diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index f30f795..aa66241 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
     "start": "node -r dotenv/config server.js",
     "dev": "nodemon -r dotenv/config server.js",
     "dev-noenv": "nodemon server.js",
+    "lint": "eslint .  --ext .js",
+    "lint-fix": "eslint --fix .  --ext .js",
     "test": "NODE_OPTIONS=--experimental-vm-modules npx mocha --timeout 10000 -r dotenv/config dotenv_config_path=src/test-fixtures/.env.testing src/app.test.js ",
     "prepare": "husky install"
   },
diff --git a/src/SigningException.js b/src/SigningException.js
index bf40a77..34fae4b 100644
--- a/src/SigningException.js
+++ b/src/SigningException.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-export default function SigningException(code, message) {
+export default function SigningException(code, message, stack) {
   this.code = code
   this.message = message
+  this.stack = stack
 }
diff --git a/src/app.js b/src/app.js
index fc06bb2..b693788 100644
--- a/src/app.js
+++ b/src/app.js
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import accessLogger from './middleware/accessLogger.js'
 import errorHandler from './middleware/errorHandler.js'
 import errorLogger from './middleware/errorLogger.js'
 import invalidPathHandler from './middleware/invalidPathHandler.js'
+import SigningException from './SigningException.js'
 
 export async function build() {
   var app = express()
@@ -25,23 +26,26 @@ export async function build() {
       const instanceId = req.params.instanceId //the issuer instance/tenant with which to sign
       const unSignedVC = req.body
       if (!req.body || !Object.keys(req.body).length) {
-        next({
-          message: 'A verifiable credential must be provided in the body',
-          code: 400
-        })
+        throw new SigningException(
+          400,
+          'A verifiable credential must be provided in the body.'
+        )
       }
       const signedVC = await issue(unSignedVC, instanceId)
       return res.json(signedVC)
     } catch (e) {
-      // we have to catch the async errors and pass them to the error handler
-      const code = e.code || 500
-      next({ code, error: e.stack })
+      // catch the async errors and pass them to the error logger and handler
+      next(e)
     }
   })
 
-  app.get('/seedgen', async (req, res) => {
-    const newSeed = await generateSeed()
-    res.json(newSeed)
+  app.get('/seedgen', async (req, res, next) => {
+    try {
+      const newSeed = await generateSeed()
+      res.json(newSeed)
+    } catch (e) {
+      next(e)
+    }
   })
 
   // Attach the error handling middleware calls, in the order that they should run
diff --git a/src/middleware/errorHandler.js b/src/middleware/errorHandler.js
index 05ca8d1..ee9d402 100644
--- a/src/middleware/errorHandler.js
+++ b/src/middleware/errorHandler.js
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ const errorHandler = (error, request, response, next) => {
   // and more easily understandable, referring to the logs
   // for more detail
 
-  const code = error.code | 500
+  const code = error.code || 500
   const message = `An error occurred in the signing-service: ${
     error.message || 'unknown error.'
-  } See the logs for full details. If you are using docker compose, view the logs with 'docker compose logs', and just the signing service logs with: 'docker compose logs signing-serive'`
+  } See the logs for full details. If you are using docker compose, view the logs with 'docker compose logs', and just the signing service logs with: 'docker compose logs signing-service'`
   const errorResponse = { code, message }
   response.header('Content-Type', 'application/json')
-  return response.status(error.code).json(errorResponse)
+  return response.status(code).json(errorResponse)
 }
 
 export default errorHandler
diff --git a/src/middleware/errorLogger.js b/src/middleware/errorLogger.js
index 1f009ae..8f12813 100644
--- a/src/middleware/errorLogger.js
+++ b/src/middleware/errorLogger.js
@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 import logger from '../utils/logger.js'
 
 const errorLogger = (error, request, response, next) => {
-  const logEntry = { originalError: error }
-  logEntry.message = 'An error occurred in the signing-service.'
-  const logEntrySummary = `Error for route: ${request.originalUrl} - ${request.method} - IP: ${request.ip} - `
+  const stackTrace = error.stack || 'no stack trace available'
+  const logEntry = { stackTrace }
+
+  const message = `An error occurred in the signing-service: ${
+    error.message || 'unknown error'
+  }`
+  const logEntrySummary = `Error for route: ${request.originalUrl} - ${request.method} - IP: ${request.ip} - ${message}`
 
   // Note that the logEntry here is what Winston calls a 'meta' object.
   // Winston simply prints the logEntry to the log as provided - JSON in this case.
+  // the logEntrySummary is, on the hand, formatted
   logger.error(logEntrySummary, logEntry)
 
   next(error) // done logging, so call the next middleware that deals with errors