From ec09643a07cd1249b0801ed791f4097c2452ffaa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chris Collins Date: Tue, 27 Apr 2021 12:33:43 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 1/4] Updates menu-structure & markdown for redesign --- docs/about.md | 394 +++++++ docs/about/contact.md | 29 - docs/about/creation.md | 90 -- docs/about/credits.md | 8 +- docs/about/digital.md | 122 --- docs/about/how-to-cite.md | 41 - docs/about/m-k-project.md | 24 - docs/about/manuscript.md | 32 - docs/about/overview.md | 33 - docs/about/peer-review.md | 59 -- docs/about/sponsors.md | 45 - docs/how-to-use-fr.md | 29 +- docs/how-to-use.md | 31 +- docs/resources.md | 161 +++ docs/resources/bibliography.md | 853 ++++++++++++++- docs/resources/categories.md | 49 - docs/resources/coming-soon.md | 23 - .../dce-primary-sources-bibliography.md | 229 ---- .../dce-secondary-sources-bibliography.md | 37 - docs/resources/dictionaries.md | 586 ----------- docs/resources/field-notes.md | 14 - docs/resources/figure-index.md | 362 ++++--- docs/resources/glossary-full-bibliography.md | 585 ----------- docs/resources/overview.md | 69 -- docs/resources/principles-encoding.md | 109 -- docs/resources/principles-transcription.md | 95 -- docs/resources/principles-translation.md | 178 ---- docs/resources/principles.md | 976 +++++++++++++++++- docs/resources/reconstruction-insights.md | 247 +++-- menu-structure.json | 707 +++++++++++-- 30 files changed, 3339 insertions(+), 2878 deletions(-) create mode 100644 docs/about.md delete mode 100644 docs/about/contact.md delete mode 100644 docs/about/creation.md delete mode 100644 docs/about/digital.md delete mode 100644 docs/about/how-to-cite.md delete mode 100644 docs/about/m-k-project.md delete mode 100644 docs/about/manuscript.md delete mode 100644 docs/about/overview.md delete mode 100644 docs/about/peer-review.md delete mode 100644 docs/about/sponsors.md create mode 100644 docs/resources.md delete mode 100644 docs/resources/categories.md delete mode 100644 docs/resources/coming-soon.md delete mode 100644 docs/resources/dce-primary-sources-bibliography.md delete mode 100644 docs/resources/dce-secondary-sources-bibliography.md delete mode 100644 docs/resources/dictionaries.md delete mode 100644 docs/resources/field-notes.md delete mode 100644 docs/resources/glossary-full-bibliography.md delete mode 100644 docs/resources/overview.md delete mode 100644 docs/resources/principles-encoding.md delete mode 100644 docs/resources/principles-transcription.md delete mode 100644 docs/resources/principles-translation.md diff --git a/docs/about.md b/docs/about.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a3a41a --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/about.md @@ -0,0 +1,394 @@ + +## The Manuscript + +### What is Ms. Fr. 640? + +
+ + + +Sometime after 1579, an anonymous individual began recording many different processes and techniques we would now classify as belonging to the fine arts, crafts, and various technologies. + +Over the course of an unknown span of time (probably until 1588), this person filled 170 folios (or 340 single pages) with closely-written text and some hand-drawn figures containing recipes, instructions, fragmentary notes, firsthand accounts of trials with many materials and techniques, and observations on myriad subjects, including drawing instruction, pigment application, dyeing, coloring of metal, wax, and wood, imitation gem production, making molds and metal casts, arms and armor, plant and tree cultivation, preservation of animals, plants, and foodstuffs, distillation of turpentine, and much else. + +The resulting manuscript, now housed in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) as Ms. Fr. 640, has been preserved since the early seventeenth century in the binding of Philippe de Béthune, count of Selles and Charost, apparently the manuscript’s first owner. Entitled *Choses diverses* (diverse things) on its spine, it entered the King’s Library (the core of the later BnF) as part of the donation of the Béthune family’s library in 1662 by Philippe’s son, Hippolyte de Béthune. +Ms. Fr. 640 is a unique record giving insight into many subjects, but is focused especially on processes and practices of making things from natural materials. Thus, it is an especially valuable source for the history of craft and material culture, and for the history of art and science in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Many things about this manuscript are, however, extraordinarily intriguing and puzzling. + +For more information: + +* On the manuscript and the Edition: + - Pamela H. Smith, [An Introduction to Ms. Fr. 640 and its Author-Practitioner](/essays/ann_300_ie_19) + - Pamela H. Smith, [Making the Edition of Ms. Fr. 640](/essays/ann_329_ie_19) + - Marc Smith, [Making Ms. Fr. 640](/essays/ann_326_ie_19) +* On the transcription, translation, and encoding of the manuscript, see: + - [Principles of Transcription](/content/resources/principles#principles-of-transcription) + - [Principles of Translation](/content/resources/principles#principles-of-translation) + - [Principles of Encoding](/content/resources/principles#principles-of-encoding) + - Soersha Dyon and Heather, [Turning Turtle: The Process of Translating BnF Ms. Fr. 640](/essays/ann_318_ie_19) + - Celine Camps and Margot Lyautey, [Ma\king and Knowing: Encoding BnF Ms. Fr. 640](/essays/ann_335_ie_19) + - Terry Catapano and Naomi Rosenkranz, [BnF Ms. Fr. 640 as a Digital Text](/essays/ann_310_ie_19) + - Clément Godbarge, [The Manuscript Seen from Afar: a Computational Approach to BnF Ms. Fr. 640](/essays/ann_301_ie_19) + +* Other [Research Essays](/essays). +* The [digitized Ms. Fr. 640](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10500001g) facsimile pages in Gallica, the BnF’s digital library. + + +## The Edition + +### What is the Digital Critical Edition? + +This digital critical edition and English translation of the French manuscript Ms. Fr. 640, held by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF), presents a rich and unique sixteenth-century technical text in French transcription and English translation for the first time, and situates its contents in their material and historical context. + +The manuscript provides insights into the material, technical, and intellectual world of the late sixteenth century, and brings a better understanding of how and why nature was investigated, used in art, and collected and appreciated in early modern Europe. + +The Making and Knowing Project has created this Edition through a series of collaborative workshops, courses, and conferences that involved students, craft practitioners, artists, scholars of the humanities and social sciences, natural and computer scientists, and scholar-practitioners from the emerging field of the digital humanities. + +### Creation of the Edition +The creation of _Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France_ has been the primary goal of the Making and Knowing Project since it was founded in 2014. It presents the culmination of over five years of iterative, collaborative, and interdisciplinary work. + +The Edition was developed through a series of workshops, courses, and conferences: + +#### Text Workshops +The first stage of transcription, translation, and encoding of the manuscript was carried out in a series of paleography and text workshops (2014–2018) that brought together graduate students (already in possession of advanced French) to learn to read middle French script through transcription exercises and then through intensive transcription and translation of Ms. Fr. 640. + +The manuscript’s encoding explores fourteen semantic categories that the Project deemed meaningful in providing insight into the manuscript: animal, body part, currency, environment, material, measurement, medical, music, personal name, place, plant, profession, sensory, and tool. + +For more information, see [Principles of Transcription, Translation, and Encoding](/content/resources/principles). + +#### Laboratory Seminars and Research Essays +Students in the Making and Knowing Project’s laboratory seminars from 2014 to 2018 used the transcriptions and translations to investigate the materials and techniques contained in the manuscript. + + + +These students produced essays that featured their research on texts and objects, as well as their experiments in reconstructing the technical processes and recipes in Ms. Fr. 640. The essays gloss entries in Ms. Fr. 640 and provide contextual information for the manuscript more generally. + +The student essays were edited extensively by members of the Making and Knowing Project team, after which scholars participating in annual Working Group Meetings commented upon them. They were edited again in 2019 by the Making and Knowing Senior Project team. + +The research apparatus of _Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France_ also includes a collection of research essays authored by Working Group members and invited collaborators that discuss different aspects of the context of Ms. Fr. 640. For more, see [Research Essays](/essays). + + + + +## About the Making and Knowing Project + +The [Making and Knowing Project](https://www.makingandknowing.org/), founded in 2014 by Pamela H. Smith, and involving hundreds of collaborators, is a research and pedagogical initiative in the [Center for Science and Society](https://scienceandsociety.columbia.edu) at Columbia University. See [Credits](/content/about/credits) and, on the Project's website, [Collaborations](https://www.makingandknowing.org/collaborators/). + +The Project explores the intersections between historical craft making and scientific knowing. Drawing on techniques from both laboratory and archival research as well as studio practice and the digital humanities, the Making and Knowing Project aims to cross the science/humanities divide. + + + +The creation of _Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France_ has been the Project’s primary endeavor since 2014. This goal has shaped the Project’s methodology of fusing pedagogy with research, using a focused research object (Ms. Fr. 640) to teach historical, hands-on, and digital research methods while generating research outputs. + +![about-mk-collab-lab](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/about-mk-collab-lab.png) + +_Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France_ sheds light not only on what kind of knowledge the manuscript’s anonymous author-practitioner possessed about techniques and materials, but also, more broadly, how his work of making was related to knowing. + +Indeed, the overarching theme of the Project and its work on _Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France_ has been to show the ways in which making is an epistemic activity. In other words, making is itself a form of knowledge and not just an application of knowledge. + +![about-mk-collab-books](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/about-mk-collab-books.png) + +For more about the Project, please explore: + + - the Project’s website (www.makingandknowing.org) + + - the essay Pamela H. Smith, [Making the Edition](/essays/ann_329_ie_19). + + +## Digital Development + +_Secrets of Craft and Nature_ first publicly launched in February 2020 after the culmination of more than six years of research, teaching, and collaboration. The digital development of the Edition has taken place in tandem with content development, creating an iterative workflow between technical and editorial activities. This brought together members of the Making and Knowing Project, [Performant Software Solutions](https://www.performantsoftware.com/), and the Columbia University Libraries, as well as numerous students and collaborators as detailed further in the Edition's [Credits](/content/about/credits). Under the technical direction of Digital Lead Terry Catapano, Nick Laiacona of Performant Software developed the critical edition website as well as the data workflow for publishing the editorial team's content. + +### Introduction and Sustainability +As a digital scholarly publication, _Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France. A Digital Critical Edition and English Translation of BnF Ms. Fr. 640_ aims to make all online content openly and sustainably available. The creation of the Edition by the Making and Knowing Project employed evolving approaches and methodologies to facilitate the multifaceted collaborative research process. At the same time, the digital development of the Edition has prioritized the generation and preservation of all Project data in sustainable, open formats to ensure adherence to open-access and open-source standards wherever possible. This commitment is founded on the conviction that the Edition should serve as a resource to a wide and diverse audience, enabling knowledge exchange now and into the future. + +The focus on sustainability is guided by the principles of [minimal computing](https://go-dh.github.io/mincomp/about/) which the Project applies through an emphasis on durability and the use of basic technologies and workflows that have a greater likelihood of persisting. The Edition relies upon a common and well-established technology stack: HTML/HTML5 with CSS and JavaScript served statically from a webserver. Until the Edition is archived for long-term preservation, infrastructure and content assets are developed and maintained using Apache HTTP Server, React JavaScript Library, Github, AWS CloudFront and S3, and DigitalOcean virtual servers. Data format and storage decisions are chosen for their ability to be readily transformed to multiple target formats, and content is routinely exported and converted to open standard formats. + +The component parts of the Edition are detailed further below. For more information, please also see [About the Edition](#creation-of-the-edition) and the essays by Terry Catapano and Naomi Rosenkranz, [BnF Ms. Fr. 640 as a Digital Text](/essays/ann_310_ie_19) and Pamela H. Smith, [Making the Edition of Ms. Fr. 640](/essays/ann_329_ie_19). + +### Facsimile Images of BnF Ms. Fr. 640 +The digital facsimile images of Ms. Fr. 640 are provided by the BnF’s digital library, [Gallica](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10500001g). They are integrated into the Edition through its IIIF Manifest, which relates the Project's transcription and translation of the manuscript to the corresponding Gallica folio images via the IIIF Presentation API. + +### Markup and Encoding of the Text of Ms. Fr. 640 +The [texts of Ms. Fr. 640](/folios) are encoded in XML format and available in the [Project's Github repository](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data). Each folio of the manuscript is represented as individual XML files in three versions: +1. Diplomatic: diplomatic (verbatim) transcription of the original French text +2. Normalized: lightly normalized French transcription (with punctuation and diacritical marks added) +3. Translation: English translation + +The transcription, translation, and encoding of the manuscript were primarily carried out in a series of paleography and text workshops (2014–2018) that brought together graduate students (already in possession of advanced French) to learn to read middle French script and gain experience in textual encoding. For more detail and a discussion of this process, see Celine Camps and Margot Lyautey, [Making and Knowing: Encoding BnF Ms. Fr. 640](/essays/ann_335_ie_19). The XML files were then revised and finalized by Senior Project team members and the Digital Lead. See also Terry Catapano and Naomi Rosenkranz, [BnF Ms. Fr. 640 as a Digital Text](/essays/ann_310_ie_19) and Pamela H. Smith, [Making the Edition of Ms. Fr. 640](/essays/ann_329_ie_19). + +The texts conform to a schema developed iteratively by the Project as the transcriptions and translation were revised and completed. While intended to meet the specific needs of the Project, the custom schema is influenced by and derives much of its tagset from the [Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) Guidelines](https://tei-c.org/guidelines/P5/). The [schema](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data/blob/master/schema/ms-transcription.rng) is maintained in the Project repository. The [Principles of Encoding](/content/resources/principles#principles-of-encoding) provide a full description of the Project's tagset. + +### Use of the XML in the Edition +The XML files encoded during the paleography and text workshops and painstakingly revised by the editorial team over the course of the project are stored in the [ms-xml/ directory](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data/ms-xml) of the Project's Github repository. The XML markup drives a number of important functions of the Edition: + +* It organizes the manuscript text into the component entries with Project-assigned unique identifiers and thematic categories +* It specifies the relative positions of the textual blocks on each page to approximate the layout of the original manuscript +* It designates the occurrence of figures, illustration, marks, and other non-textual elements of the manuscript +* It indicates textual features such as authorial deletions, additions, insertions, and gaps in the text +* It labels segments of text related to concepts of interests to the Project, such as materials, tools, plants, and animals mentioned in an entry +* It encodes editorial notes that provide additional information, such as historical context, technical and material explanations, and transcription and translation decisions + +All this information is converted into HTML and JSON as well as compiled into a search index by "Lizard," a command line tool that performs these functions to generate the static content of the site. Lizard is named after one of the manuscript's sketches on fol. [124v](/folios/124v), which also serves as the Project's logo. Some of Lizard's functions include: + +``` +$ scripts/lizard.js help +Usage: lizard.js +A helpful lizard that responds to the following s: + download-thumbs: Download essay thumbnails from Google Drive via rclone. + download: Download only essays marked with 'refresh'. + process: Process the downloaded files and place them on the asset server. + manifest: Create the IIIF Manifest and associated files. + assets: Process the manuscript data and edition webpages and index them. + figures: Copy the manuscript figures into the target directory. + env: Create the environment files for development and production. + index: Create a search index of the essays. + run: Download, process, manifest, assets, figures, env, and index. + init: Download all, download thumbs, and run. + help: Displays this help. + is the target key from the edition_data/config.json file. Defaults to 'local'. +``` + +Once Lizard has done its job, the generated site is then packaged up and sent to a web server, currently hosted on Amazon Web Services (AWS). The files are uploaded to an AWS S3 bucket for display on the web. Each build has a unique ID, so it easy to roll back to a previous version. + +For a more technical review of these functions, please see the README in the [Github repository of the Edition's software](https://github.com/cu-mkp/making-knowing-edition). + +### Layout of the Texts of Ms. Fr. 640 + +The Making and Knowing Grid Layout is a rendering scheme designed to faithfully render the layout of a single column of text, consisting of multiple entries, surrounded by marginalia. Each entry is given a unique id and may contain zero or more marginal notes. The marginal notes are wrapped in `` tags. The editor may specify the arrangement of these notes relative to the entry using the `` tag. Valid values for the margin tag are: + +* top note is above the entry and in the same column as the entry +* left-top note is above and to the left of the entry +* left-middle note is beside the entry to the left +* left-bottom note is below and to the left of the entry +* right-top note is above and to the right of the entry +* right-middle note is beside the entry to the right +* right-bottom note is below and to the right of the entry +* bottom note is below the entry and in the same column as the entry + +These grid locations are relative to the entry. For example, in folio 4r, there are two entries. Both entries have notes in the left margin beside them. Each margin note is marked as "left-middle". + +Additional Notes: + +* If there are multiple notes with the same grid location, such as in folio 4v, they are rendered in the same grid location in the order they appear in the transcription. +* Content in the main entry div will take up both the middle and the right columns unless there are notes in the right column. +* Figures inherit the positioning of the `` block they are contained in. + +### Other Resources and Derivative Versions + +A number of supplementary resources are maintained in the Project's Github repository: +- The content of the Editorial Comments are edited in a spreadsheet table by the Editorial Team and exported in CSV format for integration into the static-site-generated Edition. Each comment is anchored at the appropriate location in the XML folio files by use of an XML element which contains the ID for the corresponding record in the comment table. +- The [Glossary](/folios/1r/f/1r/glossary) is similarly edited in a spreadsheet table by the Editorial Team and exported in CSV format for integration into the Edition. +- The source bibliographic metadata for the [Bibliography](/content/resources/bibliography) is maintained in BibTeX and HTML formats in the Project’s [GitHub repository](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data/tree/master/bibliographies). + +To facilitate reuse and analysis of the Project's edited and encoded text of Ms. Fr. 640, files are provided in alternative formats including: +- [allFolios](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data/tree/master/allFolios): for each version of the manuscript (diplomatic transcription, normalized transcription, and English translation), a single XML file containing each folio concatenated together +- [entries](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data/tree/master/entries): for each version, every entry as a single file in both XML and TXT formats +- [ms-txt](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data/tree/master/ms-txt): for each version, every folio as a single file in TXT format. + +### Research and Scholarly Essays + +All [essays](/essays) are edited and maintained in the Project's Google Drive in order to best facilitate the collaborative process. Each essay in the Drive has uniform organization and style to ensure consistency and allow for conversion to HTML and integration into the Edition. The Research and Scholarly Essays are supplemented with additional information (including Project-assigned themes, associated entries, and citation information) in a spreadsheet table and exported in CSV format for integration into the Edition. + +For persistent access, each essay has been assigned a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and will also be archived in Columbia University [Academic Commons](https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/) and downloadable as standalone publications. + +### Static Site Generation + +Most websites are typically created using a content management system (CMS) in which the site's content is kept in a database and rendered into HTML when requested. This approach often requires the employment of proprietary software as well as a large number of resources, institutional support, or constant maintenance. Static site generation, unlike CMS or database-driven projects, allows websites to be created with significantly fewer dependencies, and reduces maintenance overhead, as well as minimizes the risk of technological obsolescence. Content is already in its final form (as static pages are created beforehand) and can be sent as-is to the user. + +Static site generation thus offers a number of advantages. It allows individualized software decisions and better control and maintenance of the site. Furthermore, open-source web servers like Apache and Nginx can very efficiently serve large amounts of static data and respond to increased user traffic, leading to lower server costs. Because this is a well-established, fundamental web technology, techniques for serving static sites are likely to persist into the future as well as be universally understood by IT professionals tasked with keeping the assets online. + +The biggest challenge in developing a website using this approach is that one needs to adopt or build an appropriate static site generator for the project. There are a number of existing static site generators including the most well known, [Jekyll](https://jekyllrb.com/). Jekyll powers [Github Pages](https://pages.github.com/) which allows a user to easily turn a Github repository into a static website. While Jekyll was initially considered, the specific requirements and desired features of the Edition led to the decision to build our own system using the Ruby programming language. + +The content for _Secrets of Craft and Nature_ involved the scholarly work of a number of different editors, teams, and collaborators working over several years to explore the intricacies of a complex historical text, Ms. Fr. 640. To facilitate the collaborative methods, most of this data was worked on in the Project's Google Drive. As the Project evolved and came closer to digital publication, more and more data was moved to Github repositories. At the same time, content was still under development, and there was a need to draw from both Github and Google Drive at build time. + +Digital development of the Project has taken place in tandem with content development leading to an important feature of the Project's workflow: the ability to see real-time changes of the content in place. In order to approximate the rendering of the text's transcription and translation as closely as possible to the original manuscript, it was necessary to see how the transcribed XML looked in the diplomatic rendering on the website. A staging server was thus set up to automatically regenerate the folio views every few minutes. + +Although very simple server technology is utilized, this did not preclude us from using the latest client technology to render the site in the user's web browser, including [React](https://reactjs.org/) and [Material UI](https://material-ui.com/) to develop the user interface. The static data was a mix of pre-rendered HTML pages and pre-rendered JSON data structures which were then processed by React to produce the final site. + + +## People and Credits +[Click here](/content/about/credits) to see the hundreds of collaborators who contributed to the Edition in different ways, from scholars to students to craft practitioners to scientists. + + +## Peer Review +This Edition and its research apparatus have been created collectively +and have been the objects of intense collective review, discussion, and +iterated examination and revision. Because of its format and extensive +scope—three versions of the manuscript and more than 100 research +essays—it was not sent out for peer review. + +Instead, a form of “open review” was instituted: each of the student +essays was edited at least three times by different members of the +Making and Knowing Team and then read and commented upon by a scholar +within whose expertise the subject of the essay fell. + +After this, students had an opportunity to revise the essay, and, +finally, the essay was edited in a final editorial campaign by the +Making and Knowing Team (Clément Godbarge, Pamela Smith, Tillmann Taape, +Tianna Uchacz). The essays authored by invited scholars were workshopped +among all authors at a collective co-writing workshop in 2019, and also +underwent editorial review by Making and Knowing team members. + +For more information on open review see the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation White Paper [Open Review: A Study of Contexts and Practices](http://mcpress.media-commons.org/open-review/files/2012/06/MediaCommons_Open_Review_White_Paper_final.pdf). + + + + +The extremely diverse and often obscure materials and techniques treated +in the essays would have presented a problem for conventional peer +review because a large number of reviewers with diverse areas of +expertise would have been needed. Instead, critical oversight was built +into the annual Working Group Meeting, when scholars were selected for +their expertise on the subjects of the essays produced in a given year, +were assigned a number of essays, and commented formally on the essays +in the three-day meeting. + +![peerreview-group-table](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/peerreview-group-table.png) + +The Project also wished to build into the collaborative structure the +opportunity presented by this intriguing primary source for students to +interact around substantive questions with accomplished scholars. This +was achieved in the process of review and critique at the annual Working +Group Meetings. + +The Project believes this solution not only succeeded in integrating +phases of pedagogy and research and provided valuable opportunities for +graduate students to be mentored by emerging and established scholars, +but also resulted in a more thorough (and pedagogically useful) review +of the diverse contents of the essays than might have been provided by +conventional methods of peer review. + +While no method of peer review is foolproof, the Project believes that +its process of review and revision maintained quality and consistency in +its expansive research apparatus. As the practice of historical +scholarship changes, whether through collective research and authorship +or through new approaches such as digital methods and laboratory +research on historical questions, it seems necessary for the practices +and parameters for scholarly peer review to adapt to these emergent +modes of scholarship. + +![peerreview-group-lab](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/peerreview-group-lab.png) + + +## How to Cite + +### To cite the Edition: + +DOI: https://doi.org/10.7916/78yt-2v41 + +Making and Knowing Project, Pamela H. Smith, Naomi Rosenkranz, +Tianna Helena Uchacz, Tillmann Taape, Clément Godbarge, Sophie Pitman, +Jenny Boulboullé, Joel Klein, Donna Bilak, Marc Smith, and Terry +Catapano, eds., *Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France. A +Digital Critical Edition and English Translation of BnF Ms. Fr. 640* +(New York: Making and Knowing Project, 2020), +[https://edition640.makingandknowing.org](https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/). + +### To cite a dual-pane page-view of the Edition: +The URL of the specific dual-pane view you have chosen is a unique identifier of the two panes being viewed. + +Making and Knowing Project, Pamela H. Smith, Naomi Rosenkranz, +Tianna Helena Uchacz, Tillmann Taape, Clément Godbarge, Sophie Pitman, +Jenny Boulboullé, Joel Klein, Donna Bilak, Marc Smith, and Terry +Catapano, eds., *Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France. A +Digital Critical Edition and English Translation of BnF Ms. Fr. 640* (New York: Making and Knowing Project, 2020), +\[your page-view URL\]. + +### To cite a Research Essay from the Edition: + +Example: + +Mellon, Diana. “Excellent Mustard.” In *Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France. A Digital Critical Edition and English Translation of BnF Ms. Fr. 640*, edited by Making and Knowing Project, Pamela H. Smith, Naomi Rosenkranz, Tianna Helena Uchacz, Tillmann Taape, Clément Godbarge, Sophie Pitman, Jenny Boulboullé, Joel Klein, Donna Bilak, Marc Smith, and Terry Catapano. New York: Making and Knowing Project, 2020. . + +### To cite a Resource page + +Examples: + +**To cite the Glossary:** + +“Glossary.” In *Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France. A Digital Critical Edition and English Translation of BnF Ms. Fr. 640*, edited by Making and Knowing Project, Pamela H. Smith, Naomi Rosenkranz, Tianna Helena Uchacz, Tillmann Taape, Clément Godbarge, Sophie Pitman, Jenny Boulboullé, Joel Klein, Donna Bilak, Marc Smith, and Terry Catapano. New York: Making and Knowing Project, 2020. . + +**To cite the Principles of Translation:** + +“Principles of Translation.” In *Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France. A Digital Critical Edition and English Translation of BnF Ms. Fr. 640*, edited by Making and Knowing Project, Pamela H. Smith, Naomi Rosenkranz, Tianna Helena Uchacz, Tillmann Taape, Clément Godbarge, Sophie Pitman, Jenny Boulboullé, Joel Klein, Donna Bilak, Marc Smith, and Terry Catapano. New York: Making and Knowing Project, 2020. . + + +## Sponsors + +_Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France_ would not have been possible without a wide network of supporters. The Making and Knowing Project gratefully acknowledges the support of countless individuals and collaborators from institutions around the world. The Project is especially grateful for the institutional support, grants, and gifts that underwrote the creation of the Edition: + +about-sponsors-css
+**The Center for Science and Society**, Columbia University. + +![about-sponsors-CU](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/about-sponsors-CU.png)
+**Faculty of Arts and Sciences**, Columbia University. + +**Columbia University Libraries**, Digital Scholarship Division. + +![about-sponsors-NSF](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/about-sponsors-NSF.png)
+[**National Science Foundation**](https://www.nsf.gov/)
+**NSF** Grant \#1430843, “The Role of Craft Skill in Scientific Practice,” 2017–20.
+**NSF** Grant \#1734596, “The Role of Tacit Knowledge in Experimentation,” 2014–17.
+**NSF** Conference Grant \#1656227, “Workshop: Translation and Encoding for the Making and Knowing Project,” 2017–18.
+ _The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation._ + +![about-sponsors-NEH](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/about-sponsors-NEH.png)
+[**National Endowment for the Humanities**](www.neh.gov), NEH Grant \#RQ-249842-16, “Craft Techniques and Knowledge Systems in a 16th-Century Artist’s Manuscript: An Open-Access Critical Edition and Translation,” 2016-20.
+ _Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this Edition do not necessarily represent those of the National Endowment for the Humanities._ + +![about-sponsors-luce](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/about-sponsors-luce.png)
+[**Henry Luce Foundation**](https://www.hluce.org/), Higher Education Grant, 2017–20. + +**Science History Institute** (formerly Chemical Heritage Foundation), Making and Knowing Project Postdoctoral Scholars, 2014–17. + +**Gerda Henkel Foundation**, Grant AZ 40/F/16: Making and Knowing Project Postdoctoral Research Scholars, 2017–20. + +**Support from Columbia University Affiliates** + - Collaboratory Grant, “Transforming Texts: Computational Approaches to Text Analysis and Visualization,” 2017–20. + - Collaboratory Seed Grant, Columbia University, “What is a Book for 21st Century?” seed funding, 2016–18. + - Provost’s Hybrid Learning Course Redesign and Delivery, “What is a Book in the 21st Century? Working with Historical Texts in a Digital Environment,” 2016–17. + - ISERP Workshop Grant, Columbia University, 2019-20. + +**Maurice I. Parisier Foundation** + +**Florence Gould Foundation** + +**Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation** + +**Howard and Natalie Shawn** + +**Eugene S. Ferguson Award** by the Society for the History of Technology for outstanding and original reference work that supports future scholarship in the history of technology. Awarded to the Project in October 2019. + + +## Contact + +The Making and Knowing Project is a research cluster of the Center for +Science and Society at Columbia University in the City of New York. + +For more information, please visit: and + +
+ +To report a bug or malfunction in _Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France_, please send an email to + with a detailed description or screenshot of +the error message or section to be corrected. + +Thank you\! + +
+ + [Facebook ](https://www.facebook.com/MakingKnowing) + [Twitter ](https://twitter.com/makingknowing) + [YouTube ](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCViaSZhCLq9zmI6djVL044Q) + [Flickr ](https://www.flickr.com/photos/128418753@N06) + [Subscribe to our email listserv](https://makingandknowing.us15.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=c8ba3b95cee90d4afa19cc58f&id=972ef1e19f) + +
+ + [Donate to the Project](https://www.givenow.columbia.edu/?_sa=22641&_sd=388#) + +
+ +_Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France_ is hosted by Columbia University Libraries. + +[Privacy Notice](https://cuit.columbia.edu/privacy-notice) | [Disability Services](https://health.columbia.edu/content/disability-services) | [Non-Discrimination](https://eoaa.columbia.edu/content/non-discrimination-statement-and-policy) diff --git a/docs/about/contact.md b/docs/about/contact.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8d403aa..0000000 --- a/docs/about/contact.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,29 +0,0 @@ -# Contact - -The Making and Knowing Project is a research cluster of the Center for -Science and Society at Columbia University in the City of New York. - -For more information, please visit: and - -
- -To report a bug or malfunction in _Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France_, please send an email to - with a detailed description or screenshot of -the error message or section to be corrected. - -Thank you\! - -
- - [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/MakingKnowing) - [Twitter](https://twitter.com/makingknowing) - [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCViaSZhCLq9zmI6djVL044Q) - [Flickr](https://www.flickr.com/photos/128418753@N06) - [Subscribe to our email listserv](https://makingandknowing.us15.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=c8ba3b95cee90d4afa19cc58f&id=972ef1e19f) - [Donate to the Project](https://www.givenow.columbia.edu/?_sa=22641&_sd=388#) - -
- -_Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France_ is hosted by Columbia University Libraries. - -[Privacy Notice](https://cuit.columbia.edu/privacy-notice) | [Disability Services](https://health.columbia.edu/content/disability-services) | [Non-Discrimination](https://eoaa.columbia.edu/content/non-discrimination-statement-and-policy) diff --git a/docs/about/creation.md b/docs/about/creation.md deleted file mode 100644 index 930325a..0000000 --- a/docs/about/creation.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,90 +0,0 @@ -# About the Edition - -## What is the Digital Critical Edition? - -This digital critical edition and English translation of the French manuscript Ms. Fr. 640, held by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF), presents a rich and unique sixteenth-century technical text in French transcription and English translation for the first time, and situates its contents in their material and historical context. - -The manuscript provides insights into the material, technical, and intellectual world of the late sixteenth century, and brings a better understanding of how and why nature was investigated, used in art, and collected and appreciated in early modern Europe. - -The Making and Knowing Project has created this Edition through a series of collaborative workshops, courses, and conferences that involved students, craft practitioners, artists, scholars of the humanities and social sciences, natural and computer scientists, and scholar-practitioners from the emerging field of the digital humanities. - -## Creation of the Edition -The creation of _Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France_ has been the primary goal of the Making and Knowing Project since it was founded in 2014. It presents the culmination of over five years of iterative, collaborative, and interdisciplinary work. - -The Edition was developed through a series of workshops, courses, and conferences: - -### Text Workshops -The first stage of transcription, translation, and encoding of the manuscript was carried out in a series of paleography and text workshops (2014–2018) that brought together graduate students (already in possession of advanced French) to learn to read middle French script through transcription exercises and then through intensive transcription and translation of Ms. Fr. 640. - -The manuscript’s encoding explores fourteen semantic categories that the Project deemed meaningful in providing insight into the manuscript: animal, body part, currency, environment, material, measurement, medical, music, personal name, place, plant, profession, sensory, and tool. - -For more information, see [Principles of Transcription, Translation, and Encoding](/#content/resources/principles). - -### Laboratory Seminars and Research Essays -Students in the Making and Knowing Project’s laboratory seminars from 2014 to 2018 used the transcriptions and translations to investigate the materials and techniques contained in the manuscript. - - - -These students produced essays that featured their research on texts and objects, as well as their experiments in reconstructing the technical processes and recipes in Ms. Fr. 640. The essays gloss entries in Ms. Fr. 640 and provide contextual information for the manuscript more generally. - -The student essays were edited extensively by members of the Making and Knowing Project team, after which scholars participating in annual Working Group Meetings commented upon them. They were edited again in 2019 by the Making and Knowing Senior Project team. - -The research apparatus of _Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France_ also includes a collection of research essays authored by Working Group members and invited collaborators that discuss different aspects of the context of Ms. Fr. 640. For more, see [Research Essays](/#essays). - -### Digital Development -The final component of the creation of the Edition was the prototyping of digital components in digital humanities courses held by the Making and Knowing Project at Columbia University, and the development of the -Edition platform by the Project Digital Team and Performant Software -Solutions. For more information on making the Edition, see Pamela H. Smith, [Making the Edition of Ms. Fr. 640](/#essays/ann_329_ie_19). - -## Structure of the Edition - -*Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France* includes four versions of the manuscript text and a rich critical apparatus. - -Parallel viewing panes allow users to compare two of the following -components: - -- Facsimile: Facsimile images of the manuscript pages -- Diplomatic: diplomatic (verbatim) transcription of the original French text -- Normalized: lightly normalized French transcription (with punctuation and diacritical marks added) -- Translation: English translation -- Glossary: Definitions of distinctive terms in the manuscript - - -The Edition also integrates access to the Project’s interpretive resources (also accessible as stand-alone features), including: - - - Essays that discuss the material, historical, and cultural context of Ms. Fr. 640 - - In-depth multimedia essays that focus on the laboratory reconstruction of selected manuscript entries - - Field notes from laboratory reconstructions of select recipes - - Principles of transcription, translation, and encoding - - Bibliography of works cited - - Editorial and translation comments - - Glossary of terms - -## Research Essays - -Research Essays explore the text of the manuscript, provide material, -technical, and historical context, and discuss student reconstructions -in the Making and Knowing Laboratory. -
-**Essays by scholars** on the Making and Knowing Team and invited -experts explore different aspects of Ms. Fr. 640 and its material, technical, -textual, and historical context. -
-**Essays by students** are products of the Making and Knowing Project laboratory seminars -and courses taught by Project collaborators. The majority addresses historical questions by -combining laboratory work with traditional historical research. -
-All essays will also be archived in [Academic Commons](https://academiccommons.columbia.edu) where they can be -downloaded as stand-alone articles. -
-The Research Essays are grouped in up to three of seven broad categories: - - - **An Introduction**: written by Project and invited scholars, these essays serve as introductory resources and provide overviews of the Edition and the manuscript itself (including its codicology, probable genesis, relationship to other genres of writing, and the identity of its anonymous author-practitioner). - - - **Art and Its Making**: materials, making, and meaning of art, and the training of artists. - - - **Knowing Nature**: investigation, manipulation, and exploration of the materials and principles of nature in Fr.640. - - - **Society and Culture**: historical context of the manuscript, and society and culture in sixteenth-century France. - - - **The Making and Knowing Project**: the Making and Knowing Project, including its initiatives, pedagogy, methods, personnel, and collaborators. diff --git a/docs/about/credits.md b/docs/about/credits.md index d4a9313..3344501 100644 --- a/docs/about/credits.md +++ b/docs/about/credits.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# People and Credits +## Introduction In all aspects of research and development, the creation of *Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France* has brought together scholars, students, researchers, practitioners, makers, organizers, advisors, developers, @@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ An exemplary model of crediting has been formulated in “Off the Tracks: Laying Lines for Digital Humanities Scholars,” and we strive to adhere to their guidelines as stated in the [Collaborators’ Bill of Rights](http://mcpress.media-commons.org/offthetracks/part-one-models-for-collaboration-career-paths-acquiring-institutional-support-and-transformation-in-the-field/a-collaboration/collaborators%e2%80%99-bill-of-rights/). -For more about the creation of the edition, see [About the Edition](/#content/about/creation) -and Pamela H. Smith, [Making the Edition of Ms. Fr. 640](/#essays/ann_329_ie_19). +For more about the creation of the edition, see [About the Edition](/content/about#creation-of-the-edition) +and Pamela H. Smith, [Making the Edition of Ms. Fr. 640](/essays/ann_329_ie_19). ## Project Team and Staff @@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ Project Director, Assistant Director, Project Assistant, Digital Lead, and Postd | Heather Wacha (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018-mini, 2018, 2018-micro)

