                "len": {"gte": self.config.password_min_length},
+                "crypt": {"key": self._hmac_key},
             }
         #: AuthGroup
-        group_model = models['group']
-        if not hasattr(group_model, 'format'):
-            setattr(group_model, 'format', '%(role)s (%(id)s)')
+        group_model = models["group"]
+        if not hasattr(group_model, "format"):
+            group_model.format = "%(role)s (%(id)s)"
         many_refs = [
-            {names['membership'] + 's': models['membership'].__name__},
-            {names['permission'] + 's': models['permission'].__name__},
-            {names['user'] + 's': {'via': names['membership'] + 's'}}
+            {names["membership"] + "s": models["membership"].__name__},
+            {names["permission"] + "s": models["permission"].__name__},
+            {names["user"] + "s": {"via": names["membership"] + "s"}},
         ]
-        if getattr(group_model, '_auto_relations', True):
+        if getattr(group_model, "_auto_relations", True):
             for el in many_refs:
                 key = list(el)[0]
                 group_model._all_hasmany_ref_[key] = el
         #: AuthMembership
-        membership_model = models['membership']
-        belongs_refs = [
-            {names['user']: models['user'].__name__},
-            {names['group']: models['group'].__name__}
-        ]
-        if getattr(membership_model, '_auto_relations', True):
+        membership_model = models["membership"]
+        belongs_refs = [{names["user"]: models["user"].__name__}, {names["group"]: models["group"].__name__}]
+        if getattr(membership_model, "_auto_relations", True):
             for el in belongs_refs:
                 key = list(el)[0]
                 membership_model._all_belongs_ref_[key] = el
         #: AuthPermission
-        permission_model = models['permission']
-        belongs_refs = [
-            {names['group']: models['group'].__name__}
-        ]
-        if getattr(permission_model, '_auto_relations', True):
+        permission_model = models["permission"]
+        belongs_refs = [{names["group"]: models["group"].__name__}]
+        if getattr(permission_model, "_auto_relations", True):
             for el in belongs_refs:
                 key = list(el)[0]
                 permission_model._all_belongs_ref_[key] = el
         #: AuthEvent
-        event_model = models['event']
-        belongs_refs = [
-            {names['user']: models['user'].__name__}
-        ]
-        if getattr(event_model, '_auto_relations', True):
+        event_model = models["event"]
+        belongs_refs = [{names["user"]: models["user"].__name__}]
+        if getattr(event_model, "_auto_relations", True):
             for el in belongs_refs:
                 key = list(el)[0]
                 event_model._all_belongs_ref_[key] = el
         self.db.define_models(
-            models['user'], models['group'], models['membership'],
-            models['permission'], models['event']
+            models["user"], models["group"], models["membership"], models["permission"], models["event"]
         )
         self.model_names = sdict()
         for key, value in models.items():
@@ -304,25 +281,23 @@ def define_models(self):
     def init_forms(self):
         self.forms = sdict()
         for key, (method, fields_method) in AuthForms.map().items():
-            self.forms[key] = _wrap_form(
-                method, fields_method(self.auth), self.auth)
+            self.forms[key] = _wrap_form(method, fields_method(self.auth), self.auth)
 
     def login_user(self, user, remember=False):
         try:
             del user.password
         except Exception:
             pass
-        expiration = remember and self.config.session_long_expiration or \
-            self.config.session_expiration
+        expiration = remember and self.config.session_long_expiration or self.config.session_expiration
         session.auth = sdict(
             user=user,
             last_visit=now().as_naive_datetime(),
             last_dbcheck=now().as_naive_datetime(),
             expiration=expiration,
-            remember=remember
+            remember=remember,
         )
 
-    def log_event(self, description, data={}, origin='auth', user=None):
+    def log_event(self, description, data={}, origin="auth", user=None):
         if not self.config.log_events or not description:
             return
         try:
@@ -332,42 +307,43 @@ def log_event(self, description, data={}, origin='auth', user=None):
         # log messages should not be translated
         if isinstance(description, Tstr):
             description = description.text
-        self.config.models['event'].table.insert(
-            description=str(description % data),
-            origin=origin, user=user_id)
+        self.config.models["event"].table.insert(description=str(description % data), origin=origin, user=user_id)
 
     def generate_reset_key(self, user):
-        key = str(int(time.time())) + '-' + uuid()
+        key = str(int(time.time())) + "-" + uuid()
         user.update_record(reset_password_key=key)
         return key
 
     def get_user_by_reset_key(self, key):
         try:
-            generated_at = int(key.split('-')[0])
+            generated_at = int(key.split("-")[0])
             if time.time() - generated_at > 60 * 60 * 24:
                 raise ValueError
-            user = self.config.models['user'].get(reset_password_key=key)
+            user = self.config.models["user"].get(reset_password_key=key)
         except ValueError:
             user = None
         return user
 
     def _registration_email(self, user, data):
-        data['email'] = user.email
+        data["email"] = user.email
         return self.app.ext.MailExtension.send_mail(
             recipients=user.email,
-            subject=str(self.config.messages['registration_email_subject']),
-            body=str(self.config.messages['registration_email_text'] % data))
+            subject=str(self.config.messages["registration_email_subject"]),
+            body=str(self.config.messages["registration_email_text"] % data),
+        )
 
     def _reset_password_email(self, user, data):
-        data['email'] = user.email
+        data["email"] = user.email
         return self.app.ext.MailExtension.send_mail(
             recipients=user.email,
-            subject=str(self.config.messages['reset_password_email_subject']),
-            body=str(self.config.messages['reset_password_email_text'] % data))
+            subject=str(self.config.messages["reset_password_email_subject"]),
+            body=str(self.config.messages["reset_password_email_text"] % data),
+        )
 
 
 def _wrap_form(f, fields, auth):
     @wraps(f)
     def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
         return f(auth, fields, *args, **kwargs)
+
     return wrapped
diff --git a/emmett/tools/auth/forms.py b/emmett/tools/auth/forms.py
index 5a161b5d..d77ce600 100644
--- a/emmett/tools/auth/forms.py
+++ b/emmett/tools/auth/forms.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.tools.auth.forms
-    -----------------------
+emmett.tools.auth.forms
+-----------------------
 
-    Provides the forms for the authorization system.
+Provides the forms for the authorization system.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from ...forms import Form, ModelForm
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ def wrap(f):
             cls._registry_[target] = f
             cls._fields_registry_[target] = fields
             return f
+
         return wrap
 
     @classmethod
@@ -38,37 +39,25 @@ def map(cls):
 
 
 def login_fields(auth):
-    model = auth.models['user']
+    model = auth.models["user"]
     rv = {
-        'email': Field(
-            validation={'is': 'email', 'presence': True},
-            label=model.email.label),
-        'password': Field(
-            'password', validation=model.password._requires,
-            label=model.password.label)
+        "email": Field(validation={"is": "email", "presence": True}, label=model.email.label),
+        "password": Field("password", validation=model.password._requires, label=model.password.label),
     }
     if auth.ext.config.remember_option:
-        rv['remember'] = Field(
-            'bool', default=True,
-            label=auth.ext.config.messages['remember_button'])
+        rv["remember"] = Field("bool", default=True, label=auth.ext.config.messages["remember_button"])
     return rv
 
 
 def registration_fields(auth):
-    rw_data = auth.models['user']._instance_()._merged_form_rw_
-    user_table = auth.models['user'].table
-    all_fields = [
-        (field_name, user_table[field_name].clone())
-        for field_name in rw_data['registration']['writable']
-    ]
-    for i, (field_name, field) in enumerate(all_fields):
-        if field_name == 'password':
+    rw_data = auth.models["user"]._instance_()._merged_form_rw_
+    user_table = auth.models["user"].table
+    all_fields = [(field_name, user_table[field_name].clone()) for field_name in rw_data["registration"]["writable"]]
+    for i, (field_name, _) in enumerate(all_fields):
+        if field_name == "password":
             all_fields.insert(
-                i + 1, (
-                    'password2',
-                    Field(
-                        'password',
-                        label=auth.ext.config.messages['verify_password'])))
+                i + 1, ("password2", Field("password", label=auth.ext.config.messages["verify_password"]))
+            )
             break
     rv = {}
     for i, (field_name, field) in enumerate(all_fields):
@@ -79,112 +68,81 @@ def registration_fields(auth):
 
 
 def profile_fields(auth):
-    rw_data = auth.models['user']._instance_()._merged_form_rw_
-    return rw_data['profile']
+    rw_data = auth.models["user"]._instance_()._merged_form_rw_
+    return rw_data["profile"]
 
 
 def password_retrieval_fields(auth):
     rv = {
-        'email': Field(
-            validation={'is': 'email', 'presence': True, 'lower': True}),
+        "email": Field(validation={"is": "email", "presence": True, "lower": True}),
     }
     return rv
 
 
 def password_reset_fields(auth):
-    password_field = auth.ext.config.models['user'].password
+    password_field = auth.ext.config.models["user"].password
     rv = {
-        'password': Field(
-            'password', validation=password_field._requires,
-            label=auth.ext.config.messages['new_password']),
-        'password2': Field(
-            'password', label=auth.ext.config.messages['verify_password'])
+        "password": Field(
+            "password", validation=password_field._requires, label=auth.ext.config.messages["new_password"]
+        ),
+        "password2": Field("password", label=auth.ext.config.messages["verify_password"]),
     }
     return rv
 
 
 def password_change_fields(auth):
-    password_validation = auth.ext.config.models['user'].password._requires
+    password_validation = auth.ext.config.models["user"].password._requires
     rv = {
-        'old_password': Field(
-            'password', validation=password_validation,
-            label=auth.ext.config.messages['old_password']),
-        'new_password': Field(
-            'password', validation=password_validation,
-            label=auth.ext.config.messages['new_password']),
-        'new_password2': Field(
-            'password', label=auth.ext.config.messages['verify_password'])
+        "old_password": Field(
+            "password", validation=password_validation, label=auth.ext.config.messages["old_password"]
+        ),
+        "new_password": Field(
+            "password", validation=password_validation, label=auth.ext.config.messages["new_password"]
+        ),
+        "new_password2": Field("password", label=auth.ext.config.messages["verify_password"]),
     }
     return rv
 
 
-@AuthForms.register_for('login', fields=login_fields)
+@AuthForms.register_for("login", fields=login_fields)
 def login_form(auth, fields, **kwargs):
-    opts = {
-        'submit': auth.ext.config.messages['login_button'], 'keepvalues': True}
+    opts = {"submit": auth.ext.config.messages["login_button"], "keepvalues": True}
     opts.update(**kwargs)
-    return Form(
-        fields,
-        **opts
-    )
+    return Form(fields, **opts)
 
 
-@AuthForms.register_for('registration', fields=registration_fields)
+@AuthForms.register_for("registration", fields=registration_fields)
 def registration_form(auth, fields, **kwargs):
-    opts = {
-        'submit': auth.ext.config.messages['registration_button'],
-        'keepvalues': True}
+    opts = {"submit": auth.ext.config.messages["registration_button"], "keepvalues": True}
     opts.update(**kwargs)
-    return Form(
-        fields,
-        **opts
-    )
+    return Form(fields, **opts)
 
 
-@AuthForms.register_for('profile', fields=profile_fields)
+@AuthForms.register_for("profile", fields=profile_fields)
 def profile_form(auth, fields, **kwargs):
-    opts = {
-        'submit': auth.ext.config.messages['profile_button'],
-        'keepvalues': True}
+    opts = {"submit": auth.ext.config.messages["profile_button"], "keepvalues": True}
     opts.update(**kwargs)
     return ModelForm(
-        auth.models['user'],
-        record_id=auth.user.id,
-        fields=fields,
-        upload=auth.ext.exposer.url('download'),
-        **opts
+        auth.models["user"], record_id=auth.user.id, fields=fields, upload=auth.ext.exposer.url("download"), **opts
     )
 
 
-@AuthForms.register_for('password_retrieval', fields=password_retrieval_fields)
+@AuthForms.register_for("password_retrieval", fields=password_retrieval_fields)
 def password_retrieval_form(auth, fields, **kwargs):
-    opts = {'submit': auth.ext.config.messages['password_retrieval_button']}
+    opts = {"submit": auth.ext.config.messages["password_retrieval_button"]}
     opts.update(**kwargs)
-    return Form(
-        fields,
-        **opts
-    )
+    return Form(fields, **opts)
 
 
-@AuthForms.register_for('password_reset', fields=password_reset_fields)
+@AuthForms.register_for("password_reset", fields=password_reset_fields)
 def password_reset_form(auth, fields, **kwargs):
-    opts = {
-        'submit': auth.ext.config.messages['password_reset_button'],
-        'keepvalues': True}
+    opts = {"submit": auth.ext.config.messages["password_reset_button"], "keepvalues": True}
     opts.update(**kwargs)
-    return Form(
-        fields,
-        **opts
-    )
+    return Form(fields, **opts)
 
 
-@AuthForms.register_for('password_change', fields=password_change_fields)
+@AuthForms.register_for("password_change", fields=password_change_fields)
 def password_change_form(auth, fields, **kwargs):
-    opts = {
-        'submit': auth.ext.config.messages['password_change_button'],
-        'keepvalues': True}
+    opts = {"submit": auth.ext.config.messages["password_change_button"], "keepvalues": True}
     opts.update(**kwargs)
-    return Form(
-        fields,
-        **opts
-    )
+    return Form(fields, **opts)
diff --git a/emmett/tools/auth/models.py b/emmett/tools/auth/models.py
index 7e790ae0..868f9a83 100644
--- a/emmett/tools/auth/models.py
+++ b/emmett/tools/auth/models.py
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.tools.auth.models
-    ------------------------
+emmett.tools.auth.models
+------------------------
 
-    Provides models for the authorization system.
+Provides models for the authorization system.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from ..._shortcuts import uuid
 from ...ctx import current
 from ...locals import now, request
-from ...orm import Model, Field, before_insert, rowmethod
+from ...orm import Field, Model, before_insert, rowmethod
 
 
 class TimestampedModel(Model):
@@ -21,8 +21,7 @@ class TimestampedModel(Model):
 
 
 class AuthModel(Model):
-    _additional_inheritable_dict_attrs_ = [
-        'form_registration_rw', 'form_profile_rw']
+    _additional_inheritable_dict_attrs_ = ["form_registration_rw", "form_profile_rw"]
     auth = None
 
     @classmethod
@@ -33,8 +32,7 @@ def _init_inheritable_dicts_(cls):
             else:
                 attr_name, default = attr, {}
             if not isinstance(default, dict):
-                raise SyntaxError(
-                    "{} is not a dictionary".format(attr_name))
+                raise SyntaxError("{} is not a dictionary".format(attr_name))
             setattr(cls, attr_name, default)
 
     @classmethod
@@ -57,33 +55,32 @@ def _merge_inheritable_dicts_(cls, models):
             setattr(cls, attr_name, attrs)
 
     def __super_method(self, name):
-        return getattr(super(AuthModel, self), '_Model__' + name)
+        return getattr(super(AuthModel, self), "_Model__" + name)
 
     def _define_(self):
         self.__hide_all()
-        self.__super_method('define_indexes')()
-        self.__super_method('define_validation')()
-        self.__super_method('define_access')()
-        self.__super_method('define_defaults')()
-        self.__super_method('define_updates')()
-        self.__super_method('define_representation')()
-        self.__super_method('define_computations')()
-        self.__super_method('define_callbacks')()
-        self.__super_method('define_scopes')()
-        self.__super_method('define_query_helpers')()
-        self.__super_method('define_form_utils')()
+        self.__super_method("define_indexes")()
+        self.__super_method("define_validation")()
+        self.__super_method("define_access")()
+        self.__super_method("define_defaults")()
+        self.__super_method("define_updates")()
+        self.__super_method("define_representation")()
+        self.__super_method("define_computations")()
+        self.__super_method("define_callbacks")()
+        self.__super_method("define_scopes")()
+        self.__super_method("define_query_helpers")()
+        self.__super_method("define_form_utils")()
         self.__define_authform_utils()
         self.setup()
 
-    #def __define_extra_fields(self):
+    # def __define_extra_fields(self):
     #    self.auth.settings.extra_fields['auth_user'] = self.fields
 
     def __hide_all(self):
-        alwaysvisible = ['first_name', 'last_name', 'password', 'email']
+        alwaysvisible = ["first_name", "last_name", "password", "email"]
         for field in self.table.fields:
             if field not in alwaysvisible:
-                self.table[field].writable = self.table[field].readable = \
-                    False
+                self.table[field].writable = self.table[field].readable = False
 
     def __base_visibility(self):
         rv = {}
@@ -93,8 +90,9 @@ def __base_visibility(self):
 
     def __define_authform_utils(self):
         settings = {
-            'form_registration_rw': {'writable': [], 'readable': []},
-            'form_profile_rw': {'writable': [], 'readable': []}}
+            "form_registration_rw": {"writable": [], "readable": []},
+            "form_profile_rw": {"writable": [], "readable": []},
+        }
         for config_dict in settings.keys():
             rw_data = self.__base_visibility()
             rw_data.update(**self.fields_rw)
@@ -105,17 +103,18 @@ def __define_authform_utils(self):
                 else:
                     readable = writable = value
                 if readable:
-                    settings[config_dict]['readable'].append(key)
+                    settings[config_dict]["readable"].append(key)
                 if writable:
-                    settings[config_dict]['writable'].append(key)
-        setattr(self, '_merged_form_rw_', {
-            'registration': settings['form_registration_rw'],
-            'profile': settings['form_profile_rw']})
+                    settings[config_dict]["writable"].append(key)
+        self._merged_form_rw_ = {
+            "registration": settings["form_registration_rw"],
+            "profile": settings["form_profile_rw"],
+        }
 
 
 class AuthUserBasic(AuthModel, TimestampedModel):
     tablename = "auth_users"
-    format = '%(email)s (%(id)s)'
+    format = "%(email)s (%(id)s)"
     #: injected by Auth
     #  has_many(
     #      {'auth_memberships': 'AuthMembership'},
@@ -126,55 +125,48 @@ class AuthUserBasic(AuthModel, TimestampedModel):
 
     email = Field(length=255, unique=True)
     password = Field.password(length=512)
-    registration_key = Field(length=512, rw=False, default='')
-    reset_password_key = Field(length=512, rw=False, default='')
-    registration_id = Field(length=512, rw=False, default='')
+    registration_key = Field(length=512, rw=False, default="")
+    reset_password_key = Field(length=512, rw=False, default="")
+    registration_id = Field(length=512, rw=False, default="")
 
-    form_labels = {
-        'email': 'E-mail',
-        'password': 'Password'
-    }
+    form_labels = {"email": "E-mail", "password": "Password"}
 
-    form_profile_rw = {
-        'email': (True, False),
-        'password': False
-    }
+    form_profile_rw = {"email": (True, False), "password": False}
 
     @before_insert
     def set_registration_key(self, fields):
-        if self.auth.config.registration_verification and not \
-                fields.get('registration_key'):
-            fields['registration_key'] = uuid()
+        if self.auth.config.registration_verification and not fields.get("registration_key"):
+            fields["registration_key"] = uuid()
         elif self.auth.config.registration_approval:
-            fields['registration_key'] = 'pending'
+            fields["registration_key"] = "pending"
 
-    @rowmethod('disable')
+    @rowmethod("disable")
     def _set_disabled(self, row):
-        return row.update_record(registration_key='disabled')
+        return row.update_record(registration_key="disabled")
 
-    @rowmethod('block')
+    @rowmethod("block")
     def _set_blocked(self, row):
-        return row.update_record(registration_key='blocked')
+        return row.update_record(registration_key="blocked")
 
-    @rowmethod('allow')
+    @rowmethod("allow")
     def _set_allowed(self, row):
-        return row.update_record(registration_key='')
+        return row.update_record(registration_key="")
 
 
 class AuthUser(AuthUserBasic):
-    format = '%(first_name)s %(last_name)s (%(id)s)'
+    format = "%(first_name)s %(last_name)s (%(id)s)"
 
     first_name = Field(length=128, notnull=True)
     last_name = Field(length=128, notnull=True)
 
     form_labels = {
-        'first_name': 'First name',
-        'last_name': 'Last name',
+        "first_name": "First name",
+        "last_name": "Last name",
     }
 
 
 class AuthGroup(TimestampedModel):
-    format = '%(role)s (%(id)s)'
+    format = "%(role)s (%(id)s)"
     #: injected by Auth
     #  has_many(
     #      {'auth_memberships': 'AuthMembership'},
@@ -182,13 +174,10 @@ class AuthGroup(TimestampedModel):
     #      {'users': {'via': 'memberships'}}
     #  )
 
-    role = Field(length=255, default='', unique=True)
+    role = Field(length=255, default="", unique=True)
     description = Field.text()
 
-    form_labels = {
-        'role': 'Role',
-        'description': 'Description'
-    }
+    form_labels = {"role": "Role", "description": "Description"}
 
 
 class AuthMembership(TimestampedModel):
@@ -201,19 +190,13 @@ class AuthPermission(TimestampedModel):
     #: injected by Auth
     #  belongs_to({'auth_group': 'AuthGroup'})
 
-    name = Field(length=512, default='default', notnull=True)
+    name = Field(length=512, default="default", notnull=True)
     table_name = Field(length=512)
     record_id = Field.int(default=0)
 
-    validation = {
-        'record_id': {'in': {'range': (0, 10**9)}}
-    }
+    validation = {"record_id": {"in": {"range": (0, 10**9)}}}
 
-    form_labels = {
-        'name': 'Name',
-        'table_name': 'Object or table name',
-        'record_id': 'Record ID'
-    }
+    form_labels = {"name": "Name", "table_name": "Object or table name", "record_id": "Record ID"}
 
 
 class AuthEvent(TimestampedModel):
@@ -225,15 +208,10 @@ class AuthEvent(TimestampedModel):
     description = Field.text(notnull=True)
 
     default_values = {
-        'client_ip': lambda:
-            request.client if hasattr(current, 'request') else 'unavailable',
-        'origin': 'auth',
-        'description': ''
+        "client_ip": lambda: request.client if hasattr(current, "request") else "unavailable",
+        "origin": "auth",
+        "description": "",
     }
 
     #: labels injected by Auth
-    form_labels = {
-        'client_ip': 'Client IP',
-        'origin': 'Origin',
-        'description': 'Description'
-    }
+    form_labels = {"client_ip": "Client IP", "origin": "Origin", "description": "Description"}
diff --git a/emmett/tools/decorators.py b/emmett/tools/decorators.py
index 241679ca..589b5e13 100644
--- a/emmett/tools/decorators.py
+++ b/emmett/tools/decorators.py
@@ -1,26 +1,27 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.tools.decorators
-    -----------------------
+emmett.tools.decorators
+-----------------------
 
-    Provides requires and service decorators.
+Provides requires and service decorators.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 # from ..routing.router import Router
-from emmett_core.pipeline.dyn import ServicePipeBuilder as _ServicePipeBuilder, requires as _requires, service as _service
+from emmett_core.pipeline.dyn import (
+    ServicePipeBuilder as _ServicePipeBuilder,
+    requires as _requires,
+    service as _service,
+)
 
 from ..pipeline import RequirePipe
 from .service import XMLServicePipe
 
 
 class ServicePipeBuilder(_ServicePipeBuilder):
-    _pipe_cls = {
-        **_ServicePipeBuilder._pipe_cls,
-        **{"xml": XMLServicePipe}
-    }
+    _pipe_cls = {**_ServicePipeBuilder._pipe_cls, **{"xml": XMLServicePipe}}
 
 
 class requires(_requires):
@@ -32,4 +33,4 @@ class service(_service):
 
     @staticmethod
     def xml(f):
-        return service('xml')(f)
+        return service("xml")(f)
diff --git a/emmett/tools/mailer.py b/emmett/tools/mailer.py
index b4cf602e..3c478fbc 100644
--- a/emmett/tools/mailer.py
+++ b/emmett/tools/mailer.py
@@ -1,29 +1,28 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.tools.mailer
-    -------------------
+emmett.tools.mailer
+-------------------
 
-    Provides mail facilities for Emmett.
+Provides mail facilities for Emmett.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
 
-    Based on the code of flask-mail
-    :copyright: (c) 2010 by Dan Jacob.
+Based on the code of flask-mail
+:copyright: (c) 2010 by Dan Jacob.
 
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import smtplib
 import time
-
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from email import charset as _charsetreg, policy
 from email.encoders import encode_base64
+from email.header import Header
 from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
 from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
 from email.mime.text import MIMEText
-from email.header import Header
-from email.utils import formatdate, formataddr, make_msgid, parseaddr
+from email.utils import formataddr, formatdate, make_msgid, parseaddr
 from functools import wraps
 
 from emmett_core.utils import cachedprop
@@ -31,25 +30,26 @@
 from ..extensions import Extension
 from ..libs.contenttype import contenttype
 
-_charsetreg.add_charset('utf-8', _charsetreg.SHORTEST, None, 'utf-8')
+
+_charsetreg.add_charset("utf-8", _charsetreg.SHORTEST, None, "utf-8")
 message_policy = policy.SMTP
 
 
 def _has_newline(line):
-    if line and ('\r' in line or '\n' in line):
+    if line and ("\r" in line or "\n" in line):
         return True
     return False
 
 
-def sanitize_subject(subject, encoding='utf-8'):
+def sanitize_subject(subject, encoding="utf-8"):
     try:
-        subject.encode('ascii')
+        subject.encode("ascii")
     except UnicodeEncodeError:
         subject = Header(subject, encoding).encode()
     return subject
 
 
-def sanitize_address(address, encoding='utf-8'):
+def sanitize_address(address, encoding="utf-8"):
     if isinstance(address, str):
         try:
             address = parseaddr(address, strict=False)
@@ -58,20 +58,20 @@ def sanitize_address(address, encoding='utf-8'):
     name, address = address
     name = Header(name, encoding).encode()
     try:
-        address.encode('ascii')
+        address.encode("ascii")
     except UnicodeEncodeError:
-        if '@' in address:
-            localpart, domain = address.split('@', 1)
+        if "@" in address:
+            localpart, domain = address.split("@", 1)
             localpart = str(Header(localpart, encoding))
-            domain = domain.encode('idna').decode('ascii')
-            address = '@'.join([localpart, domain])
+            domain = domain.encode("idna").decode("ascii")
+            address = "@".join([localpart, domain])
         else:
             address = Header(address, encoding).encode()
     return formataddr((name, address))
 
 
-def sanitize_addresses(addresses, encoding='utf-8'):
-    return map(lambda address: sanitize_address(address, encoding), addresses)
+def sanitize_addresses(addresses, encoding="utf-8"):
+    return map(lambda address: sanitize_address(address, encoding), addresses)  # noqa: C417
 
 
 class MailServer(object):
@@ -102,32 +102,43 @@ def send(self, message):
         self.host.sendmail(
             sanitize_address(message.sender),
             list(sanitize_addresses(message.all_recipients)),
-            str(message).encode('utf8'),
+            str(message).encode("utf8"),
             message.mail_options,
-            message.rcpt_options)
+            message.rcpt_options,
+        )
         return True
 
 
 class Attachment(object):
-    def __init__(
-        self, filename=None, data=None, content_type=None, disposition=None,
-        headers=None
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, filename=None, data=None, content_type=None, disposition=None, headers=None):
         if not content_type and filename:
             content_type = contenttype(filename).split(";")[0]
         self.filename = filename
         self.content_type = content_type or contenttype(filename).split(";")[0]
         self.data = data
-        self.disposition = disposition or 'attachment'
+        self.disposition = disposition or "attachment"
         self.headers = headers or {}
 
 
 class Mail(object):
     def __init__(
-        self, ext, subject='', recipients=None, body=None, html=None,
-        alts=None, sender=None, cc=None, bcc=None, attachments=None,
-        reply_to=None, date=None, charset='utf-8', extra_headers=None,
-        mail_options=None, rcpt_options=None
+        self,
+        ext,
+        subject="",
+        recipients=None,
+        body=None,
+        html=None,
+        alts=None,
+        sender=None,
+        cc=None,
+        bcc=None,
+        attachments=None,
+        reply_to=None,
+        date=None,
+        charset="utf-8",
+        extra_headers=None,
+        mail_options=None,
+        rcpt_options=None,
     ):
         sender = sender or ext.config.sender
         if isinstance(sender, tuple):
@@ -149,7 +160,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.mail_options = mail_options or []
         self.rcpt_options = rcpt_options or []
         self.attachments = attachments or []
-        for attr in ['recipients', 'cc', 'bcc']:
+        for attr in ["recipients", "cc", "bcc"]:
             if not isinstance(getattr(self, attr), list):
                 setattr(self, attr, [getattr(self, attr)])
 
@@ -159,14 +170,14 @@ def all_recipients(self):
 
     @property
     def html(self):
-        return self.alts.get('html')
+        return self.alts.get("html")
 
     @html.setter
     def html(self, value):
         if value is None:
-            self.alts.pop('html', None)
+            self.alts.pop("html", None)
         else:
-            self.alts['html'] = value
+            self.alts["html"] = value
 
     def has_bad_headers(self):
         headers = [self.sender, self.reply_to] + self.recipients
@@ -175,10 +186,10 @@ def has_bad_headers(self):
                 return True
         if self.subject:
             if _has_newline(self.subject):
-                for linenum, line in enumerate(self.subject.split('\r\n')):
+                for linenum, line in enumerate(self.subject.split("\r\n")):
                     if not line:
                         return True
-                    if linenum > 0 and line[0] not in '\t ':
+                    if linenum > 0 and line[0] not in "\t ":
                         return True
                     if _has_newline(line):
                         return True
@@ -186,7 +197,7 @@ def has_bad_headers(self):
                         return True
         return False
 
-    def _mimetext(self, text, subtype='plain'):
+    def _mimetext(self, text, subtype="plain"):
         return MIMEText(text, _subtype=subtype, _charset=self.charset)
 
     @cachedprop
@@ -202,38 +213,34 @@ def message(self):
         else:
             # Anything else
             msg = MIMEMultipart()
-            alternative = MIMEMultipart('alternative')
-            alternative.attach(self._mimetext(self.body, 'plain'))
+            alternative = MIMEMultipart("alternative")
+            alternative.attach(self._mimetext(self.body, "plain"))
             for mimetype, content in self.alts.items():
                 alternative.attach(self._mimetext(content, mimetype))
             msg.attach(alternative)
         if self.subject:
-            msg['Subject'] = sanitize_subject(self.subject, self.charset)
-        msg['From'] = sanitize_address(self.sender, self.charset)
-        msg['To'] = ', '.join(
-            list(set(sanitize_addresses(self.recipients, self.charset))))
-        msg['Date'] = formatdate(self.date, localtime=True)
-        msg['Message-ID'] = self.msgId
+            msg["Subject"] = sanitize_subject(self.subject, self.charset)
+        msg["From"] = sanitize_address(self.sender, self.charset)
+        msg["To"] = ", ".join(list(set(sanitize_addresses(self.recipients, self.charset))))
+        msg["Date"] = formatdate(self.date, localtime=True)
+        msg["Message-ID"] = self.msgId
         if self.cc:
-            msg['Cc'] = ', '.join(
-                list(set(sanitize_addresses(self.cc, self.charset))))
+            msg["Cc"] = ", ".join(list(set(sanitize_addresses(self.cc, self.charset))))
         if self.reply_to:
-            msg['Reply-To'] = sanitize_address(self.reply_to, self.charset)
+            msg["Reply-To"] = sanitize_address(self.reply_to, self.charset)
         if self.extra_headers:
             for k, v in self.extra_headers.items():
                 msg[k] = v
         for attachment in attachments:
-            f = MIMEBase(*attachment.content_type.split('/'))
+            f = MIMEBase(*attachment.content_type.split("/"))
             f.set_payload(attachment.data)
             encode_base64(f)
             filename = attachment.filename
             try:
-                filename and filename.encode('ascii')
+                filename and filename.encode("ascii")
             except UnicodeEncodeError:
-                filename = ('UTF8', '', filename)
-            f.add_header(
-                'Content-Disposition', attachment.disposition,
-                filename=filename)
+                filename = ("UTF8", "", filename)
+            f.add_header("Content-Disposition", attachment.disposition, filename=filename)
             for key, value in attachment.headers.items():
                 f.add_header(key, value)
             msg.attach(f)
@@ -250,27 +257,23 @@ def send(self):
     def add_recipient(self, recipient):
         self.recipients.append(recipient)
 
-    def attach(
-        self, filename=None, data=None, content_type=None, disposition=None,
-        headers=None
-    ):
-        self.attachments.append(
-            Attachment(filename, data, content_type, disposition, headers))
+    def attach(self, filename=None, data=None, content_type=None, disposition=None, headers=None):
+        self.attachments.append(Attachment(filename, data, content_type, disposition, headers))
 
 
 class MailExtension(Extension):
-    namespace = 'mailer'
+    namespace = "mailer"
 
     default_config = {
-        'server': '127.0.0.1',
-        'username': None,
-        'password': None,
-        'port': 25,
-        'use_tls': False,
-        'use_ssl': False,
-        'sender': None,
-        'debug': False,
-        'suppress': False
+        "server": "127.0.0.1",
+        "username": None,
+        "password": None,
+        "port": 25,
+        "use_tls": False,
+        "use_ssl": False,
+        "sender": None,
+        "debug": False,
+        "suppress": False,
     }
 
     def on_load(self):
@@ -349,4 +352,5 @@ def _wrap_dispatcher(dispatcher):
     @wraps(dispatcher)
     def wrapped(ext, *args, **kwargs):
         return dispatcher(*args, **kwargs)
+
     return wrapped
diff --git a/emmett/tools/service.py b/emmett/tools/service.py
index b3ce91e9..16090efe 100644
--- a/emmett/tools/service.py
+++ b/emmett/tools/service.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.tools.service
-    --------------------
+emmett.tools.service
+--------------------
 
-    Provides the services handler.
+Provides the services handler.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from emmett_core.pipeline.extras import JSONPipe
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ class JSONServicePipe(JSONPipe):
 
 
 class XMLServicePipe(Pipe):
-    __slots__ = ['encoder']
-    output = 'str'
+    __slots__ = ["encoder"]
+    output = "str"
 
     def __init__(self):
-        self.encoder = Serializers.get_for('xml')
+        self.encoder = Serializers.get_for("xml")
 
     async def pipe_request(self, next_pipe, **kwargs):
-        current.response.headers._data['content-type'] = 'text/xml'
+        current.response.headers._data["content-type"] = "text/xml"
         return self.encoder(await next_pipe(**kwargs))
 
     def on_send(self, data):
@@ -37,13 +37,7 @@ def on_send(self, data):
 
 
 def ServicePipe(procedure: str) -> Pipe:
-    pipe_cls = {
-        'json': JSONServicePipe,
-        'xml': XMLServicePipe
-    }.get(procedure)
+    pipe_cls = {"json": JSONServicePipe, "xml": XMLServicePipe}.get(procedure)
     if not pipe_cls:
-        raise RuntimeError(
-            'Emmett cannot handle the service you requested: %s' %
-            procedure
-        )
+        raise RuntimeError("Emmett cannot handle the service you requested: %s" % procedure)
     return pipe_cls()
diff --git a/emmett/utils.py b/emmett/utils.py
index 4623cca0..4b9a716e 100644
--- a/emmett/utils.py
+++ b/emmett/utils.py
@@ -1,74 +1,65 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.utils
-    ------------
+emmett.utils
+------------
 
-    Provides some utilities for Emmett.
+Provides some utilities for Emmett.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import re
 import socket
-
-from datetime import datetime, date, time
+from datetime import date, datetime, time
 
 import pendulum
-
 from pendulum.parsing import _parse as _pendulum_parse
 
 from .datastructures import sdict
 
 
-_pendulum_parsing_opts = {
-    'day_first': False,
-    'year_first': True,
-    'strict': True,
-    'exact': False,
-    'now': None
-}
+_pendulum_parsing_opts = {"day_first": False, "year_first": True, "strict": True, "exact": False, "now": None}
 
 
 def _pendulum_normalize(obj):
     if isinstance(obj, time):
         now = datetime.utcnow()
-        obj = datetime(
-            now.year, now.month, now.day,
-            obj.hour, obj.minute, obj.second, obj.microsecond
-        )
+        obj = datetime(now.year, now.month, now.day, obj.hour, obj.minute, obj.second, obj.microsecond)
     elif isinstance(obj, date) and not isinstance(obj, datetime):
         obj = datetime(obj.year, obj.month, obj.day)
     return obj
 
 
 def parse_datetime(text):
-    parsed = _pendulum_normalize(
-        _pendulum_parse(text, **_pendulum_parsing_opts))
+    parsed = _pendulum_normalize(_pendulum_parse(text, **_pendulum_parsing_opts))
     return pendulum.datetime(
-        parsed.year, parsed.month, parsed.day,
-        parsed.hour, parsed.minute, parsed.second, parsed.microsecond,
-        tz=parsed.tzinfo or pendulum.UTC
+        parsed.year,
+        parsed.month,
+        parsed.day,
+        parsed.hour,
+        parsed.minute,
+        parsed.second,
+        parsed.microsecond,
+        tz=parsed.tzinfo or pendulum.UTC,
     )
 
