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M42_1_XRF.html
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<html>
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<p class="head">X-rays fluorescence (XRF)</p>
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<div id="Overview">
<p class="thema">Overview</p>
<p>X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis is a non-invasive method for characterizing inorganic materials for elemental analysis and chemical analysis, particularly in the investigation of metals, glass, ceramics and building materials, and for research in geochemistry, forensic science and archaeology. </p>
<p>XRF is one of the <a class="black" href="https://cvertan.github.io/physics4dh.github.io/M42_Nuclear.html" target="_blank">nuclear physics research techniques</a> and is based on the interaction of <a class="black" href="https://cvertan.github.io/physics4dh.github.io/21_X-ray.html" target="frameterms">X-rays</a> with matter.</p>
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<img src="Figures/x-ray-fluorescence-spectrometer.png" width="400" height="100">
<div class="desc">A portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer helps to analyse a portrait of Saint George. (Photo: A. Silva/IAEA). Source: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/x-rays-help-to-uncover-who-painted-a-centuries-old-masterpiece-in-albania">www.iaea.org</a> </div>
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<div id="Tasks">
<p class="thema">Research tasks & applications</p>
<p>XRF analysis is primarily used for <b>elemental and chemical analysis</b>, allowing the identification and quantification of elements present in a sample. It helps in identifying the elemental composition of pigments, ceramics, glass, and metalwork, aiding in provenance studies, authentication, and restoration processes
XRF is widely used <b>to study materials and the quality of objects</b>, from analysing cultural artefacts and biomedical samples like blood and hair, to finding cracks or cavities in oil pipes and aeroplane parts.
</p>
<p>XRF is valuable technique for for the <b>investigation of historical paintings</b> allowing elemental mapping for revealing hidden paintings. </p>
<p>Due to the presence of metallic elements in <a class="black" href="https://cvertan.github.io/physics4dh.github.io/43_Ink_topology.html" target="frameterms">ink</a>, which can be easily detected using XRF analysis, this method has emerged as the preferred approach for <b>identifying and categorizing iron-gall inks</b>. This technique takes advantage of the convenience offered by a wide range of portable devices, including both single spot and high-resolution scanning equipment. </p>
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<div id="P">
<p class="thema">Principle</p>
<p>The principle of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) method is based on the interaction of <a class="black" href="https://cvertan.github.io/physics4dh.github.io/21_X-ray.html" target="frameterms">X-rays</a> with matter. When a sample is exposed to high-energy X-rays, it absorbs the X-ray photons and undergoes an excitation. This leads to the ejection of inner-shell electrons from the atoms in the sample.</p>
<p>As a result, the atoms become ionized and in an energetically unstable state. In order to regain stability, the outer-shell electrons fill the inner-shell vacancies, resulting in the emission of characteristic X-rays. These characteristic X-rays have discrete energies that are unique to the elements present in the sample.
</p>
<p>The emitted X-rays are then detected by a detector. The detector measures the energy and intensity of the X-rays, providing information about the sample’s elemental composition. By comparing the energy and intensity of the characteristic <a class="black" href="https://cvertan.github.io/physics4dh.github.io/21_X-ray.html" target="frameterms">X-rays</a> to known standards or reference materials, the concentrations of elements in the sample can be determined. </p>
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<div id="Equip">
<p class="thema">Equipment</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
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<div id="Cases">
<p class="thema">Case Studies</p>
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<th>Object studied</th>
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<th>Source</th>
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<td>In the experiment at the synchrotron laboratory HASYLAB at <a target="_blank" href="https://www.desy.de/">DESY</a> could clearly show the portrait of a woman underneath the painting ‘Patch of grass’ by elemental mapping </td>
<td>[<a class="ref" href=bibliography.html#Dik_2008>Dik_2008</a>] </td>
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<td>A painting ‘Flower still life’ for which the assignment to van Gogh was in doubt was studied at the synchrotron source at the HASYLAB at <a target="_blank" href="https://www.desy.de/">DESY</a>. The painting is now safely attributed to van Gogh after summing up all the evidence, including additional information on the pigments used </td>
<td>[<a class="ref" href=bibliography.html#Alfred_2013>Alfred_2013</a>] </td>
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<td>The fifteenth-century German-language manuscript Codex germanicus 1 (Cod. germ. 1), Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg </td>
<td>[<a class="ref" href=bibliography.html#Heiles_2018>Heiles_2018</a>] </td>
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<td>A scene below van Dyck’s earliest self-portrait, Paintings Gallery and Graphic Collection of the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna </td>
<td>[<a class="ref" href=bibliography.html#Van_der_Snickt_2019>Van der Snickt_2019</a>] </td>
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<td><i>In situ</i> XRF analysis of writing Materials in Geniza Fragments, Taylor-Schechter Collection at Cambridge University Library </td>
<td>[<a class="ref" href=bibliography.html#Cohen_2017>Cohen_2017</a>] </td>
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<td>Thirteenth-Century Ashkenazic Torah Scroll: Erfurt 7 (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Ms. or. fol. 1216) </td>
<td>[<a class="ref" href=bibliography.html#Gordon_2014>Gordon_2014</a>] </td>
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</table>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<p class="acknow">Acknowledgements:
[<a class="ref" href=bibliography.html#Dik_2008>Dik_2008</a>],
[<a class="ref" href=bibliography.html#wiki>wiki</a>],
[<a class="ref" href=bibliography.html#Silva_2019>Silva_2019</a>],
[<a class="ref" href=bibliography.html#Rabin_2021>Rabin_2021</a>],
[<a class="ref" href=bibliography.html#Beck_IBA>Beck_IBA</a>],
[<a class="ref" href=bibliography.html#nasasci>nasasci</a>],
[<a class="ref" href=bibliography.html#Frühmann_2018>Frühmann_2018</a>],
[<a class="ref" href=bibliography.html#Damiani_2021>Damiani_2021</a>],
[<a class="ref" href=bibliography.html#Gordon_2014>Gordon_2014</a>],
[<a class="ref" href=bibliography.html#Heiles_2018>Heiles_2018</a>],
[<a class="ref" href=bibliography.html#Calligaro_1998>Calligaro_1998</a>],
[<a class="ref" href=bibliography.html#Mahnke_2014>Mahnke_2014</a>]
[<a class="ref" href=bibliography.html#Alfred_2013>Alfred_2013</a>].</p>
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