Soersha Dyon (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018-mini, 2018, 2018-micro)

Tillmann Taape (2016, 2017, 2018-mini, 2018, 2018-micro)

Celine Camps (2016, 2017, 2018-mini, 2018, 2018-micro)

Gregory Champeaund (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018-mini)

Tianna Uchacz (2017, 2018-mini, 2018, 2018-micro)

Margot Lyautey (2016, 2017, 2018-mini, 2018)

Colin Debuiche (2016, 2017, 2018-mini, 2018)

Melissa Reynolds (2015, 2017, 2018, 2018-micro)

Sophie Pitman (2018-mini, 2018, 2018-micro)

Sarah Muñoz (2016, 2017, 2018)

Philip Cherian (2016, 2017, 2018)

José Beltrán (2015, 2016, 2017)

François Pageau (2014, 2015, 2016)

Sebestian Kroupa (2016, 2017)

Jenny Boulboullé (2015, 2016)

Joel A. Klein (2015, 2016)

Justin Rivest (2015, 2016)

Donna Bilak (2017)

Ludovic Touzé Peiffer (2017)

Emma Le Pouesard (2016)

Ji Gao (2016) | Joslyn DeVinney (2016)

Miguel Aristondo (2016)

Nicolas Misery (2015)

Rozemarijn Landsman (2015)

Justin Gibson (2015)

Iara Dundas (2015)

Lorraine de la Verpillière (2015)

Lucie Charasson (2015)

Emogene Cataldo (2015)

Charlotte Buecheler (2015)

Dorit Brixius (2015)

Sean O’Neil (2014)

Diana Nichols (2014)

Melissa Morris (2014)

Matthias Lakits (2014)

Abram Kaplan (2014)

Lydia Hansell (2014)

Séverin Duc (2014)

Éliseé Dion (2014)

Tamara Caulkins (2014)

Emma Capron (2014)