 
-_re_ipv4 = re.compile(r'(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)')
+_re_ipv4 = re.compile(r"(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)")
 
 
 def is_valid_ip_address(address):
     # deal with special cases
-    if address.lower() in [
-        '127.0.0.1', 'localhost', '::1', '::ffff:127.0.0.1'
-    ]:
+    if address.lower() in ["127.0.0.1", "localhost", "::1", "::ffff:127.0.0.1"]:
         return True
-    elif address.lower() in ('unknown', ''):
+    elif address.lower() in ("unknown", ""):
         return False
-    elif address.count('.') == 3:  # assume IPv4
-        if address.startswith('::ffff:'):
+    elif address.count(".") == 3:  # assume IPv4
+        if address.startswith("::ffff:"):
             address = address[7:]
-        if hasattr(socket, 'inet_aton'):  # try validate using the OS
+        if hasattr(socket, "inet_aton"):  # try validate using the OS
             try:
                 socket.inet_aton(address)
                 return True
@@ -76,12 +67,10 @@ def is_valid_ip_address(address):
                 return False
         else:  # try validate using Regex
             match = _re_ipv4.match(address)
-            if match and all(
-                0 <= int(match.group(i)) < 256 for i in (1, 2, 3, 4)
-            ):
+            if match and all(0 <= int(match.group(i)) < 256 for i in (1, 2, 3, 4)):
                 return True
             return False
-    elif hasattr(socket, 'inet_pton'):  # assume IPv6, try using the OS
+    elif hasattr(socket, "inet_pton"):  # assume IPv6, try using the OS
         try:
             socket.inet_pton(socket.AF_INET6, address)
             return True
@@ -91,7 +80,7 @@ def is_valid_ip_address(address):
         return True
 
 
-def read_file(filename, mode='r'):
+def read_file(filename, mode="r"):
     # returns content from filename, making sure to close the file on exit.
     f = open(filename, mode)
     try:
@@ -100,7 +89,7 @@ def read_file(filename, mode='r'):
         f.close()
 
 
-def write_file(filename, value, mode='w'):
+def write_file(filename, value, mode="w"):
     # writes <value> to filename, making sure to close the file on exit.
     f = open(filename, mode)
     try:
diff --git a/emmett/validators/__init__.py b/emmett/validators/__init__.py
index 2e6eca14..95574ae4 100644
--- a/emmett/validators/__init__.py
+++ b/emmett/validators/__init__.py
@@ -1,26 +1,15 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.validators
-    -----------------
+emmett.validators
+-----------------
 
-    Implements validators for pyDAL.
+Implements validators for pyDAL.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
-from .basic import (
-    Allow,
-    Any,
-    Equals,
-    hasLength,
-    isEmpty,
-    isEmptyOr,
-    isntEmpty,
-    Matches,
-    Not,
-    Validator
-)
+from .basic import Allow, Any, Equals, Matches, Not, Validator, hasLength, isEmpty, isEmptyOr, isntEmpty
 from .consist import (
     isAlphanumeric,
     isDate,
@@ -34,10 +23,10 @@
     isJSON,
     isList,
     isTime,
-    isUrl
+    isUrl,
 )
-from .inside import inRange, inSet, inDB, notInDB
-from .process import Cleanup, Crypt, Lower, Urlify, Upper
+from .inside import inDB, inRange, inSet, notInDB
+from .process import Cleanup, Crypt, Lower, Upper, Urlify
 
 
 class ValidateFromDict(object):
@@ -56,15 +45,9 @@ def __init__(self):
             "ip": isIP,
             "json": isJSON,
             "time": isTime,
-            "url": isUrl
-        }
-        self.proc_validators = {
-            "clean": Cleanup,
-            "crypt": Crypt,
-            "lower": Lower,
-            "upper": Upper,
-            "urlify": Urlify
+            "url": isUrl,
         }
+        self.proc_validators = {"clean": Cleanup, "crypt": Crypt, "lower": Lower, "upper": Upper, "urlify": Urlify}
 
     def parse_num_comparisons(self, data, minv=None, maxv=None):
         inclusions = [True, False]
@@ -96,10 +79,10 @@ def parse_is(self, data, message=None):
 
     def parse_is_list(self, data, message=None):
         #: map types with 'list' fields
-        key = ''
+        key = ""
         options = {}
         suboptions = {}
-        lopts = ['splitter']
+        lopts = ["splitter"]
         if isinstance(data, str):
             #: map {'is': 'list:int'}
             key = data
@@ -114,26 +97,22 @@ def parse_is_list(self, data, message=None):
         else:
             raise SyntaxError("'is' validator accepts only string or dict")
         try:
-            keyspecs = key.split(':')
+            keyspecs = key.split(":")
             subkey = keyspecs[1].strip()
-            assert keyspecs[0].strip() == 'list'
+            assert keyspecs[0].strip() == "list"
         except Exception:
-            subkey = '_missing_'
+            subkey = "_missing_"
         validator = self.is_validators.get(subkey)
-        return isList(
-            [validator(message=message, **suboptions)],
-            message=message,
-            **options
-        ) if validator else None
+        return isList([validator(message=message, **suboptions)], message=message, **options) if validator else None
 
     def parse_reference(self, field):
         ref_table, ref_field, multiple = None, None, None
-        if field.type.startswith('reference'):
+        if field.type.startswith("reference"):
             multiple = False
-        elif field.type.startswith('list:reference'):
+        elif field.type.startswith("list:reference"):
             multiple = True
         if multiple is not None:
-            ref_table = field.type.split(' ')[1]
+            ref_table = field.type.split(" ")[1]
             model = field.table._model_
             #: can't support (yet?) multi pks
             if model._belongs_ref_[field.name].compound:
@@ -146,40 +125,36 @@ def __call__(self, field, data):
         validators = []
         message = data.pop("message", None)
         #: parse 'presence' and 'empty'
-        presence = data.get('presence')
-        empty = data.get('empty')
+        presence = data.get("presence")
+        empty = data.get("empty")
         if presence is None and empty is not None:
             presence = not empty
         #: parse 'is'
-        _is = data.get('is')
+        _is = data.get("is")
         if _is is not None:
             validator = self.parse_is(_is, message) or self.parse_is_list(_is, message)
             if validator is None:
-                raise SyntaxError(
-                    "Unknown type %s for 'is' validator" % data
-                )
+                raise SyntaxError("Unknown type %s for 'is' validator" % data)
             validators.append(validator)
         #: parse 'len'
-        _len = data.get('len')
+        _len = data.get("len")
         if _len is not None:
             if isinstance(_len, int):
                 #: allows {'len': 2}
-                validators.append(
-                    hasLength(_len + 1, _len, message='Enter {min} characters')
-                )
+                validators.append(hasLength(_len + 1, _len, message="Enter {min} characters"))
             else:
                 #: allows
                 #  {'len': {'gt': 1, 'gte': 2, 'lt': 5, 'lte' 6}}
                 #  {'len': {'range': (2, 6)}}
-                if _len.get('range') is not None:
-                    minv, maxv = _len['range']
+                if _len.get("range") is not None:
+                    minv, maxv = _len["range"]
                     inc = (True, False)
                 else:
                     minv, maxv, inc = self.parse_num_comparisons(_len, 0, 256)
                 validators.append(hasLength(maxv, minv, inc, message=message))
         #: parse 'in'
         _dbset = None
-        _in = data.get('in', [])
+        _in = data.get("in", [])
         if _in:
             if isinstance(_in, (list, tuple, set)):
                 #: allows {'in': [1, 2]}
@@ -187,22 +162,22 @@ def __call__(self, field, data):
             elif isinstance(_in, dict):
                 options = {}
                 #: allows {'in': {'range': (1, 5)}}
-                _range = _in.get('range')
+                _range = _in.get("range")
                 if isinstance(_range, (tuple, list)):
                     validators.append(inRange(_range[0], _range[1], message=message))
                 #: allows {'in': {'set': [1, 5]}} with options
-                _set = _in.get('set')
+                _set = _in.get("set")
                 if isinstance(_set, (list, tuple, set)):
-                    opt_keys = [key for key in list(_in) if key != 'set']
+                    opt_keys = [key for key in list(_in) if key != "set"]
                     for key in opt_keys:
                         options[key] = _in[key]
                     validators.append(inSet(_set, message=message, **options))
                 #: allows {'in': {'dbset': lambda db: db.where(query)}}
-                _dbset = _in.get('dbset')
+                _dbset = _in.get("dbset")
                 if callable(_dbset):
                     ref_table, ref_field, multiple = self.parse_reference(field)
                     if ref_table:
-                        opt_keys = [key for key in list(_in) if key != 'dbset']
+                        opt_keys = [key for key in list(_in) if key != "dbset"]
                         for key in opt_keys:
                             options[key] = _in[key]
                         validators.append(
@@ -213,108 +188,86 @@ def __call__(self, field, data):
                                 dbset=_dbset,
                                 multiple=multiple,
                                 message=message,
-                                **options
+                                **options,
                             )
                         )
                     else:
-                        raise SyntaxError(
-                            "'in:dbset' validator needs a reference field"
-                        )
+                        raise SyntaxError("'in:dbset' validator needs a reference field")
             else:
-                raise SyntaxError(
-                    "'in' validator accepts only a set or a dict"
-                )
+                raise SyntaxError("'in' validator accepts only a set or a dict")
         #: parse 'gt', 'gte', 'lt', 'lte'
         minv, maxv, inc = self.parse_num_comparisons(data)
         if minv is not None or maxv is not None:
             validators.append(inRange(minv, maxv, inc, message=message))
         #: parse 'equals'
-        if 'equals' in data:
-            validators.append(Equals(data['equals'], message=message))
+        if "equals" in data:
+            validators.append(Equals(data["equals"], message=message))
         #: parse 'match'
-        if 'match' in data:
-            if isinstance(data['match'], dict):
-                validators.append(Matches(**data['match'], message=message))
+        if "match" in data:
+            if isinstance(data["match"], dict):
+                validators.append(Matches(**data["match"], message=message))
             else:
-                validators.append(Matches(data['match'], message=message))
+                validators.append(Matches(data["match"], message=message))
         #: parse transforming validators
         for key, vclass in self.proc_validators.items():
             if key in data:
                 options = {}
                 if isinstance(data[key], dict):
                     options = data[key]
-                elif data[key] != True:
-                    if key == 'crypt' and isinstance(data[key], str):
-                        options = {'algorithm': data[key]}
+                elif data[key] is not True:
+                    if key == "crypt" and isinstance(data[key], str):
+                        options = {"algorithm": data[key]}
                     else:
-                        raise SyntaxError(
-                            key + " validator accepts only dict or True"
-                        )
+                        raise SyntaxError(key + " validator accepts only dict or True")
                 validators.append(vclass(message=message, **options))
         #: parse 'unique'
-        _unique = data.get('unique', False)
+        _unique = data.get("unique", False)
         if _unique:
             _udbset = None
             if isinstance(_unique, dict):
-                whr = _unique.get('where', None)
+                whr = _unique.get("where", None)
                 if callable(whr):
                     _dbset = whr
-            validators.append(
-                notInDB(
-                    field.db,
-                    field.table,
-                    field.name,
-                    dbset=_udbset,
-                    message=message
-                )
-            )
+            validators.append(notInDB(field.db, field.table, field.name, dbset=_udbset, message=message))
             table = field.db[field._tablename]
             table._unique_fields_validation_[field.name] = 1
         #: apply 'format' option
-        if 'format' in data:
+        if "format" in data:
             for validator in validators:
                 children = [validator]
-                if hasattr(validator, 'children'):
+                if hasattr(validator, "children"):
                     children += validator.children
                 for child in children:
-                    if hasattr(child, 'format'):
-                        child.format = data['format']
+                    if hasattr(child, "format"):
+                        child.format = data["format"]
                         break
         #: parse 'custom'
-        if 'custom' in data:
-            if isinstance(data['custom'], list):
-                for element in data['custom']:
+        if "custom" in data:
+            if isinstance(data["custom"], list):
+                for element in data["custom"]:
                     validators.append(element)
             else:
-                validators.append(data['custom'])
+                validators.append(data["custom"])
         #: parse 'any'
-        if 'any' in data:
-            validators.append(Any(self(field, data['any']), message=message))
+        if "any" in data:
+            validators.append(Any(self(field, data["any"]), message=message))
         #: parse 'not'
-        if 'not' in data:
-            validators.append(Not(self(field, data['not']), message=message))
+        if "not" in data:
+            validators.append(Not(self(field, data["not"]), message=message))
         #: insert presence/empty validation if needed
         if presence:
             ref_table, ref_field, multiple = self.parse_reference(field)
             if ref_table:
                 if not _dbset:
-                    validators.append(
-                        inDB(
-                            field.db,
-                            ref_table,
-                            ref_field,
-                            multiple=multiple,
-                            message=message
-                        )
-                    )
+                    validators.append(inDB(field.db, ref_table, ref_field, multiple=multiple, message=message))
             else:
                 validators.insert(0, isntEmpty(message=message))
         if empty:
             validators.insert(0, isEmpty(message=message))
         #: parse 'allow'
-        if 'allow' in data:
-            if data['allow'] in ['empty', 'blank']:
+        if "allow" in data:
+            if data["allow"] in ["empty", "blank"]:
                 validators = [isEmptyOr(validators, message=message)]
             else:
-                validators = [Allow(data['allow'], validators, message=message)]
+                validators = [Allow(data["allow"], validators, message=message)]
         return validators
diff --git a/emmett/validators/basic.py b/emmett/validators/basic.py
index 2ce5d0c0..2fbb58b9 100644
--- a/emmett/validators/basic.py
+++ b/emmett/validators/basic.py
@@ -1,26 +1,25 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.validators.basic
-    -----------------------
+emmett.validators.basic
+-----------------------
 
-    Provide basic validators.
+Provide basic validators.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
 
-    Based on the web2py's validators (http://www.web2py.com)
-    :copyright: (c) by Massimo Di Pierro <mdipierro@cs.depaul.edu>
+Based on the web2py's validators (http://www.web2py.com)
+:copyright: (c) by Massimo Di Pierro <mdipierro@cs.depaul.edu>
 
-    :license: LGPLv3 (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html)
+:license: LGPLv3 (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html)
 """
 
 import re
-
 from functools import reduce
 from os import SEEK_END, SEEK_SET
 
 # TODO: check unicode conversions
 from .._shortcuts import to_unicode
-from .helpers import translate, is_empty
+from .helpers import is_empty, translate
 
 
 class Validator:
@@ -44,11 +43,7 @@ def __init__(self, children, message=None):
         self.children = children
 
     def formatter(self, value):
-        return reduce(
-            lambda formatted_val, child: child.formatter(formatted_val),
-            self.children,
-            value
-        )
+        return reduce(lambda formatted_val, child: child.formatter(formatted_val), self.children, value)
 
     def __call__(self, value):
         raise NotImplementedError
@@ -59,12 +54,7 @@ class _is(Validator):
     rule = None
 
     def __call__(self, value):
-        if (
-            self.rule is None or (
-                self.rule is not None and
-                self.rule.match(to_unicode(value) or '')
-            )
-        ):
+        if self.rule is None or (self.rule is not None and self.rule.match(to_unicode(value) or "")):
             return self.check(value)
         return value, translate(self.message)
 
@@ -138,19 +128,19 @@ def __init__(self, children, empty_regex=None, message=None):
         super().__init__(children, message=message)
         self.empty_regex = re.compile(empty_regex) if empty_regex is not None else None
         for child in self.children:
-            if hasattr(child, 'multiple'):
+            if hasattr(child, "multiple"):
                 self.multiple = child.multiple
                 break
         for child in self.children:
-            if hasattr(child, 'options'):
+            if hasattr(child, "options"):
                 self._options_ = child.options
                 self.options = self._get_options_
                 break
 
     def _get_options_(self):
         options = self._options_()
-        if (not options or options[0][0] != '') and not self.multiple:
-            options.insert(0, ('', ''))
+        if (not options or options[0][0] != "") and not self.multiple:
+            options.insert(0, ("", ""))
         return options
 
     def __call__(self, value):
@@ -181,21 +171,19 @@ def __call__(self, value):
 class Matches(Validator):
     message = "Invalid expression"
 
-    def __init__(
-        self, expression, strict=False, search=False, extract=False, message=None
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, expression, strict=False, search=False, extract=False, message=None):
         super().__init__(message=message)
         if strict or not search:
-            if not expression.startswith('^'):
-                expression = '^(%s)' % expression
+            if not expression.startswith("^"):
+                expression = "^(%s)" % expression
         if strict:
-            if not expression.endswith('$'):
-                expression = '(%s)$' % expression
+            if not expression.endswith("$"):
+                expression = "(%s)$" % expression
         self.regex = re.compile(expression)
         self.extract = extract
 
     def __call__(self, value):
-        match = self.regex.search(to_unicode(value) or '')
+        match = self.regex.search(to_unicode(value) or "")
         if match is not None:
             return self.extract and match.group() or value, None
         return value, translate(self.message)
@@ -204,9 +192,7 @@ def __call__(self, value):
 class hasLength(Validator):
     message = "Enter from {min} to {max} characters"
 
-    def __init__(
-        self, maxsize=256, minsize=0, include=(True, False), message=None
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, maxsize=256, minsize=0, include=(True, False), message=None):
         super().__init__(message=message)
         self.maxsize = maxsize
         self.minsize = minsize
@@ -228,16 +214,16 @@ def __call__(self, value):
             length = 0
             if self._between(length):
                 return value, None
-        elif getattr(value, '_emt_field_hashed_contents_', False):
+        elif getattr(value, "_emt_field_hashed_contents_", False):
             return value, None
-        elif hasattr(value, 'file'):
+        elif hasattr(value, "file"):
             if value.file:
                 value.file.seek(0, SEEK_END)
                 length = value.file.tell()
                 value.file.seek(0, SEEK_SET)
             if self._between(length):
                 return value, None
-        elif hasattr(value, 'value'):
+        elif hasattr(value, "value"):
             val = value.value
             if val:
                 length = len(val)
@@ -247,7 +233,7 @@ def __call__(self, value):
                 return value, None
         elif isinstance(value, bytes):
             try:
-                lvalue = len(value.decode('utf8'))
+                lvalue = len(value.decode("utf8"))
             except Exception:
                 lvalue = len(value)
             if self._between(lvalue):
diff --git a/emmett/validators/consist.py b/emmett/validators/consist.py
index 245a0d24..db13c8b2 100644
--- a/emmett/validators/consist.py
+++ b/emmett/validators/consist.py
@@ -1,23 +1,22 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.validators.consist
-    -------------------------
+emmett.validators.consist
+-------------------------
 
-    Validators that check the value is of a certain type.
+Validators that check the value is of a certain type.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
 
-    Based on the web2py's validators (http://www.web2py.com)
-    :copyright: (c) by Massimo Di Pierro <mdipierro@cs.depaul.edu>
+Based on the web2py's validators (http://www.web2py.com)
+:copyright: (c) by Massimo Di Pierro <mdipierro@cs.depaul.edu>
 
-    :license: LGPLv3 (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html)
+:license: LGPLv3 (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html)
 """
 
 import decimal
 import re
 import struct
-
-from datetime import date, time, datetime, timedelta
+from datetime import date, datetime, time, timedelta
 from time import strptime
 from urllib.parse import unquote as url_unquote
 
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@
 from ..parsers import Parsers
 from ..serializers import Serializers
 from ..utils import parse_datetime
-from .basic import Validator, ParentValidator, _is, Matches
+from .basic import Matches, ParentValidator, Validator, _is
 from .helpers import (
     _DEFAULT,
     _UTC,
@@ -34,9 +33,10 @@
     official_url_schemes,
     translate,
     unofficial_url_schemes,
-    url_split_regex
+    url_split_regex,
 )
 
+
 try:
     import ipaddress
 except ImportError:
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ def __init__(self, dot=".", message=None):
 
     def check(self, value):
         try:
-            v = float(str(value).replace(self.dot, '.'))
+            v = float(str(value).replace(self.dot, "."))
             return v, None
         except (ValueError, TypeError):
             pass
@@ -69,11 +69,11 @@ def formatter(self, value):
         if value is None:
             return None
         val = str(value)
-        if '.' not in val:
-            val += '.00'
+        if "." not in val:
+            val += ".00"
         else:
-            val += '0' * (2 - len(val.split('.')[1]))
-        return val.replace('.', self.dot)
+            val += "0" * (2 - len(val.split(".")[1]))
+        return val.replace(".", self.dot)
 
 
 class isDecimal(isFloat):
@@ -82,17 +82,14 @@ def check(self, value):
             if isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal):
                 v = value
             else:
-                v = decimal.Decimal(str(value).replace(self.dot, '.'))
+                v = decimal.Decimal(str(value).replace(self.dot, "."))
             return v, None
         except (ValueError, TypeError, decimal.InvalidOperation):
             return value, translate(self.message)
 
 
 class isTime(_is):
-    rule = re.compile(
-        r"((?P<h>[0-9]+))([^0-9 ]+(?P<m>[0-9 ]+))?"
-        r"([^0-9ap ]+(?P<s>[0-9]*))?((?P<d>[ap]m))?"
-    )
+    rule = re.compile(r"((?P<h>[0-9]+))([^0-9 ]+(?P<m>[0-9 ]+))?" r"([^0-9ap ]+(?P<s>[0-9]*))?((?P<d>[ap]m))?")
 
     def __call__(self, value):
         return super().__call__(value.lower() if value else value)
@@ -102,20 +99,17 @@ def check(self, value):
             return value, None
         val = self.rule.match(value)
         try:
-            (h, m, s) = (int(val.group('h')), 0, 0)
-            if not val.group('m') is None:
-                m = int(val.group('m'))
-            if not val.group('s') is None:
-                s = int(val.group('s'))
-            if val.group('d') == 'pm' and 0 < h < 12:
+            (h, m, s) = (int(val.group("h")), 0, 0)
+            if val.group("m") is not None:
+                m = int(val.group("m"))
+            if val.group("s") is not None:
+                s = int(val.group("s"))
+            if val.group("d") == "pm" and 0 < h < 12:
                 h = h + 12
-            if val.group('d') == 'am' and h == 12:
+            if val.group("d") == "am" and h == 12:
                 h = 0
-            if not (h in range(24) and m in range(60) and s
-                    in range(60)):
-                raise ValueError(
-                    'Hours or minutes or seconds are outside of allowed range'
-                )
+            if not (h in range(24) and m in range(60) and s in range(60)):
+                raise ValueError("Hours or minutes or seconds are outside of allowed range")
             val = time(h, m, s)
             return val, None
         except AttributeError:
@@ -126,7 +120,7 @@ def check(self, value):
 
 
 class isDate(_is):
-    def __init__(self, format='%Y-%m-%d', timezone=None, message=None):
+    def __init__(self, format="%Y-%m-%d", timezone=None, message=None):
         super().__init__(message=message)
         self.format = translate(format)
         self.timezone = timezone
@@ -167,13 +161,21 @@ def formatter(self, value):
     @staticmethod
     def nice(format):
         codes = (
-            ('%Y', '1963'), ('%y', '63'), ('%d', '28'), ('%m', '08'),
-            ('%b', 'Aug'), ('%B', 'August'), ('%H', '14'), ('%I', '02'),
-            ('%p', 'PM'), ('%M', '30'), ('%S', '59')
+            ("%Y", "1963"),
+            ("%y", "63"),
+            ("%d", "28"),
+            ("%m", "08"),
+            ("%b", "Aug"),
+            ("%B", "August"),
+            ("%H", "14"),
+            ("%I", "02"),
+            ("%p", "PM"),
+            ("%M", "30"),
+            ("%S", "59"),
         )
-        for (a, b) in codes:
+        for a, b in codes:
             format = format.replace(a, b)
-        return dict(format=format)
+        return {"format": format}
 
 
 class isDatetime(isDate):
@@ -183,7 +185,7 @@ def __init__(self, format=_DEFAULT, **kwargs):
 
     def _get_parser(self, format):
         if format is _DEFAULT:
-            return self._parse_pendulum, '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S'
+            return self._parse_pendulum, "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S"
         return self._parse_strptime, format
 
     def _parse_strptime(self, value):
@@ -191,27 +193,20 @@ def _parse_strptime(self, value):
         return datetime(y, m, d, hh, mm, ss)
 
     def _parse_pendulum(self, value):
-        return parse_datetime(value).in_timezone('UTC')
+        return parse_datetime(value).in_timezone("UTC")
 
     def _check_instance(self, value):
         return isinstance(value, datetime)
 
     def _formatter_obj(self, value):
-        return datetime(
-            value.year,
-            value.month,
-            value.day,
-            value.hour,
-            value.minute,
-            value.second
-        )
+        return datetime(value.year, value.month, value.day, value.hour, value.minute, value.second)
 
 
 class isEmail(_is):
     rule = re.compile(
         r"^(?!\.)([-a-z0-9!\#$%&'*+/=?^_`{|}~]|(?<!\.)\.)+(?<!\.)@"
         r"(localhost|([a-z0-9]([-\w]*[a-z0-9])?\.)+[a-z]{2,})$",
-        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE
+        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
     )
 
     def __init__(self, banned=None, forced=None, message=None):
@@ -220,11 +215,8 @@ def __init__(self, banned=None, forced=None, message=None):
         self.forced = forced
 
     def check(self, value):
-        domain = value.split('@')[1]
-        if (
-            (not self.banned or not self.banned.match(domain)) and
-            (not self.forced or self.forced.match(domain))
-        ):
+        domain = value.split("@")[1]
+        if (not self.banned or not self.banned.match(domain)) and (not self.forced or self.forced.match(domain)):
             return value, None
         return value, translate(self.message)
 
@@ -260,11 +252,11 @@ class isJSON(_is):
 
     @cachedprop
     def _decoder(self):
-        return Parsers.get_for('json')
+        return Parsers.get_for("json")
 
     @cachedprop
     def _encoder(self):
-        return Serializers.get_for('json')
+        return Serializers.get_for("json")
 
     def check(self, value):
         if isinstance(value, str):
@@ -301,70 +293,68 @@ class isImage(Validator):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        extensions=('bmp', 'gif', 'jpeg', 'png'),
-        width={'min': 0, 'max': 10000},
-        height={'min': 0, 'max': 100000},
-        message=None
+        extensions=("bmp", "gif", "jpeg", "png"),
+        width={"min": 0, "max": 10000},
+        height={"min": 0, "max": 100000},
+        message=None,
     ):
         super().__init__(message=message)
         self.extensions = extensions
-        self.maxsize = (width.get('max', 10000), height.get('max', 10000))
-        self.minsize = (width.get('min', 0), height.get('min', 0))
+        self.maxsize = (width.get("max", 10000), height.get("max", 10000))
+        self.minsize = (width.get("min", 0), height.get("min", 0))
 
     def __call__(self, value):
         try:
-            extension = value.filename.rfind('.')
+            extension = value.filename.rfind(".")
             assert extension >= 0
-            extension = value.filename[extension + 1:].lower()
-            if extension == 'jpg':
-                extension = 'jpeg'
+            extension = value.filename[extension + 1 :].lower()
+            if extension == "jpg":
+                extension = "jpeg"
             assert extension in self.extensions
-            if extension == 'bmp':
+            if extension == "bmp":
                 width, height = self.__bmp(value.file)
-            elif extension == 'gif':
+            elif extension == "gif":
                 width, height = self.__gif(value.file)
-            elif extension == 'jpeg':
+            elif extension == "jpeg":
                 width, height = self.__jpeg(value.file)
-            elif extension == 'png':
+            elif extension == "png":
                 width, height = self.__png(value.file)
             else:
                 width = -1
                 height = -1
-            assert self.minsize[0] <= width <= self.maxsize[0] \
-                and self.minsize[1] <= height <= self.maxsize[1]
+            assert self.minsize[0] <= width <= self.maxsize[0] and self.minsize[1] <= height <= self.maxsize[1]
             value.file.seek(0)
             return value, None
-        except:
+        except Exception:
             return value, translate(self.message)
 
     def __bmp(self, stream):
-        if stream.read(2) == 'BM':
+        if stream.read(2) == "BM":
             stream.read(16)
             return struct.unpack("<LL", stream.read(8))
         return -1, -1
 
     def __gif(self, stream):
-        if stream.read(6) in ('GIF87a', 'GIF89a'):
+        if stream.read(6) in ("GIF87a", "GIF89a"):
             stream = stream.read(5)
             if len(stream) == 5:
                 return tuple(struct.unpack("<HHB", stream)[:-1])
         return -1, -1
 
     def __jpeg(self, stream):
-        if stream.read(2) == '\xFF\xD8':
+        if stream.read(2) == "\xff\xd8":
             while True:
                 (marker, code, length) = struct.unpack("!BBH", stream.read(4))
                 if marker != 0xFF:
                     break
                 elif code >= 0xC0 and code <= 0xC3:
-                    return tuple(reversed(
-                        struct.unpack("!xHH", stream.read(5))))
+                    return tuple(reversed(struct.unpack("!xHH", stream.read(5))))
                 else:
                     stream.read(length - 2)
         return -1, -1
 
     def __png(self, stream):
-        if stream.read(8) == '\211PNG\r\n\032\n':
+        if stream.read(8) == "\211PNG\r\n\032\n":
             stream.read(4)
             if stream.read(4) == "IHDR":
                 return struct.unpack("!LL", stream.read(8))
@@ -381,6 +371,7 @@ class _isGenericUrl(Validator):
     Based on RFC 2396: http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2396.html
     @author: Jonathan Benn
     """
+
     message = "Invalid URL"
     all_url_schemes = [None] + official_url_schemes + unofficial_url_schemes
 
@@ -390,14 +381,11 @@ def __init__(self, schemes=None, prepend_scheme=None, message=None):
         self.prepend_scheme = prepend_scheme
         if self.prepend_scheme not in self.allowed_schemes:
             raise SyntaxError(
-                "prepend_scheme='{}' is not in allowed_schemes={}".format(
-                    self.prepend_scheme, self.allowed_schemes
-                )
+                "prepend_scheme='{}' is not in allowed_schemes={}".format(self.prepend_scheme, self.allowed_schemes)
             )
 
     GENERIC_URL = re.compile(
-        r"%[^0-9A-Fa-f]{2}|%[^0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f]|%[0-9A-Fa-f][^0-9A-Fa-f]|"
-        r"%$|%[0-9A-Fa-f]$|%[^0-9A-Fa-f]$"
+        r"%[^0-9A-Fa-f]{2}|%[^0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f]|%[0-9A-Fa-f][^0-9A-Fa-f]|" r"%$|%[0-9A-Fa-f]$|%[^0-9A-Fa-f]$"
     )
     GENERIC_URL_VALID = re.compile(r"[A-Za-z0-9;/?:@&=+$,\-_\.!~*'\(\)%#]+$")
 
@@ -422,11 +410,9 @@ def __call__(self, value):
                         # ports, check to see if adding a valid scheme fixes
                         # the problem (but only do this if it doesn't have
                         # one already!)
-                        if value.find('://') < 0 and \
-                                None in self.allowed_schemes:
-                            schemeToUse = self.prepend_scheme or 'http'
-                            prependTest = self.__call__(
-                                schemeToUse + '://' + value)
+                        if value.find("://") < 0 and None in self.allowed_schemes:
+                            schemeToUse = self.prepend_scheme or "http"
+                            prependTest = self.__call__(schemeToUse + "://" + value)
                             # if the prepend test succeeded
                             if prependTest[1] is None:
                                 # if prepending in the output is enabled
@@ -457,42 +443,30 @@ class _isHTTPUrl(Validator):
     """
 
     message = "Invalid URL"
-    http_schemes = [None, 'http', 'https']
-    GENERIC_VALID_IP = re.compile(
-        r"([\w.!~*'|;:&=+$,-]+@)?\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+(:\d*)*$"
-    )
+    http_schemes = [None, "http", "https"]
+    GENERIC_VALID_IP = re.compile(r"([\w.!~*'|;:&=+$,-]+@)?\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+(:\d*)*$")
     GENERIC_VALID_DOMAIN = re.compile(
         r"([\w.!~*'|;:&=+$,-]+@)?(([A-Za-z0-9]+[A-Za-z0-9\-]*[A-Za-z0-9]+\.)"
         r"*([A-Za-z0-9]+\.)*)*([A-Za-z]+[A-Za-z0-9\-]*[A-Za-z0-9]+)\.?(:\d*)*$"
     )
 
-    def __init__(self, schemes=None, prepend_scheme='http', tlds=None, message=None):
+    def __init__(self, schemes=None, prepend_scheme="http", tlds=None, message=None):
         super().__init__(message=message)
         self.allowed_schemes = schemes or self.http_schemes
         self.allowed_tlds = tlds or official_top_level_domains
         self.prepend_scheme = prepend_scheme
         for i in self.allowed_schemes:
             if i not in self.http_schemes:
-                raise SyntaxError(
-                    "allowed_scheme value '{}' is not in {}".format(
-                        i, self.http_schemes
-                    )
-                )
+                raise SyntaxError("allowed_scheme value '{}' is not in {}".format(i, self.http_schemes))
         if self.prepend_scheme not in self.allowed_schemes:
             raise SyntaxError(
-                "prepend_scheme='{}' is not in allowed_schemes={}".format(
-                    self.prepend_scheme, self.allowed_schemes
-                )
+                "prepend_scheme='{}' is not in allowed_schemes={}".format(self.prepend_scheme, self.allowed_schemes)
             )
 
     def __call__(self, value):
         try:
             # if the URL passes generic validation
-            x = _isGenericUrl(
-                schemes=self.allowed_schemes,
-                prepend_scheme=self.prepend_scheme,
-                message=self.message
-            )
+            x = _isGenericUrl(schemes=self.allowed_schemes, prepend_scheme=self.prepend_scheme, message=self.message)
             if x(value)[1] is None:
                 componentsMatch = url_split_regex.match(value)
                 authority = componentsMatch.group(4)
@@ -504,12 +478,10 @@ def __call__(self, value):
                         return value, None
                     else:
                         # else if authority is a valid domain name
-                        domainMatch = self.GENERIC_VALID_DOMAIN.match(
-                            authority)
+                        domainMatch = self.GENERIC_VALID_DOMAIN.match(authority)
                         if domainMatch:
                             # if the top-level domain really exists
-                            if domainMatch.group(5).lower()\
-                                    in self.allowed_tlds:
+                            if domainMatch.group(5).lower() in self.allowed_tlds:
                                 # Then this HTTP URL is valid
                                 return value, None
                 else:
@@ -518,15 +490,15 @@ def __call__(self, value):
                     path = componentsMatch.group(5)
                     # relative case: if this is a valid path (if it starts with
                     # a slash)
-                    if path.startswith('/'):
+                    if path.startswith("/"):
                         # Then this HTTP URL is valid
                         return value, None
                     else:
                         # abbreviated case: if we haven't already, prepend a
                         # scheme and see if it fixes the problem
-                        if value.find('://') < 0:
-                            schemeToUse = self.prepend_scheme or 'http'
-                            prependTest = self(schemeToUse + '://' + value)
+                        if value.find("://") < 0:
+                            schemeToUse = self.prepend_scheme or "http"
+                            prependTest = self(schemeToUse + "://" + value)
                             # if the prepend test succeeded
                             if prependTest[1] is None:
                                 # if prepending in the output is enabled
@@ -536,7 +508,7 @@ def __call__(self, value):
                                     # else return the original, non-prepended
                                     # value
                                     return value, None
-        except:
+        except Exception:
             pass
         # else the HTTP URL is not valid
         return value, translate(self.message)
@@ -546,39 +518,33 @@ class isUrl(Validator):
     #: use `_isGenericUrl` and `_isHTTPUrl` depending on `mode` parameter
     message = "Invalid URL"
 
-    def __init__(
-        self, mode='http', schemes=None, prepend_scheme='http', tlds=None, message=None
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, mode="http", schemes=None, prepend_scheme="http", tlds=None, message=None):
         super().__init__(message=message)
         self.mode = mode.lower()
-        if self.mode not in ['generic', 'http']:
+        if self.mode not in ["generic", "http"]:
             raise SyntaxError("invalid mode '{}' in isUrl".format(self.mode))
         self.allowed_tlds = tlds
         self.allowed_schemes = schemes
         if self.allowed_schemes:
             if prepend_scheme not in self.allowed_schemes:
                 raise SyntaxError(
-                    "prepend_scheme='{}' is not in allowed_schemes={}".format(
-                        prepend_scheme, self.allowed_schemes
-                    )
+                    "prepend_scheme='{}' is not in allowed_schemes={}".format(prepend_scheme, self.allowed_schemes)
                 )
         # if allowed_schemes is None, then we will defer testing
         # prepend_scheme's validity to a sub-method
         self.prepend_scheme = prepend_scheme
 
     def __call__(self, value):
-        if self.mode == 'generic':
+        if self.mode == "generic":
             subValidator = _isGenericUrl(
-                schemes=self.allowed_schemes,
-                prepend_scheme=self.prepend_scheme,
-                message=self.message
+                schemes=self.allowed_schemes, prepend_scheme=self.prepend_scheme, message=self.message
             )
-        elif self.mode == 'http':
+        elif self.mode == "http":
             subValidator = _isHTTPUrl(
                 schemes=self.allowed_schemes,
                 prepend_scheme=self.prepend_scheme,
                 tlds=self.allowed_tlds,
-                message=self.message
+                message=self.message,
             )
         else:
             raise SyntaxError("invalid mode '{}' in isUrl".format(self.mode))
@@ -621,38 +587,27 @@ class isIPv4(Validator):
     """
 
     message = "Invalid IPv4 address"
-    regex = re.compile(
-        r"^(([1-9]?\d|1\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])\.){3}([1-9]?\d|1\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])$"
-    )
+    regex = re.compile(r"^(([1-9]?\d|1\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])\.){3}([1-9]?\d|1\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])$")
     numbers = (16777216, 65536, 256, 1)
     localhost = 2130706433
     private = ((2886729728, 2886795263), (3232235520, 3232301055))
     automatic = (2851995648, 2852061183)
 
     def __init__(
-        self,
-        min='0.0.0.0',
-        max='255.255.255.255',
-        invert=False,
-        localhost=None,
-        private=None,
-        auto=None,
-        message=None
+        self, min="0.0.0.0", max="255.255.255.255", invert=False, localhost=None, private=None, auto=None, message=None
     ):
         super().__init__(message=message)
         for n, value in enumerate((min, max)):
             temp = []
             if isinstance(value, str):
-                temp.append(value.split('.'))
+                temp.append(value.split("."))
             elif isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
-                if len(value) == len(
-                    list(filter(lambda item: isinstance(item, int), value))
-                ) == 4:
+                if len(value) == len(list(filter(lambda item: isinstance(item, int), value))) == 4:
                     temp.append(value)
                 else:
                     for item in value:
                         if isinstance(item, str):
-                            temp.append(item.split('.'))
+                            temp.append(item.split("."))
                         elif isinstance(item, (list, tuple)):
                             temp.append(item)
             numbers = []
@@ -673,31 +628,21 @@ def __init__(
     def __call__(self, value):
         if self.regex.match(value):
             number = 0
-            for i, j in zip(self.numbers, value.split('.')):
+            for i, j in zip(self.numbers, value.split(".")):
                 number += i * int(j)
             ok = False
             for bottom, top in zip(self.minip, self.maxip):
                 if self.invert != (bottom <= number <= top):
                     ok = True
-            if not (
-                self.is_localhost is None or self.is_localhost == (
-                    number == self.localhost
-                )
-            ):
+            if not (self.is_localhost is None or self.is_localhost == (number == self.localhost)):
                 ok = False
             if not (
-                self.is_private is None or self.is_private == (
-                    sum([
-                        el[0] <= number <= el[1]
-                        for el in self.private
-                    ]) > 0
-                )
+                self.is_private is None
+                or self.is_private == (sum([el[0] <= number <= el[1] for el in self.private]) > 0)
             ):
                 ok = False
             if not (
-                self.is_automatic is None or self.is_automatic == (
-                    self.automatic[0] <= number <= self.automatic[1]
-                )
+                self.is_automatic is None or self.is_automatic == (self.automatic[0] <= number <= self.automatic[1])
             ):
                 ok = False
             if ok:
@@ -736,7 +681,7 @@ def __init__(
         to4=None,
         teredo=None,
         subnets=None,
-        message=None
+        message=None,
     ):
         super().__init__(message=message)
         self.is_private = private
@@ -749,9 +694,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.subnets = subnets
 
         if ipaddress is None:
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                "You need 'ipaddress' python module to use isIPv6 validator."
-            )
+            raise RuntimeError("You need 'ipaddress' python module to use isIPv6 validator.")
 
     def __call__(self, value):
         try:
@@ -768,9 +711,8 @@ def __call__(self, value):
             for network in self.subnets:
                 try:
                     ipnet = ipaddress.IPv6Network(network)
-                except (ipaddress.NetmaskValueError,
-                        ipaddress.AddressValueError):
-                    return value, translate('invalid subnet provided')
+                except (ipaddress.NetmaskValueError, ipaddress.AddressValueError):
+                    return value, translate("invalid subnet provided")
                 if ip in ipnet:
                     ok = True
 
@@ -780,22 +722,13 @@ def __call__(self, value):
             self.is_reserved = False
             self.is_multicast = False
 
-        if not (
-            self.is_private is None or self.is_private == ip.is_private
-        ):
+        if not (self.is_private is None or self.is_private == ip.is_private):
             ok = False
-        if not (
-            self.is_link_local is None or
-            self.is_link_local == ip.is_link_local
-        ):
+        if not (self.is_link_local is None or self.is_link_local == ip.is_link_local):
             ok = False
-        if not (
-            self.is_reserved is None or self.is_reserved == ip.is_reserved
-        ):
+        if not (self.is_reserved is None or self.is_reserved == ip.is_reserved):
             ok = False
-        if not (
-            self.is_multicast is None or self.is_multicast == ip.is_multicast
-        ):
+        if not (self.is_multicast is None or self.is_multicast == ip.is_multicast):
             ok = False
         if not (self.is_6to4 is None or self.is_6to4 == ip.is_6to4):
             ok = False
@@ -821,8 +754,8 @@ class isIP(Validator):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        min='0.0.0.0',
-        max='255.255.255.255',
+        min="0.0.0.0",
+        max="255.255.255.255",
         invert=False,
         localhost=None,
         private=None,
@@ -836,11 +769,11 @@ def __init__(
         teredo=None,
         subnets=None,
         ipv6=None,
-        message=None
+        message=None,
     ):
         super().__init__(message=message)
-        self.minip = min,
-        self.maxip = max,
+        self.minip = (min,)
+        self.maxip = (max,)
         self.invert = invert
         self.is_localhost = localhost
         self.is_private = private
@@ -857,9 +790,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.is_ipv6 = ipv6
 
         if ipaddress is None:
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                "You need 'ipaddress' python module to use isIP validator."
-            )
+            raise RuntimeError("You need 'ipaddress' python module to use isIP validator.")
 
     def __call__(self, value):
         try:
@@ -879,7 +810,7 @@ def __call__(self, value):
                 localhost=self.is_localhost,
                 private=self.is_private,
                 auto=self.is_automatic,
-                message=self.message
+                message=self.message,
             )(value)
         elif self.is_ipv6 or isinstance(ip, ipaddress.IPv6Address):
             rv = isIPv6(
@@ -891,7 +822,7 @@ def __call__(self, value):
                 to4=self.is_6to4,
                 teredo=self.is_teredo,
                 subnets=self.subnets,
-                message=self.message
+                message=self.message,
             )(value)
         else:
             rv = (value, translate(self.message))
diff --git a/emmett/validators/helpers.py b/emmett/validators/helpers.py
index 8e744077..8f7c8314 100644
--- a/emmett/validators/helpers.py
+++ b/emmett/validators/helpers.py
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.validators.helpers
-    -------------------------
+emmett.validators.helpers
+-------------------------
 
-    Provides utilities for validators.
+Provides utilities for validators.
 