Adham Azab (2014) | ## *Craft & Science: Making Objects in the Early Modern World* Laboratory Seminar Participants -This hybrid laboratory-discussion graduate seminar offered through Columbia’s History Department combined historical research with hands-on skill-building and reconstructions of Ms. Fr. 640’s recipes in the Making and Knowing Laboratory. Student final essays for this course appear in this digital critical edition under [Essays](/#essays). +This hybrid laboratory-discussion graduate seminar offered through Columbia’s History Department combined historical research with hands-on skill-building and reconstructions of Ms. Fr. 640’s recipes in the Making and Knowing Laboratory. Student final essays for this course appear in this digital critical edition under [Essays](/essays). Each semester of the *Craft and Science* Lab Seminar was driven by a guiding theme to draw together components of the manuscript and provide focus for analysis and activities, as described below. diff --git a/docs/about/digital.md b/docs/about/digital.md deleted file mode 100644 index 567628f..0000000 --- a/docs/about/digital.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,122 +0,0 @@ -Digital Development -====== - -_Secrets of Craft and Nature_ first publicly launched in February 2020 after the culmination of more than six years of research, teaching, and collaboration. The digital development of the Edition has taken place in tandem with content development, creating an iterative workflow between technical and editorial activities. This brought together members of the Making and Knowing Project, [Performant Software Solutions](https://www.performantsoftware.com/), and the Columbia University Libraries, as well as numerous students and collaborators as detailed further in the Edition's [Credits](/#content/about/credits). Under the technical direction of Digital Lead Terry Catapano, Nick Laiacona of Performant Software developed the critical edition website as well as the data workflow for publishing the editorial team's content. - -Introduction and Sustainability ---- - -As a digital scholarly publication, _Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France. A Digital Critical Edition and English Translation of BnF Ms. Fr. 640_ aims to make all online content openly and sustainably available. The creation of the Edition by the Making and Knowing Project employed evolving approaches and methodologies to facilitate the multifaceted collaborative research process. At the same time, the digital development of the Edition has prioritized the generation and preservation of all Project data in sustainable, open formats to ensure adherence to open-access and open-source standards wherever possible. This commitment is founded on the conviction that the Edition should serve as a resource to a wide and diverse audience, enabling knowledge exchange now and into the future. - -The focus on sustainability is guided by the principles of [minimal computing](https://go-dh.github.io/mincomp/about/) which the Project applies through an emphasis on durability and the use of basic technologies and workflows that have a greater likelihood of persisting. The Edition relies upon a common and well-established technology stack: HTML/HTML5 with CSS and JavaScript served statically from a webserver. Until the Edition is archived for long-term preservation, infrastructure and content assets are developed and maintained using Apache HTTP Server, React JavaScript Library, Github, AWS CloudFront and S3, and DigitalOcean virtual servers. Data format and storage decisions are chosen for their ability to be readily transformed to multiple target formats, and content is routinely exported and converted to open standard formats. - -The component parts of the Edition are detailed further below. For more information, please also see [About the Edition](/#content/about/creation) and the essays by Terry Catapano and Naomi Rosenkranz, [BnF Ms. Fr. 640 as a Digital Text](/#essays/ann_310_ie_19) and Pamela H. Smith, [Making the Edition of Ms. Fr. 640](/#essays/ann_329_ie_19). - -Facsimile Images of BnF Ms. Fr. 640 ---- - -The digital facsimile images of Ms. Fr. 640 are provided by the BnF’s digital library, [Gallica](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10500001g). They are integrated into the Edition through its IIIF Manifest, which relates the Project's transcription and translation of the manuscript to the corresponding Gallica folio images via the IIIF Presentation API. - -Markup and Encoding of the Text of Ms. Fr. 640 ---- - -The [texts of Ms. Fr. 640](/#folios) are encoded in XML format and available in the [Project's Github repository](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data). Each folio of the manuscript is represented as individual XML files in three versions: -1. Diplomatic: diplomatic (verbatim) transcription of the original French text -2. Normalized: lightly normalized French transcription (with punctuation and diacritical marks added) -3. Translation: English translation - -The transcription, translation, and encoding of the manuscript were primarily carried out in a series of paleography and text workshops (2014–2018) that brought together graduate students (already in possession of advanced French) to learn to read middle French script and gain experience in textual encoding. For more detail and a discussion of this process, see Celine Camps and Margot Lyautey, [Making and Knowing: Encoding BnF Ms. Fr. 640](/#essays/ann_335_ie_19). The XML files were then revised and finalized by Senior Project team members and the Digital Lead. See also Terry Catapano and Naomi Rosenkranz, [BnF Ms. Fr. 640 as a Digital Text](/#essays/ann_310_ie_19) and Pamela H. Smith, [Making the Edition of Ms. Fr. 640](/#essays/ann_329_ie_19). - -The texts conform to a schema developed iteratively by the Project as the transcriptions and translation were revised and completed. While intended to meet the specific needs of the Project, the custom schema is influenced by and derives much of its tagset from the [Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) Guidelines](https://tei-c.org/guidelines/P5/). The [schema](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data/blob/master/schema/ms-transcription.rng) is maintained in the Project repository. The [Principles of Encoding](/#content/resources/principles-encoding) provide a full description of the Project's tagset. - -Use of the XML in the Edition ---- -The XML files encoded during the paleography and text workshops and painstakingly revised by the editorial team over the course of the project are stored in the [ms-xml/ directory](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data/ms-xml) of the Project's Github repository. The XML markup drives a number of important functions of the Edition: - -* It organizes the manuscript text into the component entries with Project-assigned unique identifiers and thematic categories -* It specifies the relative positions of the textual blocks on each page to approximate the layout of the original manuscript -* It designates the occurrence of figures, illustration, marks, and other non-textual elements of the manuscript -* It indicates textual features such as authorial deletions, additions, insertions, and gaps in the text -* It labels segments of text related to concepts of interests to the Project, such as materials, tools, plants, and animals mentioned in an entry -* It encodes editorial notes that provide additional information, such as historical context, technical and material explanations, and transcription and translation decisions - -All this information is converted into HTML and JSON as well as compiled into a search index by "Lizard," a command line tool that performs these functions to generate the static content of the site. Lizard is named after one of the manuscript's sketches on fol. [124v](/#folios/124v), which also serves as the Project's logo. Some of Lizard's functions include: - -``` -$ scripts/lizard.js help -Usage: lizard.js -A helpful lizard that responds to the following s: - download-thumbs: Download essay thumbnails from Google Drive via rclone. - download: Download only essays marked with 'refresh'. - process: Process the downloaded files and place them on the asset server. - manifest: Create the IIIF Manifest and associated files. - assets: Process the manuscript data and edition webpages and index them. - figures: Copy the manuscript figures into the target directory. - env: Create the environment files for development and production. - index: Create a search index of the essays. - run: Download, process, manifest, assets, figures, env, and index. - init: Download all, download thumbs, and run. - help: Displays this help. - is the target key from the edition_data/config.json file. Defaults to 'local'. -``` - -Once Lizard has done its job, the generated site is then packaged up and sent to a web server, currently hosted on Amazon Web Services (AWS). The files are uploaded to an AWS S3 bucket for display on the web. Each build has a unique ID, so it easy to roll back to a previous version. - -For a more technical review of these functions, please see the README in the [Github repository of the Edition's software](https://github.com/cu-mkp/making-knowing-edition). - -Layout of the Texts of Ms. Fr. 640 ----- - -The Making and Knowing Grid Layout is a rendering scheme designed to faithfully render the layout of a single column of text, consisting of multiple entries, surrounded by marginalia. Each entry is given a unique id and may contain zero or more marginal notes. The marginal notes are wrapped in `` tags. The editor may specify the arrangement of these notes relative to the entry using the `` tag. Valid values for the margin tag are: - -* top note is above the entry and in the same column as the entry -* left-top note is above and to the left of the entry -* left-middle note is beside the entry to the left -* left-bottom note is below and to the left of the entry -* right-top note is above and to the right of the entry -* right-middle note is beside the entry to the right -* right-bottom note is below and to the right of the entry -* bottom note is below the entry and in the same column as the entry - -These grid locations are relative to the entry. For example, in folio 4r, there are two entries. Both entries have notes in the left margin beside them. Each margin note is marked as "left-middle". - -Additional Notes: - -* If there are multiple notes with the same grid location, such as in folio 4v, they are rendered in the same grid location in the order they appear in the transcription. -* Content in the main entry div will take up both the middle and the right columns unless there are notes in the right column. -* Figures inherit the positioning of the `` block they are contained in. - -Other Resources and Derivative Versions ---- - -A number of supplementary resources are maintained in the Project's Github repository: -- The content of the Editorial Comments are edited in a spreadsheet table by the Editorial Team and exported in CSV format for integration into the static-site-generated Edition. Each comment is anchored at the appropriate location in the XML folio files by use of an XML element which contains the ID for the corresponding record in the comment table. -- The [Glossary](/#folios/1r/f/1r/glossary) is similarly edited in a spreadsheet table by the Editorial Team and exported in CSV format for integration into the Edition. -- The source bibliographic metadata for the [Bibliography](/#content/resources/bibliography) is maintained in BibTeX and HTML formats in the Project’s [GitHub repository](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data/tree/master/bibliographies). - -To facilitate reuse and analysis of the Project's edited and encoded text of Ms. Fr. 640, files are provided in alternative formats including: -- [allFolios](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data/tree/master/allFolios): for each version of the manuscript (diplomatic transcription, normalized transcription, and English translation), a single XML file containing each folio concatenated together -- [entries](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data/tree/master/entries): for each version, every entry as a single file in both XML and TXT formats -- [ms-txt](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data/tree/master/ms-txt): for each version, every folio as a single file in TXT format. - -Research and Scholarly Essays ---- - -All [essays](/#essays) are edited and maintained in the Project's Google Drive in order to best facilitate the collaborative process. Each essay in the Drive has uniform organization and style to ensure consistency and allow for conversion to HTML and integration into the Edition. The Research and Scholarly Essays are supplemented with additional information (including Project-assigned themes, associated entries, and citation information) in a spreadsheet table and exported in CSV format for integration into the Edition. - -For persistent access, each essay has been assigned a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and will also be archived in Columbia University [Academic Commons](https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/) and downloadable as standalone publications. - -Static Site Generation ------- - -Most websites are typically created using a content management system (CMS) in which the site's content is kept in a database and rendered into HTML when requested. This approach often requires the employment of proprietary software as well as a large number of resources, institutional support, or constant maintenance. Static site generation, unlike CMS or database-driven projects, allows websites to be created with significantly fewer dependencies, and reduces maintenance overhead, as well as minimizes the risk of technological obsolescence. Content is already in its final form (as static pages are created beforehand) and can be sent as-is to the user. - -Static site generation thus offers a number of advantages. It allows individualized software decisions and better control and maintenance of the site. Furthermore, open-source web servers like Apache and Nginx can very efficiently serve large amounts of static data and respond to increased user traffic, leading to lower server costs. Because this is a well-established, fundamental web technology, techniques for serving static sites are likely to persist into the future as well as be universally understood by IT professionals tasked with keeping the assets online. - -The biggest challenge in developing a website using this approach is that one needs to adopt or build an appropriate static site generator for the project. There are a number of existing static site generators including the most well known, [Jekyll](https://jekyllrb.com/). Jekyll powers [Github Pages](https://pages.github.com/) which allows a user to easily turn a Github repository into a static website. While Jekyll was initially considered, the specific requirements and desired features of the Edition led to the decision to build our own system using the Ruby programming language. - -The content for _Secrets of Craft and Nature_ involved the scholarly work of a number of different editors, teams, and collaborators working over several years to explore the intricacies of a complex historical text, Ms. Fr. 640. To facilitate the collaborative methods, most of this data was worked on in the Project's Google Drive. As the Project evolved and came closer to digital publication, more and more data was moved to Github repositories. At the same time, content was still under development, and there was a need to draw from both Github and Google Drive at build time. - -Digital development of the Project has taken place in tandem with content development leading to an important feature of the Project's workflow: the ability to see real-time changes of the content in place. In order to approximate the rendering of the text's transcription and translation as closely as possible to the original manuscript, it was necessary to see how the transcribed XML looked in the diplomatic rendering on the website. A staging server was thus set up to automatically regenerate the folio views every few minutes. - -Although very simple server technology is utilized, this did not preclude us from using the latest client technology to render the site in the user's web browser, including [React](https://reactjs.org/) and [Material UI](https://material-ui.com/) to develop the user interface. The static data was a mix of pre-rendered HTML pages and pre-rendered JSON data structures which were then processed by React to produce the final site. diff --git a/docs/about/how-to-cite.md b/docs/about/how-to-cite.md deleted file mode 100644 index 45eac0c..0000000 --- a/docs/about/how-to-cite.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,41 +0,0 @@ -# How to Cite - -## To cite the Edition: - -DOI: https://doi.org/10.7916/78yt-2v41 - -Making and Knowing Project, Pamela H. Smith, Naomi Rosenkranz, -Tianna Helena Uchacz, Tillmann Taape, Clément Godbarge, Sophie Pitman, -Jenny Boulboullé, Joel Klein, Donna Bilak, Marc Smith, and Terry -Catapano, eds., *Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France. A -Digital Critical Edition and English Translation of BnF Ms. Fr. 640* -(New York: Making and Knowing Project, 2020), -[https://edition640.makingandknowing.org](https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/). - -## To cite a dual-pane page-view of the Edition: -The URL of the specific dual-pane view you have chosen is a unique identifier of the two panes being viewed. - -Making and Knowing Project, Pamela H. Smith, Naomi Rosenkranz, -Tianna Helena Uchacz, Tillmann Taape, Clément Godbarge, Sophie Pitman, -Jenny Boulboullé, Joel Klein, Donna Bilak, Marc Smith, and Terry -Catapano, eds., *Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France. A -Digital Critical Edition and English Translation of BnF Ms. Fr. 640* (New York: Making and Knowing Project, 2020), -\[your page-view URL\]. - -## To cite a Research Essay from the Edition: - -Example: - -Mellon, Diana. “Excellent Mustard.” In *Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France. A Digital Critical Edition and English Translation of BnF Ms. Fr. 640*, edited by Making and Knowing Project, Pamela H. Smith, Naomi Rosenkranz, Tianna Helena Uchacz, Tillmann Taape, Clément Godbarge, Sophie Pitman, Jenny Boulboullé, Joel Klein, Donna Bilak, Marc Smith, and Terry Catapano. New York: Making and Knowing Project, 2020. . - -## To cite a Resource page - -Examples: - -**To cite the Glossary:** - -“Glossary.” In *Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France. A Digital Critical Edition and English Translation of BnF Ms. Fr. 640*, edited by Making and Knowing Project, Pamela H. Smith, Naomi Rosenkranz, Tianna Helena Uchacz, Tillmann Taape, Clément Godbarge, Sophie Pitman, Jenny Boulboullé, Joel Klein, Donna Bilak, Marc Smith, and Terry Catapano. New York: Making and Knowing Project, 2020. . - -**To cite the Principles of Translation:** - -“Principles of Translation.” In *Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France. A Digital Critical Edition and English Translation of BnF Ms. Fr. 640*, edited by Making and Knowing Project, Pamela H. Smith, Naomi Rosenkranz, Tianna Helena Uchacz, Tillmann Taape, Clément Godbarge, Sophie Pitman, Jenny Boulboullé, Joel Klein, Donna Bilak, Marc Smith, and Terry Catapano. New York: Making and Knowing Project, 2020. . diff --git a/docs/about/m-k-project.md b/docs/about/m-k-project.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0fed535..0000000 --- a/docs/about/m-k-project.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24 +0,0 @@ -# About the Making and Knowing Project - -The [Making and Knowing Project](https://www.makingandknowing.org/), founded in 2014 by Pamela H. Smith, and involving hundreds of collaborators, is a research and pedagogical initiative in the [Center for Science and Society](https://scienceandsociety.columbia.edu) at Columbia University. See [Credits](/#content/about/credits) and, on the Project's website, [Collaborations](https://www.makingandknowing.org/collaborators/). - -The Project explores the intersections between historical craft making and scientific knowing. Drawing on techniques from both laboratory and archival research as well as studio practice and the digital humanities, the Making and Knowing Project aims to cross the science/humanities divide. - - - -The creation of _Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France_ has been the Project’s primary endeavor since 2014. This goal has shaped the Project’s methodology of fusing pedagogy with research, using a focused research object (Ms. Fr. 640) to teach historical, hands-on, and digital research methods while generating research outputs. - -![about-mk-collab-lab](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/about-mk-collab-lab.png) - -_Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France_ sheds light not only on what kind of knowledge the manuscript’s anonymous author-practitioner possessed about techniques and materials, but also, more broadly, how his work of making was related to knowing. - -Indeed, the overarching theme of the Project and its work on _Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France_ has been to show the ways in which making is an epistemic activity. In other words, making is itself a form of knowledge and not just an application of knowledge. - -![about-mk-collab-books](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/about-mk-collab-books.png) - -For more about the Project, please explore: - - - the Project’s website (www.makingandknowing.org) - - - the essay Pamela H. Smith, [Making the Edition](/#essays/ann_329_ie_19). - diff --git a/docs/about/manuscript.md b/docs/about/manuscript.md deleted file mode 100644 index 80b49d5..0000000 --- a/docs/about/manuscript.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,32 +0,0 @@ -# About the Manuscript - -## What is Ms. Fr. 640? - -
- - - -Sometime after 1579, an anonymous individual began recording many different processes and techniques we would now classify as belonging to the fine arts, crafts, and various technologies. - -Over the course of an unknown span of time (probably until 1588), this person filled 170 folios (or 340 single pages) with closely-written text and some hand-drawn figures containing recipes, instructions, fragmentary notes, firsthand accounts of trials with many materials and techniques, and observations on myriad subjects, including drawing instruction, pigment application, dyeing, coloring of metal, wax, and wood, imitation gem production, making molds and metal casts, arms and armor, plant and tree cultivation, preservation of animals, plants, and foodstuffs, distillation of turpentine, and much else. - -The resulting manuscript, now housed in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) as Ms. Fr. 640, has been preserved since the early seventeenth century in the binding of Philippe de Béthune, count of Selles and Charost, apparently the manuscript’s first owner. Entitled *Choses diverses* (diverse things) on its spine, it entered the King’s Library (the core of the later BnF) as part of the donation of the Béthune family’s library in 1662 by Philippe’s son, Hippolyte de Béthune. -Ms. Fr. 640 is a unique record giving insight into many subjects, but is focused especially on processes and practices of making things from natural materials. Thus, it is an especially valuable source for the history of craft and material culture, and for the history of art and science in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Many things about this manuscript are, however, extraordinarily intriguing and puzzling. - -For more information: - -* On the manuscript and the Edition: - - Pamela H. Smith, [An Introduction to Ms. Fr. 640 and its Author-Practitioner](/#essays/ann_300_ie_19) - - Pamela H. Smith, [Making the Edition of Ms. Fr. 640](/#essays/ann_329_ie_19) - - Marc Smith, [Making Ms. Fr. 640](/#essays/ann_326_ie_19) -* On the transcription, translation, and encoding of the manuscript, see: - - [Principles of Transcription](#/content/resources/principles-transcription) - - [Principles of Translation](#/content/resources/principles-translation) - - [Principles of Encoding](#/content/resources/principles-encoding) - - Soersha Dyon and Heather, [Turning Turtle: The Process of Translating BnF Ms. Fr. 640](/#essays/ann_318_ie_19) - - Celine Camps and Margot Lyautey, [Ma\king and Knowing: Encoding BnF Ms. Fr. 640](/#essays/ann_335_ie_19) - - Terry Catapano and Naomi Rosenkranz, [BnF Ms. Fr. 640 as a Digital Text](/#essays/ann_310_ie_19) - - Clément Godbarge, [The Manuscript Seen from Afar: a Computational Approach to BnF Ms. Fr. 640](/#essays/ann_301_ie_19) - -* Other [Research Essays](/#essays). -* The [digitized Ms. Fr. 640](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10500001g) facsimile pages in Gallica, the BnF’s digital library. diff --git a/docs/about/overview.md b/docs/about/overview.md deleted file mode 100644 index 922c021..0000000 --- a/docs/about/overview.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,33 +0,0 @@ -# Overview of the About Pages - -## [The Manuscript](/#content/about/manuscript) - -Ms. Fr. 640, its codicology, composition, handwriting, and historical context. - -## [The Edition](/#content/about/creation) - -The digital critical edition of Ms. Fr. 640, including its creation, structure, and features. - -## [The Making and Knowing Project](/#content/about/m-k-project) - -The Project's intellectual mission, pedagogy-driven research, and collaborative approach. - -## [Digital Development](/#content/about/digital) - -Technical specifications of the site as well as the methodology behind its creation. - -## [Credits](/#content/about/credits) - -The hundreds of collaborators who contributed to the Edition in different ways, from scholars to students to craft practitioners to scientists. - -## [Peer Review](/#content/about/peer-review) - -A statement of the "open" peer review approach used for *Secrets of Craft and Nature*, and why it is appropriate for large collaborative projects. - -## [How to Cite](/#content/about/how-to-cite) - -Instructions for citing the manuscript, the edition, research essays, and other components of *Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France*. - -## [Sponsors](/#content/about/sponsors) - -## [Contact](/#content/about/contact) diff --git a/docs/about/peer-review.md b/docs/about/peer-review.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4a48369..0000000 --- a/docs/about/peer-review.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,59 +0,0 @@ -# Peer review - -This Edition and its research apparatus have been created collectively -and have been the objects of intense collective review, discussion, and -iterated examination and revision. Because of its format and extensive -scope—three versions of the manuscript and more than 100 research -essays—it was not sent out for peer review. - -Instead, a form of “open review” was instituted: each of the student -essays was edited at least three times by different members of the -Making and Knowing Team and then read and commented upon by a scholar -within whose expertise the subject of the essay fell. - -After this, students had an opportunity to revise the essay, and, -finally, the essay was edited in a final editorial campaign by the -Making and Knowing Team (Clément Godbarge, Pamela Smith, Tillmann Taape, -Tianna Uchacz). The essays authored by invited scholars were workshopped -among all authors at a collective co-writing workshop in 2019, and also -underwent editorial review by Making and Knowing team members. - -For more information on open review see the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation White Paper [Open Review: A Study of Contexts and Practices](http://mcpress.media-commons.org/open-review/files/2012/06/MediaCommons_Open_Review_White_Paper_final.pdf). - - - - -The extremely diverse and often obscure materials and techniques treated -in the essays would have presented a problem for conventional peer -review because a large number of reviewers with diverse areas of -expertise would have been needed. Instead, critical oversight was built -into the annual Working Group Meeting, when scholars were selected for -their expertise on the subjects of the essays produced in a given year, -were assigned a number of essays, and commented formally on the essays -in the three-day meeting. - -![peerreview-group-table](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/peerreview-group-table.png) - -The Project also wished to build into the collaborative structure the -opportunity presented by this intriguing primary source for students to -interact around substantive questions with accomplished scholars. This -was achieved in the process of review and critique at the annual Working -Group Meetings. - -The Project believes this solution not only succeeded in integrating -phases of pedagogy and research and provided valuable opportunities for -graduate students to be mentored by emerging and established scholars, -but also resulted in a more thorough (and pedagogically useful) review -of the diverse contents of the essays than might have been provided by -conventional methods of peer review. - -While no method of peer review is foolproof, the Project believes that -its process of review and revision maintained quality and consistency in -its expansive research apparatus. As the practice of historical -scholarship changes, whether through collective research and authorship -or through new approaches such as digital methods and laboratory -research on historical questions, it seems necessary for the practices -and parameters for scholarly peer review to adapt to these emergent -modes of scholarship. - -![peerreview-group-lab](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/peerreview-group-lab.png) diff --git a/docs/about/sponsors.md b/docs/about/sponsors.md deleted file mode 100644 index 06d738c..0000000 --- a/docs/about/sponsors.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,45 +0,0 @@ -# Sponsors - -_Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France_ would not have been possible without a wide network of supporters. The Making and Knowing Project gratefully acknowledges the support of countless individuals and collaborators from institutions around the world. The Project is especially grateful for the institutional support, grants, and gifts that underwrote the creation of the Edition: - -about-sponsors-css