-    Ported from the original validators of web2py (http://www.web2py.com)
+Ported from the original validators of web2py (http://www.web2py.com)
 
-    :copyright: (c) by Massimo Di Pierro <mdipierro@cs.depaul.edu>
-    :license: LGPLv3 (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html)
+:copyright: (c) by Massimo Di Pierro <mdipierro@cs.depaul.edu>
+:license: LGPLv3 (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html)
 """
 
 import re
-
-from datetime import tzinfo, timedelta
+from datetime import timedelta, tzinfo
+from functools import reduce
 from io import StringIO
 
 # TODO: check unicode conversions
 from .._shortcuts import to_unicode, uuid
 from ..ctx import current
-from ..security import simple_hash, DIGEST_ALG_BY_SIZE
+from ..security import DIGEST_ALG_BY_SIZE, simple_hash
 
 
 _DEFAULT = lambda: None
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def is_empty(value, empty_regex=None):
     if isinstance(value, (str, bytes)):
         vclean = value.strip()
         if empty_regex is not None and empty_regex.match(vclean):
-            vclean = ''
+            vclean = ""
         return vclean, len(vclean) == 0
     if isinstance(value, (list, dict)):
         return value, len(value) == 0
@@ -95,21 +95,21 @@ def __str__(self):
         if self.crypted:
             return self.crypted
         if self.crypt.key:
-            if ':' in self.crypt.key:
-                digest_alg, key = self.crypt.key.split(':', 1)
+            if ":" in self.crypt.key:
+                digest_alg, key = self.crypt.key.split(":", 1)
             else:
                 digest_alg, key = self.crypt.digest_alg, self.crypt.key
         else:
-            digest_alg, key = self.crypt.digest_alg, ''
+            digest_alg, key = self.crypt.digest_alg, ""
         if self.crypt.salt:
-            if self.crypt.salt == True:
-                salt = str(uuid()).replace('-', '')[-16:]
+            if self.crypt.salt is True:
+                salt = str(uuid()).replace("-", "")[-16:]
             else:
                 salt = self.crypt.salt
         else:
-            salt = ''
+            salt = ""
         hashed = simple_hash(self.password, key, salt, digest_alg)
-        self.crypted = '%s$%s$%s' % (digest_alg, salt, hashed)
+        self.crypted = "%s$%s$%s" % (digest_alg, salt, hashed)
         return self.crypted
 
     def __eq__(self, stored_password):
@@ -117,30 +117,30 @@ def __eq__(self, stored_password):
         compares the current lazy crypted password with a stored password
         """
         if isinstance(stored_password, self.__class__):
-            return ((self is stored_password) or
-                    ((self.crypt.key == stored_password.crypt.key) and
-                    (self.password == stored_password.password)))
+            return (self is stored_password) or (
+                (self.crypt.key == stored_password.crypt.key) and (self.password == stored_password.password)
+            )
 
         if self.crypt.key:
-            if ':' in self.crypt.key:
-                key = self.crypt.key.split(':')[1]
+            if ":" in self.crypt.key:
+                key = self.crypt.key.split(":")[1]
             else:
                 key = self.crypt.key
         else:
-            key = ''
+            key = ""
         if stored_password is None:
             return False
-        elif stored_password.count('$') == 2:
-            (digest_alg, salt, hash) = stored_password.split('$')
+        elif stored_password.count("$") == 2:
+            (digest_alg, salt, hash) = stored_password.split("$")
             h = simple_hash(self.password, key, salt, digest_alg)
-            temp_pass = '%s$%s$%s' % (digest_alg, salt, h)
+            temp_pass = "%s$%s$%s" % (digest_alg, salt, h)
         else:  # no salting
             # guess digest_alg
             digest_alg = DIGEST_ALG_BY_SIZE.get(len(stored_password), None)
             if not digest_alg:
                 return False
             else:
-                temp_pass = simple_hash(self.password, key, '', digest_alg)
+                temp_pass = simple_hash(self.password, key, "", digest_alg)
         return temp_pass == stored_password
 
     def __ne__(self, other):
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ def __ne__(self, other):
 
 
 def _escape_unicode(string):
-    '''
+    """
     Converts a unicode string into US-ASCII, using a simple conversion scheme.
     Each unicode character that does not have a US-ASCII equivalent is
     converted into a URL escaped form based on its hexadecimal value.
@@ -162,14 +162,14 @@ def _escape_unicode(string):
         string: the US-ASCII escaped form of the inputted string
 
     @author: Jonathan Benn
-    '''
+    """
     returnValue = StringIO()
 
     for character in string:
         code = ord(character)
         if code > 0x7F:
             hexCode = hex(code)
-            returnValue.write('%' + hexCode[2:4] + '%' + hexCode[4:6])
+            returnValue.write("%" + hexCode[2:4] + "%" + hexCode[4:6])
         else:
             returnValue.write(character)
 
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ def _escape_unicode(string):
 
 
 def _unicode_to_ascii_authority(authority):
-    '''
+    """
     Follows the steps in RFC 3490, Section 4 to convert a unicode authority
     string into its ASCII equivalent.
     For example, u'www.Alliancefran\xe7aise.nu' will be converted into
@@ -196,40 +196,41 @@ def _unicode_to_ascii_authority(authority):
             authority
 
     @author: Jonathan Benn
-    '''
-    label_split_regex = re.compile(u'[\u002e\u3002\uff0e\uff61]')
+    """
+    label_split_regex = re.compile("[\u002e\u3002\uff0e\uff61]")
 
-    #RFC 3490, Section 4, Step 1
-    #The encodings.idna Python module assumes that AllowUnassigned == True
+    # RFC 3490, Section 4, Step 1
+    # The encodings.idna Python module assumes that AllowUnassigned == True
 
-    #RFC 3490, Section 4, Step 2
+    # RFC 3490, Section 4, Step 2
     labels = label_split_regex.split(authority)
 
-    #RFC 3490, Section 4, Step 3
-    #The encodings.idna Python module assumes that UseSTD3ASCIIRules == False
+    # RFC 3490, Section 4, Step 3
+    # The encodings.idna Python module assumes that UseSTD3ASCIIRules == False
 
-    #RFC 3490, Section 4, Step 4
-    #We use the ToASCII operation because we are about to put the authority
-    #into an IDN-unaware slot
+    # RFC 3490, Section 4, Step 4
+    # We use the ToASCII operation because we are about to put the authority
+    # into an IDN-unaware slot
     asciiLabels = []
     try:
         import encodings.idna
+
         for label in labels:
             if label:
                 asciiLabels.append(encodings.idna.ToASCII(label))
             else:
-                #encodings.idna.ToASCII does not accept an empty string, but
-                #it is necessary for us to allow for empty labels so that we
-                #don't modify the URL
-                asciiLabels.append('')
-    except:
+                # encodings.idna.ToASCII does not accept an empty string, but
+                # it is necessary for us to allow for empty labels so that we
+                # don't modify the URL
+                asciiLabels.append("")
+    except Exception:
         asciiLabels = [str(label) for label in labels]
-    #RFC 3490, Section 4, Step 5
-    return str(reduce(lambda x, y: x + unichr(0x002E) + y, asciiLabels))
+    # RFC 3490, Section 4, Step 5
+    return str(reduce(lambda x, y: x + chr(0x002E) + y, asciiLabels))
 
 
 def unicode_to_ascii_url(url, prepend_scheme):
-    '''
+    """
     Converts the inputed unicode url into a US-ASCII equivalent. This function
     goes a little beyond RFC 3490, which is limited in scope to the domain name
     (authority) only. Here, the functionality is expanded to what was observed
@@ -259,223 +260,1016 @@ def unicode_to_ascii_url(url, prepend_scheme):
         string: a US-ASCII equivalent of the inputed url
 
     @author: Jonathan Benn
-    '''
-    #convert the authority component of the URL into an ASCII punycode string,
-    #but encode the rest using the regular URI character encoding
+    """
+    # convert the authority component of the URL into an ASCII punycode string,
+    # but encode the rest using the regular URI character encoding
 
     groups = url_split_regex.match(url).groups()
-    #If no authority was found
+    # If no authority was found
     if not groups[3]:
-        #Try appending a scheme to see if that fixes the problem
-        scheme_to_prepend = prepend_scheme or 'http'
-        groups = url_split_regex.match(
-            to_unicode(scheme_to_prepend) + u'://' + url).groups()
-    #if we still can't find the authority
+        # Try appending a scheme to see if that fixes the problem
+        scheme_to_prepend = prepend_scheme or "http"
+        groups = url_split_regex.match(to_unicode(scheme_to_prepend) + "://" + url).groups()
+    # if we still can't find the authority
     if not groups[3]:
-        raise Exception('No authority component found, ' +
-                        'could not decode unicode to US-ASCII')
+        raise Exception("No authority component found, " + "could not decode unicode to US-ASCII")
 
-    #We're here if we found an authority, let's rebuild the URL
+    # We're here if we found an authority, let's rebuild the URL
     scheme = groups[1]
     authority = groups[3]
-    path = groups[4] or ''
-    query = groups[5] or ''
-    fragment = groups[7] or ''
+    path = groups[4] or ""
+    query = groups[5] or ""
+    fragment = groups[7] or ""
 
     if prepend_scheme:
-        scheme = str(scheme) + '://'
+        scheme = str(scheme) + "://"
     else:
-        scheme = ''
-    return scheme + _unicode_to_ascii_authority(authority) +\
-        _escape_unicode(path) + _escape_unicode(query) + str(fragment)
+        scheme = ""
+    return (
+        scheme + _unicode_to_ascii_authority(authority) + _escape_unicode(path) + _escape_unicode(query) + str(fragment)
+    )
 
 
-url_split_regex = \
-    re.compile(r'^(([^:/?#]+):)?(//([^/?#]*))?([^?#]*)(\?([^#]*))?(#(.*))?')
+url_split_regex = re.compile(r"^(([^:/?#]+):)?(//([^/?#]*))?([^?#]*)(\?([^#]*))?(#(.*))?")
 
 official_url_schemes = [
-    'aaa', 'aaas', 'acap', 'cap', 'cid', 'crid', 'data', 'dav', 'dict',
-    'dns', 'fax', 'file', 'ftp', 'go', 'gopher', 'h323', 'http', 'https',
-    'icap', 'im', 'imap', 'info', 'ipp', 'iris', 'iris.beep', 'iris.xpc',
-    'iris.xpcs', 'iris.lws', 'ldap', 'mailto', 'mid', 'modem', 'msrp',
-    'msrps', 'mtqp', 'mupdate', 'news', 'nfs', 'nntp', 'opaquelocktoken',
-    'pop', 'pres', 'prospero', 'rtsp', 'service', 'shttp', 'sip', 'sips',
-    'snmp', 'soap.beep', 'soap.beeps', 'tag', 'tel', 'telnet', 'tftp',
-    'thismessage', 'tip', 'tv', 'urn', 'vemmi', 'wais', 'xmlrpc.beep',
-    'xmlrpc.beep', 'xmpp', 'z39.50r', 'z39.50s'
+    "aaa",
+    "aaas",
+    "acap",
+    "cap",
+    "cid",
+    "crid",
+    "data",
+    "dav",
+    "dict",
+    "dns",
+    "fax",
+    "file",
+    "ftp",
+    "go",
+    "gopher",
+    "h323",
+    "http",
+    "https",
+    "icap",
+    "im",
+    "imap",
+    "info",
+    "ipp",
+    "iris",
+    "iris.beep",
+    "iris.xpc",
+    "iris.xpcs",
+    "iris.lws",
+    "ldap",
+    "mailto",
+    "mid",
+    "modem",
+    "msrp",
+    "msrps",
+    "mtqp",
+    "mupdate",
+    "news",
+    "nfs",
+    "nntp",
+    "opaquelocktoken",
+    "pop",
+    "pres",
+    "prospero",
+    "rtsp",
+    "service",
+    "shttp",
+    "sip",
+    "sips",
+    "snmp",
+    "soap.beep",
+    "soap.beeps",
+    "tag",
+    "tel",
+    "telnet",
+    "tftp",
+    "thismessage",
+    "tip",
+    "tv",
+    "urn",
+    "vemmi",
+    "wais",
+    "xmlrpc.beep",
+    "xmlrpc.beep",
+    "xmpp",
+    "z39.50r",
+    "z39.50s",
 ]
 
 unofficial_url_schemes = [
-    'about', 'adiumxtra', 'aim', 'afp', 'aw', 'callto', 'chrome', 'cvs',
-    'ed2k', 'feed', 'fish', 'gg', 'gizmoproject', 'iax2', 'irc', 'ircs',
-    'itms', 'jar', 'javascript', 'keyparc', 'lastfm', 'ldaps', 'magnet',
-    'mms', 'msnim', 'mvn', 'notes', 'nsfw', 'psyc', 'paparazzi:http',
-    'rmi', 'rsync', 'secondlife', 'sgn', 'skype', 'ssh', 'sftp', 'smb',
-    'sms', 'soldat', 'steam', 'svn', 'teamspeak', 'unreal', 'ut2004',
-    'ventrilo', 'view-source', 'webcal', 'wyciwyg', 'xfire', 'xri', 'ymsgr'
+    "about",
+    "adiumxtra",
+    "aim",
+    "afp",
+    "aw",
+    "callto",
+    "chrome",
+    "cvs",
+    "ed2k",
+    "feed",
+    "fish",
+    "gg",
+    "gizmoproject",
+    "iax2",
+    "irc",
+    "ircs",
+    "itms",
+    "jar",
+    "javascript",
+    "keyparc",
+    "lastfm",
+    "ldaps",
+    "magnet",
+    "mms",
+    "msnim",
+    "mvn",
+    "notes",
+    "nsfw",
+    "psyc",
+    "paparazzi:http",
+    "rmi",
+    "rsync",
+    "secondlife",
+    "sgn",
+    "skype",
+    "ssh",
+    "sftp",
+    "smb",
+    "sms",
+    "soldat",
+    "steam",
+    "svn",
+    "teamspeak",
+    "unreal",
+    "ut2004",
+    "ventrilo",
+    "view-source",
+    "webcal",
+    "wyciwyg",
+    "xfire",
+    "xri",
+    "ymsgr",
 ]
 
 official_top_level_domains = [
     # a
-    'abogado', 'ac', 'academy', 'accountants', 'active', 'actor',
-    'ad', 'adult', 'ae', 'aero', 'af', 'ag', 'agency', 'ai',
-    'airforce', 'al', 'allfinanz', 'alsace', 'am', 'amsterdam', 'an',
-    'android', 'ao', 'apartments', 'aq', 'aquarelle', 'ar', 'archi',
-    'army', 'arpa', 'as', 'asia', 'associates', 'at', 'attorney',
-    'au', 'auction', 'audio', 'autos', 'aw', 'ax', 'axa', 'az',
+    "abogado",
+    "ac",
+    "academy",
+    "accountants",
+    "active",
+    "actor",
+    "ad",
+    "adult",
+    "ae",
+    "aero",
+    "af",
+    "ag",
+    "agency",
+    "ai",
+    "airforce",
+    "al",
+    "allfinanz",
+    "alsace",
+    "am",
+    "amsterdam",
+    "an",
+    "android",
+    "ao",
+    "apartments",
+    "aq",
+    "aquarelle",
+    "ar",
+    "archi",
+    "army",
+    "arpa",
+    "as",
+    "asia",
+    "associates",
+    "at",
+    "attorney",
+    "au",
+    "auction",
+    "audio",
+    "autos",
+    "aw",
+    "ax",
+    "axa",
+    "az",
     # b
-    'ba', 'band', 'bank', 'bar', 'barclaycard', 'barclays',
-    'bargains', 'bayern', 'bb', 'bd', 'be', 'beer', 'berlin', 'best',
-    'bf', 'bg', 'bh', 'bi', 'bid', 'bike', 'bingo', 'bio', 'biz',
-    'bj', 'black', 'blackfriday', 'bloomberg', 'blue', 'bm', 'bmw',
-    'bn', 'bnpparibas', 'bo', 'boo', 'boutique', 'br', 'brussels',
-    'bs', 'bt', 'budapest', 'build', 'builders', 'business', 'buzz',
-    'bv', 'bw', 'by', 'bz', 'bzh',
+    "ba",
+    "band",
+    "bank",
+    "bar",
+    "barclaycard",
+    "barclays",
+    "bargains",
+    "bayern",
+    "bb",
+    "bd",
+    "be",
+    "beer",
+    "berlin",
+    "best",
+    "bf",
+    "bg",
+    "bh",
+    "bi",
+    "bid",
+    "bike",
+    "bingo",
+    "bio",
+    "biz",
+    "bj",
+    "black",
+    "blackfriday",
+    "bloomberg",
+    "blue",
+    "bm",
+    "bmw",
+    "bn",
+    "bnpparibas",
+    "bo",
+    "boo",
+    "boutique",
+    "br",
+    "brussels",
+    "bs",
+    "bt",
+    "budapest",
+    "build",
+    "builders",
+    "business",
+    "buzz",
+    "bv",
+    "bw",
+    "by",
+    "bz",
+    "bzh",
     # c
-    'ca', 'cab', 'cal', 'camera', 'camp', 'cancerresearch', 'canon',
-    'capetown', 'capital', 'caravan', 'cards', 'care', 'career',
-    'careers', 'cartier', 'casa', 'cash', 'casino', 'cat',
-    'catering', 'cbn', 'cc', 'cd', 'center', 'ceo', 'cern', 'cf',
-    'cg', 'ch', 'channel', 'chat', 'cheap', 'christmas', 'chrome',
-    'church', 'ci', 'citic', 'city', 'ck', 'cl', 'claims',
-    'cleaning', 'click', 'clinic', 'clothing', 'club', 'cm', 'cn',
-    'co', 'coach', 'codes', 'coffee', 'college', 'cologne', 'com',
-    'community', 'company', 'computer', 'condos', 'construction',
-    'consulting', 'contractors', 'cooking', 'cool', 'coop',
-    'country', 'cr', 'credit', 'creditcard', 'cricket', 'crs',
-    'cruises', 'cu', 'cuisinella', 'cv', 'cw', 'cx', 'cy', 'cymru',
-    'cz',
+    "ca",
+    "cab",
+    "cal",
+    "camera",
+    "camp",
+    "cancerresearch",
+    "canon",
+    "capetown",
+    "capital",
+    "caravan",
+    "cards",
+    "care",
+    "career",
+    "careers",
+    "cartier",
+    "casa",
+    "cash",
+    "casino",
+    "cat",
+    "catering",
+    "cbn",
+    "cc",
+    "cd",
+    "center",
+    "ceo",
+    "cern",
+    "cf",
+    "cg",
+    "ch",
+    "channel",
+    "chat",
+    "cheap",
+    "christmas",
+    "chrome",
+    "church",
+    "ci",
+    "citic",
+    "city",
+    "ck",
+    "cl",
+    "claims",
+    "cleaning",
+    "click",
+    "clinic",
+    "clothing",
+    "club",
+    "cm",
+    "cn",
+    "co",
+    "coach",
+    "codes",
+    "coffee",
+    "college",
+    "cologne",
+    "com",
+    "community",
+    "company",
+    "computer",
+    "condos",
+    "construction",
+    "consulting",
+    "contractors",
+    "cooking",
+    "cool",
+    "coop",
+    "country",
+    "cr",
+    "credit",
+    "creditcard",
+    "cricket",
+    "crs",
+    "cruises",
+    "cu",
+    "cuisinella",
+    "cv",
+    "cw",
+    "cx",
+    "cy",
+    "cymru",
+    "cz",
     # d
-    'dabur', 'dad', 'dance', 'dating', 'day', 'dclk', 'de', 'deals',
-    'degree', 'delivery', 'democrat', 'dental', 'dentist', 'desi',
-    'design', 'dev', 'diamonds', 'diet', 'digital', 'direct',
-    'directory', 'discount', 'dj', 'dk', 'dm', 'dnp', 'do', 'docs',
-    'domains', 'doosan', 'durban', 'dvag', 'dz',
+    "dabur",
+    "dad",
+    "dance",
+    "dating",
+    "day",
+    "dclk",
+    "de",
+    "deals",
+    "degree",
+    "delivery",
+    "democrat",
+    "dental",
+    "dentist",
+    "desi",
+    "design",
+    "dev",
+    "diamonds",
+    "diet",
+    "digital",
+    "direct",
+    "directory",
+    "discount",
+    "dj",
+    "dk",
+    "dm",
+    "dnp",
+    "do",
+    "docs",
+    "domains",
+    "doosan",
+    "durban",
+    "dvag",
+    "dz",
     # e
-    'eat', 'ec', 'edu', 'education', 'ee', 'eg', 'email', 'emerck',
-    'energy', 'engineer', 'engineering', 'enterprises', 'equipment',
-    'er', 'es', 'esq', 'estate', 'et', 'eu', 'eurovision', 'eus',
-    'events', 'everbank', 'exchange', 'expert', 'exposed',
+    "eat",
+    "ec",
+    "edu",
+    "education",
+    "ee",
+    "eg",
+    "email",
+    "emerck",
+    "energy",
+    "engineer",
+    "engineering",
+    "enterprises",
+    "equipment",
+    "er",
+    "es",
+    "esq",
+    "estate",
+    "et",
+    "eu",
+    "eurovision",
+    "eus",
+    "events",
+    "everbank",
+    "exchange",
+    "expert",
+    "exposed",
     # f
-    'fail', 'fans', 'farm', 'fashion', 'feedback', 'fi', 'finance',
-    'financial', 'firmdale', 'fish', 'fishing', 'fit', 'fitness',
-    'fj', 'fk', 'flights', 'florist', 'flowers', 'flsmidth', 'fly',
-    'fm', 'fo', 'foo', 'football', 'forsale', 'foundation', 'fr',
-    'frl', 'frogans', 'fund', 'furniture', 'futbol',
+    "fail",
+    "fans",
+    "farm",
+    "fashion",
+    "feedback",
+    "fi",
+    "finance",
+    "financial",
+    "firmdale",
+    "fish",
+    "fishing",
+    "fit",
+    "fitness",
+    "fj",
+    "fk",
+    "flights",
+    "florist",
+    "flowers",
+    "flsmidth",
+    "fly",
+    "fm",
+    "fo",
+    "foo",
+    "football",
+    "forsale",
+    "foundation",
+    "fr",
+    "frl",
+    "frogans",
+    "fund",
+    "furniture",
+    "futbol",
     # g
-    'ga', 'gal', 'gallery', 'garden', 'gb', 'gbiz', 'gd', 'gdn',
-    'ge', 'gent', 'gf', 'gg', 'ggee', 'gh', 'gi', 'gift', 'gifts',
-    'gives', 'gl', 'glass', 'gle', 'global', 'globo', 'gm', 'gmail',
-    'gmo', 'gmx', 'gn', 'goldpoint', 'goog', 'google', 'gop', 'gov',
-    'gp', 'gq', 'gr', 'graphics', 'gratis', 'green', 'gripe', 'gs',
-    'gt', 'gu', 'guide', 'guitars', 'guru', 'gw', 'gy',
+    "ga",
+    "gal",
+    "gallery",
+    "garden",
+    "gb",
+    "gbiz",
+    "gd",
+    "gdn",
+    "ge",
+    "gent",
+    "gf",
+    "gg",
+    "ggee",
+    "gh",
+    "gi",
+    "gift",
+    "gifts",
+    "gives",
+    "gl",
+    "glass",
+    "gle",
+    "global",
+    "globo",
+    "gm",
+    "gmail",
+    "gmo",
+    "gmx",
+    "gn",
+    "goldpoint",
+    "goog",
+    "google",
+    "gop",
+    "gov",
+    "gp",
+    "gq",
+    "gr",
+    "graphics",
+    "gratis",
+    "green",
+    "gripe",
+    "gs",
+    "gt",
+    "gu",
+    "guide",
+    "guitars",
+    "guru",
+    "gw",
+    "gy",
     # h
-    'hamburg', 'hangout', 'haus', 'healthcare', 'help', 'here',
-    'hermes', 'hiphop', 'hiv', 'hk', 'hm', 'hn', 'holdings',
-    'holiday', 'homes', 'horse', 'host', 'hosting', 'house', 'how',
-    'hr', 'ht', 'hu',
+    "hamburg",
+    "hangout",
+    "haus",
+    "healthcare",
+    "help",
+    "here",
+    "hermes",
+    "hiphop",
+    "hiv",
+    "hk",
+    "hm",
+    "hn",
+    "holdings",
+    "holiday",
+    "homes",
+    "horse",
+    "host",
+    "hosting",
+    "house",
+    "how",
+    "hr",
+    "ht",
+    "hu",
     # i
-    'ibm', 'id', 'ie', 'ifm', 'il', 'im', 'immo', 'immobilien', 'in',
-    'industries', 'info', 'ing', 'ink', 'institute', 'insure', 'int',
-    'international', 'investments', 'io', 'iq', 'ir', 'irish', 'is',
-    'it', 'iwc',
+    "ibm",
+    "id",
+    "ie",
+    "ifm",
+    "il",
+    "im",
+    "immo",
+    "immobilien",
+    "in",
+    "industries",
+    "info",
+    "ing",
+    "ink",
+    "institute",
+    "insure",
+    "int",
+    "international",
+    "investments",
+    "io",
+    "iq",
+    "ir",
+    "irish",
+    "is",
+    "it",
+    "iwc",
     # j
-    'jcb', 'je', 'jetzt', 'jm', 'jo', 'jobs', 'joburg', 'jp',
-    'juegos',
+    "jcb",
+    "je",
+    "jetzt",
+    "jm",
+    "jo",
+    "jobs",
+    "joburg",
+    "jp",
+    "juegos",
     # k
-    'kaufen', 'kddi', 'ke', 'kg', 'kh', 'ki', 'kim', 'kitchen',
-    'kiwi', 'km', 'kn', 'koeln', 'kp', 'kr', 'krd', 'kred', 'kw',
-    'ky', 'kyoto', 'kz',
+    "kaufen",
+    "kddi",
+    "ke",
+    "kg",
+    "kh",
+    "ki",
+    "kim",
+    "kitchen",
+    "kiwi",
+    "km",
+    "kn",
+    "koeln",
+    "kp",
+    "kr",
+    "krd",
+    "kred",
+    "kw",
+    "ky",
+    "kyoto",
+    "kz",
     # l
-    'la', 'lacaixa', 'land', 'lat', 'latrobe', 'lawyer', 'lb', 'lc',
-    'lds', 'lease', 'legal', 'lgbt', 'li', 'lidl', 'life',
-    'lighting', 'limited', 'limo', 'link', 'lk', 'loans',
-    'localhost', 'london', 'lotte', 'lotto', 'lr', 'ls', 'lt',
-    'ltda', 'lu', 'luxe', 'luxury', 'lv', 'ly',
+    "la",
+    "lacaixa",
+    "land",
+    "lat",
+    "latrobe",
+    "lawyer",
+    "lb",
+    "lc",
+    "lds",
+    "lease",
+    "legal",
+    "lgbt",
+    "li",
+    "lidl",
+    "life",
+    "lighting",
+    "limited",
+    "limo",
+    "link",
+    "lk",
+    "loans",
+    "localhost",
+    "london",
+    "lotte",
+    "lotto",
+    "lr",
+    "ls",
+    "lt",
+    "ltda",
+    "lu",
+    "luxe",
+    "luxury",
+    "lv",
+    "ly",
     # m
-    'ma', 'madrid', 'maison', 'management', 'mango', 'market',
-    'marketing', 'marriott', 'mc', 'md', 'me', 'media', 'meet',
-    'melbourne', 'meme', 'memorial', 'menu', 'mg', 'mh', 'miami',
-    'mil', 'mini', 'mk', 'ml', 'mm', 'mn', 'mo', 'mobi', 'moda',
-    'moe', 'monash', 'money', 'mormon', 'mortgage', 'moscow',
-    'motorcycles', 'mov', 'mp', 'mq', 'mr', 'ms', 'mt', 'mu',
-    'museum', 'mv', 'mw', 'mx', 'my', 'mz',
+    "ma",
+    "madrid",
+    "maison",
+    "management",
+    "mango",
+    "market",
+    "marketing",
+    "marriott",
+    "mc",
+    "md",
+    "me",
+    "media",
+    "meet",
+    "melbourne",
+    "meme",
+    "memorial",
+    "menu",
+    "mg",
+    "mh",
+    "miami",
+    "mil",
+    "mini",
+    "mk",
+    "ml",
+    "mm",
+    "mn",
+    "mo",
+    "mobi",
+    "moda",
+    "moe",
+    "monash",
+    "money",
+    "mormon",
+    "mortgage",
+    "moscow",
+    "motorcycles",
+    "mov",
+    "mp",
+    "mq",
+    "mr",
+    "ms",
+    "mt",
+    "mu",
+    "museum",
+    "mv",
+    "mw",
+    "mx",
+    "my",
+    "mz",
     # n
-    'na', 'nagoya', 'name', 'navy', 'nc', 'ne', 'net', 'network',
-    'neustar', 'new', 'nexus', 'nf', 'ng', 'ngo', 'nhk', 'ni',
-    'nico', 'ninja', 'nl', 'no', 'np', 'nr', 'nra', 'nrw', 'ntt',
-    'nu', 'nyc', 'nz',
+    "na",
+    "nagoya",
+    "name",
+    "navy",
+    "nc",
+    "ne",
+    "net",
+    "network",
+    "neustar",
+    "new",
+    "nexus",
+    "nf",
+    "ng",
+    "ngo",
+    "nhk",
+    "ni",
+    "nico",
+    "ninja",
+    "nl",
+    "no",
+    "np",
+    "nr",
+    "nra",
+    "nrw",
+    "ntt",
+    "nu",
+    "nyc",
+    "nz",
     # o
-    'okinawa', 'om', 'one', 'ong', 'onl', 'ooo', 'org', 'organic',
-    'osaka', 'otsuka', 'ovh',
+    "okinawa",
+    "om",
+    "one",
+    "ong",
+    "onl",
+    "ooo",
+    "org",
+    "organic",
+    "osaka",
+    "otsuka",
+    "ovh",
     # p
-    'pa', 'paris', 'partners', 'parts', 'party', 'pe', 'pf', 'pg',
-    'ph', 'pharmacy', 'photo', 'photography', 'photos', 'physio',
-    'pics', 'pictures', 'pink', 'pizza', 'pk', 'pl', 'place',
-    'plumbing', 'pm', 'pn', 'pohl', 'poker', 'porn', 'post', 'pr',
-    'praxi', 'press', 'pro', 'prod', 'productions', 'prof',
-    'properties', 'property', 'ps', 'pt', 'pub', 'pw', 'py',
+    "pa",
+    "paris",
+    "partners",
+    "parts",
+    "party",
+    "pe",
+    "pf",
+    "pg",
+    "ph",
+    "pharmacy",
+    "photo",
+    "photography",
+    "photos",
+    "physio",
+    "pics",
+    "pictures",
+    "pink",
+    "pizza",
+    "pk",
+    "pl",
+    "place",
+    "plumbing",
+    "pm",
+    "pn",
+    "pohl",
+    "poker",
+    "porn",
+    "post",
+    "pr",
+    "praxi",
+    "press",
+    "pro",
+    "prod",
+    "productions",
+    "prof",
+    "properties",
+    "property",
+    "ps",
+    "pt",
+    "pub",
+    "pw",
+    "py",
     # q
-    'qa', 'qpon', 'quebec',
+    "qa",
+    "qpon",
+    "quebec",
     # r
-    're', 'realtor', 'recipes', 'red', 'rehab', 'reise', 'reisen',
-    'reit', 'ren', 'rentals', 'repair', 'report', 'republican',
-    'rest', 'restaurant', 'reviews', 'rich', 'rio', 'rip', 'ro',
-    'rocks', 'rodeo', 'rs', 'rsvp', 'ru', 'ruhr', 'rw', 'ryukyu',
+    "re",
+    "realtor",
+    "recipes",
+    "red",
+    "rehab",
+    "reise",
+    "reisen",
+    "reit",
+    "ren",
+    "rentals",
+    "repair",
+    "report",
+    "republican",
+    "rest",
+    "restaurant",
+    "reviews",
+    "rich",
+    "rio",
+    "rip",
+    "ro",
+    "rocks",
+    "rodeo",
+    "rs",
+    "rsvp",
+    "ru",
+    "ruhr",
+    "rw",
+    "ryukyu",
     # s
-    'sa', 'saarland', 'sale', 'samsung', 'sarl', 'saxo', 'sb', 'sc',
-    'sca', 'scb', 'schmidt', 'school', 'schule', 'schwarz',
-    'science', 'scot', 'sd', 'se', 'services', 'sew', 'sexy', 'sg',
-    'sh', 'shiksha', 'shoes', 'shriram', 'si', 'singles', 'sj', 'sk',
-    'sky', 'sl', 'sm', 'sn', 'so', 'social', 'software', 'sohu',
-    'solar', 'solutions', 'soy', 'space', 'spiegel', 'sr', 'st',
-    'style', 'su', 'supplies', 'supply', 'support', 'surf',
-    'surgery', 'suzuki', 'sv', 'sx', 'sy', 'sydney', 'systems', 'sz',
+    "sa",
+    "saarland",
+    "sale",
+    "samsung",
+    "sarl",
+    "saxo",
+    "sb",
+    "sc",
+    "sca",
+    "scb",
+    "schmidt",
+    "school",
+    "schule",
+    "schwarz",
+    "science",
+    "scot",
+    "sd",
+    "se",
+    "services",
+    "sew",
+    "sexy",
+    "sg",
+    "sh",
+    "shiksha",
+    "shoes",
+    "shriram",
+    "si",
+    "singles",
+    "sj",
+    "sk",
+    "sky",
+    "sl",
+    "sm",
+    "sn",
+    "so",
+    "social",
+    "software",
+    "sohu",
+    "solar",
+    "solutions",
+    "soy",
+    "space",
+    "spiegel",
+    "sr",
+    "st",
+    "style",
+    "su",
+    "supplies",
+    "supply",
+    "support",
+    "surf",
+    "surgery",
+    "suzuki",
+    "sv",
+    "sx",
+    "sy",
+    "sydney",
+    "systems",
+    "sz",
     # t
-    'taipei', 'tatar', 'tattoo', 'tax', 'tc', 'td', 'technology',
-    'tel', 'temasek', 'tennis', 'tf', 'tg', 'th', 'tienda', 'tips',
-    'tires', 'tirol', 'tj', 'tk', 'tl', 'tm', 'tn', 'to', 'today',
-    'tokyo', 'tools', 'top', 'toshiba', 'town', 'toys', 'tp', 'tr',
-    'trade', 'training', 'travel', 'trust', 'tt', 'tui', 'tv', 'tw',
-    'tz',
+    "taipei",
+    "tatar",
+    "tattoo",
+    "tax",
+    "tc",
+    "td",
+    "technology",
+    "tel",
+    "temasek",
+    "tennis",
+    "tf",
+    "tg",
+    "th",
+    "tienda",
+    "tips",
+    "tires",
+    "tirol",
+    "tj",
+    "tk",
+    "tl",
+    "tm",
+    "tn",
+    "to",
+    "today",
+    "tokyo",
+    "tools",
+    "top",
+    "toshiba",
+    "town",
+    "toys",
+    "tp",
+    "tr",
+    "trade",
+    "training",
+    "travel",
+    "trust",
+    "tt",
+    "tui",
+    "tv",
+    "tw",
+    "tz",
     # u
-    'ua', 'ug', 'uk', 'university', 'uno', 'uol', 'us', 'uy', 'uz',
+    "ua",
+    "ug",
+    "uk",
+    "university",
+    "uno",
+    "uol",
+    "us",
+    "uy",
+    "uz",
     # v
-    'va', 'vacations', 'vc', 've', 'vegas', 'ventures',
-    'versicherung', 'vet', 'vg', 'vi', 'viajes', 'video', 'villas',
-    'vision', 'vlaanderen', 'vn', 'vodka', 'vote', 'voting', 'voto',
-    'voyage', 'vu',
+    "va",
+    "vacations",
+    "vc",
+    "ve",
+    "vegas",
+    "ventures",
+    "versicherung",
+    "vet",
+    "vg",
+    "vi",
+    "viajes",
+    "video",
+    "villas",
+    "vision",
+    "vlaanderen",
+    "vn",
+    "vodka",
+    "vote",
+    "voting",
+    "voto",
+    "voyage",
+    "vu",
     # w
-    'wales', 'wang', 'watch', 'webcam', 'website', 'wed', 'wedding',
-    'wf', 'whoswho', 'wien', 'wiki', 'williamhill', 'wme', 'work',
-    'works', 'world', 'ws', 'wtc', 'wtf',
+    "wales",
+    "wang",
+    "watch",
+    "webcam",
+    "website",
+    "wed",
+    "wedding",
+    "wf",
+    "whoswho",
+    "wien",
+    "wiki",
+    "williamhill",
+    "wme",
+    "work",
+    "works",
+    "world",
+    "ws",
+    "wtc",
+    "wtf",
     # x
-    'xn--1qqw23a', 'xn--3bst00m', 'xn--3ds443g', 'xn--3e0b707e',
-    'xn--45brj9c', 'xn--45q11c', 'xn--4gbrim', 'xn--55qw42g',
-    'xn--55qx5d', 'xn--6frz82g', 'xn--6qq986b3xl', 'xn--80adxhks',
-    'xn--80ao21a', 'xn--80asehdb', 'xn--80aswg', 'xn--90a3ac',
-    'xn--90ais', 'xn--b4w605ferd', 'xn--c1avg', 'xn--cg4bki',
-    'xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd', 'xn--czr694b', 'xn--czrs0t',
-    'xn--czru2d', 'xn--d1acj3b', 'xn--d1alf', 'xn--fiq228c5hs',
-    'xn--fiq64b', 'xn--fiqs8s', 'xn--fiqz9s', 'xn--flw351e',
-    'xn--fpcrj9c3d', 'xn--fzc2c9e2c', 'xn--gecrj9c', 'xn--h2brj9c',
-    'xn--hxt814e', 'xn--i1b6b1a6a2e', 'xn--io0a7i', 'xn--j1amh',
-    'xn--j6w193g', 'xn--kprw13d', 'xn--kpry57d', 'xn--kput3i',
-    'xn--l1acc', 'xn--lgbbat1ad8j', 'xn--mgb9awbf',
-    'xn--mgba3a4f16a', 'xn--mgbaam7a8h', 'xn--mgbab2bd',
-    'xn--mgbayh7gpa', 'xn--mgbbh1a71e', 'xn--mgbc0a9azcg',
-    'xn--mgberp4a5d4ar', 'xn--mgbx4cd0ab', 'xn--ngbc5azd',
-    'xn--node', 'xn--nqv7f', 'xn--nqv7fs00ema', 'xn--o3cw4h',
-    'xn--ogbpf8fl', 'xn--p1acf', 'xn--p1ai', 'xn--pgbs0dh',
-    'xn--q9jyb4c', 'xn--qcka1pmc', 'xn--rhqv96g', 'xn--s9brj9c',
-    'xn--ses554g', 'xn--unup4y', 'xn--vermgensberater-ctb',
-    'xn--vermgensberatung-pwb', 'xn--vhquv', 'xn--wgbh1c',
-    'xn--wgbl6a', 'xn--xhq521b', 'xn--xkc2al3hye2a',
-    'xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h', 'xn--yfro4i67o', 'xn--ygbi2ammx',
-    'xn--zfr164b', 'xxx', 'xyz',
+    "xn--1qqw23a",
+    "xn--3bst00m",
+    "xn--3ds443g",
+    "xn--3e0b707e",
+    "xn--45brj9c",
+    "xn--45q11c",
+    "xn--4gbrim",
+    "xn--55qw42g",
+    "xn--55qx5d",
+    "xn--6frz82g",
+    "xn--6qq986b3xl",
+    "xn--80adxhks",
+    "xn--80ao21a",
+    "xn--80asehdb",
+    "xn--80aswg",
+    "xn--90a3ac",
+    "xn--90ais",
+    "xn--b4w605ferd",
+    "xn--c1avg",
+    "xn--cg4bki",
+    "xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd",
+    "xn--czr694b",
+    "xn--czrs0t",
+    "xn--czru2d",
+    "xn--d1acj3b",
+    "xn--d1alf",
+    "xn--fiq228c5hs",
+    "xn--fiq64b",
+    "xn--fiqs8s",
+    "xn--fiqz9s",
+    "xn--flw351e",
+    "xn--fpcrj9c3d",
+    "xn--fzc2c9e2c",
+    "xn--gecrj9c",
+    "xn--h2brj9c",
+    "xn--hxt814e",
+    "xn--i1b6b1a6a2e",
+    "xn--io0a7i",
+    "xn--j1amh",
+    "xn--j6w193g",
+    "xn--kprw13d",
+    "xn--kpry57d",
+    "xn--kput3i",
+    "xn--l1acc",
+    "xn--lgbbat1ad8j",
+    "xn--mgb9awbf",
+    "xn--mgba3a4f16a",
+    "xn--mgbaam7a8h",
+    "xn--mgbab2bd",
+    "xn--mgbayh7gpa",
+    "xn--mgbbh1a71e",
+    "xn--mgbc0a9azcg",
+    "xn--mgberp4a5d4ar",
+    "xn--mgbx4cd0ab",
+    "xn--ngbc5azd",
+    "xn--node",
+    "xn--nqv7f",
+    "xn--nqv7fs00ema",
+    "xn--o3cw4h",
+    "xn--ogbpf8fl",
+    "xn--p1acf",
+    "xn--p1ai",
+    "xn--pgbs0dh",
+    "xn--q9jyb4c",
+    "xn--qcka1pmc",
+    "xn--rhqv96g",
+    "xn--s9brj9c",
+    "xn--ses554g",
+    "xn--unup4y",
+    "xn--vermgensberater-ctb",
+    "xn--vermgensberatung-pwb",
+    "xn--vhquv",
+    "xn--wgbh1c",
+    "xn--wgbl6a",
+    "xn--xhq521b",
+    "xn--xkc2al3hye2a",
+    "xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h",
+    "xn--yfro4i67o",
+    "xn--ygbi2ammx",
+    "xn--zfr164b",
+    "xxx",
+    "xyz",
     # y
-    'yachts', 'yandex', 'ye', 'yodobashi', 'yoga', 'yokohama',
-    'youtube', 'yt',
+    "yachts",
+    "yandex",
+    "ye",
+    "yodobashi",
+    "yoga",
+    "yokohama",
+    "youtube",
+    "yt",
     # z
-    'za', 'zip', 'zm', 'zone', 'zuerich', 'zw'
+    "za",
+    "zip",
+    "zm",
+    "zone",
+    "zuerich",
+    "zw",
 ]
diff --git a/emmett/validators/inside.py b/emmett/validators/inside.py
index 6d3a36ff..c391909d 100644
--- a/emmett/validators/inside.py
+++ b/emmett/validators/inside.py
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.validators.inside
-    ------------------------
+emmett.validators.inside
+------------------------
 
-    Validators that check presence/absence of given value in a set.
+Validators that check presence/absence of given value in a set.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
 
-    Based on the web2py's validators (http://www.web2py.com)
-    :copyright: (c) by Massimo Di Pierro <mdipierro@cs.depaul.edu>
+Based on the web2py's validators (http://www.web2py.com)
+:copyright: (c) by Massimo Di Pierro <mdipierro@cs.depaul.edu>
 
-    :license: LGPLv3 (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html)
+:license: LGPLv3 (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html)
 """
 
 from emmett_core.utils import cachedprop
@@ -42,14 +42,11 @@ def _lt(self, val1, val2, eq=False):
     def __call__(self, value):
         minimum = self.minimum() if callable(self.minimum) else self.minimum
         maximum = self.maximum() if callable(self.maximum) else self.maximum
-        if (
-            (minimum is None or self._gt(value, minimum, self.inc[0])) and
-            (maximum is None or self._lt(value, maximum, self.inc[1]))
+        if (minimum is None or self._gt(value, minimum, self.inc[0])) and (
+            maximum is None or self._lt(value, maximum, self.inc[1])
         ):
             return value, None
-        return value, translate(
-            self._range_error(self.message, minimum, maximum)
-        )
+        return value, translate(self._range_error(self.message, minimum, maximum))
 
     def _range_error(self, message, minimum, maximum):
         if message is None:
@@ -66,22 +63,14 @@ def _range_error(self, message, minimum, maximum):
 
 
 class inSet(Validator):
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        theset,
-        labels=None,
-        multiple=False,
-        zero=None,
-        sort=False,
-        message=None
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, theset, labels=None, multiple=False, zero=None, sort=False, message=None):
         super().__init__(message=message)
         self.multiple = multiple
         if (
-            theset and
-            isinstance(theset, (tuple, list)) and
-            isinstance(theset[0], (tuple, list)) and
-            len(theset[0]) == 2
+            theset
+            and isinstance(theset, (tuple, list))
+            and isinstance(theset[0], (tuple, list))
+            and len(theset[0]) == 2
         ):
             lset, llabels = [], []
             for item, label in theset:
@@ -89,10 +78,7 @@ def __init__(
                 llabels.append(str(label))
             self.theset = lset
             self.labels = llabels
-        elif (
-            theset and
-            isinstance(theset, dict)
-        ):
+        elif theset and isinstance(theset, dict):
             lset, llabels = [], []
             for item, label in theset.items():
                 lset.append(str(item))
@@ -113,7 +99,7 @@ def options(self, zero=True):
         if self.sort:
             items.sort(options_sorter)
         if zero and self.zero is not None and not self.multiple:
-            items.insert(0, ('', self.zero))
+            items.insert(0, ("", self.zero))
         return items
 
     def __call__(self, value):
@@ -126,25 +112,20 @@ def __call__(self, value):
                 values = [value]
         else:
             values = [value]
-        failures = [
-            x for x in values
-            if (to_unicode(x) or '') not in self.theset]
+        failures = [x for x in values if (to_unicode(x) or "") not in self.theset]
         if failures and self.theset:
-            if self.multiple and (value is None or value == ''):
+            if self.multiple and (value is None or value == ""):
                 return ([], None)
             return value, translate(self.message)
         if self.multiple:
-            if (
-                isinstance(self.multiple, (tuple, list)) and
-                not self.multiple[0] <= len(values) < self.multiple[1]
-            ):
+            if isinstance(self.multiple, (tuple, list)) and not self.multiple[0] <= len(values) < self.multiple[1]:
                 return values, translate(self.message)
             return values, None
         return value, None
 
 
 class DBValidator(Validator):
-    def __init__(self, db, tablename, fieldname='id', dbset=None, message=None):
+    def __init__(self, db, tablename, fieldname="id", dbset=None, message=None):
         super().__init__(message=message)
         self.db = db
         self.tablename = tablename
@@ -171,23 +152,9 @@ def field(self):
 
 class inDB(DBValidator):
     def __init__(
-        self,
-        db,
-        tablename,
-        fieldname='id',
-        dbset=None,
-        label_field=None,
-        multiple=False,
-        orderby=None,
-        message=None
+        self, db, tablename, fieldname="id", dbset=None, label_field=None, multiple=False, orderby=None, message=None
     ):
-        super().__init__(
-            db,
-            tablename,
-            fieldname=fieldname,
-            dbset=dbset,
-            message=message
-        )
+        super().__init__(db, tablename, fieldname=fieldname, dbset=dbset, message=message)
         self.label_field = label_field
         self.multiple = multiple
         self.orderby = orderby
@@ -209,18 +176,16 @@ def options(self, zero=True):
             items = [(r.id, self.db[self.tablename]._format % r) for r in records]
         else:
             items = [(r.id, r.id) for r in records]
-        #if self.sort:
+        # if self.sort:
         #    items.sort(options_sorter)
-        #if zero and self.zero is not None and not self.multiple:
+        # if zero and self.zero is not None and not self.multiple:
         #    items.insert(0, ('', self.zero))
         return items
 
     def __call__(self, value):
         if self.multiple:
             values = value if isinstance(value, list) else [value]
-            records = self.dbset.where(
-                self.field.belongs(values)
-            ).select(self.field, distinct=True).column(self.field)
+            records = self.dbset.where(self.field.belongs(values)).select(self.field, distinct=True).column(self.field)
             if set(values).issubset(set(records)):
                 return values, None
         else:
@@ -231,11 +196,9 @@ def __call__(self, value):
 
 class notInDB(DBValidator):
     def __call__(self, value):
-        row = self.dbset.where(
-            self.field == value
-        ).select(limitby=(0, 1)).first()
+        row = self.dbset.where(self.field == value).select(limitby=(0, 1)).first()
         if row:
-            record_id = getattr(current, '_dbvalidation_record_id_', None)
+            record_id = getattr(current, "_dbvalidation_record_id_", None)
             if row.id != record_id:
                 return value, translate(self.message)
         return value, None
diff --git a/emmett/validators/process.py b/emmett/validators/process.py
index 73eb4341..8e3b852b 100644
--- a/emmett/validators/process.py
+++ b/emmett/validators/process.py
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.validators.process
-    -------------------------
+emmett.validators.process
+-------------------------
 
-    Validators that transform values.
+Validators that transform values.
 
-    Ported from the original validators of web2py (http://www.web2py.com)
+Ported from the original validators of web2py (http://www.web2py.com)
 
-    :copyright: (c) by Massimo Di Pierro <mdipierro@cs.depaul.edu>
-    :license: LGPLv3 (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html)
+:copyright: (c) by Massimo Di Pierro <mdipierro@cs.depaul.edu>
+:license: LGPLv3 (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html)
 """
 
 import re
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 # TODO: check unicode conversions
 from .._shortcuts import to_unicode
 from .basic import Validator
-from .helpers import translate, LazyCrypt
+from .helpers import LazyCrypt, translate
 
 
 class Cleanup(Validator):
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ def __init__(self, regex=None, message=None):
         self.regex = self.rule if regex is None else re.compile(regex)
 
     def __call__(self, value):
-        v = self.regex.sub('', (to_unicode(value) or '').strip())
+        v = self.regex.sub("", (to_unicode(value) or "").strip())
         return v, None
 
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ def _urlify(self, s):
         # remove leading and trailing hyphens
         s = s.strip(r"-")
         # enforce maximum length
-        return s[:self.maxlen]
+        return s[: self.maxlen]
 
 
 class Crypt(Validator):
@@ -126,16 +126,14 @@ class Crypt(Validator):
     an existing salted password
     """
 
-    def __init__(
-        self, key=None, algorithm='pbkdf2(1000,20,sha512)', salt=True, message=None
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, key=None, algorithm="pbkdf2(1000,20,sha512)", salt=True, message=None):
         super().__init__(message=message)
         self.key = key
         self.digest_alg = algorithm
         self.salt = salt
 
     def __call__(self, value):
-        if getattr(value, '_emt_field_hashed_contents_', False):
+        if getattr(value, "_emt_field_hashed_contents_", False):
             return value, None
         crypt = LazyCrypt(self, value)
         if isinstance(value, LazyCrypt) and value == crypt:
diff --git a/emmett/wrappers/request.py b/emmett/wrappers/request.py
index a8b89796..707aa9a9 100644
--- a/emmett/wrappers/request.py
+++ b/emmett/wrappers/request.py
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.wrappers.request
-    -----------------------
+emmett.wrappers.request
+-----------------------
 
-    Provides http request wrappers.
+Provides http request wrappers.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 import pendulum
-
 from emmett_core.http.wrappers.request import Request as _Request
 from emmett_core.utils import cachedprop
 
diff --git a/emmett/wrappers/response.py b/emmett/wrappers/response.py
index 7413c4c0..46fc1514 100644
--- a/emmett/wrappers/response.py
+++ b/emmett/wrappers/response.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.wrappers.response
-    ------------------------
+emmett.wrappers.response
+------------------------
 
-    Provides response wrappers.
+Provides response wrappers.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from typing import Any
@@ -34,11 +34,7 @@ def alerts(self, **kwargs):
         return get_flashed_messages(**kwargs)
 
     def _meta_tmpl(self):
-        return [
-            (key, htmlescape(val)) for key, val in self.meta.items()
-        ]
+        return [(key, htmlescape(val)) for key, val in self.meta.items()]
 
     def _meta_tmpl_prop(self):
-        return [
-            (key, htmlescape(val)) for key, val in self.meta_prop.items()
-        ]
+        return [(key, htmlescape(val)) for key, val in self.meta_prop.items()]
diff --git a/emmett/wrappers/websocket.py b/emmett/wrappers/websocket.py
index 92e4d76c..f1fc10f1 100644
--- a/emmett/wrappers/websocket.py
+++ b/emmett/wrappers/websocket.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    emmett.wrappers.websocket
-    -------------------------
+emmett.wrappers.websocket
+-------------------------
 
-    Provides http websocket wrappers.
+Provides http websocket wrappers.
 
-    :copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
-    :license: BSD-3-Clause
+:copyright: 2014 Giovanni Barillari
+:license: BSD-3-Clause
 """
 
 from emmett_core.http.wrappers.websocket import Websocket as Websocket
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index cd827a40..c5053a58 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -75,12 +75,77 @@ include = [
 [tool.hatch.metadata]
 allow-direct-references = true
 
+[tool.ruff]
+line-length = 120
+
+[tool.ruff.format]
+quote-style = 'double'
+
+[tool.ruff.lint]
+extend-select = [
+    # E and F are enabled by default
+    'B',      # flake8-bugbear
+    'C4',     # flake8-comprehensions
+    'C90',    # mccabe
+    'I',      # isort
+    'N',      # pep8-naming
+    'Q',      # flake8-quotes
+    'RUF100', # ruff (unused noqa)
+    'S',      # flake8-bandit
+    'W',      # pycodestyle
+]
+extend-ignore = [
+    'B006', # mutable function args are fine
+    'B008', # function calls in args defaults are fine
+    'B009', # getattr with constants is fine
+    'B034', # re.split won't confuse us
+    'B904', # rising without from is fine
+    'E731', # assigning lambdas is fine
+    'F403', # import * is fine
+    'N801', # leave to us class naming
+    'N802', # leave to us method naming
+    'N806', # leave to us var naming
+    'N811', # leave to us var naming
+    'N814', # leave to us var naming
+    'N818', # leave to us exceptions naming
+    'S101', # assert is fine
+    'S104', # leave to us security
+    'S105', # leave to us security
+    'S106', # leave to us security
+    'S107', # leave to us security
+    'S110', # pass on exceptions is fine
+    'S301', # leave to us security
+    'S324', # leave to us security
+]
+mccabe = { max-complexity = 44 }
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.isort]
+combine-as-imports = true
+lines-after-imports = 2
+known-first-party = ['emmett', 'tests']
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.per-file-ignores]
+'emmett/__init__.py' = ['F401']
+'emmett/http.py' = ['F401']
+'emmett/orm/__init__.py' = ['F401']
+'emmett/orm/engines/__init__.py' = ['F401']
+'emmett/orm/migrations/__init__.py' = ['F401']
+'emmett/orm/migrations/revisions.py' = ['B018']
+'emmett/tools/__init__.py' = ['F401']
+'emmett/tools/auth/__init__.py' = ['F401']
+'emmett/validators/__init__.py' = ['F401']
+'tests/**' = ['B017', 'B018', 'E711', 'E712', 'E741', 'F841', 'S110', 'S501']
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+asyncio_mode = 'auto'
+
 [tool.uv]
 dev-dependencies = [
     "ipaddress>=1.0",
     "pytest>=7.1",
     "pytest-asyncio>=0.15",
     "psycopg2-binary~=2.9; python_version != '3.13'",
+    "ruff~=0.5.0",
 ]
 
 [tool.uv.sources]
diff --git a/tests/helpers.py b/tests/helpers.py
index 3e29bc07..cedc5ccf 100644
--- a/tests/helpers.py
+++ b/tests/helpers.py
@@ -1,21 +1,23 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    tests.helpers
-    -------------
+tests.helpers
+-------------
 
-    Tests helpers
+Tests helpers
 """
 
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 
 from emmett_core.protocols.rsgi.test_client.scope import ScopeBuilder
-from emmett.rsgi.wrappers import Request, Websocket
+
 from emmett.ctx import RequestContext, WSContext, current
 from emmett.datastructures import sdict
+from emmett.rsgi.wrappers import Request, Websocket
 from emmett.serializers import Serializers
 from emmett.wrappers.response import Response
 
-json_dump = Serializers.get_for('json')
+
+json_dump = Serializers.get_for("json")
 
 
 class FakeRequestContext(RequestContext):
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ def __init__(self):
         self._send_storage = []
 
     async def receive(self):
-        return json_dump({'foo': 'bar'})
+        return json_dump({"foo": "bar"})
 
     async def send_str(self, data):
         self._send_storage.append(data)
@@ -48,9 +50,7 @@ async def init(self):
         self.transport = FakeWSTransport()
 
     async def receive(self):
-        return sdict(
-            data=await self.transport.receive()
-        )
+        return sdict(data=await self.transport.receive())
 
     def close(self):
         pass
@@ -60,11 +60,7 @@ class FakeWSContext(WSContext):
     def __init__(self, app, scope):
         self.app = app
         self._proto = FakeWsProto()
-        self.websocket = Websocket(
-            scope,
-            scope.path,
-            self._proto
-        )
+        self.websocket = Websocket(scope, scope.path, self._proto)
         self._receive_storage = []
 
     @property
@@ -84,7 +80,7 @@ def current_ctx(path, app=None):
 def ws_ctx(path, app=None):
     builder = ScopeBuilder(path)
     scope_data = builder.get_data()[0]
-    scope_data.proto = 'ws'
+    scope_data.proto = "ws"
     token = current._init_(FakeWSContext(app, scope_data))
     yield current
     current._close_(token)
diff --git a/tests/test_auth.py b/tests/test_auth.py
index b4debf9b..a37e9197 100644
--- a/tests/test_auth.py
+++ b/tests/test_auth.py
@@ -1,63 +1,65 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    tests.auth
-    ----------
+tests.auth
+----------
 
-    Test Emmett Auth module
+Test Emmett Auth module
 """
 
 import os
-import pytest
 import shutil
+
+import pytest
+
 from emmett import App
-from emmett.orm import Database, Field, Model, has_many, belongs_to
+from emmett.orm import Database, Field, Model, belongs_to, has_many
 from emmett.sessions import SessionManager
 from emmett.tools import Auth, Mailer
 from emmett.tools.auth.models import AuthUser
 
 
 class User(AuthUser):
-    has_many('things')
+    has_many("things")
     gender = Field()
 
 
 class Thing(Model):
-    belongs_to('user')
+    belongs_to("user")
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def app():
     rv = App(__name__)
-    rv.config.mailer.sender = 'nina@massivedynamics.com'
+    rv.config.mailer.sender = "nina@massivedynamics.com"
     rv.config.mailer.suppress = True
     rv.config.auth.single_template = True
     rv.config.auth.hmac_key = "foobar"
-    rv.pipeline = [SessionManager.cookies('foobar')]
+    rv.pipeline = [SessionManager.cookies("foobar")]
     return rv
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def client(app):
     return app.test_client()
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def mailer(app):
     return Mailer(app)
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def _db(app):
     try:
-        shutil.rmtree(os.path.join(app.root_path, 'databases'))
-    except:
+        shutil.rmtree(os.path.join(app.root_path, "databases"))
+    except Exception:
         pass
     db = Database(app, auto_migrate=True)
     app.pipeline.append(db.pipe)
     return db
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def auth(app, _db, mailer):
     auth = Auth(app, _db, user_model=User)
     app.pipeline.append(auth.pipe)
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ def auth(app, _db, mailer):
     return auth
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def db(_db, auth):
     with _db.connection():
         _db.define_models(Thing)
@@ -75,24 +77,12 @@ def db(_db, auth):
 def test_models(db):
     with db.connection():
         user = User.create(
-            email="walter@massivedynamics.com",
-            password="pocketuniverse",
-            first_name="Walter",
-            last_name="Bishop"
-        )
-        group = db.auth_groups.insert(
-            role="admin"
-        )
-        group2 = db.auth_groups.insert(
-            role="moderator"
-        )
-        db.auth_memberships.insert(
-            user=user.id,
-            auth_group=group
-        )
-        db.auth_permissions.insert(
-            auth_group=group
+            email="walter@massivedynamics.com", password="pocketuniverse", first_name="Walter", last_name="Bishop"
         )
+        group = db.auth_groups.insert(role="admin")
+        group2 = db.auth_groups.insert(role="moderator")
+        db.auth_memberships.insert(user=user.id, auth_group=group)
+        db.auth_permissions.insert(auth_group=group)
         user = db.users[1]
         assert len(user.auth_memberships()) == 1
         assert user.auth_memberships()[0].user == 1
@@ -112,119 +102,128 @@ def test_models(db):
 
 
 def test_registration(mailer, db, client):
-    page = client.get('/auth/registration').data
-    assert 'E-mail' in page
-    assert 'First name' in page
-    assert 'Last name' in page
-    assert 'Password' in page
-    assert 'Confirm password' in page
-    assert 'Register' in page
+    page = client.get("/auth/registration").data
+    assert "E-mail" in page
+    assert "First name" in page
+    assert "Last name" in page
+    assert "Password" in page
+    assert "Confirm password" in page
+    assert "Register" in page
     with mailer.store_mails() as mailbox:
-        with client.get('/auth/registration').context as ctx:
-            req = client.post('/auth/registration', data={
-                'email': 'william@massivedynamics.com',
-                'first_name': 'William',
-                'last_name': 'Bell',
-                'password': 'imtheceo',
-                'password2': 'imtheceo',
-                '_csrf_token': list(ctx.session._csrf)[-1]
-            }, follow_redirects=True)
+        with client.get("/auth/registration").context as ctx:
+            req = client.post(
+                "/auth/registration",
+                data={
+                    "email": "william@massivedynamics.com",
+                    "first_name": "William",
+                    "last_name": "Bell",
+                    "password": "imtheceo",
+                    "password2": "imtheceo",
+                    "_csrf_token": list(ctx.session._csrf)[-1],
+                },
+                follow_redirects=True,
+            )
             assert "We sent you an email, check your inbox" in req.data
         assert len(mailbox) == 1
         mail = mailbox[0]
         assert mail.recipients == ["william@massivedynamics.com"]
-        assert mail.subject == 'Email verification'
+        assert mail.subject == "Email verification"
         mail_as_str = str(mail)
-        assert 'Hello william@massivedynamics.com!' in mail_as_str
-        assert 'verify your email' in mail_as_str
-        verification_code = mail_as_str.split(
-            "http://localhost/auth/email_verification/")[1].split(" ")[0]
-        req = client.get(
-            '/auth/email_verification/{}'.format(verification_code),
-            follow_redirects=True)
+        assert "Hello william@massivedynamics.com!" in mail_as_str
+        assert "verify your email" in mail_as_str
+        verification_code = mail_as_str.split("http://localhost/auth/email_verification/")[1].split(" ")[0]
+        req = client.get("/auth/email_verification/{}".format(verification_code), follow_redirects=True)
         assert "Account verification completed" in req.data
 
 
 def test_login(db, client):
-    page = client.get('/auth/login').data
-    assert 'E-mail' in page
-    assert 'Password' in page
-    assert 'Sign in' in page
-    with client.get('/auth/login').context as ctx:
-        req = client.post('/auth/login', data={
-            'email': 'william@massivedynamics.com',
-            'password': 'imtheceo',
-            '_csrf_token': list(ctx.session._csrf)[-1]
-        }, follow_redirects=True)
-        assert 'William' in req.data
-        assert 'Bell' in req.data
-        assert 'Save' in req.data
+    page = client.get("/auth/login").data
+    assert "E-mail" in page
+    assert "Password" in page
+    assert "Sign in" in page
+    with client.get("/auth/login").context as ctx:
+        req = client.post(
+            "/auth/login",
+            data={
+                "email": "william@massivedynamics.com",
+                "password": "imtheceo",
+                "_csrf_token": list(ctx.session._csrf)[-1],
+            },
+            follow_redirects=True,
+        )
+        assert "William" in req.data
+        assert "Bell" in req.data
+        assert "Save" in req.data
 
 
 def test_password_change(db, client):
-    with client.get('/auth/login').context as ctx:
-        with client.post('/auth/login', data={
-            'email': 'william@massivedynamics.com',
-            'password': 'imtheceo',
-            '_csrf_token': list(ctx.session._csrf)[-1]
-        }, follow_redirects=True):
-            page = client.get('/auth/password_change').data
-            assert 'Current password' in page
-            assert 'New password' in page
-            assert 'Confirm password' in page
-            with client.get('/auth/password_change').context as ctx2:
-                with client.post('/auth/password_change', data={
-                    'old_password': 'imtheceo',
-                    'new_password': 'imthebigceo',
-                    'new_password2': 'imthebigceo',
-                    '_csrf_token': list(ctx2.session._csrf)[-1]
-                }, follow_redirects=True) as req:
-                    assert 'Password changed successfully' in req.data
-                    assert 'William' in req.data
-                    assert 'Save' in req.data
+    with client.get("/auth/login").context as ctx:
+        with client.post(
+            "/auth/login",
+            data={
+                "email": "william@massivedynamics.com",
+                "password": "imtheceo",
+                "_csrf_token": list(ctx.session._csrf)[-1],
+            },
+            follow_redirects=True,
+        ):
+            page = client.get("/auth/password_change").data
+            assert "Current password" in page
+            assert "New password" in page
+            assert "Confirm password" in page
+            with client.get("/auth/password_change").context as ctx2:
+                with client.post(
+                    "/auth/password_change",
+                    data={
+                        "old_password": "imtheceo",
+                        "new_password": "imthebigceo",
+                        "new_password2": "imthebigceo",
+                        "_csrf_token": list(ctx2.session._csrf)[-1],
+                    },
+                    follow_redirects=True,
+                ) as req:
+                    assert "Password changed successfully" in req.data
+                    assert "William" in req.data
+                    assert "Save" in req.data
     with db.connection():
         assert (
-            db.users(email='william@massivedynamics.com').password ==
-            db.users.password.requires[-1]('imthebigceo')[0])
+            db.users(email="william@massivedynamics.com").password == db.users.password.requires[-1]("imthebigceo")[0]
+        )
 
 
 def test_password_retrieval(mailer, db, client):
-    page = client.get('/auth/password_retrieval').data
-    assert 'Email' in page
-    assert 'Retrieve password' in page
+    page = client.get("/auth/password_retrieval").data
+    assert "Email" in page
+    assert "Retrieve password" in page
     with mailer.store_mails() as mailbox:
-        with client.get('/auth/password_retrieval').context as ctx:
-            with client.post('/auth/password_retrieval', data={
-                'email': 'william@massivedynamics.com',
-                '_csrf_token': list(ctx.session._csrf)[-1]
-            }, follow_redirects=True) as req:
-                assert 'We sent you an email, check your inbox' in req.data
+        with client.get("/auth/password_retrieval").context as ctx:
+            with client.post(
+                "/auth/password_retrieval",
+                data={"email": "william@massivedynamics.com", "_csrf_token": list(ctx.session._csrf)[-1]},
+                follow_redirects=True,
+            ) as req:
+                assert "We sent you an email, check your inbox" in req.data
             assert len(mailbox) == 1
         mail = mailbox[0]
         assert mail.recipients == ["william@massivedynamics.com"]
-        assert mail.subject == 'Password reset requested'
+        assert mail.subject == "Password reset requested"
         mail_as_str = str(mail)
-        assert 'A password reset was requested for your account' in mail_as_str
-        reset_code = mail_as_str.split(
-            "http://localhost/auth/password_reset/")[1].split(" ")[0]
-        with client.get(
-            '/auth/password_reset/{}'.format(reset_code),
-            follow_redirects=True
-        ) as req:
-            assert 'New password' in req.data
-            assert 'Confirm password' in req.data
-            assert 'Reset password' in req.data
+        assert "A password reset was requested for your account" in mail_as_str
+        reset_code = mail_as_str.split("http://localhost/auth/password_reset/")[1].split(" ")[0]
+        with client.get("/auth/password_reset/{}".format(reset_code), follow_redirects=True) as req:
+            assert "New password" in req.data
+            assert "Confirm password" in req.data
+            assert "Reset password" in req.data
             with client.post(
-                '/auth/password_reset/{}'.format(reset_code),
+                "/auth/password_reset/{}".format(reset_code),
                 data={
-                    'password': 'imtheceo',
-                    'password2': 'imtheceo',
-                    '_csrf_token': list(req.context.session._csrf)[-1]},
-                follow_redirects=True
+                    "password": "imtheceo",
+                    "password2": "imtheceo",
+                    "_csrf_token": list(req.context.session._csrf)[-1],
+                },
+                follow_redirects=True,
             ) as req2:
-                assert 'Password changed successfully' in req2.data
-                assert 'Sign in' in req2.data
+                assert "Password changed successfully" in req2.data
+                assert "Sign in" in req2.data
     with db.connection():
-        assert (
-            db.users(email='william@massivedynamics.com').password ==
-            db.users.password.requires[-1]('imtheceo')[0])
+        assert db.users(email="william@massivedynamics.com").password == db.users.password.requires[-1]("imtheceo")[0]
diff --git a/tests/test_cache.py b/tests/test_cache.py
index 92b6f77d..15ffd259 100644
--- a/tests/test_cache.py
+++ b/tests/test_cache.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    tests.cache
-    -----------
+tests.cache
+-----------
 
-    Test Emmett cache module
+Test Emmett cache module
 """
 
 import pytest
@@ -27,17 +27,17 @@ async def test_diskcache():
     disk_cache = DiskCache()
     assert disk_cache._threshold == 500
 
-    assert disk_cache('test', lambda: 2) == 2
-    assert disk_cache('test', lambda: 3, 300) == 2
+    assert disk_cache("test", lambda: 2) == 2
+    assert disk_cache("test", lambda: 3, 300) == 2
 
-    assert await disk_cache('test_loop', _await_2) == 2
-    assert await disk_cache('test_loop', _await_3, 300) == 2
+    assert await disk_cache("test_loop", _await_2) == 2
+    assert await disk_cache("test_loop", _await_3, 300) == 2
 