-**The Center for Science and Society**, Columbia University. - -![about-sponsors-CU](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/about-sponsors-CU.png)
-**Faculty of Arts and Sciences**, Columbia University. - -**Columbia University Libraries**, Digital Scholarship Division. - -![about-sponsors-NSF](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/about-sponsors-NSF.png)
-[**National Science Foundation**](https://www.nsf.gov/)
-**NSF** Grant \#1430843, “The Role of Craft Skill in Scientific Practice,” 2017–20.
-**NSF** Grant \#1734596, “The Role of Tacit Knowledge in Experimentation,” 2014–17.
-**NSF** Conference Grant \#1656227, “Workshop: Translation and Encoding for the Making and Knowing Project,” 2017–18.
- _The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation._ - -![about-sponsors-NEH](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/about-sponsors-NEH.png)
-[**National Endowment for the Humanities**](www.neh.gov), NEH Grant \#RQ-249842-16, “Craft Techniques and Knowledge Systems in a 16th-Century Artist’s Manuscript: An Open-Access Critical Edition and Translation,” 2016-20.
- _Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this Edition do not necessarily represent those of the National Endowment for the Humanities._ - -![about-sponsors-luce](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/about-sponsors-luce.png)
-[**Henry Luce Foundation**](https://www.hluce.org/), Higher Education Grant, 2017–20. - -**Science History Institute** (formerly Chemical Heritage Foundation), Making and Knowing Project Postdoctoral Scholars, 2014–17. - -**Gerda Henkel Foundation**, Grant AZ 40/F/16: Making and Knowing Project Postdoctoral Research Scholars, 2017–20. - -**Support from Columbia University Affiliates** - - Collaboratory Grant, “Transforming Texts: Computational Approaches to Text Analysis and Visualization,” 2017–20. - - Collaboratory Seed Grant, Columbia University, “What is a Book for 21st Century?” seed funding, 2016–18. - - Provost’s Hybrid Learning Course Redesign and Delivery, “What is a Book in the 21st Century? Working with Historical Texts in a Digital Environment,” 2016–17. - - ISERP Workshop Grant, Columbia University, 2019-20. - -**Maurice I. Parisier Foundation** - -**Florence Gould Foundation** - -**Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation** - -**Howard and Natalie Shawn** - -**Eugene S. Ferguson Award** by the Society for the History of Technology for outstanding and original reference work that supports future scholarship in the history of technology. Awarded to the Project in October 2019. diff --git a/docs/how-to-use-fr.md b/docs/how-to-use-fr.md index 8567ae9..a9fdeba 100644 --- a/docs/how-to-use-fr.md +++ b/docs/how-to-use-fr.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -# Guide d'utilisation - ## Lire et feuilleter le manuscrit L'édition se compose de 4 versions du manuscrit Ms. Fr. @@ -10,7 +8,7 @@ L'édition se compose de 4 versions du manuscrit Ms. Fr. 3. **Normalisé**: Transcription légèrement normalisée (avec ponctuation et signes diacritiques) 4. **Traduction**: Traduction anglaise -Toutes les versions peuvent être accédées en cliquant sur [Read Fr. 640](/#folios). +Toutes les versions peuvent être accédées en cliquant sur [Read Fr. 640](/folios). ### Affichage côte à côte @@ -25,7 +23,7 @@ Pour choisir une version, cliquez sur la liste déroulante en haut à droite de ![howtouse-dualdropdown-4x6](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-dualdropdown-4x6.png) -Vous trouverez aussi sur cette liste le [glossaire](/#folios/1r/f/1r/glossary) qui peut être consulté à tout moment lors de la lecture. +Vous trouverez aussi sur cette liste le [glossaire](/folios/1r/f/1r/glossary) qui peut être consulté à tout moment lors de la lecture. Pour redimensionner les panneaux, glissez la barre verticale qui sépare les deux panneaux afin d'en ajuster la largeur. @@ -84,7 +82,7 @@ Pour obtenir de l'aide à la navigation en anglais, cliquez sur - Naviguez une page en avant ou en arrière @@ -113,10 +111,10 @@ Les résultats sont fournis sur le panneau de recherche sur la partie gauche de ## Ressources -Lisez l'[aperçu des ressources](/#content/resources/overview) pour une présentation des outils et commentaires disponibles dans l'édition. +Lisez l'[aperçu des ressources](/content/resources) pour une présentation des outils et commentaires disponibles dans l'édition. -### [Liste des Entrées](/#entries) +### [Liste des Entrées](/entries) Le manuscrit est composé presque exclusivement de blocs de texte sous des titres, que nous appelons « entrées ». @@ -143,14 +141,14 @@ Cliquez sur une ou plusieurs balises de votre choix pour ne voir que les entrée ![howtouse-listentries-terms](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-entries.png) -Pour une liste des différentes balises et de leur usage, voir les [principes de codage](/#content/resources/principles-encoding) en anglais. +Pour une liste des différentes balises et de leur usage, voir les [principes de codage](/content/resources/principles#principles-of-encoding) en anglais. -L'équipe éditoriale a assigné aux entrées du manuscrit 26 catégories qui apparaissent au début de chaque fiche. Voir les [catégories des entrées](/#content/resources/categories) en anglais. +L'équipe éditoriale a assigné aux entrées du manuscrit 26 catégories qui apparaissent au début de chaque fiche. Voir les [catégories des entrées](/content/resources#entry-categories) en anglais. Les fiches peuvent aussi comporter des liens revoyant à des essais pertinents. -### [Glossaire](/#folios/1r/f/1r/glossary) +### [Glossaire](/folios/1r/f/1r/glossary) Un glossaire est accessible en séléctionnant l'option « Glossary » dans la liste déroulante de l'affichage de texte côte à côte. @@ -166,10 +164,10 @@ Le glossaire permet de filtrer les résultats en tapant les premières lettres d Acoustrer (mod. accoutrer): v. to prepare \[COT1611\] -- Dans cet exemple, le premier mot apparaît dans sa graphie la plus courante dans le manuscrit, il est suivi de sa graphie moderne, puis de sa classe grammaticale, ainsi que de sa traduction en anglais. Le mot-clé entre crochets indique la référence bibliographique, elle peut être consultée dans son intégralité dans la [bibliographie](/#/content/resources/bibliography) en anglais. (D'autres entrées du glossaire contiennent aussi des informations sur la langue d'origine.) +- Dans cet exemple, le premier mot apparaît dans sa graphie la plus courante dans le manuscrit, il est suivi de sa graphie moderne, puis de sa classe grammaticale, ainsi que de sa traduction en anglais. Le mot-clé entre crochets indique la référence bibliographique, elle peut être consultée dans son intégralité dans la [bibliographie](//content/resources/bibliography) en anglais. (D'autres entrées du glossaire contiennent aussi des informations sur la langue d'origine.) -### [Essais de recherche](/#essays) +### [Essais de recherche](/essays) Les essais de recherche replacent le manuscrit dans son contexte matériel, technique et historique, décrivant au passage les reconstructions historiques effectuées en laboratoire par les étudiants et chercheurs du Making and Knowing Project. @@ -211,22 +209,23 @@ Dans chaque essai, cliquez sur les numéros des folios référencés dans le tex Dans chaque essai, cliquez sur une image pour la voir en taille réelle dans une fenêtre contextuelle. Cette fenêtre peut être fermée en cliquant en dehors de celle-ci ou sur la croix en haut à droite. -### [Bibliographie](/#content/resources/bibliography) +### [Bibliographie](/content/resources/bibliography) La bibliographie compile les références, les textes, et les auteurs cités dans le manuscrit, dans les commentaires éditoriaux, et dans le glossaire. Chaque essai de recherche contient aussi sa propre bibliographie. -### [Notes de terrain](/#content/resources/field-notes) +### [Notes de terrain](/content/resources#field-notes-coming-soon) Les notes de terrain, « field notes », sont tenues par les étudiants lors de la planification et de l'exécution de leurs recherches en laboratoire. Ces notes sont référencées dans les essais de recherche. -## [Comment citer l'édition](/#content/about/how-to-cite) +## Comment citer l'édition +[Apprenez à citer l'édition >>](/content/about#how-to-cite) ## Données source diff --git a/docs/how-to-use.md b/docs/how-to-use.md index 3858a6a..b935789 100644 --- a/docs/how-to-use.md +++ b/docs/how-to-use.md @@ -1,7 +1,3 @@ -# How to Use the Edition - -Cliquez ici pour la [version française](/#content/how-to-use-fr). - ## Reading and Browsing the Manuscript The Edition consists of four versions of the French manuscript Ms. Fr. @@ -12,7 +8,7 @@ The Edition consists of four versions of the French manuscript Ms. Fr. 3. **Normalized**: lightly normalized French transcription (with punctuation and diacritical marks added) 4. **Translation**: English translation -All versions can be accessed by navigating to [Read Fr. 640](/#folios). +All versions can be accessed by navigating to [Read Fr. 640](/folios). ### Dual-pane Display @@ -30,7 +26,7 @@ corner of each pane. ![howtouse-dualdropdown-4x6](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-dualdropdown-4x6.png) -Quick access to the [Glossary](/#folios/1r/f/1r/glossary) is a fourth option to be displayed in +Quick access to the [Glossary](/folios/1r/f/1r/glossary) is a fourth option to be displayed in either pane (more about the Glossary below). @@ -101,7 +97,7 @@ For navigation help, click the help icon. - Enable/disable view of the xml source code for the page - - XML tags and their meanings are described in the [Principles of Encoding](/#content/resources/principles-encoding). + - XML tags and their meanings are described in the [Principles of Encoding](/content/resources/principles#principles-of-encoding). - Go Forward / Back @@ -142,10 +138,10 @@ The results are returned in the search pane on the left. ## Resources -See [Overview of Resources](/#content/resources/overview) for explanation of tools and companion commentary. +See [Resources](/content/resources) for explanation of tools and companion commentary. -### [List of Entries](/#entries) +### [List of Entries](/entries) The manuscript consists almost entirely of units of text under titles, which the Project has called “entries.” @@ -172,14 +168,14 @@ To filter the entries by their semantic tags, click on the desired tags to view ![howtouse-listentries-terms](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-listentries-terms.png) -For a full list of the tags and their usage, see [Principles of Encoding](/#content/resources/principles-encoding). +For a full list of the tags and their usage, see [Principles of Encoding](/content/resources/principles#principles-of-encoding). -Each entry has been assigned up to three of 26 broad categories, displayed on the entry card. See [Entry Categories](/#content/resources/categories). +Each entry has been assigned up to three of 26 broad categories, displayed on the entry card. See [Entry Categories](/content/resources#entry-categories). Links are provided to Research Essays which provide commentary on the entries. -### [Glossary](/#folios/1r/f/1r/glossary) +### [Glossary](/folios/1r/f/1r/glossary) A Glossary of distinctive terms in the manuscript can be accessed by selecting “Glossary” in the drop-down menu of the dual-pane view. @@ -202,10 +198,10 @@ and while the glossary includes common spelling variants, the list is not exhaus Acoustrer (mod. accoutrer): v. to prepare \[COT1611\] -- In this entry, the word as it appears in Ms. Fr. 640 is followed by its modern spelling, its part of speech, and its meaning in English. The key in square brackets indicates the source of the definition, as listed in the [Bibliography](/#/content/resources/bibliography). (Some Glossary entries also include language or dialect of origin.) +- In this entry, the word as it appears in Ms. Fr. 640 is followed by its modern spelling, its part of speech, and its meaning in English. The key in square brackets indicates the source of the definition, as listed in the [Bibliography](//content/resources/bibliography). (Some Glossary entries also include language or dialect of origin.) -### [Research Essays](/#essays) +### [Research Essays](/essays) Research Essays clarify the text of the manuscript, provide material, technical, and historical context, and describe student reconstructions @@ -249,22 +245,23 @@ in your browser). In any essay, click on an image to view it at full size in a pop-up lightbox. Close the lightbox by clicking either on the "X" in the upper right-hand corner or outside of the image itself. -### [Bibliography](/#content/resources/bibliography) +### [Bibliography](/content/resources/bibliography) The Bibliography compiles references, texts, and authors cited in the manuscript, the editorial comments, and the glossary. Each Research Essay contains a full bibliography of works cited in the essay. -### [Field Notes](/#content/resources/field-notes) +### [Field Notes](/content/resources#field-notes-coming-soon) Field notes recorded by students as they planned, researched, reconstructed, and wrote their laboratory essays. The respective field notes are also linked in each student Research Essay. -## [How to Cite](/#content/about/how-to-cite) +## How to Cite +[Learn how to cite the edition](/content/about#how-to-cite) ## Source Data diff --git a/docs/resources.md b/docs/resources.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..17c29b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/resources.md @@ -0,0 +1,161 @@ + +## List of Entries + +The manuscript consists almost entirely of units of text under titles, which the Project has called “entries.” The List of Entries forms an index to navigate the over 900 entries. + +Entries can be filtered by selecting semantic tags that have been used to encode relevant terms in each entry. For further information on these tags, see [Principles of +Encoding](/content/resources/principles#principles-of-encoding). +
+[View the List of Entries >>](/entries) + + +## Entry Categories + +Entries can be faceted through 26 broad categories, which are intended to provide a quick overview of processes and materials and to help navigate +the manuscript. + +For more information about the manuscript’s contents, see +Pamela H. Smith, [An Introduction to Ms. Fr. 640 and its +Author-Practitioner](/essays/ann_300_ie_19). + +The manuscript BnF Ms. Fr. 640 mostly consists of units of text under titles, which the Project has called “entries.” + +The over 900 entries have been grouped by the Making and Knowing Project into 26 broad categories, loosely corresponding to topics that the Project felt represented core preoccupations of the author-practitioner. + +Each entry was assigned up to three of the 26 categories. For example, *Tablettes* (Tablets) on fol. [15v](/folios/15v) is categorized under "wood and its coloring," "decorative," and "tool." + +These categories form an index created by the Project to ease navigation of the manuscript. + + +### Category Descriptions + +| **Category name** | **Percent of entries** | **Definition** | +| ------------------------------ | ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| **casting** | 33.87% | making of molds for casting, and/or casting into molds | +| **painting** | 14.25% | painting, paintings, or painters | +| **metal process** | 8.21% | a process involving metals not being cast | +| **varnish** | 4.91% | varnish making or application | +| **arms and armor** | 5.28% | arms and armor | +| **medicine** | 4.53% | medical, health, and healing recipes | +| **household and daily life** | 3.21% | household management or ornamentation, daily life, and quotidian subjects | +| **cultivation** | 3.02% | cultivating plants | +| **stones** | 3.02% | significant references to precious and semi-precious stones, and their imitations | +| **wood and its coloring** | 3.02% | significant references to wood and/or the coloring of wood | +| **tool** | 2.55% | references the use of a specific tool, or describes the making of tools | +| **tricks and sleight of hand** | 2.26% | sleight of hand tricks and practical jokes | +| **decorative** | 1.70% | making of a material or object that is used to decorate | +| **animal husbandry** | 1.70% | raising, care, and feeding of animals of any sort | +| **glass process** | 1.23% | making or use of glass | +| **corrosives** | 1.04% | making or use of corrosive substances | +| **dyeing** | 1.04% | preparation of dye, or the dyeing of other substances | +| **preserving** | 1.04% | preservation of flowers, candles, foods, and animals for future use or ornamentation | +| **wax process** | 1.04% | process involving wax as a main ingredient, and/or the manipulation of the properties of wax | +| **practical optics** | 0.94% | objects or processes that cause optical effects, such as perspective construction, reflection, and magnification | +| **lists** | 0.75% | text that is arrayed as a list | +| **merchants** | 0.38% | merchants or merchant practices | +| **printing** | 0.38% | references printing processes or printing tools | +| **La boutique** | 0.19% | refers to entries titled "La boutique" (the workshop); see fols. [162r](/folios/162r) and [166r](/folios/166r) | +| **alchemy** | 0.09% | processes that pursue the making of gold | +| **manuscript structure** | 0.09% | structural note (fol. [170v](/folios/170v) only) | + +### Visualizing the Manuscript's Contents + +![entries-piechart](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/entries-piechart.png) + +### Overview of the Manuscript's Contents + +![entries-table](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/entries-table.png) + + +### Glossary + +The Glossary, compiled during the process of transcribing and translating Ms. Fr. 640, is a record of distinctive terms used in the manuscript. + +It includes: + + - meaning(s) of words according to context + - bibliographic references for those definitions + - alternate historical spellings and modern spelling + - language or dialect of origin + +[View the Glossary >>](/folios/1r/f/1r/glossary) + + +### Bibliography + +The Bibliography compiles references, texts, and authors cited in Ms. Fr. 640, the Edition's editorial comments, and the Glossary. + +This Bibliography includes detailed references for primary sources cited in the manuscript, including—whenever possible—permanent links to electronic facsimiles. Because Ms. Fr. 640 rarely specifies a particular printed edition, the references provided here are those that are more widely available and/or were produced by prominent sixteenth-century publishers (Robert and Henri Estienne, the Aldine press, Christophe Plantin, Hieronymus Froben, Johannes Herwagen, etc.). Other possible editions can be found in the [Universal Short Title Catalogue](https://www.ustc.ac.uk) and similar resources. + +The bibliographic databases are available as [BibTeX](https://www.ctan.org/pkg/bibtex) and HTML, downloadable from the Project’s [GitHub repository](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data/tree/master/bibliographies). + +
+ +[View the Bibliography >>](/content/resources/bibliography) + + +### Principles of Transcription, Translation, and Encoding + +To transform the handwritten pages of Ms. Fr. 640 into digital text, the Making and Knowing Project transcribed, translated, and encoded Ms. Fr. 640 in a series of collaborative workshops for graduate students since 2014. The protocols guiding this process evolved into these Principles. + +[View the Principles >>](/content/resources/principles) + +A list of dictionaries and technical encyclopedias was also developed during the +transcription and translation effort. + +[View the Dictionaries and Encyclopedias >>](/content/resources/principles#linguistic-resources-dictionaries-and-technical-encyclopedias) + + +### Figures in the Manuscript + +An index of all illustrations by Ms. Fr. 640's author-practitioner found throughout the manuscript. + +[View the Figures Index >>](/content/resources/figure-index) + + +### Reconstruction Insights + +One of the key methodologies for studying the processes and materials described in Ms. Fr. 640 was the historical reconstruction of its entries. This resource provides a guide for the research essays that discuss the insights gained through reconstructions undertaken by the Project in the laboratory. + +[View Reconstruction Insights >>](/content/resources/reconstruction-insights) + + +## Coming Soon + +### Upcoming features of _Secrets of Craft and Nature_ + +_Secrets of Craft and Nature_ was first launched in February 2020. Throughout the coming year, the Making and Knowing Project is working to prepare additional content as well as to enhance available features. Please stay tuned! + +#### Research Essays +* Additional essays still under revision. +* Translation of French essays into English. +* Translation of selected introductory essays into French. + +#### Field Notes Repository +* Browse accounts of reconstructions from the Making and Knowing Lab. + +#### Resources +* Improved bibliography including references cited in the essays and additional links to electronic resources. +* Additional visualizations and analysis of the manuscript's text and themes, such as an Index of Key Terms that aims to build an ontology from the manuscript's existing tagged terms. +* Toolkits and resources for analyzing the manuscript as raw data; data that is already available through the [Project's Github](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data). + +#### Improved Compatibility with Mobile Devices + +#### Research and Teaching Companion +* Set to be published in 2021, the Research and Teaching Companion will provide a behind-the-scenes look at the making of _Secrets of Craft and Nature_. +* It will make available numerous resources developed by the Project during the creation of _Secrets of Craft and Nature_, and is intended for other researchers, students, instructors, and anyone interested in hands-on engagement with process and digital publication. +* Resources include lessons plans and syllabi, protocols and worksheets, as well as case studies and outcomes of collaboration. + + +## Field Notes (coming soon) + +Field notes document students' skill-building exercises and reconstruction work for their Research Essays. + +While the Project required students to record every stage of their research, some field notes are more detailed and +comprehensive than others. + +Additional photographs taken by the students as they carried out their +research are available in the [Project’s repository on Flickr](https://www.flickr.com/photos/128418753@N06/albums). + +For more on field notes as a pedagogical component of the Edition, see Pamela H. Smith [Making the Edition of Ms. +Fr. 640](/essays/ann_329_ie_19). diff --git a/docs/resources/bibliography.md b/docs/resources/bibliography.md index b3e9d61..a4bf903 100644 --- a/docs/resources/bibliography.md +++ b/docs/resources/bibliography.md @@ -1,22 +1,853 @@ -# Bibliography +## Primary Sources Cited in Ms. Fr. 640 and in the Editorial Comments -The Bibliography compiles references, texts, and authors cited in Ms. Fr. 640, the Edition's editorial comments, and the Glossary. +Agrippa von Nettesheim, Cornelius. _De occulta philosophia_. Cologne: Johann Soter, 1533. [https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-4309](https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-4309). -This Bibliography includes detailed references for primary sources cited in the manuscript, including—whenever possible—permanent links to electronic facsimiles. Because Ms. Fr. 640 rarely specifies a particular printed edition, the references provided here are those that are more widely available and/or were produced by prominent sixteenth-century publishers (Robert and Henri Estienne, the Aldine press, Christophe Plantin, Hieronymus Froben, Johannes Herwagen, etc.). Other possible editions can be found in the [Universal Short Title Catalogue](https://www.ustc.ac.uk) and similar resources. +Alessandri, Alessandro. _Genialium dierum libri sex, varia ac recondita eruditione referti, accuratius et majore fide quam antehac usquam impressi cum duplici indice_. Paris: Jean de Roigny, 1549. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11232839-8](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11232839-8). -The bibliographic databases are available as [BibTeX](https://www.ctan.org/pkg/bibtex) and HTML, downloadable from the Project’s [GitHub repository](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data/tree/master/bibliographies). +Alexandrinus, Appianus. _Historia Romana_. Venice: Bernhard Maler; Erhard Ratdolt; Peter Löslein, 1477. [http://digital.slub-dresden.de/id1663006873](http://digital.slub-dresden.de/id1663006873). -
+Angeli Bargeo, Pietro. _Petri Angelii Bargaei De aucupio liber primus ad Franciscum Medicem Florent. et Senens. principem. Eiusdem Elegia de Radagasi et Getarum caede ad vrbem Florentiam. Ad Cosmum Medicem Florent. et Senens. ducem._ Florence: Giunti, 1566. [http://hdl.handle.net/10481/11534](http://hdl.handle.net/10481/11534). -## Sources Cited in Ms. Fr. 640 and in the Editorial Comments +Anonymous. _Kompost et kalendrier des bergiers_. Paris: Guy Marchant, 1491. [https://mazarinum.bibliotheque-mazarine.fr/ark:/61562/mz1845](https://mazarinum.bibliotheque-mazarine.fr/ark:/61562/mz1845). -[Primary Sources](/#content/resources/dce-primary-sources-bibliography) -
+———. _Prattica, cioe, Nova invenzione di conteggiare : ridotta à modo tanto facile, che ogn’uno potrà far ogni gran conto, si in vender, come in comperare, sia à misura, ò a peso, ò a qual si voglia altro modo, ad ogni sorte di precio, & moneta, per tutte le parti del mondo : serve anchora a commutar scudi, & ogni altra sorte di ori in lire, in grossi, in soldi, e in qual altro modo si vole, & cosi per il contrario : serve di piu à partir ogni sorte di cosa in piu parti, a far compartite di compagnie, et in somma à far ogni conto che l’huomo, si possa imaginare_. Brescia: Sabbio, Vincenzo, 1589. -[Secondary Sources](/#content/resources/dce-secondary-sources-bibliography) +Aphrodisiensis, Alexander. _Problemata_. Translated by Giorgio Valla. Venice: Antonius de Strata, 1489. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00045285-8](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00045285-8). -## Sources Cited in the Glossary +ATILF-CNRS. _TLFi : Trésor de la langue Française informatisé_. Nancy: ATILF - CNRS & Université de Lorraine, 1994. [http://www.atilf.fr/tlfi](http://www.atilf.fr/tlfi). + +Barbaro, Ermolao. _Castigationes Plinianae et Pomponii Melae_. Rome: Eucharius Silber, 1493. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00062010-9](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00062010-9). + +Barbaro, Iunior, Hermolao, and Hieronymus Wildenberg. _Naturalis scientiae totius compendium : ex Aristotele, & alijs philosophis_. Basel: Oporinus, 1548. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10192360-4](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10192360-4). + +Bargeo, Pietro Angelo. _Cynegetica. Carminum libri II, Eglogae III_. Lyon: haeredes Sébastien Gryphe, 1561. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10190433-9](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10190433-9). + +Bassus, Cassianus. _Constantini Caesaris selectarum praeceptionum, De agricultura libri viginti, Iano Cornario medico physico interprete_. Basel: Hyeronimus Frobenius, 1538. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11263552-0](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11263552-0). + +Belleforest, François de. _Les grandes annales, et histoire générale de France, de la venue des Francs en Gaule, iusques au regne du roy très-chrétien Henry III_. Paris: Gabriel Bon, 1579. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63862332](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63862332). + +Biondo, Flavio. _Historiarum ab inclinatione Romanorum imperii decades_. Venice: Thomas de Blavis, 1484. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00092286-2](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00092286-2). + +———. _Italia illustrata_. Rome: Johannes Philippus de Lignamine, 1474. [http://hdl.handle.net/10366/115767](http://hdl.handle.net/10366/115767). + +———. _Roma instaurata_. Turin: Baudo, Giovannino; Bremio, Giovanni; Ferrari, Guglielmo, 1527. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5317949053](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5317949053). + +———. _Roma instaurata. De origine et gestis Venetorum. Italia illustrata_. Verona: Boninus de Boninis, 1482. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00092290-0](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00092290-0). + +———. _Roma triumphans_. Brescia: Vercellensis, Bartholomaeus, 1482. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00065986-7](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00065986-7). + +Boyer, Philibert. _Instruction pour le faict des finances_. Paris: Ambroise Drouart; Guillaume Le Noir, 1581. + +Buchanan, George. _Rerum Scoticarum historia auctore Georgio Buchanano Scoto_. Edinburgh: Alexander Arbuthnet, 1582. + +Budé, Guillaume. _Annotationes in XXIIII pandectarum libros_. Lyon: Sébastien Gryphe, 1551. [http://hdl.handle.net/10481/4169](http://hdl.handle.net/10481/4169). + +———. _Commentarii linguae Graecae. Accurate recogniti, atque amplius tertia parte aucti_. Paris: Robert Estienne, 1548. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10147452-6](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10147452-6). + +———. _Epistolai hellēnikai. Epistolae Graecae_. Edited by Guillaume Plançon. Translated by Antonius Pichonius. Paris: Jean Bienné, 1574. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5323616943](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5323616943). + +———. _Libri V de asse, et partib. eius post duas Parisienses impressiones ab eodem ipso Budaeo castigati, idque authore Io. Grolierio Lugdunensi christianissimi gallorum copiarum quaestore, cui etiam ob nostram in eum observantiam a nobis illi dicantur_. Venice: Andrea Torresano; Aldo Manuzio, 1522. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/gri.ark:/13960/t08w8g960](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/gri.ark:/13960/t08w8g960). + +Caesariensis, Eusebius. _Historia ecclesiastica_. Translated by Tyrannius Rufinus. Mantua: Johannes Schallus, 1479. [http://fbc.pionier.net.pl/id/oai:dbc.wroc.pl:34273](http://fbc.pionier.net.pl/id/oai:dbc.wroc.pl:34273). + +Caesariensis, Procopius. _De rebus Gothorum, Persarum ac Vandalorum libri VII_. Basel: Johannes Hervagius, 1531. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10139893-2](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10139893-2). + +Cartari, Vincenzo. _Les images des dieux_. Edited by Antoine du Verdier. Lyon: Guichard Julliéron, 1584. + +Commynes, Philippe de. _Cronicque et histoyre_. Paris: François Regnault; Pierre Gadoul, 1529. [https://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:001713620](https://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:001713620). + +Corrozet, Gilles. _Le Cathalogue des villes et citez assises es troys Gaulles, avecq ung traicté des fleuves et fontaines, illustré de nouvelles figures_. Paris: Denis Janot, 1538. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10177407-1](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10177407-1). + +Curtius Rufus, Quintus. _Historiae Alexandri Magni_. Venice: Johannes Tacuinus, 1496. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:1-300194](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:1-300194). + +Damascenus, Nicolaus, and Johannes Stobaeus. _Ex Nicolai Damasceni Vniversali Historia Sev De moribus gentium libris excerpta Iohannis Stobaei_. Edited by Nicolaus Cragius. Geneva: Santandreanus, 1593. [http://data.onb.ac.at/rep/107781D0](http://data.onb.ac.at/rep/107781D0). + +Delorme, Philibert. _Nouvelles inventions pour bien bastir et a petits fraiz_. Paris: Fédéric Morel, 1561. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8609517b](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8609517b). + +Dodoens, Rembert. _Trium priorum de stirpium historia commentariorum imagines ad vivum expressae una cum indicibus, Graece, Latine, officinarum, Germanica, Brabantica Gallicaque nomina complectentibus_. Antwerp: Jan van der Loe, 1553. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30650](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30650). + +Emili, Paolo. _De rebus gestis Gallorum libri IX ad historiam Pauli Aemylii additi, perducta historia usque ad tempora Henrici II, Francorum regis_. Translated by Arnoul Le Ferron. Paris: Michel de Vascosan, 1555. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10177449-8](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10177449-8). + +Festus, Sextus Pompeius, and Marcus Verrius Flaccus. _Quae extant. Et Sex. Pompei Festi De verborum significatione, libri XX. In eundem Festum annotationes. Index rerum obiter dictarum. Ex bibliotheca Antonii Augustini_. Venice: Giovanni Maria Bonelli; Giordano Ziletti, 1560. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5323799719](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5323799719). + +Firmicus, Julius. _Astronomicon Lib. VIII_. Basel: Johannes Herwagen, 1533. [http://data.onb.ac.at/rep/10A76742](http://data.onb.ac.at/rep/10A76742). + +Foresti, Jacopo Filippo. _Novissime hystoriarum omnium repercussiones noviter a reverendissimo patre Iacobophilippo Bergomense Ordinis heremitarum edite: que Supplementum supplementi cronicarum nuncupantur. Incipiendo ab exordio mundi usque in annum salutis nostre MCCCCCII_. Venice: Albertino da Lessona, 1503. [https://digital.onb.ac.at/rep/access/open/103F6CAE](https://digital.onb.ac.at/rep/access/open/103F6CAE). + +———. _Supplementum chronicarum_. Venice: Bernardinus Rizus, 1493. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:1-172674](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:1-172674). + +Frisingensis, Otto, and Benedictus Chelidonius. _Rerun ab origine mundi ad ipsius usque tempora gestarum, libri octo. Eiusdem de gestis Friderici primi aenobarbi caes.aug. Libri duo. Radevici phrisingen. Ecclesie canonici libri duo, prioribus additi, de eiusd Friderici imp. Gestis_. Strasbourg: Matthias Schürer, 1515. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10868084-0](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10868084-0). + +Frisingensis, Otto, Guntherus Parisiensis, Rahewinus Frisingensis, Johannes Cuspinianus, and Pierre Pithou. _De eiudem frid. Gestis libri II de gestis Friderici I. Caes. Aug. Libri duo libri duo de eiusdem Friderici imp. Gestis ligurini de gestis imp. Caesaris Friderici primi augusti libri decem ligurinus, sive de gestis Friderici, libri X. Ottonis episcopi Frisingensis leopoldi pii Marchionis Austriae f.chronicon, sive rerum ab orbe condito ad sua usque tempora gestarum, libri octo. Eiusdem de gestis Friderici I.caes.aug.libri duo. Radeuici Frising.canonici de eiusdem frid. gestis libri II. Priorib.additi. Guntheri poëtae ligurinus, sive de gestis Friderici, libri X. Addita sunt et alia, cum ad Friderici, tum ad posteriorum imperatorum historiam pertinentia, adiectis etiam notis et indice accurato_. Basel: Peter Perna, 1569. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10143790-7](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10143790-7). + +Froumenteau, Nicolas. _Le secret des finances de France_. Jean Des Bois; Jean Berjon, 1581. [https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-6444](https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-6444). + +Gellius, Aulus. _Noctes Atticae_. Paris: Henri Estienne, 1585. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10171954-4](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10171954-4). + +Gembloux, Sigebert de. _Chronicon ab anno 381 ad 1113, cum insertionibus ex historia Galfridi et additionibus Roberti, abbatis Montis, centum et tres sequentes annos complectentibus, promovente egregio patre D. G. Parvo,... nunc primum in lucem emissum_. Paris: Henri Estienne; Jean Petit, 1513. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8504350](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8504350). + +Gessner, Conrad. _De omni rerum fossilium genere, gemmis, lapidibus, metallis, et huiusmodi, libri aliquot, plerique nunc primum editi_. Zürich: Hans Jakob Geßner, 1566. [http://digital.slub-dresden.de/id274416042](http://digital.slub-dresden.de/id274416042). + +Giovio, Paolo. _De Romanis piscibus libellus ad Ludovicum Borbonium cardinalem amplissimum_. Rome: Francesco Minizio Calvo, 1524. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5320235097](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5320235097). + +———. _Descriptio Britanniae, Scotiae, Hyberniae, et Orchadum, ex libro Pauli Iouii, episcopi Nucer. de imperiis, et gentibus cogniti orbis, cum eius operis prohoemio_. Venice: Michele Tramezzino, 1548. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5320232377](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5320232377). + +———. _Elogia virorum bellica virtute illustrium veris imaginibus supposita, quae apud Musaeum spectantur. Volumen digestum est in septem libros_. Florence: Lorenzo Torrentino, 1551. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/gri.ark:/13960/t0ks9hg6s](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/gri.ark:/13960/t0ks9hg6s). + +Guichard, Claude. _Funérailles et diverses manieres d’ensevelir des Romains, Grecs, et autres nations_. Lyon: Jean de Tournes, 1581. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k79187r](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k79187r). + +Halicarnassensis, Dionysius. _Antiquitates Romanae_. Treviso: Bernardinus Celerius, 1480. [http://fbc.pionier.net.pl/id/oai:dlibra.bibliotekaelblaska.pl:48716](http://fbc.pionier.net.pl/id/oai:dlibra.bibliotekaelblaska.pl:48716). + +Herodotus. _Herodoti Halicarnassei Historiæ lib. IX. et de vita Homeri libellus. Illi ex interpretatione L. Vallæ adscripta, hic ex interpretatione C. Heresbachii: utraque ab H. Stephano recognita. Ex Ctesia excerptæ historiæ_. Edited by Lorenzo Valla and Henri Estienne. Geneva: Henri Estienne; Ulrich Fugger, 1566. [https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-6213](https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-6213). + +Hyginus, Gaius Iulius. _Fabularum liber eiusdem poeticon astronomicon, libri quatuor_. Basel: Johannes Herwagen, 1535. [http://hdl.handle.net/10366/122392](http://hdl.handle.net/10366/122392). + +Irenaeus. _Opus in quinque libros digestum, in quibus mire retegit & confutat veterum haereseon impias ac por tentosas opiniones, ex vetustissimorum codicum collatione quantum licuit emendatum opera Des. Erasmi Roterodami, ac nunc eiusdem opera denuo recognitum, correctis iis quae prius suffugerant. Additus est index rerum scitu dignarum_. Basel: Hieronymus Froben; Nikolaus Episcopius, 1534. [https://doi.org/10.36576/summa.35365](https://doi.org/10.36576/summa.35365). + +Josephus, Flavius. _De antiquitate Judaica. De bello Judaico_. Edited by Rufinus Aquileiensis and Girolamo Squarciafico. Venice: Johannes Rubeus Vercellensis, 1486. + +Livius, Titus. _Historiae Romanae ab urbe condita, libri 15. quotquot ad nostram aetatem peruenerunt, cum commentariis omnium interpretum ad explicationem locorum difficilium, e regione insertis_. Paris: Jean Charron; Michel Sonnius, 1573. + +———. _Les décades_. Edited by Blaise de Vigenère, Jean Hamelin, and Antoine de La Faye. Translated by Jean Hamelin. Paris: Jacques du Puys, 1583. [http://data.onb.ac.at/rep/10556F5E](http://data.onb.ac.at/rep/10556F5E). + +Lugdunensis, Irenaeus, and Nikolaus Episcopius. _Opus in quinque libros digestum, in quibus mire retegit & confutat veterum haereseon impias ac por tentosas opiniones, ex vetustissimorum codicum collatione quantum licuit emendatum opera Des. Erasmi Roterodami, ac nunc eiusdem opera denuo recognitum, correctis iis quae prius suffugerant. Additus est index rerum scitu dignarum._ Edited by Erasmus Roterodamus. Basel: Hieronymus Froben, 1534. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10148265-2](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10148265-2). + +Macrobius, Ambrosius Aurelius Theodosius, and Arnoldus Haldrenius Vesaliensis. _In somnium Scipionis, libri II. Saturnaliorum, libri VII. Ex variis, ac vetustissimis codicibus recogniti et aucti_. Lyon: Sébastien Gryphe, 1556. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10172074-6](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10172074-6). + +Maffaei, Raffaele. _Commentariorum Urbanorum octo et triginta libri_. Basel: Johannes Frobenius, 1559. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10150223-5](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10150223-5). + +Maffei, Raffaele. _Commentariorum urbanorum Raphaelis Volaterrani, octo et triginta libri, accuratius quam antehac excusi, praemissis eorundem indicibus secundum tomos ut ab autore conscripti fuerunt: quibus accessit novus, res ac voces in philologia explicatas demonstrans, quo superiores editiones carebant hactenus. Item oeconomicus Xenophontis, ab eodem latio donatus_. Basel: Hieronymus Froben; Nikolaus Episcopius, 1559. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10150228-2](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10150228-2). + +Maggi, Girolamo. _Cinque primi canti della guerra di Fiandra di m. Gierolamo Magi d’Anghiari al valoroso signor Chiappino Vitelli. Nuovamente dati in luce (Venezia, Comin da Trino : al segno del Diamante, 1551)_. Venice: Comin da Trino, 1551. [https://digital.onb.ac.at/rep/access/open/10810B79](https://digital.onb.ac.at/rep/access/open/10810B79). + +———. _Variarum lectionum, seu Miscellanorum libri IIII. In quibus multa auctorum loca emendantur, atque explicantur, & quae ad antiquitatem cognoscendam pertinent, non pauca afferuntur_. Venice: Giordano Ziletti, 1564. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101077878963](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101077878963). + +Maggi, Girolamo, and Giacomo Castriotto. _Della fortificatione delle città, di m. Girolamo Maggi, e del capitan Iacomo Castriotto, ingegniero del christianissimo re di Francia, libri III. Ne’ quali, oltra le molte inventioni di questi autori, si contiene tutto quello di più importanza, che fino ad hora è stato scritto di questa materia; con infinite cose, che da molti signori, capitani, & ingegnieri dell’età nostra si sono havute. Discorso del medesimo Maggi sopra la fortificatione degli alloggiamenti degli esserciti. Discorso del capitan Francesco Montemellino sopra la fortificatione del borgo di Roma. Trattato dell’ordinanze, ò vero battaglie del capitan Giovacchino da Coniano. Ragionamento del sudetto Castriotto sopra le fortezze della Francia_. Venice: Borgominieri, Rutilio, 1564. [https://fbc.pionier.net.pl/id/oai:jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl:229091](https://fbc.pionier.net.pl/id/oai:jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl:229091). + +Magnus, Albertus. _De mineralibus_. Venice: Johannes de Gregoriis; Gregorius de Gregoriis, 1495. [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00045497-0](http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00045497-0). + +Manuzio, Paolo. _Antiquitatum Romanarum Paulli Mannuccii liber de senatu_. Venice: Paolo Manuzio, 1581. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11048406-6](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11048406-6). + +———. _Lettere volgari di M. Paolo Manutio divise in quattro libri_. Venice: Paolo Manuzio, 1560. [https://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:001730895](https://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:001730895). + +Marcellus, Nonius. _De proprietate sermonum: jam demum innumeris locis restitutus, multis locupletatus, ope vetustissimorum codicum, & industria. Additus est in calce libellus de prisco sermone repurgatus: index vocabulorum De proprietate sermonum: jam demum innumeris locis restitutus, multis locupletatus, ope vetustissimorum codicum, & industria. Additus est in calce libellus de prisco sermone repurgatus: index vocabulorum_. Antwerp: Christophe Plantin, 1565. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10172086-2](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10172086-2). + +Martyr, Justin. _Diui Iustini philosophi ac martyris Opera non ita pridem Graece edita : nuper uerò Latinè reddita, interprete Sigismundo Gelenio, quorum tituli pagina operis initio obuersa apparent_. Basel: Hieronymus Froben; Nikolaus Episcopius, 1555. + +Martyr, Justinus. _Opera non ita pridem Graece edita, nuper verò Latinè reddita_. Basel: Hieronymus Froben; Nikolaus Episcopius, 1555. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10165154-1](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10165154-1). + +———. _Τοῦ ἁγίου Ἰουστίνου φιλοσόφου καὶ μάρτυρος, Ζήνᾳ καὶ Σερήνῳ ; Λόγος παραινετικὸς πρὸς Ἕλληνας ; Πρὸς Τρύφωνα Ἰουδαῖον διάλογος ; Ἀπολογία ὑπὲρ χριστιανῶν πρὸς τὴν Ῥωμαίων σύγκλητον ; Ἀπολογία Β’ ὑπὲρ χριστιανῶν πρὸς Ἀντων ῖνον τὸν Εὐσεβῆ ; Περὶ Θεοῦ μοναρχίας ; Ἔκθεσις πίστεως περὶ τῆς ὀρθῆς ὁμολογίας, ἤτοι περὶ τῆς ἁγίας καὶ ὁμοουσίου Τριάδος ; Ἀνατροπὴ δογμάτων τινῶν Ἀριστοτελικῶν ; Ἐρωτήσεις Χριστιανικαὶ πρὸς τοὺς Ἕλληνας, καὶ ἑλληνικαὶ ἀποκρίσεις, καὶ τῶν αὐτῶν ἀποκρίσεων ἔλεγχοι ; Ἀποκρίσεις πρὸς τοὺς ὀρθοδόξους περὶ τινῶν ἀναγκαίων ζητημάτων ; Ἐρωτήσεις ἑλληνικαὶ πρὸς τοὺς Χριστιανοὺς περὶ τοῦ ἀσωμάτου, καὶ περὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ περὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως τῶν νεκρῶν, καὶ πρὸς τὰς αὐτὰς ἐρωτήσεις ἀποκρίσεις Χριστιανικαί : ex Bibliotheca Regia_. Paris: Robert Estienne, 1551. + +Masius, Andreas. _Josuae imperatoris historia illustrata atq. explicata ab Andrea Masio_. Antwerp: Christophorus Plantinus, 1574. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10142672-2](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10142672-2). + +Mattioli, Pietro Andrea, and Jean des Moulins. _Commentaires de M. Pierre André Matthiole médecin sennois, sur les six livres de Ped. Dioscoride Anazarbeen de la matière médicinale : avec certaines tables médicinales, tant des qualités & vertus des simples médicamens, que des remèdes pour toutes maladies, qui peuvent avenir au corps humain, comme aussi des sentences, mots & matières traictées esdicts commentaires (\[Reprod.\]) / mis en français sur la dernière édition latine de l’auteur par M. Jean des Moulins, docteur en médecine_. Lyon: Guillaume Rouille, 1579. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1520492j](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1520492j). + +Maximus, Valerius. _Facta et dicta memorabilia_. Edited by Oliviero d’Arzignano. Venice: Guglielmus de Cereto, 1491. [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00057339-8](http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00057339-8). + +Mercuriale, Girolamo. _Liber responsorum et consultationum medicinalium_. Basel: Konrad von Waldkirch, 1588. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:1-154175](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:1-154175). + +Mesmes, Jean-Pierre de. _La Grammaire Italienne, composée en Françoys_. Paris: Gilles Corrozet; Étienne Groulleau, 1548. + +Nagerel, Jean. _L’histoire et cronique de Normandie_. Rouen: Martin Le Mégissier, 1581. + +Naucratites, Athenaeus. _Deipnosophistou ten polumathestaten pragmateian nun exesti soi es gnosis elthein_. Venice: Aldo Manuzio; Andrea Torresano, 1514. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10195496-8](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10195496-8). + +———. _Dipnosophistarum sive Coenae sapientum libri XV_. Edited by Natale Conti. Venice: Andrea Arrivabene, 1556. [http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB0001C96E00000000](http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB0001C96E00000000). + +Ollaus, Magnus. _Historiae de gentibus septentrionalibus libri XXII_. Antwerp: Jean Bellère, 1552. + +Orosius, Paulus. _Historiae adversus paganos_. Augsburg: Johannes Schüssler, 1471. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00044419-3](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00044419-3). + +Palissy, Bernard. _Discours admirables de la nature des eaux et fontaines, tant naturelles qu’artificielles, des métaux, des sels et salines, des pierres, des terres, du feu et des émaux_. Paris: Martin le jeune, 1580. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1050822](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1050822). + +———. _Recepte veritable par laquelle tous les hommes de la France pourront apprendre a multiplier et augmenter leurs thresors_. La Rochelle: Barthélemy Berton, 1564. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1510592m](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1510592m). + +Pausanias. _Paysaniu tes hellados periegesis. Hoc est, Pausaniae accurata Graeciae descriptio_. Frankfurt: Claude de Marne; Johann Aubry; Andreas Wechel, 1583. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5323832589](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5323832589). + +———. _Veteris Graeciae descriptio. Romulus Amasaeus vertit_. Florence: Lorenzo Torrentino, 1551. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55003849f](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55003849f). + +Pollux, Iulius. _Onomasticon_. Basel: Robert Winter, 1541. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00005215-2](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00005215-2). + +———. _Onomasticon. Iulii Pollucis Vocabularium_. Venice: Aldo Manuzio, 1502. + +———. _Vocabularium_. Florence: Bernardo Giunta, 1520. [http://hdl.handle.net/10366/126483](http://hdl.handle.net/10366/126483). + +Polybius. _Eklogai peri tōn presveiōn. Ex libris Polybii selecta de legationibus et alia quae seguenti pagina indicantur nunc primum in lucem edita_. Antwerp: Christophe Plantin, 1582. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11217310-4](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11217310-4). + +Porzio, Simone. _De coloribus libellus, Latinitate donatus, et commentariis illustratus una cum praefatione, qua coloris naturam declarat_. Paris: Michel de Vascosan, 1549. [https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-16994](https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-16994). + +Raffaele Maffaei, Xenophon snd. _Commentariorum urbanorum octo et triginta libri, cum duplici eorumdem indice secundum tomos collecto_. Lyon: Sébastien Gryphe, 1552. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10150227-7](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10150227-7). + +Redonensis, Marbodus. _Libellus de lapidibus preciosis_. Vienna: Hieronymus Vietor, 1511. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00011978-8](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00011978-8). + +Roy, Maurice. _Jehan Cousin père, sculpteur : la statue de l’amiral Chabot et le jubé de la chapelle de Pagny_. Sens: Duchemin, 1909. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k325970n](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k325970n). + +Roy, Maurice, and Paul Vitry. _Artistes et monuments de la Renaissance en France. Recherches nouvelles et documents inédits_. Paris: Honoré Champion, 1929. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3413936g](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3413936g). + +Ruscelli, Girolamo. _Les secrets de reverend signeur Alexis piémontois contenans excellens remèdes contre plusieurs maladies vec la manière de faire distillation tr. de l’italien en françois_. Anvers: Christophe Plantin, 1557. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1520050t](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1520050t). + +———. _Secreti del reverendo donno Alessio Piemontese_. Venice: Sigismondo Bordogna, 1555. + +Sabellico, Marco Antonio. _Le historie vinitiane divise in tre deche con tre libri della quarta deca_. Translated by Lodovico Dolce. Venice: Curzio Troiano Navò, 1544. + +———. _De rerum et artium inventoribus poema_. Vienna: Hieronymus Vietor, 1521. + +———. _Historiae rerum venetarum ab urbe condita, libri XXXIII. Eiusdem in singulos libros epitomae. Additus in fine est index rerum memorabilium copiosus_. Basel: Nikolaus Episcopius, 1556. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10180802-5](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10180802-5). + +———. _Rerum Venetarum ab urbe condita in universum opus_. Venice: Torresano, Andrea, 1487. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00061104-6](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00061104-6). + +Salviani, Ippolito. _Aquatilium animalium historiae liber primus: cum eorundem formis, aere excusis_. Rome: Ippolito Salviani, 1554. [https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.82337](https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.82337). + +Savonne, Pierre de. _Nouvelle instruction d’Arithmétique abrégée propre à tous les Marchands et Banquiers_. Paris: Nicolas du Chemin, 1563. + +Statius, Publius Papinius. _Opera_. Venice: Bartholomaeus de Zanis, 1494. + +———. _Sylvarum libri V Achilleidos libri XII Thebaidos libri II orthographia et flexus dictionum Graecarum omnium apud Statium cum accentib. et generib. ex variis utriusque linguae authoribus_. Venice: Aldo Manuzio; Andrea Torresano, 1519. + +———. _Sylvarum libri V, Thebaidos libri XII, Achilleidos libri II_. Lyon: Sébastien Gryphe, 1547. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k53318m](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k53318m). + +Strabo. _Peri geographias. Strabo De situ orbis_. Venice: Andrea Torresano; Aldo Manuzio, 1516. [http://hdl.handle.net/10366/126878](http://hdl.handle.net/10366/126878). + +Suetonius Tranquillus, Gaius, Vulcatius Gallicanus, Aelius Spartianus, Trabellius Pollio, Flavius Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, and Aelius Lampridius. _Caius Suetonius Tranquillus: Vitae XII Caesarum. Aelius Spartianus: De vita Hadriani; Julius Capitolinus, Vulcatius Gallicanus, Aelius Lampridius, Trabellius Pollio and Flavius Vopiscus: De regum ac imperatorum Romanorum_. Venice: Johannes Rubeus Vercellensis, 1490. [http://fbc.pionier.net.pl/id/oai:dbc.wroc.pl:31954](http://fbc.pionier.net.pl/id/oai:dbc.wroc.pl:31954). + +Telesio, Antonio. _Libellus de coloribus. Ubi multa leguntur praeter aliorum opinionem_. Venice: Bernardino Vitali, 1528. + +Ursperg, Burchard of. _Chronicum abbatis urspergensis, a nino rege assyriorum magno, usque ad Fridericum II.romanorum imperatorem, ex optimis autoribus recognitum, et innumeris mendis repurgatum_. Strasbourg: Kraft Müller, 1537. [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00087167-3](http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00087167-3). + +Verdier, Antoine Du. _Questions enigmatiques, recreatives et propres pour deviner et y passer le temps aux veillees des longues nuicts, avec les responses subtiles, et autres propos joyeux_. Lyon: Benoı̂t Rigaud, 1568. + +Vergilius Maro, Publius, Maurus Honoratus Servius, Josse Bade, Filippo Beroaldo, Domizio Calderino, Agostino Dati, Aelius Donatus, Antonio Mancinelli, and Marcus Valerius Probus. _Vergilius cum commentariis et figuris P. Vergilii Maronis, Bucolica, Georgica, Aeneis cum Servii commentariis accuratissime emendatis in quibus multa quae adhuc deerant sunt adiecta et Graecae dictiones ac verius ubique restituti. Additus est etiam Probicelebris grammatici in Bucolica & Georgica perutilis commentariolus recens castigatus. Nec non commentarii Donati, Mancinelli et Ascensii. Insunt praeterea Beroaldi annotationes et Augustini Dathi in Aeneidem praefatio. Atque ut studiosis nihil amplius desiderent adiuncta sunt opuscula omnia sive lusus Vergiliani tum a Domitio Calderino tum ab Ascensio perspicue declarati. Res vero totius operis adeo graphice imaginibus exprimuntur ut non minus geri videantur quae legi possint_. Venice: Gregorio De Gregori; Lucantonio Giunta, 1522. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5327128659](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5327128659). + +Vergilius, Polydorus. _Anglicae historiae libri Vigintisex_. Basel: Michael Isengrin, 1546. [https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-3041](https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-3041). + +———. _De inventoribus rerum_. Venice: Christophorus de Pensis, 1499. [http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:23-inkunabeln/170-4-quod-16](http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:23-inkunabeln/170-4-quod-16). + +Vida, Marco Girolamo. _Bucolica de bombyce ad Isabellam Estensem Marchionissam libri II, etc._ Basel: Johann Walter, 1534. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10192551-4](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10192551-4). + +Viterbo, Giovanni Nanni da. _I cinque libri de le antichita_. Venice: Baldassare Constantini, 1550. [https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.28444](https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.28444). + +Vives, Juan Luis. _Los comentarios de Juan Luis Vives a "La ciudad de Dios" de San Agustı́n_. Edited by Rafael Cabrera Petit. vol. 6. Colección J.L. Vives. Ajuntament de Valencia, 2000. + +## Secondary Sources Cited in the Editorial Comments + +Bol, Marjolijn. “The emerald and the eye: On sight and light in the artisan’s workshop and scholar’s study.” In _Perspective as practice: Renaissance cultures of optics_, edited by Sven Dupré, 71–101. Turnhout: Brepols, 2019. + +Collin, Franck. “Antonio Telesio de Cosenza, Petit traité des couleurs latines (De coloribus libellus), éd. Michel Indergand et Christine Viglino.” _Cahiers de recherches médiévales et humanistes_, 2010. [http://journals.openedition.org/crm/12315](http://journals.openedition.org/crm/12315). + +ATILF-CNRS. _Dictionnaire du Moyen Français_. Paris, 2015. [http://www.atilf.fr/dmf](http://www.atilf.fr/dmf). + +Corneille, Thomas. _Le grand dictionnaire des arts et des sciences_. Paris: Veuve de Jean-Baptiste Coignard; Jean-Baptiste Coignard, 1692. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1280426g](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1280426g). + +Daux, Camille. _Histoire de l’Eglise de Montauban_. Paris: Bray et Retaux, 1881. + +Diderot, Denis, and Jean le Rond d’Alembert. _Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers_. vol. 7. Paris: Briasson, 1770. + +Gilson, Etienne. _L’esprit de la philosophie médiévale_. Paris: Vrin, 1969. + +Guiffrey, Jules. _Artistes parisiens des XVIe et XVIIe siècles: Donations, contrats de mariage, testaments, inventaires, etc. Tirés des insinuations du Châtelet de Paris_. Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1915. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k205098w](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k205098w). + +Hérold, Michel. “Le verre des vitraux (xve-xvie siècles). Approche méthodologique.” in _Verre et Fenêtre de l’Antiquité au xviiie siècle, les Actes du premier colloque international organisé à Paris-La Défense / Versailles du 13 au 15 octobre 2005 par l’Association Verre & Histoire, ont été réalisés et publiés sous la direction de Sophie Lagabrielle et Michel Philippe_, edited by Sophie Lagabrielle and Michel Philippe. Association Verre et Histoire, INHA, 2005. [http://www.verre-histoire.org/colloques/verrefenetre/pages/p307\_02\_herold.html](http://www.verre-histoire.org/colloques/verrefenetre/pages/p307_02_herold.html). + +Lamberini, Daniela. _Il Sanmarino. Giovan Battista Belluzzi architetto militare e trattatista del cinquecento_. Arte e Archeologia. Studi e Documenti 30. Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 2007. + +Leproux, Guy-Michel. “Quelques éclairages sur la vie et la carrière de Jean Cousin le jeune.” _Documents d’histoire parisienne_ 12 (2011): 23–40. + +Michel-Leproux, Guy. _La Peinture à Paris sous le règne de François Ier_. Presses de l’Université de Paris Sorbonne, 2001. + +Nadolski, Dieter. _Les étains anciens usuels: leur aspect et leur fonction pendant six siècles_. Paris: Nouvelles Editions Latines, 1986. + +Norri, Juhani. _Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary in English, 1375-1550: Body Parts, Sicknesses, Instruments, and Medicinal Preparations_. London: Routledge, 2016. + +Smith, Paul J. “Passer solitarius: Tribulations of a lonely bird in poetry and natural history, from petrarch to buffon.” In _Solitudo: Spaces, places, and times of solitude in late medieval and early modern cultures_, edited by K. A. E. Enenkel and Christine Göttler, Vol. 56. Intersections. Leiden: Brill, 2018. [https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004367432](https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004367432). + +Solmi, Edmondo, and Sergio Solmi. _Scritti vinciani: Le fonti dei manoscritti di Leonardo da Vinci e altri studi_. Strumenti ; 37. Firenze: La nuova Italia, 1976. + +Wartelle, André. _Bibliographie historique et critique de saint Justin, philosophe et martyr, 1494-1994 (avec un supplément)_. Paris: Editions F. Lanore, 2001. + +Zerner, Henri. _L’Art de la Renaissance en France_. Paris: Flammarion, 1996. + +## Primary and Secondary Sources Cited in the [Glossary](/folios/1r/f/1r/glossary) Note: The Glossary uses short bibliographic keys instead of full citations, such as [COT1611] for Cotgrave's _A dictionarie of the french and english tongues_. The keys usually combine author name and year of publication or use an acronym such as [OED2008] for _Oxford English Dictionary_ or [DMF2015] for *Dictionnaire du Moyen Français*. Search for Glossary keys in the Bibliography by acronym or author name. -[Primary and Secondary Sources](/#content/resources/glossary-full-bibliography) +**DAF2018** Académie française. “Dictionnaire de l’Académie française.” Paris, 2018. +. + +Akerman, Susanna. “Paracelsianism in Sweden.” In *Western esotericism in +Scandinavia*, edited by Henrik Bogdan and Olav Hammer, 425–30. Leiden: +Brill, 2016. . + +**TLFi2019** Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française, and Centre +national de la recherche scientifique. “Trésor de la langue francaise +informatisé.” ATILF, CNRS Éditions, 2019. +. + +anonymous. *Secrets concernant les arts et métiers: ouvrage utile, non +seulement aux artistes, mais encore à ceux qui les emploient*. Paris: +Bossange & Compagnie, 1791. + +Argonne, Bonaventure d’. *Mélanges d’histoire et de littérature par M. +de Vigneul-Marville (Noël, dit Bonaventure d’Argonne). Quatrième édition +revûë, corrigée et augmentée par M\*\*\* (l’abbé Banier)*. Paris: +Prudhomme, 1713. + +Bauderon, Brice, Laurent Catelan, and G Sauvageon. *Pharmacopée de +Bauderon. Augmentée de plusieurs compositions necessaires; & des +facultez de chaque composition. Avec un traité des plus usitez & +celebres medicamens chymiques*. Lyon: Guillaume Chaunod & Cesar +Chappuis, 1681. + +Beauchet-Filleau, Eugène Henri Edmond. *Essai sur le patois poitevin, ou +petit glossaire de quelquesuns des mots usités dans le canton de +Chef-Boutonne, etc.* Niort, 1864. + +Belon, Pierre. *L’histoire de la nature des oyseaux: avec leurs +descriptions, et naı̈fs portraicts retirez du naturel ; escrite en sept +livres*. Paris: Corrozet, 1555. + +Bertrand, Jean-Elie, Christian von Mechel, H Billé, François Noël +Sellier, J. B. F Limozin, and Lacroix. *Descriptions des arts et +métiers*. Neuchâtel: Imprimerie de la Société typographique, n.d. + +Biringuccio, Vannoccio. *De la pirotechnia. Libri X*. Venice: Venturino +Ruffinelli\], 1540. + +———. *The Pirotechnia of Vannoccio Biringuccio: The Classic Sixteenth +Century : Teatrise on Metals and Metallurgy*. Translated by Martha Teach +Gnudi and Cyril Stanley Smith. New York, NY: Dover Publications, 1990. + +Bogdan, Henrik, and Olav Hammer, eds. *Western Esotericism in +Scandinavia*. Leiden: Brill, 2016. + +Boodt, Anselmus de. *Le parfaict ioaillier, ou histoire des pierreries*. +Edited by André Toll. Lyon, 1644. + +Boucherie, M. A. “Patois de la Saintonge.” *Patois de la Saintonge*, +1845. + +Bourne, William. *The Arte of Shooting in Great Ordnaunce*. London: +Thomas Woodcocke, 1687. + +Boyer, Abel. *Dictionnaire royal françois-anglois*. Amsterdam, 1727. + +Browne, Thomas. *Pseudodoxia Epidemica : Or, Enquiries into Very Many +Received Tenents, and Commonly Presumed Truths*. London: Andrew Crook, +1658. + +Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc. *Histoire naturelle des minéraux*. +Geneva: Chez Sanson & Compagnie, 1790. +. + +Cardano, Gerolamo. *The de Subtilitate of Girolamo Cardano*. Translated +by John M. Forrester. Tempe, AZ: ACMRS, 2013. + +Cardano, Girolamo. *Les livres de Hierosme Cardanvs medecin milannois: +intitulez de la subtilité & subtiles inuentions, ensemble les causes +occultes, & raisons d’icelles*. Translated by Richard Le Blanc. Rouen: +Chez La Vefve du Bosc, dans la Court du Palais, 1642. + +Cardon, Dominique. *The Dyer’s Handbook Memoirs on Dyeing*. Oxford: +Oxbow Books, 2016. + +Carlyle, Leslie. *The Artist’s Assistant: Oil Painting Instruction +Manuals and Handbooks in Britain, 1800-1900, with Reference to Selected +Eighteenth-Century Sources*. London: Archetype Publications, 2001. + +Cassignac, Arve. *Dictionnaire occitan de communication: +français-occitan, occitan-français*. Mobileoccitan.com, 2015. + +Cellini, Benvenuto. *The Treatises of Benvenuto Cellini on Goldsmithing +and Sculpture*. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2010. + +Cellini, Benvenuto, and Carlo Milanesi. *I trattati dell’oreficeria e +della scultura di Benvenuto Cellini novamente messi alle stampe secondo +la originale ... dell Codice Marciano*. Florence: Felice Le Monnier, +1857. + +Chambers, Ephraim, and Abraham Rees. *The Cyclopaedia, or, Universal +Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature*. London: Longman, Hurst, +Rees, Orme & Brown, 1819. + +*Columbian Cyclopedia*. Buffalo, NY: Garretson, Cox, 1897. + +Constans, Germain. *Traité de la Cour des monnoyes et de l’estendue de +sa juridiction*. Sébastien Cramoisy, 1658. + +Contant, Paul, and Contant Jacques. *Les Oeuvres de Iacques et Paul +Contant pere et fils...* Poitiers: Par Iulian Thoreau, 1628. +. + +Corneille, Thomas (1625-1709) Auteur du texte. *Le dictionnaire des arts +et des sciences*, 1694. . + +**COT1611** Cotgrave, Randle. *A dictionarie of the french and english tongues*. +London: Adam Islip, 1611. . + +Coxe, John Redman. *The Philadelphia Medical Dictionary : Containing a +Concise Explanation of All the Terms Used in Medicine, Surgery, +Pharmacy, Botany, Natural History, Chymistry, and Materia Medica*. +Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1808. + +Dalechamps, Jacques, and Jean Des Moulins. *Histoire générale des +plantes: contenant XVIII livres egalement departis en deux tomes*. Lyon: +Philippe Borde, 1653. + +Delaulne, Florentin ed. *Dictionnaire universel francois et latin: +contenant la signification et la definition tant des mots de l’une & de +l’autre langue, avec leurs différens usages ; que des Termes propres de +chaque etat & de chaque profession*. Paris, 1721. + +**DMF2015** *Dictionnaire du Moyen Français*. ATILF-CNRS & Université de Lorraine Paris, 2015. +. + +Diderot, Denis, and Jean Le Rond d’ Alembert. *Encyclopedie methodique, +ou par ordre de matières: Médecine*. vol. 6. Paris: Panckoucke, 1793. + +Diderot, denis, and Jean le Rond d’Alembert. *Encyclopédie, ou +dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, etc.* +Edited by Robert Morrissey and Glenn Roe. University of Chicago: +University of Chicago: ARTFL Encyclopédie Project, 2017. +. + +Dietrich, Philippe-Frédéric. *Description des gı̂tes de minerai, des +forges et des salines des Pyrénées, suivie d’observations sur le fer +mazé et sur les mines des Sards en Poitou,* Paris; Strasbourg: chez +Didot, fils aı̂né, et Cuchet; chez Treuttel, 1786. + +Doujat, Jean. *Dictionnaire de la langue toulousaine*. Genève; +Marseille: Slatkine Reprints, 1974. + +Dralet, Étienne-François. *Traité de la pierre à plâtre et de ses +propriétés relatives à l’art des bâtimens, à la culture des prairies +artificielles, des céréales, des prairies naturelles, des arbres +fruitiers et de la vigne: ouvrage où l’on combat, avec l’autorité des +faits, les nombreuses erreurs qui privent l’agriculture d’une partie des +avantages qu’elle peut retirer de ce précieux minéral : Avec recueil +méthodique et analytique des préceptes, maximes, proverbes français et +étrangers relatifs à l’agriculture et au ménage des champs*. Paris: Mme +Huzard, 1837. + +Dupuy, Ernest. *Bernard Palissy. L’homme, l’artiste, le savant, +l’écrivain*. Paris: Société française d’imprimerie et de librairie, +1902. + +ed., François Muguet. *Instruction generale pour la teinture des +laines*. Paris, 1671. + +Estienne, Charles. *L’agriculture et maison rustique*. Rouen: Laurent +Maury, 1658. + +Estienne, Charles, Jean Liébault, Gervase Markham, and Richard Surflet. +*Maison Rustique, or, the Countrey Farme*. London: Printed by Adam Jslip +for John Bill, 1616. + +Estienne, Robert. *Dictionarium latinogallicum ex hoc latini sermonis +cum gallico idiomate consensum ita percipies ut majores utriusque +linguae scriptores proxime imitari possis ... Editio postrema ...* +Paris: Apud S. Honoratum : Venandantur apud N. Chesneau, 1571. + +Favre, Léopold. *Glossaire du Poitou*. Niort: Robin et Favre, 1867. + +Félibien, André, and André Félibien. *Des principes de l’architecture, +de la sculpture, de la peinture, et des autres arts qui en dépendent: +Avec une dictionnaire des termes propres à chacun de ces arts.* Paris: +Coignard, 1697. + +Féraud, Jean François. *Dictionaire critique de la langue française*. +Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1787. + +Fleming, Charles, and J Tibbins. *Royal Dictionary, English and French +and French and English. (Grand Dictionnaire, Français-Anglais et +Anglais-Français)*. Paris: Firmin Didot Bros., Sons & Co., 1870. + +Franke, Traugott. *Technologisches wörterbuch in deutscher, +französischer und englischer sprache*. Wiesbaden: Kreidel & Niedner, +1855. + +Furetière, Antoine. *Essais d’un dictionaire universel*. Amsterdam: +Henri Desbordes, 1687. + +Gacon-Dufour, Marie Armande Jeanne. *Dictionnaire rural raisonné, dans +lequel on trouve le détail des plantes préservatives et curatives des +maladies des bestiaux; par Madam Gacon-Dufour ... tome premier +\[-second\]*. Paris: Léopold Collin, 1808. + +Gallo, Agostino, and François de Belleforest. *Secrets de la vraye +agriculture, et honestes plaisirs qu’on reçoit en la mesnagerie des +champs*. Paris: Chesneau, 1572. + +Gay, Victor, and Henri Stein. *Glossaire archéologique du Moyen Âge et +de la Renaissance*. Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint, 1974. + +Gettens, Rutherford, and George L Stout. *Painting materials : a short +encyclopedia*. New York, NY: Dover, 2015. + +Godefroy, Frédéric, Jean Bonnard, and Amédée Salmon. *Lexique de +l’ancien français*. Paris: Honoré Champion, 1971. + +Gourmont, Jérôme de. *Livre de Moresques. Tres utile et necessaire à +tous orfevres, tailleurs, graveurs, paictres, tapissiers, brodeurs, +lingieres, et femmes qui besognent de lesguille*. Paris: Jérôme de +Gourmont, 1546. + +Gouvernement du Canada, Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux +Canada. “TERMIUM Plus,” October 2009. +. + +Grandjean, Serge. *L’Orfevrerie du XIX Siecle en Europe*. Paris: Presses +Universitaires de France, 1962. + +Guineau, Bernard, Jean Vezin, and Brepols. *Glossaire des matériaux de +la couleur et des termes techniques employés dans les recettes de +couleurs anciennes*. Turnhout: Brepols, 2014. + +Handjéri, Alexandre. *Dictionnaire français-arabe-persan et turc: +enrichi d’exemples en langue turque avec des variantes, et de beaucoup +de mots d’arts et de sciences*. Paris: Impr. de l’Univ. Impériale, 1841. + +Hardouin-Fugier, Elisabeth, Bernard Berthod, Martine Chaient-Fusaro, +Florence Charpentier-Klein, and Carmille Déprez. *Les etoffes: +Dictionnaire historique*. Paris: Éditions de l’Amateur, 1994. + +Hombres, Maximin d’, and Gratien Charvet. *Dictionnaire +languedocien-français, contenant les definitions, radicaux et étymologie +des mots...* Alais: Imprimerie et lithographie A. Brugueirolle, 1884. + +Honnorat, S. J. *Dictionnaire Provençal Français, ou dictionnaire de la +langue d’Oc, ancienne et moderne, suivi d’un vocabulaire +Français-Provençal.* Digne, 1846. + +Horlogerie, Fondation Haute. “Lexique de l’horlogerie,” n.d. +. + +Huguet, Edmond. *Dictionnaire de la langue française du seizième +siècle*. Paris, 1925. + +Husmann, George C. *Grape Districts and Varieties in the United States*. +Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1932. + +Jaumann, Herbert. *Diskurse der Gelehrtenkultur in der Frühen Neuzeit: +Ein Handbuch*. De Gruyter, 2011. + +Jonain, P. *Dictionnaire du patois saintongeais*. l’auteur (Royan) L. +Clouzot (Niort) Maisonneuve (Paris), 1869. +. + +Karpenko, Vladimı́r, and John A. Norris. “Vitriol in the History of +Chemistry.” *Chemické Listy*, no. 96 (2007): 997–1005. + +Kirby, Jo, Susie Nash, and Joanna Cannon. *Trade in Artists’ Materials: +Markets and Commerce in Europe to 1700*. London: Courtauld Institute; +National Gallery; Archetype, 2010. + +Lactantius, Lucius Caelius Firmianus. *Divinarum Institutionum libri +septem, Fasc. 3. Libri V et VI*. De Gruyter, 2009. + +La Curne de Sainte-Palaye, Jean-Baptiste de. *Dictionnaire historique de +l’ancien langage françois ou Glossaire de la langue françoise : depuis +son origine jusqu’au siècle de Louis XIV. Tome 6, ESC-GUY / par La Curne +de Sainte-Palaye,..*, 1875. +. + +Landolt, Heinrich Mathias Friedrich. *Dictionnaire polyglotte de termes +techniques militaires et de marine*. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1865. + +Landric, Arnauld. *Advertissement et manière d’enter asseurément les +arbres en toute saison de l’année, la vigne sur son sarment, planter +sauvageaux et autres*. Bordeaux: P. Ladime, 1580. + +Lanusse, Maxime. *De l’influence du dialecte gascon sur la langue +française: De la fin du XVe siècle à la seconde moitié du XVIIe.* +Geneva: Slatkine, 1977. + +Le Héricher, Édouard. *Glossaire étymologique anglo-normand ou l’anglais +ramené à la langue française*. Avranches, 1884. + +Lemarchand, Yannick, and R. H Parker. *Accounting in France: Historical +Essays*. New York, NY: Garland, 2015. + +Lemery, Nicolas. *Cours de chymie contenant la manière de faire les +opérations qui sont en usage dans la médecine, par une méthode +facile...* Paris: Laurent Charles d’Houry, 1757. + +Le Roux, Philibert-Joseph, and Zacharie Chastelain. *Dictionnaire +comique, satyrique, critique, burlesque, libre et proverbial avec une +explication très fidèle de toutes les manières de parler ... qui peuvent +se rencontrer dans les meilleurs auteurs tant anciens que modernes ... +par Philibert-Joseph Le Roux. Nouvelle éd.* Amsterdam: Zacharie +Chastelain, 1750. + +Lespinasse, René de. *Les métiers et corporations de la ville de Paris : +XIVe-XVIIIe siècles. Tissus, étoffes, vêtements, cuirs et peaux, métiers +divers*. Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1897. + +Levy, Emil, and Raynouard. *Provenzalisches Supplement-Worterbuch: +Berichtigung und Erganzungen zu Raynouards Lexique roman*. Hildesheim: +G. Olms, 1973. + +Littré, Emile, and François Gannaz. *Dictionnaire de la langue +francaise*. Paris: Hachette, 1873. . + +Lucas, Newton Ivory. *Englisch-deutsches und deutsch-englisches +Wörterbuch 1,2, 1,2,* Bremen: Schünemann, 1856. + +Magnetus, Jacobus. *Bibliotheca chemica curiosa, seu rerum ad alchemiam +pertinentium thesaurus instructissimus: quo non tantùm artis auriferæ, +... verùm etiam tractatus omnes virorum ... ad quorum omnium +illustrationem additæ sunt quamplurimæ figuræ æneæ. Tomus primus +\[-secundus\]*. Geneva: Chouet; G. de Tournes; Cramer; Perachon; Ritter; +S. de Tournes, 1702. + +Mallemans de Sacé, C. *Le secret des secrets de nature extrait, tant du +petit Albert, qu’autres philosophes Hébreux, Grecs, Arabes, Chaldéens, +Latins, etc., etc. Enrichi de plusieurs autres secrets de Cornelius, +Agrippa Merac, Trismegistre, d’Arnaud, de Velleneuve, de Cardan, +d’Alexis Piémontois, et de diverses figures pour l’instruction des +subtilités de la main.* Lille: Librairie ancienne et moderne, 1865. + +Markovitch, Tihomir J. *Les industries lainières de Colbert à la +Révolution*. Geneva: Droz, 1976. + +Marr, A., R. Garrod, J. R. Marcaida, and R. J. Oosterhoff. +*Logodaedalus: Word Histories of Ingenuity in Early Modern Europe*. +University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019. +. + +Ménage, Gilles. *Les origines de la langve françois.* Paris: Avgustin +Covrbé, 1670. + +Miège, Guy. *A Dictionary of Barbarous French*. London: Thomas Basset, +1679. + +Montesson, Dupain de, Alexandre Jombert, and Pierre Denis Couturier. +*Vocabulaire de guerre, ou recueil des principaux termes de guerre, de +marine, d’artillerie, de fortification, d’attaque & de défense des +places, & de géographie ...* Paris: Couturier et Jombert, 1783. + +Moreux, Bernard, and Robert Razou. *Les mots de Toulouse: lexique du +français toulousain*. Toulouse: Presses Univ. du Mirail-Toulouse, 2000. + +Morrissey, Robert, and Glenn Roe, eds. *Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, etc., eds. Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert*. Chicago: American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language (ARTFL) Encyclopédie Project, 2017. +. + +Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. “CAMEO (conservation and art materials +encyclopedia online),” n.d. . + +Musset, Georges. *Glossaire des patois et des parlers de l’Aunis et de +la Saintonge*. Geneva: Slatkine Reprints, 1977. + +Nicot, Jean. *Thresor de la Langue francoyse*. Paris, 1606. + +Nicot, Jean, Jacques Crespin, and Girolamo Vittori. *Tesoro de las tres +lenguas, española, francesa y italiana*. Geneva: J.A. et S. de Tournes, +1671. + +Norton, Robert. *The Gunner Shewing the Whole Practise of Artillerie*. +London: Printed by A.M. for Humphrey Robinson, 1628. + +**OED2008** *Oxford English Dictionary online*. Oxford University Press. . + +Office de la langue française, Province du Québec. *Grand dictionnaire +terminologique*. Quebec: Office de la langue française, 2000. + +Ogden, Jack. *Diamonds: An Early History of the King of Gems*. New +Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018. + +Oudin, César. *Tesoro de las dos lenguas Francesa y Española. Thresor +des deux langues Françoise et Espagnolle, etc*. Lyon: Miguel Mayer, +1675. + +Palgrave, Robert Harry Inglis. *Dictionary of Political Economy. Volume +1 Volume 1*. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015. + +Palissy, Bernard. *Discours admirables, de la nature des eavx et +fontaines, tant natvrelles qv’artificielles, des metaux, des sels et +salines, des pierres, des terres, du feu et des emaux ... Plus un traité +de la marne ... le tout dressé par dialogues ...* Paris, 1580. + +Palsgrave, John. *L’éclaircissement de La Langue Française (1530)*. +Edited by Susan Baddeley. Paris: Honoré Champion, 2003. + +Philibert, Monet. *Inuantaire des deus langues, françoise, et latine: +assorti des plus vtiles curiositez de l’vn, & de l’autre idiome*. Lyon: +Veuve Rigaut, 1635. + +Pitton de Tournefort, Joseph. *Elemens de botanique*. Paris: Imprimerie +Royale, 1694. + +Portères, Roland. *Les appellations des céréales en Afrique*. Paris +Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 1960. + +Prévost, Jean. *La Première Partie Des Subtiles et Plaisantes +Inventions, Comprenant Plusieurs Jeux de Récréation et Traicts de +Soupplesse, Par Le Discours Desquels Les Impostures Des Bateleurs Sont +Descouvertes. Composé Par I. Prevost,...* Lyon: Antoine Bastide, 1584. +. + +Rabelais, François. *Œuvres de Rabelais*. Edited by Éloi Johanneau. +Paris: Dalibon, 1823. + +Ray, John, Salerne, and François Nicolas Martinet. *L’histoire +naturelle, éclaircie dans une de ses parties principales, +l’ornithologie, qui traite des oiseaux de terre, de mer et de riviere, +tant de nos climats que des pays étrangers*. Paris: Ches Debure père, +Librarie, 1767. + +Read, Charles, and Lucien Faucou. *L’Intermédiaire des chercheurs et +curieux : Notes and queries français : questions et réponses, +communications diverses à l’usage de tous, littérateurs et gens du +monde, artistes, bibliophiles, archéologues, généalogistes, etc.* vol. +43. 936. Paris, 1901. + +Renaudot, Théophraste. *Recueil general des questions traitees dans les +conferences du Bureau d’adresse, sur toutes sortes de matieres*. Paris: +Veuve G. Loyson, 1666. + +*Revue critique d’histoire et de littérature*. vol. 1. Paris: Librairie +A. Franck, 1866. + +Rézeau, Pierre. *Le "Vocabulaire Poitevin" (1808-1825) de Lubin Mauduyt: +Édition Critique d’après Poitiers, Bibl. Mun., Ms. 837.* Berlin: De +Gruyter, 1994. . + +Richelet, Pierre. *Dictionnaire francois, contenant les mots et les +choses plusieurs nauvelles remarques sur la langue francoise ...* +Geneva: J.H. Widerhold, 1680. + +Roberts, John. *The Compleat Cannoniere: Or the Gunner’s Guide, Etc.* +London: Okes, 1639. + +Rolland, Eugène, and Henri Gaidoz. *Faune populaire de la France*. +Paris: Maisonneuve & cie, 1877. + +Roquefort, Jean-Baptiste-Bonaventure de. *Glossaire de la langue romane: +rédigé d’après les manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Impériale, et d’après +ce qui a été imprimé de plus complet en ce genre : Contenant +l’étymologie et la signification des mots usités dans les 11, 12, 13, +14, 15, et 16e siècles, avec de nombreux exemples puisés dans les mêmes +sources, et précédé d’un Discours sur l’origine, les progrès et les +variations de la Langue françoise ; Ouvrage utile à ceux qui voudront +consulter ou connoı̂tre les Écrits des premiers Auteurs françois*. Paris: +Warée, 1808. + +Rousseau, Abbé. *Glossaire poitevin*. Niort: L. Clouzot, 1869. + +Ruland, Martin. *A Lexicon of Alchemy*. London: Watkins Books, 1964. + +Sainte-Palaye. *Dictionnaire historique de l’ancien langage françois, +ou, Glossaire de la langue françoise*. Hildesheim: G. Olms, 1972. + +Saint-Rémy, Pierre Surirey de. *Memoires d’artillerie receuillis par M. +Pierre Surirey de Saint-Rémy, Lieutenant du Grand-Maı̂tre de l’Artillerie +de France*. 3rd ed. Paris: Rollin fils, 1745. + +Sala, Angelo. *Opiologia, ou Traicté concernant le naturel, propriétés, +vraye préparation et seûr usage de l’opium , pour le soulagement de +maints malades qui sont travaillés d’extrêmes douleurs internes*. The +Hague: Hillebrant Iacobssz, 1614. +. + +Sauvages, Boissier de. *Dictionnaire languedocien-françois, ou, Choix +des mots languedociens les plus difficiles a rendre en françois: +contenant un recueil des principales fautes que commettent dans la +diction, & dans la prononciation françoise, les habitans des provinces +méridionales du royaume, connus à Paris sous le nom de Gascons : avec un +petit traité de prononciation & de prosodie languedocienne : ouvrage +enrichi dans quelques-uns de ses articles de notes historiques et +grammaticales, et d’obvservations de physique et d’histoire naturelle*. +Nîmes: Michel Gaude, 1756. + +Savary des Brûlons, Jacques, and Philémon-Louis Savary. *Dictionnaire +universel de commerce, d’histoire naturelle, et des arts et metiers: +tome I, partie II : contenant les articles du commerce & des +compagnies.* Paris: Veuve Estienne, 1741. + +Scheler, Auguste. *Dictionnaire d’étymologie française d’après les +résultats de la science moderne*. Bruxelles: C. Muquardt; Maisonneuve & +compagnie, 1873. + +Séguy, Jean. *Atlas linguistique et ethnographique de la Gascogne*. +Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1986. + +Shakespeare, William. *Love’s Labour’s Lost*. Edited by Horace Howard +Furness. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincot company, 1906. + +Smith, Paul J. “Passer Solitarius: Tribulations of a Lonely Bird in +Poetry and Natural History, from Petrarch to Buffon.” In *Solitudo +spaces, places, and times of solitude in late medieval and early modern +cultures*, edited by Karl A. E Enenkel and Christine Göttler. Leiden: +Brill, 2018. . + +Smith, Thomas. *The Complete Souldier, Containing the Whole Art of +Gunnery with Certaine New and Rare Additions Concerning Fire-Works ... +Set Forth for the Benefite of This Kingdome in These Troublesome Times +of Warre. The Second Edition, Newly Perused and Amended.* London: R. +Dawlman, 1628. + +Snyder, Jon R. *Dissimulation and the Culture of Secrecy in Early Modern +Europe*. University of California Press, 2009. + +Sonnini, Charles S. *Nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, +appliquée aux arts, à l’agriculture, à l’économie rurale et domestique, +à la médecine, etc. 36 36*. Paris: Deterville, 1819. + +Stimm, Helmut, and Wolf-Dieter Stempel. *Dictionnaire de l’occitan +médiéval DOM*. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 2009. + +Stoll, Rudolph O, and S. Emil Swanbeck. *The Knowledge of Wares: A Book +Designed for Use in Commercial Colleges and Technical Schools, and for +Private Learners*. Eau Claire, WI: R.O. Stoll, 1893. + +Stone, Samuel. *Vocabulaire complet français–anglais et +anglais–français*. Paris: Librairie classique élémentaire, 1823. + +Taylor, F. Sherwood. “Some Metallurgical Processes of the Early +Sixteenth Century (1530).” *Transactions of the Newcomen Society +Transactions of the Newcomen Society* 29, no. 1 (1953): 93–101. + +Tolhausen, Alexandre, and Louis Tolhausen. *Dictionnaire technologique +dans les langues française, anglaise et allemande: renfermant les termes +techniques usités dans les arts et métiers et dans l’industrie en +général*. Leipzig: B. Tauchnitz, 1905. + +Trebra, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich von, August von Ferdinand, and +Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich. *Observations de M. de Trébra sur +l’intérieur des montagnes: précédées d’un plan d’une histoire générale +de la minéralogie*. Paris: Didot jeune, 1799. + +Vaillant, Sébastien. *Botanicon Parisiense*. Leiden, 1743. + +Vaissière, Pierre de, ed. *Histoire Universelle*. vol. 5. Paris: +Librairie Renouard, 1886. + +Valmont-Bomare. *Dictionnaire raisonné universel d’histoire naturelle: +contenant l’histoire des animaux, des végétaux et des minéraux, et celle +des corps célestes, des météores, & des autres principaux phénomènes de +la nature ; avec l’histoire et la description des drogues simples tirées +des trois règnes ; et le détail de leurs usages dans la médecine, dans +l’économie domestique & champêtre, & dans les arts & métiers*. Paris: +Lacombe, 1769. + +Vasari, G., R. Bettarini, and P. Barocchi. *Le vite de’ più eccellenti +pittori, scultori ed architettori scritte, nelle redazioni del 1550 e +1568*. G.C. Sansoni, 1966. + +Vitruvius, Dominique Bertin, Jean Bertrand, René de Daillon du Lude, +Philippe Despont, and Gabriel Buon. *Epitome ou Extrait abrege des dix +livres d’architecture, de Marc Vitruve Pollion: Enrichi des figures & +pourtraits pour l’intelligence du livre. Par Jan Gardet bourbonnois, et +Dominique Bertin parisien. Avecq les annotations sur les plus difficiles +passages de l’auteur, dediées à tresillustre seigneur René de Daillon, +evesque de Lusson, & abbé de Charroux*. Translated by Jean Gardet. +Paris: Gabriel Buon, 1567. + +Ward, Gerald W. R. *The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques +in Art*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. + +Whalley, Joanna. “Faded glory: Gemstone simulants and enhancements.” +*Studies in Conservation* 57, no. sup1 (2012): S313–S321. +. + +Wood, James B. *The King’s Army. Warfare, Soldiers and Society During +the Wars of Religion in France, 1562–1576*. Cambridge: Cambridge +University Press, 1996. diff --git a/docs/resources/categories.md b/docs/resources/categories.md deleted file mode 100644 index df029db..0000000 --- a/docs/resources/categories.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,49 +0,0 @@ -# Entry Categories - -The manuscript BnF Ms. Fr. 640 mostly consists of units of text under titles, which the Project has called “entries.” - -The over 900 entries have been grouped by the Making and Knowing Project into 26 broad categories, loosely corresponding to topics that the Project felt represented core preoccupations of the author-practitioner. - -Each entry was assigned up to three of the 26 categories. For example, *Tablettes* (Tablets) on fol. [15v](/#folios/15v) is categorized under "wood and its coloring," "decorative," and "tool." - -These categories form an index created by the Project to ease navigation of the manuscript. - - -## Category Descriptions - -| **Category name** | **Percent of entries** | **Definition** | -| ------------------------------ | ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| **casting** | 33.87% | making of molds for casting, and/or casting into molds | -| **painting** | 14.25% | painting, paintings, or painters | -| **metal process** | 8.21% | a process involving metals not being cast | -| **varnish** | 4.91% | varnish making or application | -| **arms and armor** | 5.28% | arms and armor | -| **medicine** | 4.53% | medical, health, and healing recipes | -| **household and daily life** | 3.21% | household management or ornamentation, daily life, and quotidian subjects | -| **cultivation** | 3.02% | cultivating plants | -| **stones** | 3.02% | significant references to precious and semi-precious stones, and their imitations | -| **wood and its coloring** | 3.02% | significant references to wood and/or the coloring of wood | -| **tool** | 2.55% | references the use of a specific tool, or describes the making of tools | -| **tricks and sleight of hand** | 2.26% | sleight of hand tricks and practical jokes | -| **decorative** | 1.70% | making of a material or object that is used to decorate | -| **animal husbandry** | 1.70% | raising, care, and feeding of animals of any sort | -| **glass process** | 1.23% | making or use of glass | -| **corrosives** | 1.04% | making or use of corrosive substances | -| **dyeing** | 1.04% | preparation of dye, or the dyeing of other substances | -| **preserving** | 1.04% | preservation of flowers, candles, foods, and animals for future use or ornamentation | -| **wax process** | 1.04% | process involving wax as a main ingredient, and/or the manipulation of the properties of wax | -| **practical optics** | 0.94% | objects or processes that cause optical effects, such as perspective construction, reflection, and magnification | -| **lists** | 0.75% | text that is arrayed as a list | -| **merchants** | 0.38% | merchants or merchant practices | -| **printing** | 0.38% | references printing processes or printing tools | -| **La boutique** | 0.19% | refers to entries titled "La boutique" (the workshop); see fols. [162r](/#folios/162r) and [166r](/#folios/166r) | -| **alchemy** | 0.09% | processes that pursue the making of gold | -| **manuscript structure** | 0.09% | structural note (fol. [170v](/#folios/170v) only) | - -## Visualizing the Manuscript's Contents - -![entries-piechart](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/entries-piechart.png) - -## Overview of the Manuscript's Contents - -![entries-table](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/entries-table.png) diff --git a/docs/resources/coming-soon.md b/docs/resources/coming-soon.md deleted file mode 100644 index 1f201ea..0000000 --- a/docs/resources/coming-soon.