-    disk_cache.set('test', 3)
-    assert disk_cache.get('test') == 3
+    disk_cache.set("test", 3)
+    assert disk_cache.get("test") == 3
 
-    disk_cache.set('test', 4, 300)
-    assert disk_cache.get('test') == 4
+    disk_cache.set("test", 4, 300)
+    assert disk_cache.get("test") == 4
 
     disk_cache.clear()
-    assert disk_cache.get('test') is None
+    assert disk_cache.get("test") is None
diff --git a/tests/test_logger.py b/tests/test_logger.py
index 74128cf5..49638381 100644
--- a/tests/test_logger.py
+++ b/tests/test_logger.py
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    tests.logger
-    ------------
+tests.logger
+------------
 
-    Test Emmett logging module
+Test Emmett logging module
 """
 
 import logging
 
 from emmett_core import log as logger
+
 from emmett import App, sdict
 
 
@@ -18,18 +19,14 @@ def _call_create_logger(app):
 
 def test_user_assign_valid_level():
     app = App(__name__)
-    app.config.logging.pytest = sdict(
-        level='info'
-    )
+    app.config.logging.pytest = sdict(level="info")
     result = _call_create_logger(app)
     assert result.handlers[-1].level == logging.INFO
 
 
 def test_user_assign_invaild_level():
     app = App(__name__)
-    app.config.logging.pytest = sdict(
-        level='invalid'
-    )
+    app.config.logging.pytest = sdict(level="invalid")
     result = _call_create_logger(app)
     assert result.handlers[-1].level == logging.WARNING
 
diff --git a/tests/test_mailer.py b/tests/test_mailer.py
index e978028e..2c598e77 100644
--- a/tests/test_mailer.py
+++ b/tests/test_mailer.py
@@ -1,30 +1,31 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    tests.mailer
-    ------------
+tests.mailer
+------------
 
-    Test Emmett mailer
+Test Emmett mailer
 """
 
 import base64
 import email
-import pytest
 import re
 import time
-
 from email.header import Header
+
+import pytest
+
 from emmett import App
 from emmett.tools.mailer import Mailer, sanitize_address
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def app():
     rv = App(__name__)
-    rv.config.mailer.sender = 'support@example.com'
+    rv.config.mailer.sender = "support@example.com"
     return rv
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def mailer(app):
     rv = Mailer(app)
     return rv
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ def mailer(app):
 
 def test_message_init(mailer):
     msg = mailer.mail(subject="subject", recipients="to@example.com")
-    assert msg.sender == 'support@example.com'
+    assert msg.sender == "support@example.com"
     assert msg.recipients == ["to@example.com"]
 
 
@@ -45,32 +46,23 @@ def test_recipients(mailer):
 
 def test_all_recipients(mailer):
     msg = mailer.mail(
-        subject="subject", recipients=["somebody@here.com"],
-        cc=["cc@example.com"], bcc=["bcc@example.com"])
+        subject="subject", recipients=["somebody@here.com"], cc=["cc@example.com"], bcc=["bcc@example.com"]
+    )
     assert len(msg.all_recipients) == 3
     msg.add_recipient("cc@example.com")
     assert len(msg.all_recipients) == 3
 
 
 def test_sender(mailer):
-    msg = mailer.mail(
-        subject="subject",
-        sender=u'ÄÜÖ → ✓ <from@example.com>>',
-        recipients=["to@example.com"])
-    assert 'From: =?utf-8?b?w4TDnMOWIOKGkiDinJM=?= <from@example.com>' in \
-        str(msg)
+    msg = mailer.mail(subject="subject", sender="ÄÜÖ → ✓ <from@example.com>>", recipients=["to@example.com"])
+    assert "From: =?utf-8?b?w4TDnMOWIOKGkiDinJM=?= <from@example.com>" in str(msg)
 
 
 def test_sender_as_tuple(mailer):
-    msg = mailer.mail(
-        subject="testing", sender=("tester", "tester@example.com"))
+    msg = mailer.mail(subject="testing", sender=("tester", "tester@example.com"))
     assert msg.sender == "tester <tester@example.com>"
-    msg = mailer.mail(
-        subject="subject",
-        sender=(u"ÄÜÖ → ✓", 'from@example.com>'),
-        recipients=["to@example.com"])
-    assert 'From: =?utf-8?b?w4TDnMOWIOKGkiDinJM=?= <from@example.com>' in \
-        str(msg)
+    msg = mailer.mail(subject="subject", sender=("ÄÜÖ → ✓", "from@example.com>"), recipients=["to@example.com"])
+    assert "From: =?utf-8?b?w4TDnMOWIOKGkiDinJM=?= <from@example.com>" in str(msg)
 
 
 def test_reply_to(mailer):
@@ -79,15 +71,14 @@ def test_reply_to(mailer):
         recipients=["to@example.com"],
         sender="spammer <spammer@example.com>",
         reply_to="somebody <somebody@example.com>",
-        body="testing")
-    h = Header(
-        "Reply-To: %s" % sanitize_address('somebody <somebody@example.com>'))
+        body="testing",
+    )
+    h = Header("Reply-To: %s" % sanitize_address("somebody <somebody@example.com>"))
     assert h.encode() in str(msg)
 
 
 def test_missing_sender(mailer):
-    msg = mailer.mail(
-        subject="testing", recipients=["to@example.com"], body="testing")
+    msg = mailer.mail(subject="testing", recipients=["to@example.com"], body="testing")
     msg.sender = None
     with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
         msg.send()
@@ -105,7 +96,8 @@ def test_bcc(mailer):
         subject="testing",
         recipients=["to@example.com"],
         body="testing",
-        bcc=["tosomeoneelse@example.com"])
+        bcc=["tosomeoneelse@example.com"],
+    )
     assert "tosomeoneelse@example.com" not in str(msg)
 
 
@@ -115,43 +107,36 @@ def test_cc(mailer):
         subject="testing",
         recipients=["to@example.com"],
         body="testing",
-        cc=["tosomeoneelse@example.com"])
+        cc=["tosomeoneelse@example.com"],
+    )
     assert "Cc: tosomeoneelse@example.com" in str(msg)
 
 
 def test_attach(mailer):
-    msg = mailer.mail(
-        subject="testing", recipients=["to@example.com"], body="testing")
+    msg = mailer.mail(subject="testing", recipients=["to@example.com"], body="testing")
     msg.attach(data=b"this is a test", content_type="text/plain")
     a = msg.attachments[0]
     assert a.filename is None
-    assert a.disposition == 'attachment'
-    assert a.content_type == 'text/plain'
+    assert a.disposition == "attachment"
+    assert a.content_type == "text/plain"
     assert a.data == b"this is a test"
 
 
 def test_bad_subject(mailer):
-    msg = mailer.mail(
-        subject="testing\r\n",
-        sender="from@example.com",
-        body="testing",
-        recipients=["to@example.com"])
+    msg = mailer.mail(subject="testing\r\n", sender="from@example.com", body="testing", recipients=["to@example.com"])
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
         msg.send()
 
 
 def test_subject(mailer):
-    msg = mailer.mail(
-        subject=u"sübject",
-        sender='from@example.com',
-        recipients=["to@example.com"])
-    assert '=?utf-8?q?s=C3=BCbject?=' in str(msg)
+    msg = mailer.mail(subject="sübject", sender="from@example.com", recipients=["to@example.com"])
+    assert "=?utf-8?q?s=C3=BCbject?=" in str(msg)
 
 
 def test_empty_subject(mailer):
     msg = mailer.mail(sender="from@example.com", recipients=["foo@bar.com"])
     msg.body = "normal ascii text"
-    assert 'Subject:' not in str(msg)
+    assert "Subject:" not in str(msg)
 
 
 def test_multiline_subject(mailer):
@@ -159,40 +144,31 @@ def test_multiline_subject(mailer):
         subject="testing\r\n testing\r\n testing \r\n \ttesting",
         sender="from@example.com",
         body="testing",
-        recipients=["to@example.com"])
+        recipients=["to@example.com"],
+    )
     msg_as_string = str(msg)
     assert "From: from@example.com" in msg_as_string
     assert "testing\r\n testing\r\n testing \r\n \ttesting" in msg_as_string
     msg = mailer.mail(
-        subject="testing\r\n testing\r\n ",
-        sender="from@example.com",
-        body="testing",
-        recipients=["to@example.com"])
+        subject="testing\r\n testing\r\n ", sender="from@example.com", body="testing", recipients=["to@example.com"]
+    )
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
         msg.send()
     msg = mailer.mail(
-        subject="testing\r\n testing\r\n\t",
-        sender="from@example.com",
-        body="testing",
-        recipients=["to@example.com"])
+        subject="testing\r\n testing\r\n\t", sender="from@example.com", body="testing", recipients=["to@example.com"]
+    )
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
         msg.send()
     msg = mailer.mail(
-        subject="testing\r\n testing\r\n\n",
-        sender="from@example.com",
-        body="testing",
-        recipients=["to@example.com"])
+        subject="testing\r\n testing\r\n\n", sender="from@example.com", body="testing", recipients=["to@example.com"]
+    )
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
         msg.send()
 
 
 def test_bad_sender(mailer):
-    msg = mailer.mail(
-        subject="testing",
-        sender="from@example.com\r\n",
-        recipients=["to@example.com"],
-        body="testing")
-    assert 'From: from@example.com' in str(msg)
+    msg = mailer.mail(subject="testing", sender="from@example.com\r\n", recipients=["to@example.com"], body="testing")
+    assert "From: from@example.com" in str(msg)
 
 
 def test_bad_reply_to(mailer):
@@ -201,11 +177,12 @@ def test_bad_reply_to(mailer):
         sender="from@example.com",
         reply_to="evil@example.com\r",
         recipients=["to@example.com"],
-        body="testing")
+        body="testing",
+    )
     msg_as_string = str(msg)
-    assert 'From: from@example.com' in msg_as_string
-    assert 'To: to@example.com' in msg_as_string
-    assert 'Reply-To: evil@example.com' in msg_as_string
+    assert "From: from@example.com" in msg_as_string
+    assert "To: to@example.com" in msg_as_string
+    assert "Reply-To: evil@example.com" in msg_as_string
 
 
 def test_bad_recipient(mailer):
@@ -213,8 +190,9 @@ def test_bad_recipient(mailer):
         subject="testing",
         sender="from@example.com",
         recipients=["to@example.com", "to\r\n@example.com"],
-        body="testing")
-    assert 'To: to@example.com' in str(msg)
+        body="testing",
+    )
+    assert "To: to@example.com" in str(msg)
 
 
 def test_address_sanitize(mailer):
@@ -222,86 +200,62 @@ def test_address_sanitize(mailer):
         subject="testing",
         sender="sender\r\n@example.com",
         reply_to="reply_to\r\n@example.com",
-        recipients=["recipient\r\n@example.com"])
+        recipients=["recipient\r\n@example.com"],
+    )
     msg_as_string = str(msg)
-    assert 'sender@example.com' in msg_as_string
-    assert 'reply_to@example.com' in msg_as_string
-    assert 'recipient@example.com' in msg_as_string
+    assert "sender@example.com" in msg_as_string
+    assert "reply_to@example.com" in msg_as_string
+    assert "recipient@example.com" in msg_as_string
 
 
 def test_plain_message(mailer):
     plain_text = "Hello Joe,\nHow are you?"
-    msg = mailer.mail(
-        sender="from@example.com",
-        subject="subject",
-        recipients=["to@example.com"],
-        body=plain_text)
+    msg = mailer.mail(sender="from@example.com", subject="subject", recipients=["to@example.com"], body=plain_text)
     assert plain_text == msg.body
-    assert 'Content-Type: text/plain' in str(msg)
+    assert "Content-Type: text/plain" in str(msg)
 
 
 def test_plain_message_with_attachments(mailer):
-    msg = mailer.mail(
-        sender="from@example.com",
-        subject="subject",
-        recipients=["to@example.com"],
-        body="hello")
+    msg = mailer.mail(sender="from@example.com", subject="subject", recipients=["to@example.com"], body="hello")
     msg.attach(data=b"this is a test", content_type="text/plain")
-    assert 'Content-Type: multipart/mixed' in str(msg)
+    assert "Content-Type: multipart/mixed" in str(msg)
 
 
 def test_plain_message_with_unicode_attachments(mailer):
-    msg = mailer.mail(
-        subject="subject", recipients=["to@example.com"], body="hello")
-    msg.attach(
-        data=b"this is a test",
-        content_type="text/plain",
-        filename=u'ünicöde ←→ ✓.txt')
+    msg = mailer.mail(subject="subject", recipients=["to@example.com"], body="hello")
+    msg.attach(data=b"this is a test", content_type="text/plain", filename="ünicöde ←→ ✓.txt")
     parsed = email.message_from_string(str(msg))
-    assert (
-        re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', parsed.get_payload()[1].get('Content-Disposition'))
-        in [
-            'attachment; filename*="UTF8\'\''
-            '%C3%BCnic%C3%B6de%20%E2%86%90%E2%86%92%20%E2%9C%93.txt"',
-            'attachment; filename*=UTF8\'\''
-            '%C3%BCnic%C3%B6de%20%E2%86%90%E2%86%92%20%E2%9C%93.txt'
-        ])
+    assert re.sub(r"\s+", " ", parsed.get_payload()[1].get("Content-Disposition")) in [
+        "attachment; filename*=\"UTF8''" '%C3%BCnic%C3%B6de%20%E2%86%90%E2%86%92%20%E2%9C%93.txt"',
+        "attachment; filename*=UTF8''" "%C3%BCnic%C3%B6de%20%E2%86%90%E2%86%92%20%E2%9C%93.txt",
+    ]
 
 
 def test_html_message(mailer):
     html_text = "<p>Hello World</p>"
-    msg = mailer.mail(
-        sender="from@example.com",
-        subject="subject",
-        recipients=["to@example.com"],
-        html=html_text)
+    msg = mailer.mail(sender="from@example.com", subject="subject", recipients=["to@example.com"], html=html_text)
     assert html_text == msg.html
-    assert 'Content-Type: multipart/alternative' in str(msg)
+    assert "Content-Type: multipart/alternative" in str(msg)
 
 
 def test_json_message(mailer):
     json_text = '{"msg": "Hello World!}'
     msg = mailer.mail(
-        sender="from@example.com",
-        subject="subject",
-        recipients=["to@example.com"],
-        alts={'json': json_text})
-    assert json_text == msg.alts['json']
-    assert 'Content-Type: multipart/alternative' in str(msg)
+        sender="from@example.com", subject="subject", recipients=["to@example.com"], alts={"json": json_text}
+    )
+    assert json_text == msg.alts["json"]
+    assert "Content-Type: multipart/alternative" in str(msg)
 
 
 def test_html_message_with_attachments(mailer):
     html_text = "<p>Hello World</p>"
-    plain_text = 'Hello World'
+    plain_text = "Hello World"
     msg = mailer.mail(
-        sender="from@example.com",
-        subject="subject",
-        recipients=["to@example.com"],
-        body=plain_text,
-        html=html_text)
+        sender="from@example.com", subject="subject", recipients=["to@example.com"], body=plain_text, html=html_text
+    )
     msg.attach(data=b"this is a test", content_type="text/plain")
     assert html_text == msg.html
-    assert 'Content-Type: multipart/alternative' in str(msg)
+    assert "Content-Type: multipart/alternative" in str(msg)
     parsed = email.message_from_string(str(msg))
     assert len(parsed.get_payload()) == 2
     body, attachment = parsed.get_payload()
@@ -309,47 +263,41 @@ def test_html_message_with_attachments(mailer):
     plain, html = body.get_payload()
     assert plain.get_payload() == plain_text
     assert html.get_payload() == html_text
-    assert base64.b64decode(attachment.get_payload()) == b'this is a test'
+    assert base64.b64decode(attachment.get_payload()) == b"this is a test"
 
 
 def test_date(mailer):
     before = time.time()
     msg = mailer.mail(
-        sender="from@example.com",
-        subject="subject",
-        recipients=["to@example.com"],
-        body="hello",
-        date=time.time())
+        sender="from@example.com", subject="subject", recipients=["to@example.com"], body="hello", date=time.time()
+    )
     after = time.time()
     assert before <= msg.date <= after
     fmt_date = email.utils.formatdate(msg.date, localtime=True)
-    assert 'Date: {}'.format(fmt_date) in str(msg)
+    assert "Date: {}".format(fmt_date) in str(msg)
 
 
 def test_msgid(mailer):
-    msg = mailer.mail(
-        sender="from@example.com",
-        subject="subject",
-        recipients=["to@example.com"],
-        body="hello")
+    msg = mailer.mail(sender="from@example.com", subject="subject", recipients=["to@example.com"], body="hello")
     r = re.compile(r"<\S+@\S+>").match(msg.msgId)
     assert r is not None
-    assert 'Message-ID: {}'.format(msg.msgId) in str(msg)
+    assert "Message-ID: {}".format(msg.msgId) in str(msg)
 
 
 def test_unicode_addresses(mailer):
     msg = mailer.mail(
         subject="subject",
-        sender=u'ÄÜÖ → ✓ <from@example.com>',
-        recipients=[u"Ä <t1@example.com>", u"Ü <t2@example.com>"],
-        cc=[u"Ö <cc@example.com>"])
+        sender="ÄÜÖ → ✓ <from@example.com>",
+        recipients=["Ä <t1@example.com>", "Ü <t2@example.com>"],
+        cc=["Ö <cc@example.com>"],
+    )
     msg_as_string = str(msg)
-    a1 = sanitize_address(u"Ä <t1@example.com>")
-    a2 = sanitize_address(u"Ü <t2@example.com>")
+    a1 = sanitize_address("Ä <t1@example.com>")
+    a2 = sanitize_address("Ü <t2@example.com>")
     h1_a = Header("To: %s, %s" % (a1, a2))
     h1_b = Header("To: %s, %s" % (a2, a1))
-    h2 = Header("From: %s" % sanitize_address(u"ÄÜÖ → ✓ <from@example.com>"))
-    h3 = Header("Cc: %s" % sanitize_address(u"Ö <cc@example.com>"))
+    h2 = Header("From: %s" % sanitize_address("ÄÜÖ → ✓ <from@example.com>"))
+    h3 = Header("Cc: %s" % sanitize_address("Ö <cc@example.com>"))
     try:
         assert h1_a.encode() in msg_as_string
     except AssertionError:
@@ -364,28 +312,27 @@ def test_extra_headers(mailer):
         subject="subject",
         recipients=["to@example.com"],
         body="hello",
-        extra_headers={'X-Extra-Header': 'Yes'})
-    assert 'X-Extra-Header: Yes' in str(msg)
+        extra_headers={"X-Extra-Header": "Yes"},
+    )
+    assert "X-Extra-Header: Yes" in str(msg)
 
 
 def test_send(mailer):
     with mailer.store_mails() as outbox:
-        msg = mailer.mail(
-            subject="testing", recipients=["tester@example.com"], body="test")
+        msg = mailer.mail(subject="testing", recipients=["tester@example.com"], body="test")
         msg.send()
         assert msg.date is not None
         assert len(outbox) == 1
         sent_msg = outbox[0]
-        assert sent_msg.sender == 'support@example.com'
+        assert sent_msg.sender == "support@example.com"
 
 
 def test_send_mail(mailer):
     with mailer.store_mails() as outbox:
-        mailer.send_mail(
-            subject="testing", recipients=["tester@example.com"], body="test")
+        mailer.send_mail(subject="testing", recipients=["tester@example.com"], body="test")
         assert len(outbox) == 1
         sent_msg = outbox[0]
-        assert sent_msg.subject == 'testing'
+        assert sent_msg.subject == "testing"
         assert sent_msg.recipients == ["tester@example.com"]
-        assert sent_msg.body == 'test'
-        assert sent_msg.sender == 'support@example.com'
+        assert sent_msg.body == "test"
+        assert sent_msg.sender == "support@example.com"
diff --git a/tests/test_migrations.py b/tests/test_migrations.py
index 9b774177..940f5130 100644
--- a/tests/test_migrations.py
+++ b/tests/test_migrations.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    tests.migrations
-    ----------------
+tests.migrations
+----------------
 
-    Test Emmett migrations engine
+Test Emmett migrations engine
 """
 
 import uuid
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
 import pytest
 
 from emmett import App
-from emmett.orm import Database, Model, Field, belongs_to, refers_to
-from emmett.orm.migrations.engine import MetaEngine, Engine
-from emmett.orm.migrations.generation import MetaData, Comparator
+from emmett.orm import Database, Field, Model, belongs_to, refers_to
+from emmett.orm.migrations.engine import Engine, MetaEngine
+from emmett.orm.migrations.generation import Comparator, MetaData
 
 
 class FakeEngine(Engine):
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ def _log_and_exec(self, sql):
         self.sql_history.append(sql)
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def app():
     rv = App(__name__)
-    rv.config.db.uri = 'sqlite:memory'
+    rv.config.db.uri = "sqlite:memory"
     return rv
 
 
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ class StepOneThing(Model):
     name = Field()
     value = Field.float()
 
+
 _step_one_sql = """CREATE TABLE "step_one_things"(
     "id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
     "name" CHAR(512),
@@ -105,6 +106,7 @@ class StepTwoThing(Model):
     value = Field.float(default=8.8)
     available = Field.bool(default=True)
 
+
 _step_two_sql = """CREATE TABLE "step_two_things"(
     "id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
     "name" CHAR(512) NOT NULL,
@@ -136,6 +138,7 @@ class StepThreeThingThree(Model):
     tablename = "step_three_thing_ones"
     b = Field()
 
+
 _step_three_sql = 'ALTER TABLE "step_three_thing_ones" ADD "b" CHAR(512);'
 _step_three_sql_drop = 'ALTER TABLE "step_three_thing_ones" DROP COLUMN "a";'
 
@@ -178,6 +181,7 @@ class StepFourThingEdit(Model):
     available = Field.bool(default=True)
     asd = Field.int()
 
+
 _step_four_sql = """ALTER TABLE "step_four_things" ALTER COLUMN "name" DROP NOT NULL;
 ALTER TABLE "step_four_things" ALTER COLUMN "value" DROP DEFAULT;
 ALTER TABLE "step_four_things" ALTER COLUMN "asd" TYPE INTEGER;"""
@@ -202,32 +206,24 @@ class StepFiveThing(Model):
     value = Field.int()
     created_at = Field.datetime()
 
-    indexes = {
-        'name': True,
-        ('name', 'value'): True
-    }
+    indexes = {"name": True, ("name", "value"): True}
 
 
 class StepFiveThingEdit(StepFiveThing):
     tablename = "step_five_things"
 
-    indexes = {
-        'name': False,
-        'name_created': {
-            'fields': 'name',
-            'expressions': lambda m: m.created_at.coalesce(None)}
-    }
+    indexes = {"name": False, "name_created": {"fields": "name", "expressions": lambda m: m.created_at.coalesce(None)}}
 
 
 _step_five_sql_before = [
     'CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "step_five_things_widx__code_unique" ON "step_five_things" ("code");',
     'CREATE INDEX "step_five_things_widx__name" ON "step_five_things" ("name");',
-    'CREATE INDEX "step_five_things_widx__name_value" ON "step_five_things" ("name","value");'
+    'CREATE INDEX "step_five_things_widx__name_value" ON "step_five_things" ("name","value");',
 ]
 
 _step_five_sql_after = [
     'DROP INDEX "step_five_things_widx__name";',
-    'CREATE INDEX "step_five_things_widx__name_created" ON "step_five_things" ("name",COALESCE("created_at",NULL));'
+    'CREATE INDEX "step_five_things_widx__name_created" ON "step_five_things" ("name",COALESCE("created_at",NULL));',
 ]
 
 
@@ -255,7 +251,7 @@ class StepSixThing(Model):
 
 
 class StepSixRelate(Model):
-    belongs_to('step_six_thing')
+    belongs_to("step_six_thing")
     name = Field()
 
 
@@ -268,11 +264,13 @@ class StepSixRelate(Model):
     "name" CHAR(512),
     "step_six_thing" CHAR(512)
 );"""
-_step_six_sql_fk = "".join([
-    'ALTER TABLE "step_six_relates" ADD CONSTRAINT ',
-    '"step_six_relates_ecnt__fk__stepsixthings_stepsixthing" FOREIGN KEY ',
-    '("step_six_thing") REFERENCES "step_six_things"("id") ON DELETE CASCADE;'
-])
+_step_six_sql_fk = "".join(
+    [
+        'ALTER TABLE "step_six_relates" ADD CONSTRAINT ',
+        '"step_six_relates_ecnt__fk__stepsixthings_stepsixthing" FOREIGN KEY ',
+        '("step_six_thing") REFERENCES "step_six_things"("id") ON DELETE CASCADE;',
+    ]
+)
 
 
 def test_step_six_id_types(app):
@@ -286,22 +284,17 @@ def test_step_six_id_types(app):
 
 
 class StepSevenThing(Model):
-    primary_keys = ['foo', 'bar']
+    primary_keys = ["foo", "bar"]
 
     foo = Field()
     bar = Field()
 
 
 class StepSevenRelate(Model):
-    refers_to({'foo': 'StepSevenThing.foo'}, {'bar': 'StepSevenThing.bar'})
+    refers_to({"foo": "StepSevenThing.foo"}, {"bar": "StepSevenThing.bar"})
     name = Field()
 
-    foreign_keys = {
-        "test": {
-            "fields": ["foo", "bar"],
-            "foreign_fields": ["foo", "bar"]
-        }
-    }
+    foreign_keys = {"test": {"fields": ["foo", "bar"], "foreign_fields": ["foo", "bar"]}}
 
 
 _step_seven_sql_t1 = """CREATE TABLE "step_seven_things"(
@@ -315,11 +308,13 @@ class StepSevenRelate(Model):
     "foo" CHAR(512),
     "bar" CHAR(512)
 );"""
-_step_seven_sql_fk = "".join([
-    'ALTER TABLE "step_seven_relates" ADD CONSTRAINT ',
-    '"step_seven_relates_ecnt__fk__stepseventhings_foo_bar" FOREIGN KEY ("foo","bar") ',
-    'REFERENCES "step_seven_things"("foo","bar") ON DELETE CASCADE;',
-])
+_step_seven_sql_fk = "".join(
+    [
+        'ALTER TABLE "step_seven_relates" ADD CONSTRAINT ',
+        '"step_seven_relates_ecnt__fk__stepseventhings_foo_bar" FOREIGN KEY ("foo","bar") ',
+        'REFERENCES "step_seven_things"("foo","bar") ON DELETE CASCADE;',
+    ]
+)
 
 
 def test_step_seven_composed_pks(app):
diff --git a/tests/test_orm.py b/tests/test_orm.py
index b99dc303..9dd8e11e 100644
--- a/tests/test_orm.py
+++ b/tests/test_orm.py
@@ -1,58 +1,63 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    tests.orm
-    ---------
+tests.orm
+---------
 
-    Test pyDAL implementation over Emmett.
+Test pyDAL implementation over Emmett.
 """
 
-import pytest
-
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 from uuid import uuid4
 
-from pydal.objects import Table
+import pytest
 from pydal import Field as _Field
-from emmett import App, sdict, now
+from pydal.objects import Table
+
+from emmett import App, now, sdict
 from emmett.orm import (
-    Database, Field, Model,
+    Database,
+    Field,
+    Model,
+    after_commit,
+    after_delete,
+    after_destroy,
+    after_insert,
+    after_save,
+    after_update,
+    before_commit,
+    before_delete,
+    before_destroy,
+    before_insert,
+    before_save,
+    before_update,
+    belongs_to,
     compute,
-    before_insert, after_insert,
-    before_update, after_update,
-    before_delete, after_delete,
-    before_save, after_save,
-    before_destroy, after_destroy,
-    before_commit, after_commit,
-    rowattr, rowmethod,
-    has_one, has_many, belongs_to, refers_to,
-    scope
+    has_many,
+    has_one,
+    refers_to,
+    rowattr,
+    rowmethod,
+    scope,
 )
+from emmett.orm.errors import MissingFieldsForCompute
 from emmett.orm.migrations.utils import generate_runtime_migration
 from emmett.orm.objects import TransactionOps
-from emmett.orm.errors import MissingFieldsForCompute
-from emmett.validators import isntEmpty, hasLength
+from emmett.validators import hasLength, isntEmpty
 
 
 CALLBACK_OPS = {
     "before_insert": [],
     "before_update": [],
     "before_delete": [],
-    "before_save":[],
+    "before_save": [],
     "before_destroy": [],
     "after_insert": [],
     "after_update": [],
     "after_delete": [],
-    "after_save":[],
-    "after_destroy": []
-}
-COMMIT_CALLBACKS = {
-    "all": [],
-    "insert": [],
-    "update": [],
-    "delete": [],
-    "save": [],
-    "destroy": []
+    "after_save": [],
+    "after_destroy": [],
 }
+COMMIT_CALLBACKS = {"all": [], "insert": [], "update": [], "delete": [], "save": [], "destroy": []}
 
 
 def _represent_f(value):
@@ -72,73 +77,57 @@ class Stuff(Model):
     total_watch = Field.float()
     invisible = Field()
 
-    validation = {
-        "a": {'presence': True},
-        "total": {"allow": "empty"},
-        "total_watch": {"allow": "empty"}
-    }
+    validation = {"a": {"presence": True}, "total": {"allow": "empty"}, "total_watch": {"allow": "empty"}}
 
-    fields_rw = {
-        "invisible": False
-    }
+    fields_rw = {"invisible": False}
 
-    form_labels = {
-        "a": "A label"
-    }
+    form_labels = {"a": "A label"}
 
-    form_info = {
-        "a": "A comment"
-    }
+    form_info = {"a": "A comment"}
 
-    update_values = {
-        "a": "a_update"
-    }
+    update_values = {"a": "a_update"}
 
-    repr_values = {
-        "a": _represent_f
-    }
+    repr_values = {"a": _represent_f}
 
-    form_widgets = {
-        "a": _widget_f
-    }
+    form_widgets = {"a": _widget_f}
 
-    @compute('total')
+    @compute("total")
     def eval_total(self, row):
         return row.price * row.quantity
 
-    @compute('total_watch', watch=['price', 'quantity'])
+    @compute("total_watch", watch=["price", "quantity"])
     def eval_total_watch(self, row):
         return row.price * row.quantity
 
     @before_insert
     def bi(self, fields):
-        CALLBACK_OPS['before_insert'].append(fields)
+        CALLBACK_OPS["before_insert"].append(fields)
 
     @after_insert
     def ai(self, fields, id):
-        CALLBACK_OPS['after_insert'].append((fields, id))
+        CALLBACK_OPS["after_insert"].append((fields, id))
 
     @before_update
     def bu(self, set, fields):
-        CALLBACK_OPS['before_update'].append((set, fields))
+        CALLBACK_OPS["before_update"].append((set, fields))
 
     @after_update
     def au(self, set, fields):
-        CALLBACK_OPS['after_update'].append((set, fields))
+        CALLBACK_OPS["after_update"].append((set, fields))
 
     @before_delete
     def bd(self, set):
-        CALLBACK_OPS['before_delete'].append(set)
+        CALLBACK_OPS["before_delete"].append(set)
 
     @after_delete
     def ad(self, set):
-        CALLBACK_OPS['after_delete'].append(set)
+        CALLBACK_OPS["after_delete"].append(set)
 
-    @rowattr('totalv')
+    @rowattr("totalv")
     def eval_total_v(self, row):
         return row.price * row.quantity
 
-    @rowmethod('totalm')
+    @rowmethod("totalm")
     def eval_total_m(self, row):
         return row.price * row.quantity
 
@@ -148,57 +137,55 @@ def method_test(cls, t):
 
 
 class Person(Model):
-    has_many(
-        'things', {'features': {'via': 'things'}}, {'pets': 'Dog.owner'},
-        'subscriptions')
+    has_many("things", {"features": {"via": "things"}}, {"pets": "Dog.owner"}, "subscriptions")
 
     name = Field()
     age = Field.int()
 
 
 class Thing(Model):
-    belongs_to('person')
-    has_many('features')
+    belongs_to("person")
+    has_many("features")
 
     name = Field()
     color = Field()
 
 
 class Feature(Model):
-    belongs_to('thing')
-    has_one('price')
+    belongs_to("thing")
+    has_one("price")
 
     name = Field()
 
 
 class Price(Model):
-    belongs_to('feature')
+    belongs_to("feature")
 
     value = Field.int()
 
 
 class Doctor(Model):
-    has_many('appointments', {'patients': {'via': 'appointments'}})
+    has_many("appointments", {"patients": {"via": "appointments"}})
     name = Field()
 
 
 class Patient(Model):
-    has_many('appointments', {'doctors': {'via': 'appointments'}})
+    has_many("appointments", {"doctors": {"via": "appointments"}})
     name = Field()
 
 
 class Appointment(Model):
-    belongs_to('patient', 'doctor')
+    belongs_to("patient", "doctor")
     date = Field.datetime()
 
 
 class User(Model):
     name = Field()
     has_many(
-        'memberships', {'organizations': {'via': 'memberships'}},
-        {'cover_orgs': {
-            'via': 'memberships.organization',
-            'where': lambda m: m.is_cover == True}})
+        "memberships",
+        {"organizations": {"via": "memberships"}},
+        {"cover_orgs": {"via": "memberships.organization", "where": lambda m: m.is_cover == True}},
+    )
 
 
 class Organization(Model):
@@ -210,22 +197,23 @@ def admin_memberships3(self):
         return Membership.admins()
 
     has_many(
-        'memberships', {'users': {'via': 'memberships'}},
-        {'admin_memberships': {'target': 'Membership', 'scope': 'admins'}},
-        {'admins': {'via': 'admin_memberships.user'}},
-        {'admin_memberships2': {
-            'target': 'Membership', 'where': lambda m: m.role == 'admin'}},
-        {'admins2': {'via': 'admin_memberships2.user'}},
-        {'admins3': {'via': 'admin_memberships3.user'}})
+        "memberships",
+        {"users": {"via": "memberships"}},
+        {"admin_memberships": {"target": "Membership", "scope": "admins"}},
+        {"admins": {"via": "admin_memberships.user"}},
+        {"admin_memberships2": {"target": "Membership", "where": lambda m: m.role == "admin"}},
+        {"admins2": {"via": "admin_memberships2.user"}},
+        {"admins3": {"via": "admin_memberships3.user"}},
+    )
 
 
 class Membership(Model):
-    belongs_to('user', 'organization')
+    belongs_to("user", "organization")
     role = Field()
 
-    @scope('admins')
+    @scope("admins")
     def filter_admins(self):
-        return self.role == 'admin'
+        return self.role == "admin"
 
 
 class House(Model):
@@ -234,7 +222,7 @@ class House(Model):
 
 class Mouse(Model):
     tablename = "mice"
-    has_many('elephants')
+    has_many("elephants")
     name = Field()
 
 
@@ -243,19 +231,19 @@ class NeedSplit(Model):
 
 
 class Zoo(Model):
-    has_many('animals', 'elephants', {'mice': {'via': 'elephants.mouse'}})
+    has_many("animals", "elephants", {"mice": {"via": "elephants.mouse"}})
     name = Field()
 
 
 class Animal(Model):
-    belongs_to('zoo')
+    belongs_to("zoo")
     name = Field()
 
-    @rowattr('doublename')
+    @rowattr("doublename")
     def get_double_name(self, row):
         return row.name * 2
 
-    @rowattr('pretty')
+    @rowattr("pretty")
     def get_pretty(self, row):
         return row.name
 
@@ -269,10 +257,10 @@ def bi2(self, *args, **kwargs):
 
 
 class Elephant(Animal):
-    belongs_to('mouse')
+    belongs_to("mouse")
     color = Field()
 
-    @rowattr('pretty')
+    @rowattr("pretty")
     def get_pretty(self, row):
         return row.name + " " + row.color
 
@@ -282,24 +270,24 @@ def bi2(self, *args, **kwargs):
 
 
 class Dog(Model):
-    belongs_to({'owner': 'Person'})
+    belongs_to({"owner": "Person"})
     name = Field()
 
 
 class Subscription(Model):
-    belongs_to('person')
+    belongs_to("person")
 
     name = Field()
     status = Field.int()
     expires_at = Field.datetime()
 
-    STATUS = {'active': 1, 'suspended': 2, 'other': 3}
+    STATUS = {"active": 1, "suspended": 2, "other": 3}
 
-    @scope('expired')
+    @scope("expired")
     def get_expired(self):
         return self.expires_at < datetime.now()
 
-    @scope('of_status')
+    @scope("of_status")
     def filter_status(self, *statuses):
         if len(statuses) == 1:
             return self.status == self.STATUS[statuses[0]]
@@ -362,7 +350,7 @@ def _compute_price(self, row):
 
 
 class SelfRef(Model):
-    refers_to({'parent': 'self'})
+    refers_to({"parent": "self"})
 
     name = Field.string()
 
@@ -412,29 +400,43 @@ def _commit_watch_after_destroy(self, ctx):
         COMMIT_CALLBACKS["destroy"].append(("after", ctx))
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def _db():
     app = App(__name__)
-    db = Database(
-        app, config=sdict(
-            uri=f'sqlite://{uuid4().hex}.db',
-            auto_connect=True
-        )
-    )
+    db = Database(app, config=sdict(uri=f"sqlite://{uuid4().hex}.db", auto_connect=True))
     db.define_models(
-        Stuff, Person, Thing, Feature, Price, Dog, Subscription,
-        Doctor, Patient, Appointment,
-        User, Organization, Membership,
-        House, Mouse, NeedSplit, Zoo, Animal, Elephant,
-        Product, Cart, CartElement,
+        Stuff,
+        Person,
+        Thing,
+        Feature,
+        Price,
+        Dog,
+        Subscription,
+        Doctor,
+        Patient,
+        Appointment,
+        User,
+        Organization,
+        Membership,
+        House,
+        Mouse,
+        NeedSplit,
+        Zoo,
+        Animal,
+        Elephant,
+        Product,
+        Cart,
+        CartElement,
         SelfRef,
-        CustomPKType, CustomPKName, CustomPKMulti,
-        CommitWatcher
+        CustomPKType,
+        CustomPKName,
+        CustomPKMulti,
+        CommitWatcher,
     )
     return db
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='function')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
 def db(_db):
     migration = generate_runtime_migration(_db)
     migration.up()
@@ -948,12 +950,13 @@ def test_relations(db):
     assert t[0].name == "apple" and t[0].color == "red" and t[0].person.id == p1.id
     f = p1.things()[0].features()
     assert len(f) == 1
-    assert f[0].name == "tasty" and f[0].thing.id == t[0].id and \
-        f[0].thing.person.id == p1.id
+    assert f[0].name == "tasty" and f[0].thing.id == t[0].id and f[0].thing.person.id == p1.id
     m = p1.things()[0].features()[0].price()
     assert (
-        m.value == 5 and m.feature.id == f[0].id and
-        m.feature.thing.id == t[0].id and m.feature.thing.person.id == p1.id
+        m.value == 5
+        and m.feature.id == f[0].id
+        and m.feature.thing.id == t[0].id
+        and m.feature.thing.person.id == p1.id
     )
     p2.things.add(t2)
     assert p1.things.count() == 1
@@ -974,30 +977,30 @@ def test_relations(db):
     assert len(doctor.appointments()) == 1
     assert len(patient.doctors()) == 1
     assert len(patient.appointments()) == 1
-    joe = db.User.insert(name='joe')
-    jim = db.User.insert(name='jim')
-    org = db.Organization.insert(name='')
-    org.users.add(joe, role='admin')
-    org.users.add(jim, role='manager')
+    joe = db.User.insert(name="joe")
+    jim = db.User.insert(name="jim")
+    org = db.Organization.insert(name="")
+    org.users.add(joe, role="admin")
+    org.users.add(jim, role="manager")
     assert len(org.users()) == 2
     assert len(joe.organizations()) == 1
     assert len(jim.organizations()) == 1
     assert joe.organizations().first().id == org
     assert jim.organizations().first().id == org
-    assert joe.memberships().first().role == 'admin'
-    assert jim.memberships().first().role == 'manager'
+    assert joe.memberships().first().role == "admin"
+    assert jim.memberships().first().role == "manager"
     org.users.remove(joe)
     org.users.remove(jim)
     assert len(org.users(reload=True)) == 0
     assert len(joe.organizations(reload=True)) == 0
     assert len(jim.organizations(reload=True)) == 0
     #: has_many with specified feld
-    db.Dog.insert(name='pongo', owner=p1)
-    assert len(p1.pets()) == 1 and p1.pets().first().name == 'pongo'
+    db.Dog.insert(name="pongo", owner=p1)
+    assert len(p1.pets()) == 1 and p1.pets().first().name == "pongo"
     #: has_many via with specified field
-    zoo = db.Zoo.insert(name='magic zoo')
-    mouse = db.Mouse.insert(name='jerry')
-    db.Elephant.insert(name='dumbo', color='pink', mouse=mouse, zoo=zoo)
+    zoo = db.Zoo.insert(name="magic zoo")
+    mouse = db.Mouse.insert(name="jerry")
+    db.Elephant.insert(name="dumbo", color="pink", mouse=mouse, zoo=zoo)
     assert len(zoo.mice()) == 1
 
 
@@ -1008,44 +1011,34 @@ def test_tablenames(db):
 
 
 def test_inheritance(db):
-    assert 'name' in db.Animal.fields
-    assert 'name' in db.Elephant.fields
-    assert 'zoo' in db.Animal.fields
-    assert 'zoo' in db.Elephant.fields
-    assert 'color' in db.Elephant.fields
-    assert 'color' not in db.Animal.fields
-    assert Elephant._all_virtuals_['get_double_name'] is \
-        Animal._all_virtuals_['get_double_name']
-    assert Elephant._all_virtuals_['get_pretty'] is not \
-        Animal._all_virtuals_['get_pretty']
-    assert Elephant._all_callbacks_['bi'] is \
-        Animal._all_callbacks_['bi']
-    assert Elephant._all_callbacks_['bi2'] is not \
-        Animal._all_callbacks_['bi2']
+    assert "name" in db.Animal.fields
+    assert "name" in db.Elephant.fields
+    assert "zoo" in db.Animal.fields
+    assert "zoo" in db.Elephant.fields
+    assert "color" in db.Elephant.fields
+    assert "color" not in db.Animal.fields
+    assert Elephant._all_virtuals_["get_double_name"] is Animal._all_virtuals_["get_double_name"]
+    assert Elephant._all_virtuals_["get_pretty"] is not Animal._all_virtuals_["get_pretty"]
+    assert Elephant._all_callbacks_["bi"] is Animal._all_callbacks_["bi"]
+    assert Elephant._all_callbacks_["bi2"] is not Animal._all_callbacks_["bi2"]
 
 
 def test_scopes(db):
     p = db.Person.insert(name="Walter", age=50)
-    s = db.Subscription.insert(
-        name="a", expires_at=datetime.now() - timedelta(hours=20), person=p,
-        status=1)
-    s2 = db.Subscription.insert(
-        name="b", expires_at=datetime.now() + timedelta(hours=20), person=p,
-        status=2)
-    db.Subscription.insert(
-        name="c", expires_at=datetime.now() + timedelta(hours=20), person=p,
-        status=3)
+    s = db.Subscription.insert(name="a", expires_at=datetime.now() - timedelta(hours=20), person=p, status=1)
+    s2 = db.Subscription.insert(name="b", expires_at=datetime.now() + timedelta(hours=20), person=p, status=2)
+    db.Subscription.insert(name="c", expires_at=datetime.now() + timedelta(hours=20), person=p, status=3)
     rows = db(db.Subscription).expired().select()
     assert len(rows) == 1 and rows[0].id == s
     rows = p.subscriptions.expired().select()
     assert len(rows) == 1 and rows[0].id == s
     rows = Subscription.expired().select()
     assert len(rows) == 1 and rows[0].id == s
-    rows = db(db.Subscription).of_status('active', 'suspended').select()
+    rows = db(db.Subscription).of_status("active", "suspended").select()
     assert len(rows) == 2 and rows[0].id == s and rows[1].id == s2
-    rows = p.subscriptions.of_status('active', 'suspended').select()
+    rows = p.subscriptions.of_status("active", "suspended").select()
     assert len(rows) == 2 and rows[0].id == s and rows[1].id == s2
-    rows = Subscription.of_status('active', 'suspended').select()
+    rows = Subscription.of_status("active", "suspended").select()
     assert len(rows) == 2 and rows[0].id == s and rows[1].id == s2
 
 
@@ -1054,7 +1047,7 @@ def test_relations_scopes(db):
     org = db.Organization.insert(name="Los pollos hermanos")
     org.users.add(gus, role="admin")
     frank = db.User.insert(name="Frank")
-    org.users.add(frank, role='manager')
+    org.users.add(frank, role="manager")
     assert org.admins.count() == 1
     assert org.admins2.count() == 1
     assert org.admins3.count() == 1
@@ -1100,24 +1093,13 @@ def test_relations_scopes(db):
 
 
 def test_model_where(db):
-    assert Subscription.where(lambda s: s.status == 1).query == \
-        db(db.Subscription.status == 1).query
+    assert Subscription.where(lambda s: s.status == 1).query == db(db.Subscription.status == 1).query
 
 
 def test_model_first(db):
     p = db.Person.insert(name="Walter", age=50)
-    db.Subscription.insert(
-        name="a",
-        expires_at=datetime.now() + timedelta(hours=20),
-        person=p,
-        status=1
-    )
-    db.Subscription.insert(
-        name="b",
-        expires_at=datetime.now() + timedelta(hours=20),
-        person=p,
-        status=1
-    )
+    db.Subscription.insert(name="a", expires_at=datetime.now() + timedelta(hours=20), person=p, status=1)
+    db.Subscription.insert(name="b", expires_at=datetime.now() + timedelta(hours=20), person=p, status=1)
     db.CustomPKType.insert(id="a")
     db.CustomPKType.insert(id="b")
     db.CustomPKName.insert(name="a")
@@ -1126,38 +1108,23 @@ def test_model_first(db):
     db.CustomPKMulti.insert(first_name="foo", last_name="baz")
     db.CustomPKMulti.insert(first_name="bar", last_name="baz")
 
-    assert Subscription.first().id == Subscription.all().select(
-        orderby=Subscription.id,
-        limitby=(0, 1)
-    ).first().id
-    assert CustomPKType.first().id == CustomPKType.all().select(
-        orderby=CustomPKType.id,
-        limitby=(0, 1)
-    ).first().id
-    assert CustomPKName.first().name == CustomPKName.all().select(
-        orderby=CustomPKName.name,
-        limitby=(0, 1)
-    ).first().name
-    assert CustomPKMulti.first() == CustomPKMulti.all().select(
-        orderby=CustomPKMulti.first_name|CustomPKMulti.last_name,
-        limitby=(0, 1)
-    ).first()
+    assert Subscription.first().id == Subscription.all().select(orderby=Subscription.id, limitby=(0, 1)).first().id
+    assert CustomPKType.first().id == CustomPKType.all().select(orderby=CustomPKType.id, limitby=(0, 1)).first().id
+    assert (
+        CustomPKName.first().name == CustomPKName.all().select(orderby=CustomPKName.name, limitby=(0, 1)).first().name
+    )
+    assert (
+        CustomPKMulti.first()
+        == CustomPKMulti.all()
+        .select(orderby=CustomPKMulti.first_name | CustomPKMulti.last_name, limitby=(0, 1))
+        .first()
+    )
 
 
 def test_model_last(db):
     p = db.Person.insert(name="Walter", age=50)
-    db.Subscription.insert(
-        name="a",
-        expires_at=datetime.now() + timedelta(hours=20),
-        person=p,
-        status=1
-    )
-    db.Subscription.insert(
-        name="b",
-        expires_at=datetime.now() + timedelta(hours=20),
-        person=p,
-        status=1
-    )
+    db.Subscription.insert(name="a", expires_at=datetime.now() + timedelta(hours=20), person=p, status=1)
+    db.Subscription.insert(name="b", expires_at=datetime.now() + timedelta(hours=20), person=p, status=1)
     db.CustomPKType.insert(id="a")
     db.CustomPKType.insert(id="b")
     db.CustomPKName.insert(name="a")
@@ -1166,19 +1133,14 @@ def test_model_last(db):
     db.CustomPKMulti.insert(first_name="foo", last_name="baz")
     db.CustomPKMulti.insert(first_name="bar", last_name="baz")
 
-    assert Subscription.last().id == Subscription.all().select(
-        orderby=~Subscription.id,
-        limitby=(0, 1)
-    ).first().id
-    assert CustomPKType.last().id == CustomPKType.all().select(
-        orderby=~CustomPKType.id,
-        limitby=(0, 1)
-    ).first().id
-    assert CustomPKName.last().name == CustomPKName.all().select(
-        orderby=~CustomPKName.name,
-        limitby=(0, 1)
-    ).first().name
-    assert CustomPKMulti.last() == CustomPKMulti.all().select(
-        orderby=~CustomPKMulti.first_name|~CustomPKMulti.last_name,
-        limitby=(0, 1)
-    ).first()
+    assert Subscription.last().id == Subscription.all().select(orderby=~Subscription.id, limitby=(0, 1)).first().id
+    assert CustomPKType.last().id == CustomPKType.all().select(orderby=~CustomPKType.id, limitby=(0, 1)).first().id
+    assert (
+        CustomPKName.last().name == CustomPKName.all().select(orderby=~CustomPKName.name, limitby=(0, 1)).first().name
+    )
+    assert (
+        CustomPKMulti.last()
+        == CustomPKMulti.all()
+        .select(orderby=~CustomPKMulti.first_name | ~CustomPKMulti.last_name, limitby=(0, 1))
+        .first()
+    )
diff --git a/tests/test_orm_connections.py b/tests/test_orm_connections.py
index d4c7e048..df881763 100644
--- a/tests/test_orm_connections.py
+++ b/tests/test_orm_connections.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    tests.orm_connections
-    ---------------------
+tests.orm_connections
+---------------------
 
-    Test pyDAL connection implementation over Emmett.
+Test pyDAL connection implementation over Emmett.
 """
 
 import pytest
@@ -12,17 +12,10 @@
 from emmett.orm import Database
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def db():
     app = App(__name__)
-    db = Database(
-        app,
-        config=sdict(
-            uri='sqlite:memory',
-            auto_migrate=True,
-            auto_connect=False
-        )
-    )
+    db = Database(app, config=sdict(uri="sqlite:memory", auto_migrate=True, auto_connect=False))
     return db
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_orm_gis.py b/tests/test_orm_gis.py
index 0da40b86..d63542eb 100644
--- a/tests/test_orm_gis.py
+++ b/tests/test_orm_gis.py
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    tests.orm_gis
-    -------------
+tests.orm_gis
+-------------
 
-    Test ORM GIS features
+Test ORM GIS features
 """
 
 import os
+
 import pytest
 
 from emmett import App, sdict
-from emmett.orm import Database, Model, Field, geo
+from emmett.orm import Database, Field, Model, geo
 from emmett.orm.migrations.utils import generate_runtime_migration
 
-require_postgres = pytest.mark.skipif(
-    not os.environ.get("POSTGRES_URI"), reason="No postgres database"
-)
+
+require_postgres = pytest.mark.skipif(not os.environ.get("POSTGRES_URI"), reason="No postgres database")
 
 
 class Geography(Model):
@@ -40,23 +40,15 @@ class Geometry(Model):
     multipolygon = Field.geometry("MULTIPOLYGON")
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def _db():
     app = App(__name__)
-    db = Database(
-        app,
-        config=sdict(
-            uri=f"postgres://{os.environ.get('POSTGRES_URI')}"
-        )
-    )
-    db.define_models(
-        Geography,
-        Geometry
-    )
+    db = Database(app, config=sdict(uri=f"postgres://{os.environ.get('POSTGRES_URI')}"))
+    db.define_models(Geography, Geometry)
     return db
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='function')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
 def db(_db):
     migration = generate_runtime_migration(_db)
     with _db.connection():
@@ -93,15 +85,9 @@ def test_gis_insert(db):
             multipoint=geo.MultiPoint((1, 1), (2, 2)),
             multiline=geo.MultiLine(((1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)), ((1, 1), (4, 4), (5, 5))),
             multipolygon=geo.MultiPolygon(
-                (
-                    ((0, 0), (20, 0), (20, 20), (0, 0)),
-                    ((0, 0), (30, 0), (30, 30), (0, 0))
-                ),
-                (
-                    ((1, 1), (21, 1), (21, 21), (1, 1)),
-                    ((1, 1), (31, 1), (31, 31), (1, 1))
-                )
-            )
+                (((0, 0), (20, 0), (20, 20), (0, 0)), ((0, 0), (30, 0), (30, 30), (0, 0))),
+                (((1, 1), (21, 1), (21, 21), (1, 1)), ((1, 1), (31, 1), (31, 31), (1, 1))),
+            ),
         )
         row.save()
 
@@ -111,35 +97,17 @@ def test_gis_insert(db):
         assert not row.point.groups
 
         assert row.line == "LINESTRING({})".format(
-            ",".join([
-                " ".join(f"{v}.000000" for v in tup)
-                for tup in [
-                    (0, 0),
-                    (20, 80),
-                    (80, 80)
-                ]
-            ])
+            ",".join([" ".join(f"{v}.000000" for v in tup) for tup in [(0, 0), (20, 80), (80, 80)]])
         )
         assert row.line.geometry == "LINESTRING"
         assert row.line.coordinates == ((0, 0), (20, 80), (80, 80))
         assert not row.line.groups
 
         assert row.polygon == "POLYGON(({}))".format(
-            ",".join([
-                " ".join(f"{v}.000000" for v in tup)
-                for tup in [
-                    (0, 0),
-                    (150, 0),
-                    (150, 10),
-                    (0, 10),
-                    (0, 0)
-                ]
-            ])
+            ",".join([" ".join(f"{v}.000000" for v in tup) for tup in [(0, 0), (150, 0), (150, 10), (0, 10), (0, 0)]])
         )
         assert row.polygon.geometry == "POLYGON"
-        assert row.polygon.coordinates == (
-            ((0, 0), (150, 0), (150, 10), (0, 10), (0, 0)),
-        )
+        assert row.polygon.coordinates == (((0, 0), (150, 0), (150, 10), (0, 10), (0, 0)),)
         assert not row.polygon.groups
 
         assert row.multipoint == "MULTIPOINT((1.000000 1.000000),(2.000000 2.000000))"
@@ -150,69 +118,48 @@ def test_gis_insert(db):
         assert row.multipoint.groups[1] == geo.Point(2, 2)
 
         assert row.multiline == "MULTILINESTRING({})".format(
-            ",".join([
-                "({})".format(
-                    ",".join([
-                        " ".join(f"{v}.000000" for v in tup)
-                        for tup in group
-                    ])
-                ) for group in [
-                    ((1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)),
-                    ((1, 1), (4, 4), (5, 5))
+            ",".join(
+                [
+                    "({})".format(",".join([" ".join(f"{v}.000000" for v in tup) for tup in group]))
+                    for group in [((1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)), ((1, 1), (4, 4), (5, 5))]
                 ]
-            ])
+            )
         )
         assert row.multiline.geometry == "MULTILINESTRING"
-        assert row.multiline.coordinates == (
-            ((1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)),
-            ((1, 1), (4, 4), (5, 5))
-        )
+        assert row.multiline.coordinates == (((1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)), ((1, 1), (4, 4), (5, 5)))
         assert len(row.multiline.groups) == 2
         assert row.multiline.groups[0] == geo.Line((1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3))
         assert row.multiline.groups[1] == geo.Line((1, 1), (4, 4), (5, 5))
 
         assert row.multipolygon == "MULTIPOLYGON({})".format(
-            ",".join([
-                "({})".format(
-                    ",".join([
-                        "({})".format(
-                            ",".join([
-                                " ".join(f"{v}.000000" for v in tup)
-                                for tup in group
-                            ])
-                        ) for group in polygon
-                    ])
-                ) for polygon in [
-                    (
-                        ((0, 0), (20, 0), (20, 20), (0, 0)),
-                        ((0, 0), (30, 0), (30, 30), (0, 0))
-                    ),
-                    (
-                        ((1, 1), (21, 1), (21, 21), (1, 1)),
-                        ((1, 1), (31, 1), (31, 31), (1, 1))
+            ",".join(
+                [
+                    "({})".format(
+                        ",".join(
+                            [
+                                "({})".format(",".join([" ".join(f"{v}.000000" for v in tup) for tup in group]))
+                                for group in polygon
+                            ]
+                        )
                     )
+                    for polygon in [
+                        (((0, 0), (20, 0), (20, 20), (0, 0)), ((0, 0), (30, 0), (30, 30), (0, 0))),
+                        (((1, 1), (21, 1), (21, 21), (1, 1)), ((1, 1), (31, 1), (31, 31), (1, 1))),
+                    ]
                 ]
-            ])
+            )
         )
         assert row.multipolygon.geometry == "MULTIPOLYGON"
         assert row.multipolygon.coordinates == (
-            (
-                ((0, 0), (20, 0), (20, 20), (0, 0)),
-                ((0, 0), (30, 0), (30, 30), (0, 0))
-            ),
-            (
-                ((1, 1), (21, 1), (21, 21), (1, 1)),
-                ((1, 1), (31, 1), (31, 31), (1, 1))
-            )
+            (((0, 0), (20, 0), (20, 20), (0, 0)), ((0, 0), (30, 0), (30, 30), (0, 0))),
+            (((1, 1), (21, 1), (21, 21), (1, 1)), ((1, 1), (31, 1), (31, 31), (1, 1))),
         )
         assert len(row.multipolygon.groups) == 2
         assert row.multipolygon.groups[0] == geo.Polygon(
-            ((0, 0), (20, 0), (20, 20), (0, 0)),
-            ((0, 0), (30, 0), (30, 30), (0, 0))
+            ((0, 0), (20, 0), (20, 20), (0, 0)), ((0, 0), (30, 0), (30, 30), (0, 0))
         )
         assert row.multipolygon.groups[1] == geo.Polygon(
-            ((1, 1), (21, 1), (21, 21), (1, 1)),
-            ((1, 1), (31, 1), (31, 31), (1, 1))
+            ((1, 1), (21, 1), (21, 21), (1, 1)), ((1, 1), (31, 1), (31, 31), (1, 1))
         )
 
 
@@ -226,15 +173,9 @@ def test_gis_select(db):
             multipoint=geo.MultiPoint((1, 1), (2, 2)),
             multiline=geo.MultiLine(((1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)), ((1, 1), (4, 4), (5, 5))),
             multipolygon=geo.MultiPolygon(
-                (
-                    ((0, 0), (20, 0), (20, 20), (0, 0)),
-                    ((0, 0), (30, 0), (30, 30), (0, 0))
-                ),
-                (
-                    ((1, 1), (21, 1), (21, 21), (1, 1)),
-                    ((1, 1), (31, 1), (31, 31), (1, 1))
-                )
-            )
+                (((0, 0), (20, 0), (20, 20), (0, 0)), ((0, 0), (30, 0), (30, 30), (0, 0))),
+                (((1, 1), (21, 1), (21, 21), (1, 1)), ((1, 1), (31, 1), (31, 31), (1, 1))),
+            ),
         )
         row.save()
         row = model.get(row.id)
@@ -248,9 +189,7 @@ def test_gis_select(db):
         assert not row.line.groups
 
         assert row.polygon.geometry == "POLYGON"
-        assert row.polygon.coordinates == (
-            ((0, 0), (150, 0), (150, 10), (0, 10), (0, 0)),
-        )
+        assert row.polygon.coordinates == (((0, 0), (150, 0), (150, 10), (0, 10), (0, 0)),)
         assert not row.polygon.groups
 
         assert row.multipoint.geometry == "MULTIPOINT"
@@ -260,31 +199,20 @@ def test_gis_select(db):
         assert row.multipoint.groups[1] == geo.Point(2, 2)
 
         assert row.multiline.geometry == "MULTILINESTRING"
-        assert row.multiline.coordinates == (
-            ((1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)),
-            ((1, 1), (4, 4), (5, 5))
-        )
+        assert row.multiline.coordinates == (((1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)), ((1, 1), (4, 4), (5, 5)))
         assert len(row.multiline.groups) == 2
         assert row.multiline.groups[0] == geo.Line((1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3))
         assert row.multiline.groups[1] == geo.Line((1, 1), (4, 4), (5, 5))
 
         assert row.multipolygon.geometry == "MULTIPOLYGON"
         assert row.multipolygon.coordinates == (
-            (
-                ((0, 0), (20, 0), (20, 20), (0, 0)),
-                ((0, 0), (30, 0), (30, 30), (0, 0))
-            ),
-            (
-                ((1, 1), (21, 1), (21, 21), (1, 1)),
-                ((1, 1), (31, 1), (31, 31), (1, 1))
-            )
+            (((0, 0), (20, 0), (20, 20), (0, 0)), ((0, 0), (30, 0), (30, 30), (0, 0))),
+            (((1, 1), (21, 1), (21, 21), (1, 1)), ((1, 1), (31, 1), (31, 31), (1, 1))),
         )
         assert len(row.multipolygon.groups) == 2
         assert row.multipolygon.groups[0] == geo.Polygon(
-            ((0, 0), (20, 0), (20, 20), (0, 0)),
-            ((0, 0), (30, 0), (30, 30), (0, 0))
+            ((0, 0), (20, 0), (20, 20), (0, 0)), ((0, 0), (30, 0), (30, 30), (0, 0))
         )
         assert row.multipolygon.groups[1] == geo.Polygon(
-            ((1, 1), (21, 1), (21, 21), (1, 1)),
-            ((1, 1), (31, 1), (31, 31), (1, 1))
+            ((1, 1), (21, 1), (21, 21), (1, 1)), ((1, 1), (31, 1), (31, 31), (1, 1))
         )
diff --git a/tests/test_orm_pks.py b/tests/test_orm_pks.py
index 54b12f8f..f877ff6f 100644
--- a/tests/test_orm_pks.py
+++ b/tests/test_orm_pks.py
@@ -1,25 +1,24 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    tests.orm_pks
-    -------------
+tests.orm_pks
+-------------
 
-    Test ORM primary keys hendling
+Test ORM primary keys hendling
 """
 
 import os
-import pytest
-
 from uuid import uuid4
 
+import pytest
+
 from emmett import App, sdict
-from emmett.orm import Database, Model, Field, belongs_to, has_many
+from emmett.orm import Database, Field, Model, belongs_to, has_many
 from emmett.orm.errors import SaveException
 from emmett.orm.helpers import RowReferenceMixin
 from emmett.orm.migrations.utils import generate_runtime_migration
 
-require_postgres = pytest.mark.skipif(
-    not os.environ.get("POSTGRES_URI"), reason="No postgres database"
-)
+
+require_postgres = pytest.mark.skipif(not os.environ.get("POSTGRES_URI"), reason="No postgres database")
 
 
 class Standard(Model):
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ class DoctorCustom(Model):
     has_many(
         {"appointments": "AppointmentCustom"},
         {"patients": {"via": "appointments.patient_custom"}},
-        {"symptoms_to_treat": {"via": "patients.symptoms"}}
+        {"symptoms_to_treat": {"via": "patients.symptoms"}},
     )
 
     id = Field.string(default=lambda: uuid4().hex)
@@ -114,7 +113,7 @@ class DoctorMulti(Model):
     has_many(
         {"appointments": "AppointmentMulti"},
         {"patients": {"via": "appointments.patient_multi"}},
-        {"symptoms_to_treat": {"via": "patients.symptoms"}}
+        {"symptoms_to_treat": {"via": "patients.symptoms"}},
     )
 
     foo = Field.string(default=lambda: uuid4().hex)
@@ -128,7 +127,7 @@ class PatientCustom(Model):
     has_many(
         {"appointments": "AppointmentCustom"},
         {"symptoms": "SymptomCustom.patient"},
-        {"doctors": {"via": "appointments.doctor_custom"}}
+        {"doctors": {"via": "appointments.doctor_custom"}},
     )
 
     code = Field.string(default=lambda: uuid4().hex)
@@ -141,7 +140,7 @@ class PatientMulti(Model):
     has_many(
         {"appointments": "AppointmentMulti"},
         {"symptoms": "SymptomMulti.patient"},
-        {"doctors": {"via": "appointments.doctor_multi"}}
+        {"doctors": {"via": "appointments.doctor_multi"}},
     )
 
     foo = Field.string(default=lambda: uuid4().hex)
@@ -185,35 +184,18 @@ class AppointmentMulti(Model):
     name = Field.string()
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def _db():
     app = App(__name__)
-    db = Database(
-        app,
-        config=sdict(
-            uri=f'sqlite://{uuid4().hex}.db',
-            auto_connect=True
-        )
-    )
-    db.define_models(
-        Standard,
-        CustomType,
-        CustomName,
-        CustomMulti
-    )
+    db = Database(app, config=sdict(uri=f"sqlite://{uuid4().hex}.db", auto_connect=True))
+    db.define_models(Standard, CustomType, CustomName, CustomMulti)
     return db
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def _pgs():
     app = App(__name__)
-    db = Database(
-        app,
-        config=sdict(
-            uri=f"postgres://{os.environ.get('POSTGRES_URI')}",
-            auto_connect=True
-        )
-    )
+    db = Database(app, config=sdict(uri=f"postgres://{os.environ.get('POSTGRES_URI')}", auto_connect=True))
     db.define_models(
         SourceCustom,
         SourceMulti,
@@ -228,12 +210,12 @@ def _pgs():
         PatientMulti,
         AppointmentMulti,
         SymptomCustom,
-        SymptomMulti
+        SymptomMulti,
     )
     return db
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='function')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
 def db(_db):
     migration = generate_runtime_migration(_db)
     migration.up()
@@ -241,7 +223,7 @@ def db(_db):
     migration.down()
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='function')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
 def pgs(_pgs):
     migration = generate_runtime_migration(_pgs)
     migration.up()
@@ -282,7 +264,7 @@ def test_save_insert(db):
     assert done
     assert row._concrete
     assert row.id
-    assert type(row.id) == int
+    assert type(row.id) is int
 
     row = CustomType.new(id="test1", foo="test2", bar="test3")
     done = row.save()
@@ -770,9 +752,7 @@ def test_row(pgs):
     assert sm2.dest_multi_multis.count() == 0
 
     dmm1.source_multi = sm2
-    assert set(dmm1._changes.keys()).issubset(
-        {"source_multi", "source_multi_foo", "source_multi_bar"}
-    )
+    assert set(dmm1._changes.keys()).issubset({"source_multi", "source_multi_foo", "source_multi_bar"})
     dmm1.save()
     assert sm1.dest_multi_multis.count() == 0
     assert sm2.dest_multi_multis.count() == 1
diff --git a/tests/test_orm_row.py b/tests/test_orm_row.py
index 86367d5f..645f3235 100644
--- a/tests/test_orm_row.py
+++ b/tests/test_orm_row.py
@@ -1,20 +1,18 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    tests.orm_row
-    -------------
+tests.orm_row
+-------------
 
-    Test ORM row objects
+Test ORM row objects
 """
 
 import pickle
-import pytest
-
 from uuid import uuid4
 
-from emmett import App, sdict, now
-from emmett.orm import (
-    Database, Model, Field, belongs_to, has_many, refers_to, rowattr, rowmethod
-)
+import pytest
+
+from emmett import App, now, sdict
+from emmett.orm import Database, Field, Model, belongs_to, has_many, refers_to, rowattr, rowmethod
 from emmett.orm.errors import ValidationError
 from emmett.orm.helpers import RowReferenceMixin
 from emmett.orm.migrations.utils import generate_runtime_migration
@@ -70,20 +68,15 @@ class Crypted(Model):
     bar = Field.password()
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def _db():
     app = App(__name__)
-    db = Database(
-        app,
-        config=sdict(
-            uri=f'sqlite://{uuid4().hex}.db',
-            auto_connect=True
-        )
-    )
+    db = Database(app, config=sdict(uri=f"sqlite://{uuid4().hex}.db", auto_connect=True))
     db.define_models(One, Two, Three, Override, Crypted)
     return db
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='function')
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
 def db(_db):
     migration = generate_runtime_migration(_db)
     migration.up()
@@ -96,80 +89,80 @@ def test_rowclass(db):
     db.Two.insert(one=ret, foo="test1", bar="test2")
 
     ret._allocate_()
-    assert type(ret._refrecord) == One._instance_()._rowclass_
+    assert type(ret._refrecord) is One._instance_()._rowclass_
 
     row = One.get(ret.id)
-    assert type(row) == One._instance_()._rowclass_
+    assert type(row) is One._instance_()._rowclass_
 
     row = One.first()
-    assert type(row) == One._instance_()._rowclass_
+    assert type(row) is One._instance_()._rowclass_
 
     row = db(db.One).select().first()
-    assert type(row) == One._instance_()._rowclass_
+    assert type(row) is One._instance_()._rowclass_
 
     row = db(db.One).select(db.One.ALL).first()
-    assert type(row) == One._instance_()._rowclass_
+    assert type(row) is One._instance_()._rowclass_
 
     row = One.all().select().first()
-    assert type(row) == One._instance_()._rowclass_
+    assert type(row) is One._instance_()._rowclass_
 
     row = One.where(lambda m: m.id != None).select().first()
-    assert type(row) == One._instance_()._rowclass_
+    assert type(row) is One._instance_()._rowclass_
 
     row = db(db.One).select().first()
-    assert type(row) == One._instance_()._rowclass_
+    assert type(row) is One._instance_()._rowclass_
 
     row = db(db.One).select(db.One.ALL).first()
-    assert type(row) == One._instance_()._rowclass_
+    assert type(row) is One._instance_()._rowclass_
 
     row = One.all().select(One.bar).first()
-    assert type(row) == Row
+    assert type(row) is Row
 
     row = db(db.One).select(One.bar).first()
-    assert type(row) == Row
+    assert type(row) is Row
 
     row = One.all().join("twos").select().first()
-    assert type(row) == One._instance_()._rowclass_
-    assert type(row.twos().first()) == Two._instance_()._rowclass_
+    assert type(row) is One._instance_()._rowclass_
+    assert type(row.twos().first()) is Two._instance_()._rowclass_
 
     row = One.all().join("twos").select(One.table.ALL, Two.table.ALL).first()
-    assert type(row) == One._instance_()._rowclass_
-    assert type(row.twos().first()) == Two._instance_()._rowclass_
+    assert type(row) is One._instance_()._rowclass_
+    assert type(row.twos().first()) is Two._instance_()._rowclass_
 
     row = One.all().join("twos").select(One.foo, Two.foo).first()
-    assert type(row) == Row
-    assert type(row.ones) == Row
-    assert type(row.twos) == Row
+    assert type(row) is Row
+    assert type(row.ones) is Row
+    assert type(row.twos) is Row
 
     row = db(Two.one == One.id).select().first()
-    assert type(row) == Row
-    assert type(row.ones) == One._instance_()._rowclass_
-    assert type(row.twos) == Two._instance_()._rowclass_
+    assert type(row) is Row
+    assert type(row.ones) is One._instance_()._rowclass_
+    assert type(row.twos) is Two._instance_()._rowclass_
 
     row = db(Two.one == One.id).select(One.table.ALL, Two.foo).first()
-    assert type(row) == Row
-    assert type(row.ones) == One._instance_()._rowclass_
-    assert type(row.twos) == Row
+    assert type(row) is Row
+    assert type(row.ones) is One._instance_()._rowclass_
+    assert type(row.twos) is Row
 
     row = db(Two.one == One.id).select(One.foo, Two.foo).first()
-    assert type(row) == Row
-    assert type(row.ones) == Row
-    assert type(row.twos) == Row
+    assert type(row) is Row
+    assert type(row.ones) is Row
+    assert type(row.twos) is Row
 
     for row in db(Two.one == One.id).iterselect():
-        assert type(row) == Row
-        assert type(row.ones) == One._instance_()._rowclass_
-        assert type(row.twos) == Two._instance_()._rowclass_
+        assert type(row) is Row
+        assert type(row.ones) is One._instance_()._rowclass_
+        assert type(row.twos) is Two._instance_()._rowclass_
 
     for row in db(Two.one == One.id).iterselect(One.table.ALL, Two.foo):
-        assert type(row) == Row
-        assert type(row.ones) == One._instance_()._rowclass_
-        assert type(row.twos) == Row
+        assert type(row) is Row
+        assert type(row.ones) is One._instance_()._rowclass_
+        assert type(row.twos) is Row
 
     for row in db(Two.one == One.id).iterselect(One.foo, Two.foo):
-        assert type(row) == Row
-        assert type(row.ones) == Row
-        assert type(row.twos) == Row
+        assert type(row) is Row
+        assert type(row.ones) is Row
+        assert type(row.twos) is Row
 
 
 def test_concrete(db):
diff --git a/tests/test_orm_transactions.py b/tests/test_orm_transactions.py
index 782de130..194d3749 100644
--- a/tests/test_orm_transactions.py
+++ b/tests/test_orm_transactions.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    tests.orm_transactions
-    ----------------------
+tests.orm_transactions
+----------------------
 
-    Test pyDAL transactions implementation over Emmett.
+Test pyDAL transactions implementation over Emmett.
 """
 
 import pytest
@@ -16,17 +16,15 @@ class Register(Model):
     value = Field.int()
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def db():
     app = App(__name__)
-    db = Database(
-        app, config=sdict(
-            uri='sqlite:memory', auto_migrate=True, auto_connect=True))
+    db = Database(app, config=sdict(uri="sqlite:memory", auto_migrate=True, auto_connect=True))
     db.define_models(Register)
     return db
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='function')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
 def cleanup(request, db):
     def teardown():
         Register.all().delete()
@@ -41,7 +39,7 @@ def _save(*vals):
 
 
 def _values_in_register(*vals):
-    db_vals = Register.all().select(orderby=Register.value).column('value')
+    db_vals = Register.all().select(orderby=Register.value).column("value")
     return db_vals == list(vals)
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_pipeline.py b/tests/test_pipeline.py
index ca3efc5c..986deac6 100644
--- a/tests/test_pipeline.py
+++ b/tests/test_pipeline.py
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    tests.pipeline
-    --------------
+tests.pipeline
+--------------
 
-    Test Emmett pipeline
+Test Emmett pipeline
 """
 
 import asyncio
-import pytest
-
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 
+import pytest
 from helpers import current_ctx as _current_ctx, ws_ctx as _ws_ctx
-from emmett_core.serializers import _json_type
-from emmett import App, request, websocket, abort
+
+from emmett import App, abort, request, websocket
 from emmett.ctx import current
 from emmett.http import HTTP
-from emmett.pipeline import Pipe, Injector
 from emmett.parsers import Parsers
+from emmett.pipeline import Injector, Pipe
 from emmett.serializers import Serializers
 
-json_load = Parsers.get_for('json')
-json_dump = Serializers.get_for('json')
+
+json_load = Parsers.get_for("json")
+json_dump = Serializers.get_for("json")
 
 
 class PipeException(Exception):
@@ -45,43 +45,43 @@ def store_parallel(self, status):
         self.parallel_storage.append(self.__class__.__name__ + "." + status)
 
     async def on_pipe_success(self):
-        self.store_linear('success')
+        self.store_linear("success")
 
     async def on_pipe_failure(self):
-        self.store_linear('failure')
+        self.store_linear("failure")
 
 
 class FlowStorePipeCommon(FlowStorePipe):
     async def open(self):
-        self.store_parallel('open')
+        self.store_parallel("open")
 
     async def close(self):
-        self.store_parallel('close')
+        self.store_parallel("close")
 
     async def pipe(self, next_pipe, **kwargs):
-        self.store_linear('pipe')
+        self.store_linear("pipe")
         return await next_pipe(**kwargs)
 
 
 class FlowStorePipeSplit(FlowStorePipe):
     async def open_request(self):
-        self.store_parallel('open_request')
+        self.store_parallel("open_request")
 
     async def open_ws(self):
-        self.store_parallel('open_ws')
+        self.store_parallel("open_ws")
 
     async def close_request(self):
-        self.store_parallel('close_request')
+        self.store_parallel("close_request")
 
     async def close_ws(self):
-        self.store_parallel('close_ws')
+        self.store_parallel("close_ws")
 
     async def pipe_request(self, next_pipe, **kwargs):
-        self.store_linear('pipe_request')
+        self.store_linear("pipe_request")
         return await next_pipe(**kwargs)
 
     async def pipe_ws(self, next_pipe, **kwargs):
-        self.store_linear('pipe_ws')
+        self.store_linear("pipe_ws")
         return await next_pipe(**kwargs)
 
 
@@ -91,13 +91,13 @@ class Pipe1(FlowStorePipeCommon):
 
 class Pipe2(FlowStorePipeSplit):
     async def pipe_request(self, next_pipe, **kwargs):
-        self.store_linear('pipe_request')
+        self.store_linear("pipe_request")
         if request.query_params.skip:
             return "block"
         return await next_pipe(**kwargs)
 
     async def pipe_ws(self, next_pipe, **kwargs):
-        self.store_linear('pipe_ws')
+        self.store_linear("pipe_ws")
         if websocket.query_params.skip:
             return
         await next_pipe(**kwargs)
@@ -140,18 +140,18 @@ async def close(self):
 class PipeSR1(FlowStorePipeSplit):
     def on_receive(self, data):
         data = json_load(data)
-        return dict(pipe1r='receive_inject', **data)
+        return dict(pipe1r="receive_inject", **data)
 
     def on_send(self, data):
-        return json_dump(dict(pipe1s='send_inject', **data))
+        return json_dump(dict(pipe1s="send_inject", **data))
 
 
 class PipeSR2(FlowStorePipeSplit):
     def on_receive(self, data):
-        return dict(pipe2r='receive_inject', **data)
+        return dict(pipe2r="receive_inject", **data)
 
     def on_send(self, data):
-        return dict(pipe2s='send_inject', **data)
+        return dict(pipe2s="send_inject", **data)
 
 
 class CTXInjector(Injector):
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ def parallel_flows_are_equal(flow, ctx):
     return set(flow) == set(ctx._pipeline_parallel_storage)
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def app():
     app = App(__name__)
     app.pipeline = [Pipe1(), Pipe2(), Pipe3()]
@@ -270,11 +270,11 @@ def error():
 
     @app.route(pipeline=[ExcPipeOpen(), Pipe4()])
     def open_error():
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     @app.route(pipeline=[ExcPipeClose(), Pipe4()])
     def close_error():
-        return ''
+        return ""
 
     @app.route(pipeline=[Pipe4()])
     def pipe4():
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ def pipe4():
 
     @app.websocket()
     async def ws_ok():
-        await websocket.send('ok')
+        await websocket.send("ok")
 
     @app.websocket()
     def ws_error():
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ async def ws_inject():
         current._receive_storage.append(data)
         await websocket.send(data)
 
-    mod = app.module(__name__, 'mod', url_prefix='mod')
+    mod = app.module(__name__, "mod", url_prefix="mod")
     mod.pipeline = [Pipe5()]
 
     @mod.route()
@@ -325,15 +325,15 @@ def ws_pipe5():
     def ws_pipe6():
         return
 
-    inj = app.module(__name__, 'inj', url_prefix='inj')
+    inj = app.module(__name__, "inj", url_prefix="inj")
     inj.pipeline = [GlobalInjector(), ScopedInjector()]
 
-    @inj.route(template='test.html')
+    @inj.route(template="test.html")
     def injpipe():
-        return {'posts': []}
+        return {"posts": []}
 
-    mg1 = app.module(__name__, 'mg1', url_prefix='mg1')
-    mg2 = app.module(__name__, 'mg2', url_prefix='mg2')
+    mg1 = app.module(__name__, "mg1", url_prefix="mg1")
+    mg2 = app.module(__name__, "mg2", url_prefix="mg2")
     mg1.pipeline = [Pipe5()]
     mg2.pipeline = [Pipe6()]
     mg = app.module_group(mg1, mg2)
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ def injpipe():
     async def pipe_mg():
         return "mg"
 
-    mgc = mg.module(__name__, 'mgc', url_prefix='mgc')
+    mgc = mg.module(__name__, "mgc", url_prefix="mgc")
     mgc.pipeline = [Pipe7()]
 
     @mgc.route()
@@ -354,24 +354,30 @@ async def pipe_mgc():
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_ok_flow(app):
-    with request_ctx(app, '/ok') as ctx:
+    with request_ctx(app, "/ok") as ctx:
         parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_request', 'Pipe3.open',
-            'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_request', 'Pipe1.close']
+            "Pipe1.open",
+            "Pipe2.open_request",
+            "Pipe3.open",
+            "Pipe3.close",
+            "Pipe2.close_request",
+            "Pipe1.close",
+        ]
         linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_request', 'Pipe3.pipe',
-            'Pipe3.success', 'Pipe2.success', 'Pipe1.success']
+            "Pipe1.pipe",
+            "Pipe2.pipe_request",
+            "Pipe3.pipe",
+            "Pipe3.success",
+            "Pipe2.success",
+            "Pipe1.success",
+        ]
         await ctx.dispatch()
         assert linear_flows_are_equal(linear_flow, ctx.ctx)
         assert parallel_flows_are_equal(parallel_flow, ctx.ctx)
 
-    with ws_ctx(app, '/ws_ok') as ctx:
-        parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_ws', 'Pipe3.open',
-            'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_ws', 'Pipe1.close']
-        linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_ws', 'Pipe3.pipe',
-            'Pipe3.success', 'Pipe2.success', 'Pipe1.success']
+    with ws_ctx(app, "/ws_ok") as ctx:
+        parallel_flow = ["Pipe1.open", "Pipe2.open_ws", "Pipe3.open", "Pipe3.close", "Pipe2.close_ws", "Pipe1.close"]
+        linear_flow = ["Pipe1.pipe", "Pipe2.pipe_ws", "Pipe3.pipe", "Pipe3.success", "Pipe2.success", "Pipe1.success"]
         await ctx.dispatch()
         assert linear_flows_are_equal(linear_flow, ctx.ctx)
         assert parallel_flows_are_equal(parallel_flow, ctx.ctx)
@@ -379,13 +385,23 @@ async def test_ok_flow(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_httperror_flow(app):
-    with request_ctx(app, '/http_error') as ctx:
+    with request_ctx(app, "/http_error") as ctx:
         parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_request', 'Pipe3.open',
-            'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_request', 'Pipe1.close']
+            "Pipe1.open",
+            "Pipe2.open_request",
+            "Pipe3.open",
+            "Pipe3.close",
+            "Pipe2.close_request",
+            "Pipe1.close",
+        ]
         linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_request', 'Pipe3.pipe',
-            'Pipe3.success', 'Pipe2.success', 'Pipe1.success']
+            "Pipe1.pipe",
+            "Pipe2.pipe_request",
+            "Pipe3.pipe",
+            "Pipe3.success",
+            "Pipe2.success",
+            "Pipe1.success",
+        ]
         try:
             await ctx.dispatch()
         except HTTP:
@@ -396,13 +412,23 @@ async def test_httperror_flow(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_error_flow(app):
-    with request_ctx(app, '/error') as ctx:
+    with request_ctx(app, "/error") as ctx:
         parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_request', 'Pipe3.open',
-            'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_request', 'Pipe1.close']
+            "Pipe1.open",
+            "Pipe2.open_request",
+            "Pipe3.open",
+            "Pipe3.close",
+            "Pipe2.close_request",
+            "Pipe1.close",
+        ]
         linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_request', 'Pipe3.pipe',
-            'Pipe3.failure', 'Pipe2.failure', 'Pipe1.failure']
+            "Pipe1.pipe",
+            "Pipe2.pipe_request",
+            "Pipe3.pipe",
+            "Pipe3.failure",
+            "Pipe2.failure",
+            "Pipe1.failure",
+        ]
         try:
             await ctx.dispatch()
         except Exception:
@@ -410,13 +436,9 @@ async def test_error_flow(app):
         assert linear_flows_are_equal(linear_flow, ctx.ctx)
         assert parallel_flows_are_equal(parallel_flow, ctx.ctx)
 
-    with ws_ctx(app, '/ws_error') as ctx:
-        parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_ws', 'Pipe3.open',
-            'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_ws', 'Pipe1.close']
-        linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_ws', 'Pipe3.pipe',
-            'Pipe3.failure', 'Pipe2.failure', 'Pipe1.failure']
+    with ws_ctx(app, "/ws_error") as ctx:
+        parallel_flow = ["Pipe1.open", "Pipe2.open_ws", "Pipe3.open", "Pipe3.close", "Pipe2.close_ws", "Pipe1.close"]
+        linear_flow = ["Pipe1.pipe", "Pipe2.pipe_ws", "Pipe3.pipe", "Pipe3.failure", "Pipe2.failure", "Pipe1.failure"]
         try:
             await ctx.dispatch()
         except Exception:
@@ -427,9 +449,8 @@ async def test_error_flow(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_open_error(app):
-    with request_ctx(app, '/open_error') as ctx:
-        parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_request', 'Pipe3.open', 'Pipe4.open']
+    with request_ctx(app, "/open_error") as ctx:
+        parallel_flow = ["Pipe1.open", "Pipe2.open_request", "Pipe3.open", "Pipe4.open"]
         linear_flow = []
         try:
             await ctx.dispatch()
@@ -438,9 +459,8 @@ async def test_open_error(app):
         assert linear_flows_are_equal(linear_flow, ctx.ctx)
         assert parallel_flows_are_equal(parallel_flow, ctx.ctx)
 
-    with ws_ctx(app, '/ws_open_error') as ctx:
-        parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_ws', 'Pipe3.open', 'Pipe4.open']
+    with ws_ctx(app, "/ws_open_error") as ctx:
+        parallel_flow = ["Pipe1.open", "Pipe2.open_ws", "Pipe3.open", "Pipe4.open"]
         linear_flow = []
         try:
             await ctx.dispatch()
@@ -452,16 +472,30 @@ async def test_open_error(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_close_error(app):
-    with request_ctx(app, '/close_error') as ctx:
+    with request_ctx(app, "/close_error") as ctx:
         parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_request', 'Pipe3.open',
-            'ExcPipeClose.open', 'Pipe4.open',
-            'Pipe4.close', 'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_request', 'Pipe1.close']
+            "Pipe1.open",
+            "Pipe2.open_request",
+            "Pipe3.open",
+            "ExcPipeClose.open",
+            "Pipe4.open",
+            "Pipe4.close",
+            "Pipe3.close",
+            "Pipe2.close_request",
+            "Pipe1.close",
+        ]
         linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_request', 'Pipe3.pipe',
-            'ExcPipeClose.pipe', 'Pipe4.pipe',
-            'Pipe4.success', 'ExcPipeClose.success', 'Pipe3.success',
-            'Pipe2.success', 'Pipe1.success']
+            "Pipe1.pipe",
+            "Pipe2.pipe_request",
+            "Pipe3.pipe",
+            "ExcPipeClose.pipe",
+            "Pipe4.pipe",
+            "Pipe4.success",
+            "ExcPipeClose.success",
+            "Pipe3.success",
+            "Pipe2.success",
+            "Pipe1.success",
+        ]
         try:
             await ctx.dispatch()
         except PipeException as e:
@@ -469,16 +503,30 @@ async def test_close_error(app):
         assert linear_flows_are_equal(linear_flow, ctx.ctx)
         assert parallel_flows_are_equal(parallel_flow, ctx.ctx)
 
-    with ws_ctx(app, '/ws_close_error') as ctx:
+    with ws_ctx(app, "/ws_close_error") as ctx:
         parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_ws', 'Pipe3.open',
-            'ExcPipeClose.open', 'Pipe4.open',
-            'Pipe4.close', 'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_ws', 'Pipe1.close']
+            "Pipe1.open",
+            "Pipe2.open_ws",
+            "Pipe3.open",
+            "ExcPipeClose.open",
+            "Pipe4.open",
+            "Pipe4.close",
+            "Pipe3.close",
+            "Pipe2.close_ws",
+            "Pipe1.close",
+        ]
         linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_ws', 'Pipe3.pipe',
-            'ExcPipeClose.pipe', 'Pipe4.pipe',
-            'Pipe4.success', 'ExcPipeClose.success', 'Pipe3.success',
-            'Pipe2.success', 'Pipe1.success']
+            "Pipe1.pipe",
+            "Pipe2.pipe_ws",
+            "Pipe3.pipe",
+            "ExcPipeClose.pipe",
+            "Pipe4.pipe",
+            "Pipe4.success",
+            "ExcPipeClose.success",
+            "Pipe3.success",
+            "Pipe2.success",
+            "Pipe1.success",
+        ]
         try:
             await ctx.dispatch()
         except PipeException as e:
@@ -489,24 +537,23 @@ async def test_close_error(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_flow_interrupt(app):
-    with request_ctx(app, '/ok?skip=yes') as ctx:
+    with request_ctx(app, "/ok?skip=yes") as ctx:
         parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_request', 'Pipe3.open',
-            'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_request', 'Pipe1.close']
-        linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_request',
-            'Pipe2.success', 'Pipe1.success']
+            "Pipe1.open",
+            "Pipe2.open_request",
+            "Pipe3.open",
+            "Pipe3.close",
+            "Pipe2.close_request",
+            "Pipe1.close",
+        ]
+        linear_flow = ["Pipe1.pipe", "Pipe2.pipe_request", "Pipe2.success", "Pipe1.success"]
         await ctx.dispatch()
         assert linear_flows_are_equal(linear_flow, ctx.ctx)
         assert parallel_flows_are_equal(parallel_flow, ctx.ctx)
 
-    with ws_ctx(app, '/ws_ok?skip=yes') as ctx:
-        parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_ws', 'Pipe3.open',
-            'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_ws', 'Pipe1.close']
-        linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_ws',
-            'Pipe2.success', 'Pipe1.success']
+    with ws_ctx(app, "/ws_ok?skip=yes") as ctx:
+        parallel_flow = ["Pipe1.open", "Pipe2.open_ws", "Pipe3.open", "Pipe3.close", "Pipe2.close_ws", "Pipe1.close"]
+        linear_flow = ["Pipe1.pipe", "Pipe2.pipe_ws", "Pipe2.success", "Pipe1.success"]
         await ctx.dispatch()
         assert linear_flows_are_equal(linear_flow, ctx.ctx)
         assert parallel_flows_are_equal(parallel_flow, ctx.ctx)
@@ -514,24 +561,52 @@ async def test_flow_interrupt(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_pipeline_composition(app):
-    with request_ctx(app, '/pipe4') as ctx:
+    with request_ctx(app, "/pipe4") as ctx:
         parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_request', 'Pipe3.open', 'Pipe4.open',
-            'Pipe4.close', 'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_request', 'Pipe1.close']
+            "Pipe1.open",
+            "Pipe2.open_request",
+            "Pipe3.open",
+            "Pipe4.open",
+            "Pipe4.close",
+            "Pipe3.close",
+            "Pipe2.close_request",
+            "Pipe1.close",
+        ]
         linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_request', 'Pipe3.pipe', 'Pipe4.pipe',
-            'Pipe4.success', 'Pipe3.success', 'Pipe2.success', 'Pipe1.success']
+            "Pipe1.pipe",
+            "Pipe2.pipe_request",
+            "Pipe3.pipe",
+            "Pipe4.pipe",
+            "Pipe4.success",
+            "Pipe3.success",
+            "Pipe2.success",
+            "Pipe1.success",
+        ]
         await ctx.dispatch()
         assert linear_flows_are_equal(linear_flow, ctx.ctx)
         assert parallel_flows_are_equal(parallel_flow, ctx.ctx)
 
-    with ws_ctx(app, '/ws_pipe4') as ctx:
+    with ws_ctx(app, "/ws_pipe4") as ctx:
         parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_ws', 'Pipe3.open', 'Pipe4.open',
-            'Pipe4.close', 'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_ws', 'Pipe1.close']
+            "Pipe1.open",
+            "Pipe2.open_ws",
+            "Pipe3.open",
+            "Pipe4.open",
+            "Pipe4.close",
+            "Pipe3.close",
+            "Pipe2.close_ws",
+            "Pipe1.close",
+        ]
         linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_ws', 'Pipe3.pipe', 'Pipe4.pipe',
-            'Pipe4.success', 'Pipe3.success', 'Pipe2.success', 'Pipe1.success']
+            "Pipe1.pipe",
+            "Pipe2.pipe_ws",
+            "Pipe3.pipe",
+            "Pipe4.pipe",
+            "Pipe4.success",
+            "Pipe3.success",
+            "Pipe2.success",
+            "Pipe1.success",
+        ]
         await ctx.dispatch()
         assert linear_flows_are_equal(linear_flow, ctx.ctx)
         assert parallel_flows_are_equal(parallel_flow, ctx.ctx)
@@ -539,24 +614,52 @@ async def test_pipeline_composition(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_module_pipeline(app):
-    with request_ctx(app, '/mod/pipe5') as ctx:
+    with request_ctx(app, "/mod/pipe5") as ctx:
         parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_request', 'Pipe3.open', 'Pipe5.open',
-            'Pipe5.close', 'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_request', 'Pipe1.close']
+            "Pipe1.open",
+            "Pipe2.open_request",
+            "Pipe3.open",
+            "Pipe5.open",
+            "Pipe5.close",
+            "Pipe3.close",
+            "Pipe2.close_request",
+            "Pipe1.close",
+        ]
         linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_request', 'Pipe3.pipe', 'Pipe5.pipe',
-            'Pipe5.success', 'Pipe3.success', 'Pipe2.success', 'Pipe1.success']
+            "Pipe1.pipe",
+            "Pipe2.pipe_request",
+            "Pipe3.pipe",
+            "Pipe5.pipe",
+            "Pipe5.success",
+            "Pipe3.success",
+            "Pipe2.success",
+            "Pipe1.success",
+        ]
         await ctx.dispatch()
         assert linear_flows_are_equal(linear_flow, ctx.ctx)
         assert parallel_flows_are_equal(parallel_flow, ctx.ctx)
 
-    with ws_ctx(app, '/mod/ws_pipe5') as ctx:
+    with ws_ctx(app, "/mod/ws_pipe5") as ctx:
         parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_ws', 'Pipe3.open', 'Pipe5.open',
-            'Pipe5.close', 'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_ws', 'Pipe1.close']
+            "Pipe1.open",
+            "Pipe2.open_ws",
+            "Pipe3.open",
+            "Pipe5.open",
+            "Pipe5.close",
+            "Pipe3.close",
+            "Pipe2.close_ws",
+            "Pipe1.close",
+        ]
         linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_ws', 'Pipe3.pipe', 'Pipe5.pipe',
-            'Pipe5.success', 'Pipe3.success', 'Pipe2.success', 'Pipe1.success']
+            "Pipe1.pipe",
+            "Pipe2.pipe_ws",
+            "Pipe3.pipe",
+            "Pipe5.pipe",
+            "Pipe5.success",
+            "Pipe3.success",
+            "Pipe2.success",
+            "Pipe1.success",
+        ]
         await ctx.dispatch()
         assert linear_flows_are_equal(linear_flow, ctx.ctx)
         assert parallel_flows_are_equal(parallel_flow, ctx.ctx)
@@ -564,32 +667,60 @@ async def test_module_pipeline(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_module_pipeline_composition(app):
-    with request_ctx(app, '/mod/pipe6') as ctx:
+    with request_ctx(app, "/mod/pipe6") as ctx:
         parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_request', 'Pipe3.open', 'Pipe5.open',
-            'Pipe6.open',
-            'Pipe6.close', 'Pipe5.close', 'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_request',
-            'Pipe1.close']
+            "Pipe1.open",
+            "Pipe2.open_request",
+            "Pipe3.open",
+            "Pipe5.open",
+            "Pipe6.open",
+            "Pipe6.close",
+            "Pipe5.close",
+            "Pipe3.close",
+            "Pipe2.close_request",
+            "Pipe1.close",
+        ]
         linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_request', 'Pipe3.pipe', 'Pipe5.pipe',
-            'Pipe6.pipe',
-            'Pipe6.success', 'Pipe5.success', 'Pipe3.success', 'Pipe2.success',
-            'Pipe1.success']
+            "Pipe1.pipe",
+            "Pipe2.pipe_request",
+            "Pipe3.pipe",
+            "Pipe5.pipe",
+            "Pipe6.pipe",
+            "Pipe6.success",
+            "Pipe5.success",
+            "Pipe3.success",
+            "Pipe2.success",
+            "Pipe1.success",
+        ]
         await ctx.dispatch()
         assert linear_flows_are_equal(linear_flow, ctx.ctx)
         assert parallel_flows_are_equal(parallel_flow, ctx.ctx)
 
-    with ws_ctx(app, '/mod/ws_pipe6') as ctx:
+    with ws_ctx(app, "/mod/ws_pipe6") as ctx:
         parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_ws', 'Pipe3.open', 'Pipe5.open',
-            'Pipe6.open',
-            'Pipe6.close', 'Pipe5.close', 'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_ws',
-            'Pipe1.close']
+            "Pipe1.open",
+            "Pipe2.open_ws",
+            "Pipe3.open",
+            "Pipe5.open",
+            "Pipe6.open",
+            "Pipe6.close",
+            "Pipe5.close",
+            "Pipe3.close",
+            "Pipe2.close_ws",
+            "Pipe1.close",
+        ]
         linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_ws', 'Pipe3.pipe', 'Pipe5.pipe',
-            'Pipe6.pipe',
-            'Pipe6.success', 'Pipe5.success', 'Pipe3.success', 'Pipe2.success',
-            'Pipe1.success']
+            "Pipe1.pipe",
+            "Pipe2.pipe_ws",
+            "Pipe3.pipe",
+            "Pipe5.pipe",
+            "Pipe6.pipe",
+            "Pipe6.success",
+            "Pipe5.success",
+            "Pipe3.success",
+            "Pipe2.success",
+            "Pipe1.success",
+        ]
         await ctx.dispatch()
         assert linear_flows_are_equal(linear_flow, ctx.ctx)
         assert parallel_flows_are_equal(parallel_flow, ctx.ctx)
@@ -597,24 +728,52 @@ async def test_module_pipeline_composition(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_module_group_pipeline(app):
-    with request_ctx(app, '/mg1/pipe_mg') as ctx:
+    with request_ctx(app, "/mg1/pipe_mg") as ctx:
         parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_request', 'Pipe3.open', 'Pipe5.open',
-            'Pipe5.close', 'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_request', 'Pipe1.close']
+            "Pipe1.open",
+            "Pipe2.open_request",
+            "Pipe3.open",
+            "Pipe5.open",
+            "Pipe5.close",
+            "Pipe3.close",
+            "Pipe2.close_request",
+            "Pipe1.close",
+        ]
         linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_request', 'Pipe3.pipe', 'Pipe5.pipe',
-            'Pipe5.success', 'Pipe3.success', 'Pipe2.success', 'Pipe1.success']
+            "Pipe1.pipe",
+            "Pipe2.pipe_request",
+            "Pipe3.pipe",
+            "Pipe5.pipe",
+            "Pipe5.success",
+            "Pipe3.success",
+            "Pipe2.success",
+            "Pipe1.success",
+        ]
         await ctx.dispatch()
         assert linear_flows_are_equal(linear_flow, ctx.ctx)
         assert parallel_flows_are_equal(parallel_flow, ctx.ctx)
 
-    with request_ctx(app, '/mg2/pipe_mg') as ctx:
+    with request_ctx(app, "/mg2/pipe_mg") as ctx:
         parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_request', 'Pipe3.open', 'Pipe6.open',
-            'Pipe6.close', 'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_request', 'Pipe1.close']
+            "Pipe1.open",
+            "Pipe2.open_request",
+            "Pipe3.open",
+            "Pipe6.open",
+            "Pipe6.close",
+            "Pipe3.close",
+            "Pipe2.close_request",
+            "Pipe1.close",
+        ]
         linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_request', 'Pipe3.pipe', 'Pipe6.pipe',
-            'Pipe6.success', 'Pipe3.success', 'Pipe2.success', 'Pipe1.success']
+            "Pipe1.pipe",
+            "Pipe2.pipe_request",
+            "Pipe3.pipe",
+            "Pipe6.pipe",
+            "Pipe6.success",
+            "Pipe3.success",
+            "Pipe2.success",
+            "Pipe1.success",
+        ]
         await ctx.dispatch()
         assert linear_flows_are_equal(linear_flow, ctx.ctx)
         assert parallel_flows_are_equal(parallel_flow, ctx.ctx)
@@ -622,32 +781,60 @@ async def test_module_group_pipeline(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_module_group_pipeline_composition(app):
-    with request_ctx(app, '/mg1/mgc/pipe_mgc') as ctx:
+    with request_ctx(app, "/mg1/mgc/pipe_mgc") as ctx:
         parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_request', 'Pipe3.open', 'Pipe5.open',
-            'Pipe7.open',
-            'Pipe7.close', 'Pipe5.close', 'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_request',
-            'Pipe1.close']
+            "Pipe1.open",
+            "Pipe2.open_request",
+            "Pipe3.open",
+            "Pipe5.open",
+            "Pipe7.open",
+            "Pipe7.close",
+            "Pipe5.close",
+            "Pipe3.close",
+            "Pipe2.close_request",
+            "Pipe1.close",
+        ]
         linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_request', 'Pipe3.pipe', 'Pipe5.pipe',
-            'Pipe7.pipe',
-            'Pipe7.success', 'Pipe5.success', 'Pipe3.success', 'Pipe2.success',
-            'Pipe1.success']
+            "Pipe1.pipe",
+            "Pipe2.pipe_request",
+            "Pipe3.pipe",
+            "Pipe5.pipe",
+            "Pipe7.pipe",
+            "Pipe7.success",
+            "Pipe5.success",
+            "Pipe3.success",
+            "Pipe2.success",
+            "Pipe1.success",
+        ]
         await ctx.dispatch()
         assert linear_flows_are_equal(linear_flow, ctx.ctx)
         assert parallel_flows_are_equal(parallel_flow, ctx.ctx)
 
-    with request_ctx(app, '/mg2/mgc/pipe_mgc') as ctx:
+    with request_ctx(app, "/mg2/mgc/pipe_mgc") as ctx:
         parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_request', 'Pipe3.open', 'Pipe6.open',
-            'Pipe7.open',
-            'Pipe7.close', 'Pipe6.close', 'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_request',
-            'Pipe1.close']
+            "Pipe1.open",
+            "Pipe2.open_request",
+            "Pipe3.open",
+            "Pipe6.open",
+            "Pipe7.open",
+            "Pipe7.close",
+            "Pipe6.close",
+            "Pipe3.close",
+            "Pipe2.close_request",
+            "Pipe1.close",
+        ]
         linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_request', 'Pipe3.pipe', 'Pipe6.pipe',
-            'Pipe7.pipe',
-            'Pipe7.success', 'Pipe6.success', 'Pipe3.success', 'Pipe2.success',
-            'Pipe1.success']
+            "Pipe1.pipe",
+            "Pipe2.pipe_request",
+            "Pipe3.pipe",
+            "Pipe6.pipe",
+            "Pipe7.pipe",
+            "Pipe7.success",
+            "Pipe6.success",
+            "Pipe3.success",
+            "Pipe2.success",
+            "Pipe1.success",
+        ]
         await ctx.dispatch()
         assert linear_flows_are_equal(linear_flow, ctx.ctx)
         assert parallel_flows_are_equal(parallel_flow, ctx.ctx)
@@ -655,48 +842,61 @@ async def test_module_group_pipeline_composition(app):
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_receive_send_flow(app):
-    with ws_ctx(app, '/ws_inject') as ctx:
+    with ws_ctx(app, "/ws_inject") as ctx:
         parallel_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.open', 'Pipe2.open_ws', 'Pipe3.open',
-            'PipeSR1.open_ws', 'PipeSR2.open_ws',
-            'PipeSR2.close_ws', 'PipeSR1.close_ws',
-            'Pipe3.close', 'Pipe2.close_ws', 'Pipe1.close']
+            "Pipe1.open",
+            "Pipe2.open_ws",
+            "Pipe3.open",
+            "PipeSR1.open_ws",
+            "PipeSR2.open_ws",
+            "PipeSR2.close_ws",
+            "PipeSR1.close_ws",
+            "Pipe3.close",
+            "Pipe2.close_ws",
+            "Pipe1.close",
+        ]
         linear_flow = [
-            'Pipe1.pipe', 'Pipe2.pipe_ws', 'Pipe3.pipe',
-            'PipeSR1.pipe_ws', 'PipeSR2.pipe_ws',
-            'PipeSR2.success', 'PipeSR1.success',
-            'Pipe3.success', 'Pipe2.success', 'Pipe1.success']
+            "Pipe1.pipe",
+            "Pipe2.pipe_ws",
+            "Pipe3.pipe",
+            "PipeSR1.pipe_ws",
+            "PipeSR2.pipe_ws",
+            "PipeSR2.success",
+            "PipeSR1.success",
+            "Pipe3.success",
+            "Pipe2.success",
+            "Pipe1.success",
+        ]
         await ctx.dispatch()
         assert linear_flows_are_equal(linear_flow, ctx.ctx)
         assert parallel_flows_are_equal(parallel_flow, ctx.ctx)
 
-        assert ctx.ctx._receive_storage[-1] == {
-            'foo': 'bar',
-            'pipe1r': 'receive_inject', 'pipe2r': 'receive_inject'
-        }
+        assert ctx.ctx._receive_storage[-1] == {"foo": "bar", "pipe1r": "receive_inject", "pipe2r": "receive_inject"}
         assert json_load(ctx.ctx._send_storage[-1]) == {
-            'foo': 'bar',
-            'pipe1r': 'receive_inject', 'pipe2r': 'receive_inject',
-            'pipe1s': 'send_inject', 'pipe2s': 'send_inject'
+            "foo": "bar",
+            "pipe1r": "receive_inject",
+            "pipe2r": "receive_inject",
+            "pipe1s": "send_inject",
+            "pipe2s": "send_inject",
         }
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_injectors(app):
-    with request_ctx(app, '/inj/injpipe') as ctx:
+    with request_ctx(app, "/inj/injpipe") as ctx:
         current.app = app
 
         await ctx.dispatch()
         env = ctx.ctx._pipeline_generic_storage[0]
 
-        assert env['posts'] == []
-        assert env['foo'] == "bar"
-        assert env['bar'] == "baz"
-        assert env['staticm']("test") == "test"
-        assert env['boundm']("test") == ("bar", "test")
-        assert env['prop'] == "baz"
+        assert env["posts"] == []
+        assert env["foo"] == "bar"
+        assert env["bar"] == "baz"
+        assert env["staticm"]("test") == "test"
+        assert env["boundm"]("test") == ("bar", "test")
+        assert env["prop"] == "baz"
 
-        env = env['scoped']
+        env = env["scoped"]
         assert env.foo == "bar"
         assert env.bar == "baz"
         assert env.staticm("test") == "test"
diff --git a/tests/test_routing.py b/tests/test_routing.py
index 1eb2c9d5..5005cd2f 100644
--- a/tests/test_routing.py
+++ b/tests/test_routing.py
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    tests.routing
-    -------------
+tests.routing
+-------------
 
-    Test Emmett routing module
+Test Emmett routing module
 """
 
-import pendulum
-import pytest
-
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 
-from helpers import FakeRequestContext
+import pendulum
+import pytest
 from emmett_core.protocols.rsgi.test_client.scope import ScopeBuilder
+from helpers import FakeRequestContext
+
 from emmett import App, abort, url
 from emmett.ctx import current
 from emmett.datastructures import sdict
@@ -27,156 +27,146 @@ def current_ctx(app, path):
     current._close_(token)
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def app():
     app = App(__name__)
-    app.languages = ['en', 'it']
-    app.language_default = 'en'
+    app.languages = ["en", "it"]
+    app.language_default = "en"
     app.language_force_on_url = True
 
     @app.route()
     def test_route():
-        return 'Test Router'
+        return "Test Router"
 
     @app.route()
     def test_404():
-        abort(404, 'Not found, dude')
+        abort(404, "Not found, dude")
 
-    @app.route('/test2/<int:a>/<str:b>')
+    @app.route("/test2/<int:a>/<str:b>")
     def test_route2(a, b):
-        return 'Test Router'
+        return "Test Router"
 
-    @app.route('/test3/<int:a>/foo(/<str:b>)?(.<str:c>)?')
+    @app.route("/test3/<int:a>/foo(/<str:b>)?(.<str:c>)?")
     def test_route3(a, b, c):
-        return 'Test Router'
+        return "Test Router"
 
-    @app.route('/test_int/<int:a>')
+    @app.route("/test_int/<int:a>")
     def test_route_int(a):
-        return 'Test Router'
+        return "Test Router"
 
-    @app.route('/test_float/<float:a>')
+    @app.route("/test_float/<float:a>")
     def test_route_float(a):
-        return 'Test Router'
+        return "Test Router"
 
-    @app.route('/test_date/<date:a>')
+    @app.route("/test_date/<date:a>")
     def test_route_date(a):
-        return 'Test Router'
+        return "Test Router"
 
-    @app.route('/test_alpha/<alpha:a>')
+    @app.route("/test_alpha/<alpha:a>")
     def test_route_alpha(a):
-        return 'Test Router'
+        return "Test Router"
 
-    @app.route('/test_str/<str:a>')
+    @app.route("/test_str/<str:a>")
     def test_route_str(a):
-        return 'Test Router'
+        return "Test Router"
 
-    @app.route('/test_any/<any:a>')
+    @app.route("/test_any/<any:a>")
     def test_route_any(a):
-        return 'Test Router'
-
-    @app.route(
-        '/test_complex'
-        '/<int:a>'
-        '/<float:b>'
-        '/<date:c>'
-        '/<alpha:d>'
-        '/<str:e>'
-        '/<any:f>'
-    )
+        return "Test Router"
+
+    @app.route("/test_complex" "/<int:a>" "/<float:b>" "/<date:c>" "/<alpha:d>" "/<str:e>" "/<any:f>")
     def test_route_complex(a, b, c, d, e, f):
-        current._reqargs = {"a": a, "b":b, "c": c, "d": d, "e": e, "f": f}
-        return 'Test Router'
+        current._reqargs = {"a": a, "b": b, "c": c, "d": d, "e": e, "f": f}
+        return "Test Router"
 
     return app
 
 
 def test_routing(app):
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_int') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_int") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
         assert not route
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_int/a') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_int/a") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
         assert not route
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_int/1.1') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_int/1.1") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
         assert not route
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_int/2000-01-01') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_int/2000-01-01") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
         assert not route
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_int/1') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_int/1") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
-        assert route.name == 'test_routing.test_route_int'
+        assert route.name == "test_routing.test_route_int"
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_float') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_float") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
         assert not route
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_float/a.a') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_float/a.a") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
         assert not route
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_float/1') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_float/1") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
         assert not route
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_float/1.1') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_float/1.1") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
-        assert route.name == 'test_routing.test_route_float'
+        assert route.name == "test_routing.test_route_float"
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_date') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_date") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
         assert not route
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_date/2000-01-01') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_date/2000-01-01") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
-        assert route.name == 'test_routing.test_route_date'
+        assert route.name == "test_routing.test_route_date"
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_alpha') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_alpha") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
         assert not route
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_alpha/a1') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_alpha/a1") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
         assert not route
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_alpha/a-a') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_alpha/a-a") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
         assert not route
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_alpha/a') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_alpha/a") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
-        assert route.name == 'test_routing.test_route_alpha'
+        assert route.name == "test_routing.test_route_alpha"
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_str') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_str") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
         assert not route
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_str/a/b') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_str/a/b") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
         assert not route
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_str/a1-') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_str/a1-") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
-        assert route.name == 'test_routing.test_route_str'
+        assert route.name == "test_routing.test_route_str"
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_any') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_any") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
         assert not route
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_any/a/b') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_any/a/b") as ctx:
         route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
-        assert route.name == 'test_routing.test_route_any'
+        assert route.name == "test_routing.test_route_any"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_route_args(app):
-    with current_ctx(
-        app, '/test_complex/1/1.2/2000-12-01/foo/foo1/bar/baz'
-    ) as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_complex/1/1.2/2000-12-01/foo/foo1/bar/baz") as ctx:
         # route, args = app._router_http.match(ctx.request)
         # assert route.name == 'test_routing.test_route_complex'
         # assert args['a'] == 1
@@ -186,109 +176,108 @@ async def test_route_args(app):
         # assert args['e'] == 'foo1'
         # assert args['f'] == 'bar/baz'
         await app._router_http.dispatch(ctx.request, sdict())
-        assert ctx.request.name == 'test_routing.test_route_complex'
+        assert ctx.request.name == "test_routing.test_route_complex"
         args = current._reqargs
-        assert args['a'] == 1
-        assert round(args['b'], 1) == 1.2
-        assert args['c'] == pendulum.datetime(2000, 12, 1)
-        assert args['d'] == 'foo'
-        assert args['e'] == 'foo1'
-        assert args['f'] == 'bar/baz'
+        assert args["a"] == 1
+        assert round(args["b"], 1) == 1.2
+        assert args["c"] == pendulum.datetime(2000, 12, 1)
+        assert args["d"] == "foo"
+        assert args["e"] == "foo1"
+        assert args["f"] == "bar/baz"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_routing_valid_route(app):
-    with current_ctx(app, '/it/test_route') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/it/test_route") as ctx:
         response = await app._router_http.dispatch(ctx.request, ctx.response)
         assert response.status_code == ctx.response.status == 200
-        assert response.body == 'Test Router'
-        assert ctx.request.language == 'it'
+        assert response.body == "Test Router"
+        assert ctx.request.language == "it"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_routing_not_found_route(app):
-    with current_ctx(app, '/') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/") as ctx:
         with pytest.raises(HTTPResponse) as excinfo:
             await app._router_http.dispatch(ctx.request, ctx.response)
         assert excinfo.value.status_code == 404
-        assert excinfo.value.body == b'Resource not found'
+        assert excinfo.value.body == b"Resource not found"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_routing_exception_route(app):
-    with current_ctx(app, '/test_404') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/test_404") as ctx:
         with pytest.raises(HTTPResponse) as excinfo:
             await app._router_http.dispatch(ctx.request, ctx.response)
         assert excinfo.value.status_code == 404
-        assert excinfo.value.body == 'Not found, dude'
+        assert excinfo.value.body == "Not found, dude"
 
 
 def test_static_url(app):
-    link = url('static', 'file')
-    assert link == '/static/file'
+    link = url("static", "file")
+    assert link == "/static/file"
     app.config.static_version_urls = True
-    app.config.static_version = '1.0.0'
-    link = url('static', 'js/foo.js', language='it')
-    assert link == '/it/static/_1.0.0/js/foo.js'
+    app.config.static_version = "1.0.0"
+    link = url("static", "js/foo.js", language="it")
+    assert link == "/it/static/_1.0.0/js/foo.js"
 
 
 def test_module_url(app):
-    with current_ctx(app, '/') as ctx:
-        ctx.request.language = 'it'
-        link = url('test_route')
-        assert link == '/it/test_route'
-        link = url('test_route2')
-        assert link == '/it/test2'
-        link = url('test_route2', [2])
-        assert link == '/it/test2/2'
-        link = url('test_route2', [2, 'foo'])
-        assert link == '/it/test2/2/foo'
-        link = url('test_route3')
-        assert link == '/it/test3'
-        link = url('test_route3', [2])
-        assert link == '/it/test3/2/foo'
-        link = url('test_route3', [2, 'bar'])
-        assert link == '/it/test3/2/foo/bar'
-        link = url('test_route3', [2, 'bar', 'json'])
-        assert link == '/it/test3/2/foo/bar.json'
-        link = url(
-            'test_route3', [2, 'bar', 'json'], {'foo': 'bar', 'bar': 'foo'})
-        lsplit = link.split('?')
-        assert lsplit[0] == '/it/test3/2/foo/bar.json'
-        assert lsplit[1] in ['foo=bar&bar=foo', 'bar=foo&foo=bar']
+    with current_ctx(app, "/") as ctx:
+        ctx.request.language = "it"
+        link = url("test_route")
+        assert link == "/it/test_route"
+        link = url("test_route2")
+        assert link == "/it/test2"
+        link = url("test_route2", [2])
+        assert link == "/it/test2/2"
+        link = url("test_route2", [2, "foo"])
+        assert link == "/it/test2/2/foo"
+        link = url("test_route3")
+        assert link == "/it/test3"
+        link = url("test_route3", [2])
+        assert link == "/it/test3/2/foo"
+        link = url("test_route3", [2, "bar"])
+        assert link == "/it/test3/2/foo/bar"
+        link = url("test_route3", [2, "bar", "json"])
+        assert link == "/it/test3/2/foo/bar.json"
+        link = url("test_route3", [2, "bar", "json"], {"foo": "bar", "bar": "foo"})
+        lsplit = link.split("?")
+        assert lsplit[0] == "/it/test3/2/foo/bar.json"
+        assert lsplit[1] in ["foo=bar&bar=foo", "bar=foo&foo=bar"]
 
 
 def test_global_url_prefix(app):
-    app._router_http._prefix_main = '/foo'
+    app._router_http._prefix_main = "/foo"
     app._router_http._prefix_main_len = 3
 
-    with current_ctx(app, '/') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx(app, "/") as ctx:
         app.config.static_version_urls = False
-        ctx.request.language = 'en'
+        ctx.request.language = "en"
 
-        link = url('test_route')
-        assert link == '/foo/test_route'
+        link = url("test_route")
+        assert link == "/foo/test_route"
 
-        link = url('static', 'js/foo.js')
-        assert link == '/foo/static/js/foo.js'
+        link = url("static", "js/foo.js")
+        assert link == "/foo/static/js/foo.js"
 
         app.config.static_version_urls = True
-        app.config.static_version = '1.0.0'
+        app.config.static_version = "1.0.0"
 
-        link = url('static', 'js/foo.js')
-        assert link == '/foo/static/_1.0.0/js/foo.js'
+        link = url("static", "js/foo.js")
+        assert link == "/foo/static/_1.0.0/js/foo.js"
 
         app.config.static_version_urls = False
-        ctx.request.language = 'it'
+        ctx.request.language = "it"
 
-        link = url('test_route')
-        assert link == '/foo/it/test_route'
+        link = url("test_route")
+        assert link == "/foo/it/test_route"
 
-        link = url('static', 'js/foo.js')
-        assert link == '/foo/it/static/js/foo.js'
+        link = url("static", "js/foo.js")
+        assert link == "/foo/it/static/js/foo.js"
 
         app.config.static_version_urls = True
-        app.config.static_version = '1.0.0'
+        app.config.static_version = "1.0.0"
 
-        link = url('static', 'js/foo.js')
-        assert link == '/foo/it/static/_1.0.0/js/foo.js'
+        link = url("static", "js/foo.js")
+        assert link == "/foo/it/static/_1.0.0/js/foo.js"
diff --git a/tests/test_templates.py b/tests/test_templates.py
index b4acf839..cfeb6511 100644
--- a/tests/test_templates.py
+++ b/tests/test_templates.py
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    tests.templates
-    ---------------
+tests.templates
+---------------
 
-    Test Emmett templating module
+Test Emmett templating module
 """
 
 import pytest
-
 from helpers import current_ctx
+
 from emmett import App
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def app():
     app = App(__name__)
-    app.config.templates_escape = 'all'
+    app.config.templates_escape = "all"
     app.config.templates_adjust_indent = False
     app.config.templates_auto_reload = True
     return app
@@ -24,31 +24,34 @@ def app():
 def test_helpers(app):
     templater = app.templater
     r = templater._render(source="{{ include_helpers }}")
-    assert r == '<script type="text/javascript" ' + \
-        'src="/__emmett__/jquery.min.js"></script>' + \
-        '<script type="text/javascript" ' + \
-        'src="/__emmett__/helpers.js"></script>'
+    assert (
+        r
+        == '<script type="text/javascript" '
+        + 'src="/__emmett__/jquery.min.js"></script>'
+        + '<script type="text/javascript" '
+        + 'src="/__emmett__/helpers.js"></script>'
+    )
 
 
 def test_meta(app):
-    with current_ctx('/', app) as ctx:
+    with current_ctx("/", app) as ctx:
         ctx.response.meta.foo = "bar"
         ctx.response.meta_prop.foo = "bar"
         templater = app.templater
-        r = templater._render(
-            source="{{ include_meta }}",
-            context={'current': ctx})
-        assert r == '<meta name="foo" content="bar" />' + \
-            '<meta property="foo" content="bar" />'
+        r = templater._render(source="{{ include_meta }}", context={"current": ctx})
+        assert r == '<meta name="foo" content="bar" />' + '<meta property="foo" content="bar" />'
 
 
 def test_static(app):
     templater = app.templater
     s = "{{include_static 'foo.js'}}\n{{include_static 'bar.css'}}"
     r = templater._render(source=s)
-    assert r == '<script type="text/javascript" src="/static/foo.js">' + \
-        '</script>\n<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/bar.css" ' + \
-        'type="text/css" />'
+    assert (
+        r
+        == '<script type="text/javascript" src="/static/foo.js">'
+        + '</script>\n<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/bar.css" '
+        + 'type="text/css" />'
+    )
 
 
 rendered_value = """
@@ -78,20 +81,19 @@ def test_static(app):
         </div>
     </body>
 </html>""".format(
-    helpers="".join([
-        f'<script type="text/javascript" src="/__emmett__/{name}"></script>'
-        for name in ["jquery.min.js", "helpers.js"]
-    ])
+    helpers="".join(
+        [
+            f'<script type="text/javascript" src="/__emmett__/{name}"></script>'
+            for name in ["jquery.min.js", "helpers.js"]
+        ]
+    )
 )
 
 
 def test_render(app):
-    with current_ctx('/', app) as ctx:
-        ctx.language = 'it'
-        r = app.templater.render(
-            'test.html', {
-                'current': ctx, 'posts': [{'title': 'foo'}, {'title': 'bar'}]
-            }
+    with current_ctx("/", app) as ctx:
+        ctx.language = "it"
+        r = app.templater.render("test.html", {"current": ctx, "posts": [{"title": "foo"}, {"title": "bar"}]})
+        assert "\n".join([l.strip() for l in r.splitlines() if l.strip()]) == "\n".join(
+            [l.strip() for l in rendered_value[1:].splitlines()]
         )
-        assert "\n".join([l.strip() for l in r.splitlines() if l.strip()]) == \
-            "\n".join([l.strip() for l in rendered_value[1:].splitlines()])
diff --git a/tests/test_translator.py b/tests/test_translator.py
index 925cbbcf..ac868035 100644
--- a/tests/test_translator.py
+++ b/tests/test_translator.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    tests.translator
-    ----------------
+tests.translator
+----------------
 
-    Test Emmett translator module
+Test Emmett translator module
 """
 
 import pytest
@@ -13,17 +13,17 @@
 from emmett.locals import T
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def app():
     return App(__name__)
 
 
 def _make_translation(language):
-    return str(T('partly cloudy', lang=language))
+    return str(T("partly cloudy", lang=language))
 
 
 def test_translation(app):
-    current.language = 'en'
-    assert _make_translation('it') == 'nuvolosità variabile'
-    assert _make_translation('de') == 'teilweise bewölkt'
-    assert _make_translation('ru') == 'переменная облачность'
+    current.language = "en"
+    assert _make_translation("it") == "nuvolosità variabile"
+    assert _make_translation("de") == "teilweise bewölkt"
+    assert _make_translation("ru") == "переменная облачность"
diff --git a/tests/test_utils.py b/tests/test_utils.py
index 4228c3d3..18a2f081 100644
--- a/tests/test_utils.py
+++ b/tests/test_utils.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    tests.utils
-    -----------
+tests.utils
+-----------
 
-    Test Emmett utils engine
+Test Emmett utils engine
 """
 
 from emmett.datastructures import sdict
@@ -11,29 +11,29 @@
 
 
 def test_is_valid_ip_address():
-    result_localhost = is_valid_ip_address('127.0.0.1')
+    result_localhost = is_valid_ip_address("127.0.0.1")
     assert result_localhost is True
 
-    result_unknown = is_valid_ip_address('unknown')
+    result_unknown = is_valid_ip_address("unknown")
     assert result_unknown is False
 
-    result_ipv4_valid = is_valid_ip_address('::ffff:192.168.0.1')
+    result_ipv4_valid = is_valid_ip_address("::ffff:192.168.0.1")
     assert result_ipv4_valid is True
 
-    result_ipv4_valid = is_valid_ip_address('192.168.256.1')
+    result_ipv4_valid = is_valid_ip_address("192.168.256.1")
     assert result_ipv4_valid is False
 
-    result_ipv6_valid = is_valid_ip_address('fd40:363d:ee85::')
+    result_ipv6_valid = is_valid_ip_address("fd40:363d:ee85::")
     assert result_ipv6_valid is True
 
-    result_ipv6_valid = is_valid_ip_address('fd40:363d:ee85::1::')
+    result_ipv6_valid = is_valid_ip_address("fd40:363d:ee85::1::")
     assert result_ipv6_valid is False
 
 
 def test_dict_to_sdict():
-    result_sdict = dict_to_sdict({'test': 'dict'})
+    result_sdict = dict_to_sdict({"test": "dict"})
     assert isinstance(result_sdict, sdict)
-    assert result_sdict.test == 'dict'
+    assert result_sdict.test == "dict"
 
     result_number = dict_to_sdict(1)
     assert not isinstance(result_number, sdict)
diff --git a/tests/test_validators.py b/tests/test_validators.py
index 2deebd93..fb343529 100644
--- a/tests/test_validators.py
+++ b/tests/test_validators.py
@@ -1,21 +1,47 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    tests.validators
-    ----------------
+tests.validators
+----------------
 
-    Test Emmett validators over pyDAL.
+Test Emmett validators over pyDAL.
 """
 
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+
 import pytest
 
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 from emmett import App, sdict
-from emmett.orm import Database, Model, Field, has_many, belongs_to
+from emmett.orm import Database, Field, Model, belongs_to, has_many
 from emmett.validators import (
-    isEmptyOr, hasLength, isInt, isFloat, isDate, isTime, isDatetime, isJSON,
-    isntEmpty, inSet, inDB, isEmail, isUrl, isIP, isImage, inRange, Equals,
-    Lower, Upper, Cleanup, Urlify, Crypt, notInDB, Allow, Not, Matches, Any,
-    isList)
+    Allow,
+    Any,
+    Cleanup,
+    Crypt,
+    Equals,
+    Lower,
+    Matches,
+    Not,
+    Upper,
+    Urlify,
+    hasLength,
+    inDB,
+    inRange,
+    inSet,
+    isDate,
+    isDatetime,
+    isEmail,
+    isEmptyOr,
+    isFloat,
+    isImage,
+    isInt,
+    isIP,
+    isJSON,
+    isList,
+    isntEmpty,
+    isTime,
+    isUrl,
+    notInDB,
+)
 
 
 class A(Model):
@@ -49,11 +75,9 @@ class B(Model):
     tablename = "b"
 
     a = Field()
-    b = Field(validation={'len': {'gte': 5}})
+    b = Field(validation={"len": {"gte": 5}})
 
-    validation = {
-        'a': {'len': {'gte': 5}}
-    }
+    validation = {"a": {"len": {"gte": 5}}}
 
 
 class Consist(Model):
@@ -65,12 +89,12 @@ class Consist(Model):
     emailsplit = Field.string_list()
 
     validation = {
-        'email': {'is': 'email'},
-        'url': {'is': 'url'},
-        'ip': {'is': 'ip'},
-        'image': {'is': 'image'},
-        'emails': {'is': 'list:email'},
-        'emailsplit': {'is': {'list:email': {'splitter': ',;'}}}
+        "email": {"is": "email"},
+        "url": {"is": "url"},
+        "ip": {"is": "ip"},
+        "image": {"is": "image"},
+        "emails": {"is": "list:email"},
+        "emailsplit": {"is": {"list:email": {"splitter": ",;"}}},
     }
 
 
@@ -81,10 +105,10 @@ class Len(Model):
     d = Field()
 
     validation = {
-        'a': {'len': 5},
-        'b': {'len': {'gt': 4, 'lt': 13}},
-        'c': {'len': {'gte': 5, 'lte': 12}},
-        'd': {'len': {'range': (5, 13)}}
+        "a": {"len": 5},
+        "b": {"len": {"gt": 4, "lt": 13}},
+        "c": {"len": {"gte": 5, "lte": 12}},
+        "d": {"len": {"range": (5, 13)}},
     }
 
 
@@ -92,10 +116,7 @@ class Inside(Model):
     a = Field()
     b = Field.int()
 
-    validation = {
-        'a': {'in': ['a', 'b']},
-        'b': {'in': {'range': (1, 5)}}
-    }
+    validation = {"a": {"in": ["a", "b"]}, "b": {"in": {"range": (1, 5)}}}
 
 
 class Num(Model):
@@ -103,11 +124,7 @@ class Num(Model):
     b = Field.int()
     c = Field.int()
 
-    validation = {
-        'a': {'gt': 0},
-        'b': {'lt': 5},
-        'c': {'gt': 0, 'lte': 4}
-    }
+    validation = {"a": {"gt": 0}, "b": {"lt": 5}, "c": {"gt": 0, "lte": 4}}
 
 
 class Proc(Model):
@@ -119,12 +136,12 @@ class Proc(Model):
     f = Field.password()
 
     validation = {
-        'a': {'lower': True},
-        'b': {'upper': True},
-        'c': {'clean': True},
-        'd': {'urlify': True},
-        'e': {'len': {'range': (6, 25)}, 'crypt': True},
-        'f': {'len': {'gt': 5, 'lt': 25}, 'crypt': 'md5'}
+        "a": {"lower": True},
+        "b": {"upper": True},
+        "c": {"clean": True},
+        "d": {"urlify": True},
+        "e": {"len": {"range": (6, 25)}, "crypt": True},
+        "f": {"len": {"gt": 5, "lt": 25}, "crypt": "md5"},
     }
 
 
@@ -133,60 +150,47 @@ class Eq(Model):
     b = Field.int()
     c = Field.float()
 
-    validation = {
-        'a': {'equals': 'asd'},
-        'b': {'equals': 2},
-        'c': {'not': {'equals': 2.4}}
-    }
+    validation = {"a": {"equals": "asd"}, "b": {"equals": 2}, "c": {"not": {"equals": 2.4}}}
 
 
 class Match(Model):
     a = Field()
     b = Field()
 
-    validation = {
-        'a': {'match': 'ab'},
-        'b': {'match': {'expression': 'ab', 'strict': True}}
-    }
+    validation = {"a": {"match": "ab"}, "b": {"match": {"expression": "ab", "strict": True}}}
 
 
 class Anyone(Model):
     a = Field()
 
-    validation = {
-        'a': {'any': {'is': 'email', 'in': ['foo', 'bar']}}
-    }
+    validation = {"a": {"any": {"is": "email", "in": ["foo", "bar"]}}}
 
 
 class Person(Model):
-    has_many('things')
+    has_many("things")
 
-    name = Field(validation={'empty': False})
-    surname = Field(validation={'presence': True})
+    name = Field(validation={"empty": False})
+    surname = Field(validation={"presence": True})
 
 
 class Thing(Model):
-    belongs_to('person')
+    belongs_to("person")
 
     name = Field()
     color = Field()
     uid = Field(unique=True)
 
-    validation = {
-        'name': {'presence': True},
-        'color': {'in': ['blue', 'red']},
-        'uid': {'empty': False}
-    }
+    validation = {"name": {"presence": True}, "color": {"in": ["blue", "red"]}, "uid": {"empty": False}}
 
 
 class Allowed(Model):
-    a = Field(validation={'in': ['a', 'b'], 'allow': None})
-    b = Field(validation={'in': ['a', 'b'], 'allow': 'empty'})
-    c = Field(validation={'in': ['a', 'b'], 'allow': 'blank'})
+    a = Field(validation={"in": ["a", "b"], "allow": None})
+    b = Field(validation={"in": ["a", "b"], "allow": "empty"})
+    c = Field(validation={"in": ["a", "b"], "allow": "blank"})
 
 
 class Mixed(Model):
-    belongs_to('person')
+    belongs_to("person")
 
     date = Field.date()
     type = Field()
@@ -197,27 +201,21 @@ class Mixed(Model):
     psw = Field.password()
 
     validation = {
-        'date': {'format': '%d/%m/%Y', 'gt': lambda: datetime.utcnow().date()},
-        'type': {'in': ['a', 'b'], 'allow': None},
-        'inside': {'in': ['asd', 'lol']},
-        'number': {'allow': 'blank'},
-        'dont': {'empty': True},
-        'yep': {'presence': True},
-        'psw': {'len': {'range': (6, 25)}, 'crypt': True}
+        "date": {"format": "%d/%m/%Y", "gt": lambda: datetime.utcnow().date()},
+        "type": {"in": ["a", "b"], "allow": None},
+        "inside": {"in": ["asd", "lol"]},
+        "number": {"allow": "blank"},
+        "dont": {"empty": True},
+        "yep": {"presence": True},
+        "psw": {"len": {"range": (6, 25)}, "crypt": True},
     }
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
 def db():
     app = App(__name__)
-    db = Database(
-        app, config=sdict(
-            uri='sqlite://validators.db', auto_connect=True,
-            auto_migrate=True))
-    db.define_models([
-        A, AA, AAA, B, Consist, Len, Inside, Num, Eq, Match, Anyone, Proc,
-        Person, Thing, Allowed, Mixed
-    ])
+    db = Database(app, config=sdict(uri="sqlite://validators.db", auto_connect=True, auto_migrate=True))
+    db.define_models([A, AA, AAA, B, Consist, Len, Inside, Num, Eq, Match, Anyone, Proc, Person, Thing, Allowed, Mixed])
     return db
 
 
@@ -349,243 +347,243 @@ def test_allow(db):
 def test_validation(db):
     #: 'is'
     is_data = {
-        'name': 'foo',
-        'val': 1,
-        'fval': 1.5,
-        'text': 'Lorem ipsum',
-        'password': 'notverysecret',
-        'd': '{:%Y-%m-%d}'.format(datetime.utcnow()),
-        't': '15:23',
-        'dt': '2015-12-23T15:23:00',
-        'json': '{}'
+        "name": "foo",
+        "val": 1,
+        "fval": 1.5,
+        "text": "Lorem ipsum",
+        "password": "notverysecret",
+        "d": "{:%Y-%m-%d}".format(datetime.utcnow()),
+        "t": "15:23",
+        "dt": "2015-12-23T15:23:00",
+        "json": "{}",
     }
     errors = A.validate(is_data)
     assert not errors
     d = dict(is_data)
-    d['val'] = 'foo'
+    d["val"] = "foo"
     errors = A.validate(d)
-    assert 'val' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "val" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(is_data)
-    d['fval'] = 'bar'
+    d["fval"] = "bar"
     errors = A.validate(d)
-    assert 'fval' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "fval" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(is_data)
-    d['d'] = 'foo'
+    d["d"] = "foo"
     errors = A.validate(d)
-    assert 'd' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "d" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(is_data)
-    d['t'] = 'bar'
+    d["t"] = "bar"
     errors = A.validate(d)
-    assert 't' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "t" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(is_data)
-    d['dt'] = 'foo'
+    d["dt"] = "foo"
     errors = A.validate(d)
-    assert 'dt' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "dt" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(is_data)
-    d['json'] = 'bar'
+    d["json"] = "bar"
     errors = A.validate(d)
-    assert 'json' in errors and len(errors) == 1
-    errors = Consist.validate({'email': 'foo'})
-    assert 'email' in errors
-    errors = Consist.validate({'url': 'notanurl'})
-    assert 'url' in errors
-    errors = Consist.validate({'url': 'http://domain.com/'})
-    assert 'url' not in errors
-    errors = Consist.validate({'url': 'http://domain.com'})
-    assert 'url' not in errors
-    errors = Consist.validate({'url': 'domain.com'})
-    assert 'url' not in errors
-    errors = Consist.validate({'ip': 'foo'})
-    assert 'ip' in errors
-    errors = Consist.validate({'emails': 'foo'})
-    assert 'emails' in errors
-    errors = Consist.validate({'emailsplit': 'foo'})
-    assert 'emailsplit' in errors
-    errors = Consist.validate({'emailsplit': '1@asd.com, 2@asd.com'})
-    assert 'emailsplit' not in errors
-    errors = Consist.validate({'emails': ['1@asd.com', '2@asd.com']})
-    assert 'emails' not in errors
+    assert "json" in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    errors = Consist.validate({"email": "foo"})
+    assert "email" in errors
+    errors = Consist.validate({"url": "notanurl"})
+    assert "url" in errors
+    errors = Consist.validate({"url": "http://domain.com/"})
+    assert "url" not in errors
+    errors = Consist.validate({"url": "http://domain.com"})
+    assert "url" not in errors
+    errors = Consist.validate({"url": "domain.com"})
+    assert "url" not in errors
+    errors = Consist.validate({"ip": "foo"})
+    assert "ip" in errors
+    errors = Consist.validate({"emails": "foo"})
+    assert "emails" in errors
+    errors = Consist.validate({"emailsplit": "foo"})
+    assert "emailsplit" in errors
+    errors = Consist.validate({"emailsplit": "1@asd.com, 2@asd.com"})
+    assert "emailsplit" not in errors
+    errors = Consist.validate({"emails": ["1@asd.com", "2@asd.com"]})
+    assert "emails" not in errors
     #: 'len'
-    len_data = {'a': '12345', 'b': '12345', 'c': '12345', 'd': '12345'}
+    len_data = {"a": "12345", "b": "12345", "c": "12345", "d": "12345"}
     errors = Len.validate(len_data)
     assert not errors
     d = dict(len_data)
-    d['a'] = 'ciao'
+    d["a"] = "ciao"
     errors = Len.validate(d)
-    assert 'a' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "a" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(len_data)
-    d['b'] = 'ciao'
+    d["b"] = "ciao"
     errors = Len.validate(d)
-    assert 'b' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "b" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(len_data)
-    d['b'] = '1234567890123'
+    d["b"] = "1234567890123"
     errors = Len.validate(d)
-    assert 'b' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "b" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(len_data)
-    d['c'] = 'ciao'
+    d["c"] = "ciao"
     errors = Len.validate(d)
-    assert 'c' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "c" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(len_data)
-    d['c'] = '1234567890123'
+    d["c"] = "1234567890123"
     errors = Len.validate(d)
-    assert 'c' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "c" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(len_data)
-    d['d'] = 'ciao'
+    d["d"] = "ciao"
     errors = Len.validate(d)
-    assert 'd' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "d" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(len_data)
-    d['d'] = '1234567890123'
+    d["d"] = "1234567890123"
     errors = Len.validate(d)
-    assert 'd' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "d" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     #: 'in'
-    in_data = {'a': 'a', 'b': 2}
+    in_data = {"a": "a", "b": 2}
     errors = Inside.validate(in_data)
     assert not errors
     d = dict(in_data)
-    d['a'] = 'c'
+    d["a"] = "c"
     errors = Inside.validate(d)
-    assert 'a' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "a" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(in_data)
-    d['b'] = 0
+    d["b"] = 0
     errors = Inside.validate(d)
-    assert 'b' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "b" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(in_data)
-    d['b'] = 7
+    d["b"] = 7
     errors = Inside.validate(d)
-    assert 'b' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "b" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     #: 'gt', 'lt', 'gte', 'lte'
-    num_data = {'a': 1, 'b': 4, 'c': 2}
+    num_data = {"a": 1, "b": 4, "c": 2}
     errors = Num.validate(num_data)
     assert not errors
     d = dict(num_data)
-    d['a'] = 0
+    d["a"] = 0
     errors = Num.validate(d)
-    assert 'a' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "a" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(num_data)
-    d['b'] = 5
+    d["b"] = 5
     errors = Num.validate(d)
-    assert 'b' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "b" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(num_data)
-    d['c'] = 0
+    d["c"] = 0
     errors = Num.validate(d)
-    assert 'c' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "c" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(num_data)
-    d['c'] = 5
+    d["c"] = 5
     errors = Num.validate(d)
-    assert 'c' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "c" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     #: 'equals'
-    eq_data = {'a': 'asd', 'b': 2, 'c': 2.3}
+    eq_data = {"a": "asd", "b": 2, "c": 2.3}
     errors = Eq.validate(eq_data)
     assert not errors
     d = dict(eq_data)
-    d['a'] = 'lol'
+    d["a"] = "lol"
     errors = Eq.validate(d)
-    assert 'a' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "a" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(eq_data)
-    d['b'] = 3
+    d["b"] = 3
     errors = Eq.validate(d)
-    assert 'b' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "b" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     #: 'not'
     d = dict(eq_data)
-    d['c'] = 2.4
+    d["c"] = 2.4
     errors = Eq.validate(d)
-    assert 'c' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "c" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     #: 'match'
-    match_data = {'a': 'abc', 'b': 'ab'}
+    match_data = {"a": "abc", "b": "ab"}
     errors = Match.validate(match_data)
     assert not errors
     d = dict(match_data)
-    d['a'] = 'lol'
+    d["a"] = "lol"
     errors = Match.validate(d)
-    assert 'a' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "a" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(match_data)
-    d['b'] = 'abc'
+    d["b"] = "abc"
     errors = Match.validate(d)
-    assert 'b' in errors and len(errors) == 1
-    d['b'] = 'lol'
+    assert "b" in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    d["b"] = "lol"
     errors = Match.validate(d)
-    assert 'b' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "b" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     #: 'any'
-    errors = Anyone.validate({'a': 'foo'})
+    errors = Anyone.validate({"a": "foo"})
     assert not errors
-    errors = Anyone.validate({'a': 'walter@massivedynamics.com'})
+    errors = Anyone.validate({"a": "walter@massivedynamics.com"})
     assert not errors
-    errors = Anyone.validate({'a': 'lol'})
-    assert 'a' in errors
+    errors = Anyone.validate({"a": "lol"})
+    assert "a" in errors
     #: 'allow'
-    allow_data = {'a': 'a', 'b': 'a', 'c': 'a'}
+    allow_data = {"a": "a", "b": "a", "c": "a"}
     errors = Allowed.validate(allow_data)
     assert not errors
     d = dict(allow_data)
-    d['a'] = None
+    d["a"] = None
     errors = Allowed.validate(d)
     assert not errors
-    d['a'] = 'foo'
+    d["a"] = "foo"
     errors = Allowed.validate(d)
-    assert 'a' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "a" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(allow_data)
-    d['b'] = ''
+    d["b"] = ""
     errors = Allowed.validate(d)
     assert not errors
-    d['b'] = None
+    d["b"] = None
     errors = Allowed.validate(d)
     assert not errors
-    d['b'] = 'foo'
+    d["b"] = "foo"
     errors = Allowed.validate(d)
-    assert 'b' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "b" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     d = dict(allow_data)
-    d['c'] = ''
+    d["c"] = ""
     errors = Allowed.validate(d)
     assert not errors
-    d['c'] = None
+    d["c"] = None
     errors = Allowed.validate(d)
     assert not errors
-    d['c'] = 'foo'
+    d["c"] = "foo"
     errors = Allowed.validate(d)
-    assert 'c' in errors and len(errors) == 1
+    assert "c" in errors and len(errors) == 1
     #: processing validators
-    assert Proc.a.validate('Asd')[0] == 'asd'
-    assert Proc.b.validate('Asd')[0] == 'ASD'
-    assert Proc.d.validate('Two Words')[0] == 'two-words'
-    psw = str(Proc.e.validate('somepassword')[0])
-    assert psw[:23] == 'pbkdf2(1000,20,sha512)$'
-    assert psw[23:] != 'somepassword'
-    psw = str(Proc.f.validate('somepassword')[0])
-    assert psw[:4] == 'md5$'
-    assert psw[4:] != 'somepassword'
+    assert Proc.a.validate("Asd")[0] == "asd"
+    assert Proc.b.validate("Asd")[0] == "ASD"
+    assert Proc.d.validate("Two Words")[0] == "two-words"
+    psw = str(Proc.e.validate("somepassword")[0])
+    assert psw[:23] == "pbkdf2(1000,20,sha512)$"
+    assert psw[23:] != "somepassword"
+    psw = str(Proc.f.validate("somepassword")[0])
+    assert psw[:4] == "md5$"
+    assert psw[4:] != "somepassword"
     #: 'presence'
-    mario = {'name': 'mario'}
+    mario = {"name": "mario"}
     errors = Person.validate(mario)
-    assert 'surname' in errors
+    assert "surname" in errors
     assert len(errors) == 1
     #: 'presence' with reference, 'unique'
-    thing = {'name': 'a', 'person': 5, 'color': 'blue', 'uid': 'lol'}
+    thing = {"name": "a", "person": 5, "color": "blue", "uid": "lol"}
     errors = Thing.validate(thing)
-    assert 'person' in errors
+    assert "person" in errors
     assert len(errors) == 1
-    mario = {'name': 'mario', 'surname': 'draghi'}
+    mario = {"name": "mario", "surname": "draghi"}
     mario = Person.create(mario)
     assert len(mario.errors.keys()) == 0
     assert mario.id == 1
-    thing = {'name': 'euro', 'person': mario.id, 'color': 'red', 'uid': 'lol'}
+    thing = {"name": "euro", "person": mario.id, "color": "red", "uid": "lol"}
     thing = Thing.create(thing)
     assert len(thing.errors.keys()) == 0
-    thing = {'name': 'euro2', 'person': mario.id, 'color': 'red', 'uid': 'lol'}
+    thing = {"name": "euro2", "person": mario.id, "color": "red", "uid": "lol"}
     errors = Thing.validate(thing)
     assert len(errors) == 1
-    assert 'uid' in errors
+    assert "uid" in errors
 
 
 def test_multi(db):
     p = db.Person(name="mario")
     base_data = {
-        'date': '{0:%d/%m/%Y}'.format(datetime.utcnow()+timedelta(days=1)),
-        'type': 'a',
-        'inside': 'asd',
-        'number': 1,
-        'yep': 'asd',
-        'psw': 'password',
-        'person': p.id
+        "date": "{0:%d/%m/%Y}".format(datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(days=1)),
+        "type": "a",
+        "inside": "asd",
+        "number": 1,
+        "yep": "asd",
+        "psw": "password",
+        "person": p.id,
     }
     #: everything ok
     res = Mixed.create(base_data)
@@ -593,67 +591,67 @@ def test_multi(db):
     assert len(res.errors.keys()) == 0
     #: invalid belongs
     vals = dict(base_data)
-    del vals['person']
+    del vals["person"]
     res = Mixed.create(vals)
     assert res.id is None
     assert len(res.errors.keys()) == 1
-    assert 'person' in res.errors
+    assert "person" in res.errors
     #: invalid date range
     vals = dict(base_data)
-    vals['date'] = '{0:%d/%m/%Y}'.format(datetime.utcnow()-timedelta(days=2))
+    vals["date"] = "{0:%d/%m/%Y}".format(datetime.utcnow() - timedelta(days=2))
     res = Mixed.create(vals)
     assert res.id is None
     assert len(res.errors.keys()) == 1
-    assert 'date' in res.errors
+    assert "date" in res.errors
     #: invalid date format
-    vals['date'] = '76-12-1249'
+    vals["date"] = "76-12-1249"
     res = Mixed.create(vals)
     assert res.id is None
     assert len(res.errors.keys()) == 1
-    assert 'date' in res.errors
+    assert "date" in res.errors
     #: invalid in
     vals = dict(base_data)
-    vals['type'] = ' '
+    vals["type"] = " "
     res = Mixed.create(vals)
     assert res.id is None
     assert len(res.errors.keys()) == 1
-    assert 'type' in res.errors
+    assert "type" in res.errors
     #: empty number
     vals = dict(base_data)
-    vals['number'] = None
+    vals["number"] = None
     res = Mixed.create(vals)
     assert res.id == 2
     assert len(res.errors.keys()) == 0
     #: invalid number
     vals = dict(base_data)
-    vals['number'] = 'asd'
+    vals["number"] = "asd"
     res = Mixed.create(vals)
     assert res.id is None
     assert len(res.errors.keys()) == 1
-    assert 'number' in res.errors
+    assert "number" in res.errors
     #: invalid empty
     vals = dict(base_data)
-    vals['dont'] = '2'
+    vals["dont"] = "2"
     res = Mixed.create(vals)
     assert res.id is None
     assert len(res.errors.keys()) == 1
-    assert 'dont' in res.errors
+    assert "dont" in res.errors
     #: invalid presence
     vals = dict(base_data)
-    vals['yep'] = ''
+    vals["yep"] = ""
     res = Mixed.create(vals)
     assert res.id is None
     assert len(res.errors.keys()) == 1
-    assert 'yep' in res.errors
+    assert "yep" in res.errors
     #: invalid password
     vals = dict(base_data)
-    vals['psw'] = ''
+    vals["psw"] = ""
     res = Mixed.create(vals)
     assert res.id is None
     assert len(res.errors.keys()) == 1
-    assert 'psw' in res.errors
-    vals['psw'] = 'aksjfalsdkjflkasjdflkajsldkjfalslkdfjaslkdjf'
+    assert "psw" in res.errors
+    vals["psw"] = "aksjfalsdkjflkasjdflkajsldkjfalslkdfjaslkdjf"
     res = Mixed.create(vals)
     assert res.id is None
     assert len(res.errors.keys()) == 1
-    assert 'psw' in res.errors
+    assert "psw" in res.errors
diff --git a/tests/test_wrappers.py b/tests/test_wrappers.py
index dd9b0468..a600d449 100644
--- a/tests/test_wrappers.py
+++ b/tests/test_wrappers.py
@@ -1,36 +1,37 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
-    tests.wrappers
-    --------------
+tests.wrappers
+--------------
 
-    Test Emmett wrappers module
+Test Emmett wrappers module
 """
 
-from helpers import current_ctx
 from emmett_core.protocols.rsgi.test_client.scope import ScopeBuilder
+from helpers import current_ctx
+
 from emmett.rsgi.wrappers import Request
 from emmett.wrappers.response import Response
 
 
 def test_request():
     scope, _ = ScopeBuilder(
-        path='/?foo=bar',
-        method='GET',
+        path="/?foo=bar",
+        method="GET",
     ).get_data()
     request = Request(scope, None, None)
 
-    assert request.query_params == {'foo': 'bar'}
-    assert request.client == '127.0.0.1'
+    assert request.query_params == {"foo": "bar"}
+    assert request.client == "127.0.0.1"
 
 
 def test_response():
     response = Response()
 
     assert response.status == 200
-    assert response.headers['content-type'] == 'text/plain'
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == "text/plain"
 
 
 def test_req_ctx():
-    with current_ctx('/?foo=bar') as ctx:
+    with current_ctx("/?foo=bar") as ctx:
         assert isinstance(ctx.request, Request)
         assert isinstance(ctx.response, Response)