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -# Upcoming features of _Secrets of Craft and Nature_ - -_Secrets of Craft and Nature_ was first launched in February 2020. Throughout the coming year, the Making and Knowing Project is working to prepare additional content as well as to enhance available features. Please stay tuned! - -## Research Essays -* Additional essays still under revision. -* Translation of French essays into English. -* Translation of selected introductory essays into French. - -## Field Notes Repository -* Browse accounts of reconstructions from the Making and Knowing Lab. - -## Resources -* Improved bibliography including references cited in the essays and additional links to electronic resources. -* Additional visualizations and analysis of the manuscript's text and themes, such as an Index of Key Terms that aims to build an ontology from the manuscript's existing tagged terms. -* Toolkits and resources for analyzing the manuscript as raw data; data that is already available through the [Project's Github](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data). - -## Improved Compatibility with Mobile Devices - -## Research and Teaching Companion -* Set to be published in 2021, the Research and Teaching Companion will provide a behind-the-scenes look at the making of _Secrets of Craft and Nature_. -* It will make available numerous resources developed by the Project during the creation of _Secrets of Craft and Nature_, and is intended for other researchers, students, instructors, and anyone interested in hands-on engagement with process and digital publication. -* Resources include lessons plans and syllabi, protocols and worksheets, as well as case studies and outcomes of collaboration. diff --git a/docs/resources/dce-primary-sources-bibliography.md b/docs/resources/dce-primary-sources-bibliography.md deleted file mode 100644 index af6af5c..0000000 --- a/docs/resources/dce-primary-sources-bibliography.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,229 +0,0 @@ -# Bibliography: Primary Sources Cited in Ms. Fr. 640 and in the Editorial Comments - -Agrippa von Nettesheim, Cornelius. _De occulta philosophia_. Cologne: Johann Soter, 1533. [https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-4309](https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-4309). - -Alessandri, Alessandro. _Genialium dierum libri sex, varia ac recondita eruditione referti, accuratius et majore fide quam antehac usquam impressi cum duplici indice_. Paris: Jean de Roigny, 1549. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11232839-8](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11232839-8). - -Alexandrinus, Appianus. _Historia Romana_. Venice: Bernhard Maler; Erhard Ratdolt; Peter Löslein, 1477. [http://digital.slub-dresden.de/id1663006873](http://digital.slub-dresden.de/id1663006873). - -Angeli Bargeo, Pietro. _Petri Angelii Bargaei De aucupio liber primus ad Franciscum Medicem Florent. et Senens. principem. Eiusdem Elegia de Radagasi et Getarum caede ad vrbem Florentiam. Ad Cosmum Medicem Florent. et Senens. ducem._ Florence: Giunti, 1566. [http://hdl.handle.net/10481/11534](http://hdl.handle.net/10481/11534). - -Anonymous. _Kompost et kalendrier des bergiers_. Paris: Guy Marchant, 1491. [https://mazarinum.bibliotheque-mazarine.fr/ark:/61562/mz1845](https://mazarinum.bibliotheque-mazarine.fr/ark:/61562/mz1845). - -———. _Prattica, cioe, Nova invenzione di conteggiare : ridotta à modo tanto facile, che ogn’uno potrà far ogni gran conto, si in vender, come in comperare, sia à misura, ò a peso, ò a qual si voglia altro modo, ad ogni sorte di precio, & moneta, per tutte le parti del mondo : serve anchora a commutar scudi, & ogni altra sorte di ori in lire, in grossi, in soldi, e in qual altro modo si vole, & cosi per il contrario : serve di piu à partir ogni sorte di cosa in piu parti, a far compartite di compagnie, et in somma à far ogni conto che l’huomo, si possa imaginare_. Brescia: Sabbio, Vincenzo, 1589. - -Aphrodisiensis, Alexander. _Problemata_. Translated by Giorgio Valla. Venice: Antonius de Strata, 1489. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00045285-8](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00045285-8). - -ATILF-CNRS. _TLFi : Trésor de la langue Française informatisé_. Nancy: ATILF - CNRS & Université de Lorraine, 1994. [http://www.atilf.fr/tlfi](http://www.atilf.fr/tlfi). - -Barbaro, Ermolao. _Castigationes Plinianae et Pomponii Melae_. Rome: Eucharius Silber, 1493. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00062010-9](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00062010-9). - -Barbaro, Iunior, Hermolao, and Hieronymus Wildenberg. _Naturalis scientiae totius compendium : ex Aristotele, & alijs philosophis_. Basel: Oporinus, 1548. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10192360-4](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10192360-4). - -Bargeo, Pietro Angelo. _Cynegetica. Carminum libri II, Eglogae III_. Lyon: haeredes Sébastien Gryphe, 1561. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10190433-9](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10190433-9). - -Bassus, Cassianus. _Constantini Caesaris selectarum praeceptionum, De agricultura libri viginti, Iano Cornario medico physico interprete_. Basel: Hyeronimus Frobenius, 1538. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11263552-0](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11263552-0). - -Belleforest, François de. _Les grandes annales, et histoire générale de France, de la venue des Francs en Gaule, iusques au regne du roy très-chrétien Henry III_. Paris: Gabriel Bon, 1579. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63862332](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63862332). - -Biondo, Flavio. _Historiarum ab inclinatione Romanorum imperii decades_. Venice: Thomas de Blavis, 1484. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00092286-2](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00092286-2). - -———. _Italia illustrata_. Rome: Johannes Philippus de Lignamine, 1474. [http://hdl.handle.net/10366/115767](http://hdl.handle.net/10366/115767). - -———. _Roma instaurata_. Turin: Baudo, Giovannino; Bremio, Giovanni; Ferrari, Guglielmo, 1527. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5317949053](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5317949053). - -———. _Roma instaurata. De origine et gestis Venetorum. Italia illustrata_. Verona: Boninus de Boninis, 1482. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00092290-0](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00092290-0). - -———. _Roma triumphans_. Brescia: Vercellensis, Bartholomaeus, 1482. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00065986-7](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00065986-7). - -Boyer, Philibert. _Instruction pour le faict des finances_. Paris: Ambroise Drouart; Guillaume Le Noir, 1581. - -Buchanan, George. _Rerum Scoticarum historia auctore Georgio Buchanano Scoto_. Edinburgh: Alexander Arbuthnet, 1582. - -Budé, Guillaume. _Annotationes in XXIIII pandectarum libros_. Lyon: Sébastien Gryphe, 1551. [http://hdl.handle.net/10481/4169](http://hdl.handle.net/10481/4169). - -———. _Commentarii linguae Graecae. Accurate recogniti, atque amplius tertia parte aucti_. Paris: Robert Estienne, 1548. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10147452-6](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10147452-6). - -———. _Epistolai hellēnikai. Epistolae Graecae_. Edited by Guillaume Plançon. Translated by Antonius Pichonius. Paris: Jean Bienné, 1574. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5323616943](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5323616943). - -———. _Libri V de asse, et partib. eius post duas Parisienses impressiones ab eodem ipso Budaeo castigati, idque authore Io. Grolierio Lugdunensi christianissimi gallorum copiarum quaestore, cui etiam ob nostram in eum observantiam a nobis illi dicantur_. Venice: Andrea Torresano; Aldo Manuzio, 1522. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/gri.ark:/13960/t08w8g960](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/gri.ark:/13960/t08w8g960). - -Caesariensis, Eusebius. _Historia ecclesiastica_. Translated by Tyrannius Rufinus. Mantua: Johannes Schallus, 1479. [http://fbc.pionier.net.pl/id/oai:dbc.wroc.pl:34273](http://fbc.pionier.net.pl/id/oai:dbc.wroc.pl:34273). - -Caesariensis, Procopius. _De rebus Gothorum, Persarum ac Vandalorum libri VII_. Basel: Johannes Hervagius, 1531. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10139893-2](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10139893-2). - -Cartari, Vincenzo. _Les images des dieux_. Edited by Antoine du Verdier. Lyon: Guichard Julliéron, 1584. - -Commynes, Philippe de. _Cronicque et histoyre_. Paris: François Regnault; Pierre Gadoul, 1529. [https://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:001713620](https://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:001713620). - -Corrozet, Gilles. _Le Cathalogue des villes et citez assises es troys Gaulles, avecq ung traicté des fleuves et fontaines, illustré de nouvelles figures_. Paris: Denis Janot, 1538. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10177407-1](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10177407-1). - -Curtius Rufus, Quintus. _Historiae Alexandri Magni_. Venice: Johannes Tacuinus, 1496. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:1-300194](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:1-300194). - -Damascenus, Nicolaus, and Johannes Stobaeus. _Ex Nicolai Damasceni Vniversali Historia Sev De moribus gentium libris excerpta Iohannis Stobaei_. Edited by Nicolaus Cragius. Geneva: Santandreanus, 1593. [http://data.onb.ac.at/rep/107781D0](http://data.onb.ac.at/rep/107781D0). - -Delorme, Philibert. _Nouvelles inventions pour bien bastir et a petits fraiz_. Paris: Fédéric Morel, 1561. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8609517b](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8609517b). - -Dodoens, Rembert. _Trium priorum de stirpium historia commentariorum imagines ad vivum expressae una cum indicibus, Graece, Latine, officinarum, Germanica, Brabantica Gallicaque nomina complectentibus_. Antwerp: Jan van der Loe, 1553. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30650](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30650). - -Emili, Paolo. _De rebus gestis Gallorum libri IX ad historiam Pauli Aemylii additi, perducta historia usque ad tempora Henrici II, Francorum regis_. Translated by Arnoul Le Ferron. Paris: Michel de Vascosan, 1555. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10177449-8](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10177449-8). - -Festus, Sextus Pompeius, and Marcus Verrius Flaccus. _Quae extant. Et Sex. Pompei Festi De verborum significatione, libri XX. In eundem Festum annotationes. Index rerum obiter dictarum. Ex bibliotheca Antonii Augustini_. Venice: Giovanni Maria Bonelli; Giordano Ziletti, 1560. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5323799719](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5323799719). - -Firmicus, Julius. _Astronomicon Lib. VIII_. Basel: Johannes Herwagen, 1533. [http://data.onb.ac.at/rep/10A76742](http://data.onb.ac.at/rep/10A76742). - -Foresti, Jacopo Filippo. _Novissime hystoriarum omnium repercussiones noviter a reverendissimo patre Iacobophilippo Bergomense Ordinis heremitarum edite: que Supplementum supplementi cronicarum nuncupantur. Incipiendo ab exordio mundi usque in annum salutis nostre MCCCCCII_. Venice: Albertino da Lessona, 1503. [https://digital.onb.ac.at/rep/access/open/103F6CAE](https://digital.onb.ac.at/rep/access/open/103F6CAE). - -———. _Supplementum chronicarum_. Venice: Bernardinus Rizus, 1493. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:1-172674](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:1-172674). - -Frisingensis, Otto, and Benedictus Chelidonius. _Rerun ab origine mundi ad ipsius usque tempora gestarum, libri octo. Eiusdem de gestis Friderici primi aenobarbi caes.aug. Libri duo. Radevici phrisingen. Ecclesie canonici libri duo, prioribus additi, de eiusd Friderici imp. Gestis_. Strasbourg: Matthias Schürer, 1515. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10868084-0](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10868084-0). - -Frisingensis, Otto, Guntherus Parisiensis, Rahewinus Frisingensis, Johannes Cuspinianus, and Pierre Pithou. _De eiudem frid. Gestis libri II de gestis Friderici I. Caes. Aug. Libri duo libri duo de eiusdem Friderici imp. Gestis ligurini de gestis imp. Caesaris Friderici primi augusti libri decem ligurinus, sive de gestis Friderici, libri X. Ottonis episcopi Frisingensis leopoldi pii Marchionis Austriae f.chronicon, sive rerum ab orbe condito ad sua usque tempora gestarum, libri octo. Eiusdem de gestis Friderici I.caes.aug.libri duo. Radeuici Frising.canonici de eiusdem frid. gestis libri II. Priorib.additi. Guntheri poëtae ligurinus, sive de gestis Friderici, libri X. Addita sunt et alia, cum ad Friderici, tum ad posteriorum imperatorum historiam pertinentia, adiectis etiam notis et indice accurato_. Basel: Peter Perna, 1569. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10143790-7](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10143790-7). - -Froumenteau, Nicolas. _Le secret des finances de France_. Jean Des Bois; Jean Berjon, 1581. [https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-6444](https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-6444). - -Gellius, Aulus. _Noctes Atticae_. Paris: Henri Estienne, 1585. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10171954-4](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10171954-4). - -Gembloux, Sigebert de. _Chronicon ab anno 381 ad 1113, cum insertionibus ex historia Galfridi et additionibus Roberti, abbatis Montis, centum et tres sequentes annos complectentibus, promovente egregio patre D. G. Parvo,... nunc primum in lucem emissum_. Paris: Henri Estienne; Jean Petit, 1513. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8504350](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8504350). - -Gessner, Conrad. _De omni rerum fossilium genere, gemmis, lapidibus, metallis, et huiusmodi, libri aliquot, plerique nunc primum editi_. Zürich: Hans Jakob Geßner, 1566. [http://digital.slub-dresden.de/id274416042](http://digital.slub-dresden.de/id274416042). - -Giovio, Paolo. _De Romanis piscibus libellus ad Ludovicum Borbonium cardinalem amplissimum_. Rome: Francesco Minizio Calvo, 1524. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5320235097](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5320235097). - -———. _Descriptio Britanniae, Scotiae, Hyberniae, et Orchadum, ex libro Pauli Iouii, episcopi Nucer. de imperiis, et gentibus cogniti orbis, cum eius operis prohoemio_. Venice: Michele Tramezzino, 1548. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5320232377](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5320232377). - -———. _Elogia virorum bellica virtute illustrium veris imaginibus supposita, quae apud Musaeum spectantur. Volumen digestum est in septem libros_. Florence: Lorenzo Torrentino, 1551. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/gri.ark:/13960/t0ks9hg6s](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/gri.ark:/13960/t0ks9hg6s). - -Guichard, Claude. _Funérailles et diverses manieres d’ensevelir des Romains, Grecs, et autres nations_. Lyon: Jean de Tournes, 1581. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k79187r](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k79187r). - -Halicarnassensis, Dionysius. _Antiquitates Romanae_. Treviso: Bernardinus Celerius, 1480. [http://fbc.pionier.net.pl/id/oai:dlibra.bibliotekaelblaska.pl:48716](http://fbc.pionier.net.pl/id/oai:dlibra.bibliotekaelblaska.pl:48716). - -Herodotus. _Herodoti Halicarnassei Historiæ lib. IX. et de vita Homeri libellus. Illi ex interpretatione L. Vallæ adscripta, hic ex interpretatione C. Heresbachii: utraque ab H. Stephano recognita. Ex Ctesia excerptæ historiæ_. Edited by Lorenzo Valla and Henri Estienne. Geneva: Henri Estienne; Ulrich Fugger, 1566. [https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-6213](https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-6213). - -Hyginus, Gaius Iulius. _Fabularum liber eiusdem poeticon astronomicon, libri quatuor_. Basel: Johannes Herwagen, 1535. [http://hdl.handle.net/10366/122392](http://hdl.handle.net/10366/122392). - -Irenaeus. _Opus in quinque libros digestum, in quibus mire retegit & confutat veterum haereseon impias ac por tentosas opiniones, ex vetustissimorum codicum collatione quantum licuit emendatum opera Des. Erasmi Roterodami, ac nunc eiusdem opera denuo recognitum, correctis iis quae prius suffugerant. Additus est index rerum scitu dignarum_. Basel: Hieronymus Froben; Nikolaus Episcopius, 1534. [https://doi.org/10.36576/summa.35365](https://doi.org/10.36576/summa.35365). - -Josephus, Flavius. _De antiquitate Judaica. De bello Judaico_. Edited by Rufinus Aquileiensis and Girolamo Squarciafico. Venice: Johannes Rubeus Vercellensis, 1486. - -Livius, Titus. _Historiae Romanae ab urbe condita, libri 15. quotquot ad nostram aetatem peruenerunt, cum commentariis omnium interpretum ad explicationem locorum difficilium, e regione insertis_. Paris: Jean Charron; Michel Sonnius, 1573. - -———. _Les décades_. Edited by Blaise de Vigenère, Jean Hamelin, and Antoine de La Faye. Translated by Jean Hamelin. Paris: Jacques du Puys, 1583. [http://data.onb.ac.at/rep/10556F5E](http://data.onb.ac.at/rep/10556F5E). - -Lugdunensis, Irenaeus, and Nikolaus Episcopius. _Opus in quinque libros digestum, in quibus mire retegit & confutat veterum haereseon impias ac por tentosas opiniones, ex vetustissimorum codicum collatione quantum licuit emendatum opera Des. Erasmi Roterodami, ac nunc eiusdem opera denuo recognitum, correctis iis quae prius suffugerant. Additus est index rerum scitu dignarum._ Edited by Erasmus Roterodamus. Basel: Hieronymus Froben, 1534. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10148265-2](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10148265-2). - -Macrobius, Ambrosius Aurelius Theodosius, and Arnoldus Haldrenius Vesaliensis. _In somnium Scipionis, libri II. Saturnaliorum, libri VII. Ex variis, ac vetustissimis codicibus recogniti et aucti_. Lyon: Sébastien Gryphe, 1556. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10172074-6](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10172074-6). - -Maffaei, Raffaele. _Commentariorum Urbanorum octo et triginta libri_. Basel: Johannes Frobenius, 1559. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10150223-5](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10150223-5). - -Maffei, Raffaele. _Commentariorum urbanorum Raphaelis Volaterrani, octo et triginta libri, accuratius quam antehac excusi, praemissis eorundem indicibus secundum tomos ut ab autore conscripti fuerunt: quibus accessit novus, res ac voces in philologia explicatas demonstrans, quo superiores editiones carebant hactenus. Item oeconomicus Xenophontis, ab eodem latio donatus_. Basel: Hieronymus Froben; Nikolaus Episcopius, 1559. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10150228-2](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10150228-2). - -Maggi, Girolamo. _Cinque primi canti della guerra di Fiandra di m. Gierolamo Magi d’Anghiari al valoroso signor Chiappino Vitelli. Nuovamente dati in luce (Venezia, Comin da Trino : al segno del Diamante, 1551)_. Venice: Comin da Trino, 1551. [https://digital.onb.ac.at/rep/access/open/10810B79](https://digital.onb.ac.at/rep/access/open/10810B79). - -———. _Variarum lectionum, seu Miscellanorum libri IIII. In quibus multa auctorum loca emendantur, atque explicantur, & quae ad antiquitatem cognoscendam pertinent, non pauca afferuntur_. Venice: Giordano Ziletti, 1564. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101077878963](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101077878963). - -Maggi, Girolamo, and Giacomo Castriotto. _Della fortificatione delle città, di m. Girolamo Maggi, e del capitan Iacomo Castriotto, ingegniero del christianissimo re di Francia, libri III. Ne’ quali, oltra le molte inventioni di questi autori, si contiene tutto quello di più importanza, che fino ad hora è stato scritto di questa materia; con infinite cose, che da molti signori, capitani, & ingegnieri dell’età nostra si sono havute. Discorso del medesimo Maggi sopra la fortificatione degli alloggiamenti degli esserciti. Discorso del capitan Francesco Montemellino sopra la fortificatione del borgo di Roma. Trattato dell’ordinanze, ò vero battaglie del capitan Giovacchino da Coniano. Ragionamento del sudetto Castriotto sopra le fortezze della Francia_. Venice: Borgominieri, Rutilio, 1564. [https://fbc.pionier.net.pl/id/oai:jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl:229091](https://fbc.pionier.net.pl/id/oai:jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl:229091). - -Magnus, Albertus. _De mineralibus_. Venice: Johannes de Gregoriis; Gregorius de Gregoriis, 1495. [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00045497-0](http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00045497-0). - -Manuzio, Paolo. _Antiquitatum Romanarum Paulli Mannuccii liber de senatu_. Venice: Paolo Manuzio, 1581. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11048406-6](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11048406-6). - -———. _Lettere volgari di M. Paolo Manutio divise in quattro libri_. Venice: Paolo Manuzio, 1560. [https://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:001730895](https://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:001730895). - -Marcellus, Nonius. _De proprietate sermonum: jam demum innumeris locis restitutus, multis locupletatus, ope vetustissimorum codicum, & industria. Additus est in calce libellus de prisco sermone repurgatus: index vocabulorum De proprietate sermonum: jam demum innumeris locis restitutus, multis locupletatus, ope vetustissimorum codicum, & industria. Additus est in calce libellus de prisco sermone repurgatus: index vocabulorum_. Antwerp: Christophe Plantin, 1565. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10172086-2](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10172086-2). - -Martyr, Justin. _Diui Iustini philosophi ac martyris Opera non ita pridem Graece edita : nuper uerò Latinè reddita, interprete Sigismundo Gelenio, quorum tituli pagina operis initio obuersa apparent_. Basel: Hieronymus Froben; Nikolaus Episcopius, 1555. - -Martyr, Justinus. _Opera non ita pridem Graece edita, nuper verò Latinè reddita_. Basel: Hieronymus Froben; Nikolaus Episcopius, 1555. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10165154-1](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10165154-1). - -———. _Τοῦ ἁγίου Ἰουστίνου φιλοσόφου καὶ μάρτυρος, Ζήνᾳ καὶ Σερήνῳ ; Λόγος παραινετικὸς πρὸς Ἕλληνας ; Πρὸς Τρύφωνα Ἰουδαῖον διάλογος ; Ἀπολογία ὑπὲρ χριστιανῶν πρὸς τὴν Ῥωμαίων σύγκλητον ; Ἀπολογία Β’ ὑπὲρ χριστιανῶν πρὸς Ἀντων ῖνον τὸν Εὐσεβῆ ; Περὶ Θεοῦ μοναρχίας ; Ἔκθεσις πίστεως περὶ τῆς ὀρθῆς ὁμολογίας, ἤτοι περὶ τῆς ἁγίας καὶ ὁμοουσίου Τριάδος ; Ἀνατροπὴ δογμάτων τινῶν Ἀριστοτελικῶν ; Ἐρωτήσεις Χριστιανικαὶ πρὸς τοὺς Ἕλληνας, καὶ ἑλληνικαὶ ἀποκρίσεις, καὶ τῶν αὐτῶν ἀποκρίσεων ἔλεγχοι ; Ἀποκρίσεις πρὸς τοὺς ὀρθοδόξους περὶ τινῶν ἀναγκαίων ζητημάτων ; Ἐρωτήσεις ἑλληνικαὶ πρὸς τοὺς Χριστιανοὺς περὶ τοῦ ἀσωμάτου, καὶ περὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ περὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως τῶν νεκρῶν, καὶ πρὸς τὰς αὐτὰς ἐρωτήσεις ἀποκρίσεις Χριστιανικαί : ex Bibliotheca Regia_. Paris: Robert Estienne, 1551. - -Masius, Andreas. _Josuae imperatoris historia illustrata atq. explicata ab Andrea Masio_. Antwerp: Christophorus Plantinus, 1574. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10142672-2](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10142672-2). - -Mattioli, Pietro Andrea, and Jean des Moulins. _Commentaires de M. Pierre André Matthiole médecin sennois, sur les six livres de Ped. Dioscoride Anazarbeen de la matière médicinale : avec certaines tables médicinales, tant des qualités & vertus des simples médicamens, que des remèdes pour toutes maladies, qui peuvent avenir au corps humain, comme aussi des sentences, mots & matières traictées esdicts commentaires (\[Reprod.\]) / mis en français sur la dernière édition latine de l’auteur par M. Jean des Moulins, docteur en médecine_. Lyon: Guillaume Rouille, 1579. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1520492j](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1520492j). - -Maximus, Valerius. _Facta et dicta memorabilia_. Edited by Oliviero d’Arzignano. Venice: Guglielmus de Cereto, 1491. [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00057339-8](http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00057339-8). - -Mercuriale, Girolamo. _Liber responsorum et consultationum medicinalium_. Basel: Konrad von Waldkirch, 1588. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:1-154175](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:1-154175). - -Mesmes, Jean-Pierre de. _La Grammaire Italienne, composée en Françoys_. Paris: Gilles Corrozet; Étienne Groulleau, 1548. - -Nagerel, Jean. _L’histoire et cronique de Normandie_. Rouen: Martin Le Mégissier, 1581. - -Naucratites, Athenaeus. _Deipnosophistou ten polumathestaten pragmateian nun exesti soi es gnosis elthein_. Venice: Aldo Manuzio; Andrea Torresano, 1514. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10195496-8](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10195496-8). - -———. _Dipnosophistarum sive Coenae sapientum libri XV_. Edited by Natale Conti. Venice: Andrea Arrivabene, 1556. [http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB0001C96E00000000](http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB0001C96E00000000). - -Ollaus, Magnus. _Historiae de gentibus septentrionalibus libri XXII_. Antwerp: Jean Bellère, 1552. - -Orosius, Paulus. _Historiae adversus paganos_. Augsburg: Johannes Schüssler, 1471. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00044419-3](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00044419-3). - -Palissy, Bernard. _Discours admirables de la nature des eaux et fontaines, tant naturelles qu’artificielles, des métaux, des sels et salines, des pierres, des terres, du feu et des émaux_. Paris: Martin le jeune, 1580. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1050822](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1050822). - -———. _Recepte veritable par laquelle tous les hommes de la France pourront apprendre a multiplier et augmenter leurs thresors_. La Rochelle: Barthélemy Berton, 1564. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1510592m](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1510592m). - -Pausanias. _Paysaniu tes hellados periegesis. Hoc est, Pausaniae accurata Graeciae descriptio_. Frankfurt: Claude de Marne; Johann Aubry; Andreas Wechel, 1583. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5323832589](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5323832589). - -———. _Veteris Graeciae descriptio. Romulus Amasaeus vertit_. Florence: Lorenzo Torrentino, 1551. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55003849f](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55003849f). - -Pollux, Iulius. _Onomasticon_. Basel: Robert Winter, 1541. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00005215-2](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00005215-2). - -———. _Onomasticon. Iulii Pollucis Vocabularium_. Venice: Aldo Manuzio, 1502. - -———. _Vocabularium_. Florence: Bernardo Giunta, 1520. [http://hdl.handle.net/10366/126483](http://hdl.handle.net/10366/126483). - -Polybius. _Eklogai peri tōn presveiōn. Ex libris Polybii selecta de legationibus et alia quae seguenti pagina indicantur nunc primum in lucem edita_. Antwerp: Christophe Plantin, 1582. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11217310-4](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11217310-4). - -Porzio, Simone. _De coloribus libellus, Latinitate donatus, et commentariis illustratus una cum praefatione, qua coloris naturam declarat_. Paris: Michel de Vascosan, 1549. [https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-16994](https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-16994). - -Raffaele Maffaei, Xenophon snd. _Commentariorum urbanorum octo et triginta libri, cum duplici eorumdem indice secundum tomos collecto_. Lyon: Sébastien Gryphe, 1552. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10150227-7](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10150227-7). - -Redonensis, Marbodus. _Libellus de lapidibus preciosis_. Vienna: Hieronymus Vietor, 1511. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00011978-8](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00011978-8). - -Roy, Maurice. _Jehan Cousin père, sculpteur : la statue de l’amiral Chabot et le jubé de la chapelle de Pagny_. Sens: Duchemin, 1909. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k325970n](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k325970n). - -Roy, Maurice, and Paul Vitry. _Artistes et monuments de la Renaissance en France. Recherches nouvelles et documents inédits_. Paris: Honoré Champion, 1929. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3413936g](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3413936g). - -Ruscelli, Girolamo. _Les secrets de reverend signeur Alexis piémontois contenans excellens remèdes contre plusieurs maladies vec la manière de faire distillation tr. de l’italien en françois_. Anvers: Christophe Plantin, 1557. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1520050t](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1520050t). - -———. _Secreti del reverendo donno Alessio Piemontese_. Venice: Sigismondo Bordogna, 1555. - -Sabellico, Marco Antonio. _Le historie vinitiane divise in tre deche con tre libri della quarta deca_. Translated by Lodovico Dolce. Venice: Curzio Troiano Navò, 1544. - -———. _De rerum et artium inventoribus poema_. Vienna: Hieronymus Vietor, 1521. - -———. _Historiae rerum venetarum ab urbe condita, libri XXXIII. Eiusdem in singulos libros epitomae. Additus in fine est index rerum memorabilium copiosus_. Basel: Nikolaus Episcopius, 1556. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10180802-5](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10180802-5). - -———. _Rerum Venetarum ab urbe condita in universum opus_. Venice: Torresano, Andrea, 1487. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00061104-6](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00061104-6). - -Salviani, Ippolito. _Aquatilium animalium historiae liber primus: cum eorundem formis, aere excusis_. Rome: Ippolito Salviani, 1554. [https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.82337](https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.82337). - -Savonne, Pierre de. _Nouvelle instruction d’Arithmétique abrégée propre à tous les Marchands et Banquiers_. Paris: Nicolas du Chemin, 1563. - -Statius, Publius Papinius. _Opera_. Venice: Bartholomaeus de Zanis, 1494. - -———. _Sylvarum libri V Achilleidos libri XII Thebaidos libri II orthographia et flexus dictionum Graecarum omnium apud Statium cum accentib. et generib. ex variis utriusque linguae authoribus_. Venice: Aldo Manuzio; Andrea Torresano, 1519. - -———. _Sylvarum libri V, Thebaidos libri XII, Achilleidos libri II_. Lyon: Sébastien Gryphe, 1547. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k53318m](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k53318m). - -Strabo. _Peri geographias. Strabo De situ orbis_. Venice: Andrea Torresano; Aldo Manuzio, 1516. [http://hdl.handle.net/10366/126878](http://hdl.handle.net/10366/126878). - -Suetonius Tranquillus, Gaius, Vulcatius Gallicanus, Aelius Spartianus, Trabellius Pollio, Flavius Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, and Aelius Lampridius. _Caius Suetonius Tranquillus: Vitae XII Caesarum. Aelius Spartianus: De vita Hadriani; Julius Capitolinus, Vulcatius Gallicanus, Aelius Lampridius, Trabellius Pollio and Flavius Vopiscus: De regum ac imperatorum Romanorum_. Venice: Johannes Rubeus Vercellensis, 1490. [http://fbc.pionier.net.pl/id/oai:dbc.wroc.pl:31954](http://fbc.pionier.net.pl/id/oai:dbc.wroc.pl:31954). - -Telesio, Antonio. _Libellus de coloribus. Ubi multa leguntur praeter aliorum opinionem_. Venice: Bernardino Vitali, 1528. - -Ursperg, Burchard of. _Chronicum abbatis urspergensis, a nino rege assyriorum magno, usque ad Fridericum II.romanorum imperatorem, ex optimis autoribus recognitum, et innumeris mendis repurgatum_. Strasbourg: Kraft Müller, 1537. [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00087167-3](http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb00087167-3). - -Verdier, Antoine Du. _Questions enigmatiques, recreatives et propres pour deviner et y passer le temps aux veillees des longues nuicts, avec les responses subtiles, et autres propos joyeux_. Lyon: Benoı̂t Rigaud, 1568. - -Vergilius Maro, Publius, Maurus Honoratus Servius, Josse Bade, Filippo Beroaldo, Domizio Calderino, Agostino Dati, Aelius Donatus, Antonio Mancinelli, and Marcus Valerius Probus. _Vergilius cum commentariis et figuris P. Vergilii Maronis, Bucolica, Georgica, Aeneis cum Servii commentariis accuratissime emendatis in quibus multa quae adhuc deerant sunt adiecta et Graecae dictiones ac verius ubique restituti. Additus est etiam Probicelebris grammatici in Bucolica & Georgica perutilis commentariolus recens castigatus. Nec non commentarii Donati, Mancinelli et Ascensii. Insunt praeterea Beroaldi annotationes et Augustini Dathi in Aeneidem praefatio. Atque ut studiosis nihil amplius desiderent adiuncta sunt opuscula omnia sive lusus Vergiliani tum a Domitio Calderino tum ab Ascensio perspicue declarati. Res vero totius operis adeo graphice imaginibus exprimuntur ut non minus geri videantur quae legi possint_. Venice: Gregorio De Gregori; Lucantonio Giunta, 1522. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5327128659](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5327128659). - -Vergilius, Polydorus. _Anglicae historiae libri Vigintisex_. Basel: Michael Isengrin, 1546. [https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-3041](https://doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-3041). - -———. _De inventoribus rerum_. Venice: Christophorus de Pensis, 1499. [http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:23-inkunabeln/170-4-quod-16](http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:23-inkunabeln/170-4-quod-16). - -Vida, Marco Girolamo. _Bucolica de bombyce ad Isabellam Estensem Marchionissam libri II, etc._ Basel: Johann Walter, 1534. [https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10192551-4](https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10192551-4). - -Viterbo, Giovanni Nanni da. _I cinque libri de le antichita_. Venice: Baldassare Constantini, 1550. [https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.28444](https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.28444). - -Vives, Juan Luis. _Los comentarios de Juan Luis Vives a "La ciudad de Dios" de San Agustı́n_. Edited by Rafael Cabrera Petit. vol. 6. Colección J.L. Vives. Ajuntament de Valencia, 2000. diff --git a/docs/resources/dce-secondary-sources-bibliography.md b/docs/resources/dce-secondary-sources-bibliography.md deleted file mode 100644 index 424c23a..0000000 --- a/docs/resources/dce-secondary-sources-bibliography.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,37 +0,0 @@ -# Bibliography: Secondary Sources Cited in the Editorial Comments - -Bol, Marjolijn. “The emerald and the eye: On sight and light in the artisan’s workshop and scholar’s study.” In _Perspective as practice: Renaissance cultures of optics_, edited by Sven Dupré, 71–101. Turnhout: Brepols, 2019. - -Collin, Franck. “Antonio Telesio de Cosenza, Petit traité des couleurs latines (De coloribus libellus), éd. Michel Indergand et Christine Viglino.” _Cahiers de recherches médiévales et humanistes_, 2010. [http://journals.openedition.org/crm/12315](http://journals.openedition.org/crm/12315). - -ATILF-CNRS. _Dictionnaire du Moyen Français_. Paris, 2015. [http://www.atilf.fr/dmf](http://www.atilf.fr/dmf). - -Corneille, Thomas. _Le grand dictionnaire des arts et des sciences_. Paris: Veuve de Jean-Baptiste Coignard; Jean-Baptiste Coignard, 1692. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1280426g](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1280426g). - -Daux, Camille. _Histoire de l’Eglise de Montauban_. Paris: Bray et Retaux, 1881. - -Diderot, Denis, and Jean le Rond d’Alembert. _Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers_. vol. 7. Paris: Briasson, 1770. - -Gilson, Etienne. _L’esprit de la philosophie médiévale_. Paris: Vrin, 1969. - -Guiffrey, Jules. _Artistes parisiens des XVIe et XVIIe siècles: Donations, contrats de mariage, testaments, inventaires, etc. Tirés des insinuations du Châtelet de Paris_. Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1915. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k205098w](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k205098w). - -Hérold, Michel. “Le verre des vitraux (xve-xvie siècles). Approche méthodologique.” in _Verre et Fenêtre de l’Antiquité au xviiie siècle, les Actes du premier colloque international organisé à Paris-La Défense / Versailles du 13 au 15 octobre 2005 par l’Association Verre & Histoire, ont été réalisés et publiés sous la direction de Sophie Lagabrielle et Michel Philippe_, edited by Sophie Lagabrielle and Michel Philippe. Association Verre et Histoire, INHA, 2005. [http://www.verre-histoire.org/colloques/verrefenetre/pages/p307\_02\_herold.html](http://www.verre-histoire.org/colloques/verrefenetre/pages/p307_02_herold.html). - -Lamberini, Daniela. _Il Sanmarino. Giovan Battista Belluzzi architetto militare e trattatista del cinquecento_. Arte e Archeologia. Studi e Documenti 30. Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 2007. - -Leproux, Guy-Michel. “Quelques éclairages sur la vie et la carrière de Jean Cousin le jeune.” _Documents d’histoire parisienne_ 12 (2011): 23–40. - -Michel-Leproux, Guy. _La Peinture à Paris sous le règne de François Ier_. Presses de l’Université de Paris Sorbonne, 2001. - -Nadolski, Dieter. _Les étains anciens usuels: leur aspect et leur fonction pendant six siècles_. Paris: Nouvelles Editions Latines, 1986. - -Norri, Juhani. _Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary in English, 1375-1550: Body Parts, Sicknesses, Instruments, and Medicinal Preparations_. London: Routledge, 2016. - -Smith, Paul J. “Passer solitarius: Tribulations of a lonely bird in poetry and natural history, from petrarch to buffon.” In _Solitudo: Spaces, places, and times of solitude in late medieval and early modern cultures_, edited by K. A. E. Enenkel and Christine Göttler, Vol. 56. Intersections. Leiden: Brill, 2018. [https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004367432](https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004367432). - -Solmi, Edmondo, and Sergio Solmi. _Scritti vinciani: Le fonti dei manoscritti di Leonardo da Vinci e altri studi_. Strumenti ; 37. Firenze: La nuova Italia, 1976. - -Wartelle, André. _Bibliographie historique et critique de saint Justin, philosophe et martyr, 1494-1994 (avec un supplément)_. Paris: Editions F. Lanore, 2001. - -Zerner, Henri. _L’Art de la Renaissance en France_. Paris: Flammarion, 1996. diff --git a/docs/resources/dictionaries.md b/docs/resources/dictionaries.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8859c86..0000000 --- a/docs/resources/dictionaries.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,586 +0,0 @@ -# Linguistic Resources - -A handlist of dictionaries, technical encyclopedias, and other sources used in the transcription and translation of Ms. Fr. 640. Note: some resources below may require institutional access. While we attempted to provide persistent URLs for these resources, we cannot guarantee their stability over the long term and therefore you may find broken links. - -## Online Dictionaries - -### French-English dictionaries - - [Randle Cotgrave, Dictionarie of the French and English - Tongues](http://www.micmap.org/dicfro/introduction/cotgrave) - (London 1611). - - [Also here](http://www.pbm.com/%7Elindahl/cotgrave/) - - - Claudius Hollyband, A Dictionarie French and English (London 1593) - - Guy Miège, *[A New Dictionary French and - English](https://books.google.com/books?id=YbWtTwVbLioC&printsec=frontcover&dq=guy+miege&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih-ZStta7mAhVhmeAKHW9QCjQQ6AEwAHoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q&f=false)* - (London, 1677). - - [Linguee](http://www.linguee.com/english-french) French-English - translation tool with texts showing usage (contemporary) - - [Abel Boyer, The Royal Dictionary, French and - English](http://books.google.fr/books?id=2-_J6e9af1EC), (London - 1729). - - [Oxford English Dictionary](http://www.oed.com/) - The standard - reference (institutional access required). - -### Dictionaries of historical French - - [Centre national de resources textuelles et - lexicales](http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/) - DMF, TLFI and other - dictionaries - - Start here. Easy switching between dictionaries on the same - word. - - [DMF - Dictionnaire du moyen français](http://www.atilf.fr/dmf/), - 1330-1500, ATILF (CNRS & Université de Lorraine). - - Fundamental reference tool. - - [TLFi - Trésor de la langue française - informatisé](http://atilf.atilf.fr/), ATILF (CNRS & Université de - Lorraine). - - Reference dictionary in modern and historical French. - - [Émile Littré - Dictionnaire de la langue - française](http://www.littre.org), XML version. - - Very useful especially for technical terms. - - [Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et de tous ses - dialectes du IXe au XVe - siècle](http://www.micmap.org/dicfro/introduction/dictionnaire-godefroy), - by Frédéric Godefroy (1880-1895), - and the supplementary volume ([Complément](http://www.micmap.org/dicfro/introduction/complement-godefroy), 1895-1902). - - *Dictionnaire historique de l’ancien langage françois, ou Glossaire de la langue françoise depuis son origine jusqu’ausiècle de Louis XIV*, par Jean-Baptiste de la Curne deSainte-Palaye (1882). - - [Archive.org](http://archive.org/search.php?query=Dictionnaire%20historique%20de%20l%27ancien%20langage%20fran%C3%A7ois) et - [Gallica](http://gallica.bnf.fr/Search?f_creator=La+Curne+de+Sainte+Palaye%2C+Jean+Baptiste+de+%281697-1781%29&ArianeWireIndex=index&q=la+curne+Dictionnaire+historique&lang=FR&n=15&p=1&f_nqamoyen=altoHQ). - - Abel Poitrineau, [Les Anciennes mesures locales du Sud-Ouest - d'après les tables de - conversion](https://books.google.com/books?id=RQP2c4uyz9oC), - Clermont-Ferrand, 1996. - - For words that cannot be found in French works, remember to check - **Occitan** and **Latin** dictionaries (see below). - -### For further exploration - - [Dicfro](http://www.micmap.org/dicfro/liste-des-dictionnaires) - - - Portal with access to numerous lexicographical and historical resources, to glossaries of several medieval works, and to some other resources of minor importance, aux glossaires de plusieurs - including titles cited below in the *Grand Corpus des Dictionnaires* (institutional access - required). - - [ARTFL - American research on the treasury of the French - language](http://clio.columbia.edu/catalog/519700) - - - A full-text retrieval database of classical French writings; - users can create a dictionary and frequency count of words - used in a text, trace origins of words or phrases back through - the 17th century, etc. The database includes literary works, - political tracts, philosophical writings, and technical - treatises. - - [Gallica](http://gallica.bnf.fr) has many historical dictionaries, - often in image mode. - - - Best accessed via this handy - [index](http://www.u-picardie.fr/LESCLaP/rey/tdm_telechargement_dictionnaires). - - [Grand Corpus des - Dictionnaires](http://www.classiques-garnier.com.janus.biu.sorbonne.fr/numerique-bases/index.php?module=App&action=FrameMain) - \[du 9e au 20e siècle\], Classiques Garnier (institutional access required). Contains: - - - Godefroy (Frédéric), *Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue - française et de tous ses dialectes du 9e au 15e s.* - - - La Curne de Sainte-Palaye, *Dictionnaire historique de - l’ancien langage français depuis son origine jusqu’au siècle - de Louis XIV* - - - Huguet (Edmond), *Dictionnaire de la langue française du 16e - siècle* - - - Estienne (Robert), *Dictionaire Francois-latin*, 1549 - - - Nicot (Jean), *Thrésor de la langue françoyse, tant ancienne - que moderne*, 1606 - - - Cotgrave (Randle), *A Dictionarie of the french and english - tongues*, 1611 - - - Ménage (Gilles), *Les Origines de la langue françoise*, 1650 - - - Richelet (Pierre), *Dictionnaire françois*, 1680 - - - *Dictionaire de l’Académie françoise*, 1687 \[Avant-première - 1\] - - - A to Aversion - - - *Dictionaire de l’Académie françoise*, 1687 \[Avant-première - 2\] - - - A to Confiture - - - *Dictionaire de l’Académie françoise*, 1687 \[Avant-première - 3\] - - - A to Neuf - - - Furetière (Antoine), *Essai d’un Dictionaire universel*, 1687 - - - Furetière (Antoine), *Dictionaire universel*, 1690 - - - *Le* *Dictionnaire de l’Académie françoise*, 1694 - \[1re édition\] - - - Corneille (Thomas), *Le Dictionnaire des arts et des - sciences*, 1694 (the same is on Gallica, in image mode) - - - Ménage (Gilles), *Dictionnaire étymologique ou Origines de la - langue françoise*, 1694 - - - *Nouveau* *Dictionnaire de l’Académie françoise*, 1718 - \[2e édition\] - - - *Dictionnaire de l’Académie françoise*, 1740 \[3e - édition\] - - - *Dictionnaire de l’Académie françoise*, 1762 - \[4eédition\] - - - *Dictionnaire de l’Académie françoise*, 1798 \[5e - édition\] - - - *Dictionnaire de l’Académie française*, 1835 \[6e - édition\] - - - Barré (Louis), *Complément du* *Dictionnaire de l’Académie - française*, 1842 - - - *Dictionnaire de l’Académie française*, 1879 \[7e - édition\] - - - *Dictionnaire de l’Académie française*, 1932-1935 - \[8e édition\] - -### Occitan Dictionaries - - A critical assessment of the field: Josiane Ubaud, [Regards sur la - lexicographie occitane: de la richesse passée à la misère - endémique - contemporaine](http://www.josiane-ubaud.com/reg_lex.pdf), 2014. - - Jean Doujat, [Dictionnaire de la langue - toulousaine](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4170z.image), - 1641 (Toulouse 1895, reprint Marseille and Geneva 1974). - - Bernard Moreux, Robert Razou, [Les mots de Toulouse: lexique du - français - toulousain](https://books.google.fr/books?id=gktdAAAAMAAJ&q=bl%C3%A9+cussonner&dq=bl%C3%A9+cussonner&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjA0ZvXzorcAhVGXBQKHVFRCVgQ6AEILDAB), - Toulouse, 2000. - - [Institut d'Estudis Occitans de París - Documents per l'estudi de - la lenga occitana](http://ieoparis.free.fr/delo.html) - - - Links to many resources, including Raynouard, Levy, and the - following: - - - P. A. Boissièr de Sauvatges, *Dictionnaire - languedocien-français*, 1756, 2 vols, - [A-E](https://drive.google.com/open?id=1914zkD3PGx3NWb4S7fGpQjWMPlFq7cO8), - [F-Z](https://drive.google.com/open?id=1BSHNJpnwzewaYlHudRtz--6UFMYXgUUQ). - M. d’Hombres & G. Charvet, *Dictionnaire - languedocien-français*, 1881, 2 vols, - [A-E](https://drive.google.com/open?id=1uY2vVnAFr4G542Zf0qWv27cjA3dYIyAY), - [F-Z](https://drive.google.com/open?id=1i5P6CE39OoCxIbQnH6kWk23ysmKhbaNz) - - - François Raynouard, [Lexique - roman](http://gallica.bnf.fr/Search?adva=1&adv=1&tri=&t_relation=cb31183402v&q=raynouard+lexique+roman) - (1844) \[Gallica\], and its supplement: - Emil Levy, [Provenzalisches - Supplement-Wörterbuch](https://archive.org/search.php?query=Provenzalisches%20Supplement-W%C3%B6rterbuch) - (1894-1915) \[Internet Archive\]. - - - Maxime Lanusse, [De l'influence du dialecte gascon sur la - langue française](https://archive.org/details/fre_b1887388) - (Grenoble, 1893), with a chapter on vocabulary. - -### Poitevin/Saintongeais Dictionaries -A number of terms in the MS seem to belong specifically to -the dialect of Poitou and Saintonge, possibly pointing to the origin of -the author. - - Henri Beauchet-Filleau, [Essai sur le patois poitevin ou Petit - glossaire de quelques-uns des mots usités dans le canton de - Chef-Boutonne et les communes - voisines](https://books.google.com/books?id=jYACAAAAQAAJ), - Niort/Melle, 1864. - - L. Favre, [Glossaire du Poitou, de la Saintonge et de - l’Aunis](https://books.google.com/books?id=0DLgKk2XH0UC), Niort, - 1867. - - P. Jônain, [Dictionnaire du patois - saintongeais](https://archive.org/details/dictionnairedup00jngoog), - Royan, 1869. - - Abbé Rousseau, [Glossaire - poitevin](https://books.google.com/books?id=FbM-AAAAYAAJ&hl=fr&source=gbs_navlinks_s), - 2nd edn, Niort, 1869. - - Gabriel Lévrier, [Dictionnaire étymologique du patois - poitevin](https://books.google.fr/books?id=cgvMBVdgl9QC&pg=PA159&dq=chaple+poitevin&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9rprbyZrcAhXE7xQKHSSvCwoQ6AEIPTAE#v=onepage&q&f=false), - Niort 1867. - - [Le Vocabulaire poitevin (1808–1825) de Lubin - Mauduyt](https://books.google.fr/books?id=_llbDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=%22apiler%22+%22tasser%22&source=bl&ots=bLVCN7U2gU&sig=MzwiFAuq6OTXaGITavH12FzUh54&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsnKSXvYvcAhXByRQKHWO6CgkQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q&f=false), - éd. critique Pierre Rézeau (Tübingen 1994). Limited online access. -### Latin Dictionaries - - [Dictionnaire - latin-français](http://www.micmap.org/dicfro/introduction/gaffiot), - par Félix Gaffiot (1934): latin classique. - - [Du Cange = Glossarium mediae et infimae - latinitatis](http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/), par Charles du - Fresne, sieur du Cange *et al*. (éd. de 1883-1887), éd. numérique - École nationale des chartes. - - - Dictionnaire monumental du latin médiéval (définitions en - latin), également riche en termes d’ancien français dans les - définitions comme dans les citations. - - [Logeion](http://logeion.uchicago.edu/levigatio) – combines Lewis - & Short, Gaffiot, and DMLBS - -## Manuscripts, paleography, and ancient texts - - For general orientation see online resources on the portal - [Ménestrel](http://www.menestrel.fr/spip.php?rubrique434) - (Médiévistes sur le Net: sources, travaux et références en - ligne). - - For learning resources, see in particular the online paleography files - of the École des chartes, - [THELEME](http://theleme.enc.sorbonne.fr/) (Techniques pour - l’historien en ligne: études, manuels, exercices). - - [Newberry Library Paleography - Resources](http://www.newberry.org/paleography): The Center for - Renaissance Studies maintains a listing of online resources for - those interested in Paleography. The resources are arranged by - language - -### Abbreviations - - [Dictionnaire des abréviations - françaises](http://theleme.enc.sorbonne.fr/dico) \[XIIe-XVIIe siècle\], - par M. Smith, École nationale des chartes. -### Digitized manuscripts - - [Patrimoine - numérique](http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/mrt/numerisation/fr/f_02.htm) - contains an inventory of digitised public collections of the French Ministry of Culture, - in particular archives and libraries. - - [Gallica](http://gallica.bnf.fr/html/editorial/manuscrits), the - digital library of the BnF, offers a growing number of manuscripts. - Digitisation of previously microfilmed manuscripts in progress. - - [BVMM](http://bvmm.irht.cnrs.fr/) - Virtual library of - medieval manuscripts kept in - France outside the BNF (see below, IRHT). - - [Digital Scriptorium](http://www.scriptorium.columbia.edu/) — a - vast and convenient corpus of manuscripts held in the US, - including French manuscripts and documents, with an efficient search engine. - -### Historical Research Istitutes - - [IRHT - Institut de recherche et d'histoire des - textes](http://www.irht.cnrs.fr/en/) - - - The IRHT is an independent institute within the - [CNRS](http://www.cnrs.fr/index.php) (UPR 841). It is devoted - to fundamental research on medieval manuscripts and early - printed books. The textual histories of works written in the - major languages of the Mediterranean Basin (Latin, romance - languages, Hebrew, Greek, Coptic, Syriac, Arabic) are treated - from all aspects: the material support, writing, textual - content, decoration, iconography, diffusion, and reception. - - The IRHT website has essential databases of manuscripts in French, - Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Arabic. - - - [Medium](http://medium.irht.cnrs.fr/) is the catalogue of - their massive collection of microfilms and photographs, - covering practically all medieval and Renaissance Mss in - France except the BNF. Many of those are now accessible as - digital images, in full or in part, in - [BVMM](http://bvmm.irht.cnrs.fr/). - - - [Jonas](http://jonas.irht.cnrs.fr/) is the catalogue of French - texts. - - - [BUDE](http://bude.irht.cnrs.fr/), slightly chaotic (work in - progress), has all sorts of information on humanists and their - texts. - - - [Europa Humanistica](http://www.europahumanistica.org/) is a - networking effort, with resources including valuable - information on early [medical science and natural - history](http://www.europahumanistica.org/?-Medecins-et-naturalistes-avant-Linne-). - - [SISMEL - Società Internazionale per lo Studio del Medioevo - Latino](http://www.sismelfirenze.it/) - - SISMEL also has a vast array of interlinked resources (digital - and printed) on medieval Latin authors, manuscripts, and much - else, mainly accessible through the - [Mirabile](http://www.mirabileweb.it/) portal. - - - [BISLAM](http://www.sismelfirenze.it/index.php/it/repertori/itemlist/category/67-bibliotheca-scriptorum-bislam) - (Bibliotheca Scriptorum Latinorum Medii Recentiorisque - Aevi) contains bio-bibliographical information on 13,000 - Latin authors (or authors translated into Latin) before - 1536. - - - [CALMA](http://www.sismelfirenze.it/index.php/it/repertori/itemlist/category/68-compendium-auctorum-calma) - (Compendium Auctorum Latinorum Medii Aevi, 500-1500) is a - general repertory of medieval authors (in print, not - online). - - [Monumenta Germaniae Historica](http://www.dmgh.de/) - - [Istituto storico italiano](http://www.isime.it/index.php) - -### Medieval texts - - [Corpus de la littérature médiévale des origines au 15e - siècle.](http://www.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/cul/resolve?clio10931173) - This database includes more than 900 full texts from the Middle - Ages, including chansons de geste, poetry, theater and religious - texts. - -## Identifying early books online - -See also above, [IRHT](http://www.irht.cnrs.fr/en/) and -[SISMEL/Mirabile](http://www.mirabileweb.it/) - - [USTC - Universal Short Title Catalogue](http://www.ustc.ac.uk/) - - - General catalogue of pre-1600 European books. Includes links - to digitized copies whenever possible. - - [J.-C. Brunet, Manuel du libraire et de l’amateur de - livres](http://catalogue.bnf.fr/servlet/RechercheEquation;jsessionid=F2E05E38A032D4F393F95B3A1A9B95D8?TexteCollection=HGARSTUVWXYZ1DIECBMJNQLOKP&TexteTypeDoc=DESNFPIBTMCJOV&Equation=IDP%3Dcb301695339&host=catalogue). - Paris, 1860-65, 6 vols. - - - Remains an essential reference tool for early (and not so - early) editions. The digital version on Gallica is searchable, - but only volume by volume. - - [Worldcat](http://www.worldcat.org/?lang=en) - - The largest meta search interface for library catalogues. - - [KvK - Karlsruhe Virtual - Catalogue](http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/kvk_en.html) - - Another meta search interface for more than 500 million books - and serials in library and book trade catalogs worldwide, with - country-by-country query filters. Includes specific catalogs - for 16th-c. books in Italy & Germany. - - [Bibliographie des éditions parisiennes du 16ème - siècle](http://bp16.bnf.fr/) - - This site comprises 10,000 Parisian editions from the five volumes of the - *Inventaire chronologique des éditions - parisiennes du 16e siècle*, printed between 1972 and 2004, covering the years 1501 to 1540. - First four volumes by [Brigitte - Moreau](http://data.bnf.fr/11916755/brigitte_moreau/) - (1930-1994). Entries from volumes published between 1541 and 1550 - will be part of a future release. - -## Arts and technical vocabulary - - Macquer, Phillipe (1720-1770), [Dictionnaire raisonné universel - des arts et métiers, contenant l'histoire, la description, la - police des fabriques et manufactures de France et des pays - étrangers](http://find.galegroup.com/mome/infomark.do?sort=DateAscend&prodId=MOME&tabID=T001&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&type=search¤tPosition=1&version=1.0&searchResultsPerPage=10&userGroupName=columbiau&queryId=Locale%28en%2CUS%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28RN%2CNone%2C10%29U104264857%24&source=gale) - (Lyon, A. Leroy, 1801) - - Bertrand, J. E.., [Real Colegio de Farmacia de San Fernando - (Madrid), Descriptions des arts et - métiers](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5315939358;view=1up;seq=6), - nouvelle édition... augmentée.... Neuchatel: Société Typographique - (1771-83). - - [Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appellé - Dictionnaire de - Trévoux](http://www.cnrtl.fr/dictionnaires/anciens/trevoux/) - - [Encylopedie](http://encyclopedie.uchicago.edu/node/176) - The - ARTFL Project, University of Chicago, searchable. - - [Encyclopedie - English - translation](http://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/did/) (incomplete) - - ArtLex: An easy search engine to search an array of dictionaries - on English terms relating to art, including alchemy and more. - - [Vocabulary of current casting terms and - processes](http://www.engineersedge.com/casting_definition.htm) - (from Engineersedge.com) - - Dumas, Jean Baptiste A., [Traité de chimie, appliquée aux - arts](https://books.google.com/books?id=pWsDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA507&dq=trousseau+sable+cloche&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwipmNyA47nNAhXKqB4KHYJBC1cQ6AEINDAE#v=onepage&q=trousseau%20&f=false), - Bruxelles, 1833. - Interesting section on founding with descriptions of different - earths, including those used in Toulouse, around p. 500. - - Gay, Victor, [Glossaire archéologique du Moyen Age et de la - Renaissance](https://archive.org/search.php?query=gay%20glossaire), - Paris, 1887-1928, 2 vols. - - - Vol. 1 only on [Google - Books](http://books.google.com/books?id=hUFPTJx_bj8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false). - A remarkable dictionary with many words for everyday items - from archival documents. - - F.J.M. Wijnekus, E.F.P.H. Wijnekus, Dictionary of the Printing and - Allied Industries, in six languages…, 2nd edn, Amsterdam, 1983. - - Jacquart, Danielle. *Lexique de La langue scientifique: - astrologie, mathématiques, médecine*. Paris, 1997. - - Sachs, Hans & Jost Amman, *Das Ständebuch (Book of Trades)*, - Frankfurt am Main, 1568. Woodcut illustrations of various - professions accompanied by a short poem. See Wikimedia. - - Trench, Lucy, *Materials and Techniques in the Decorative Arts: An - Illustrated Dictionary*, London, 2000. E-Book. - - Zedler, Johann Heinrich, [Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon - aller Wissenschafften und - Künste](http://www.zedler-lexikon.de/index.html). Leipzig, - 1731-1754. - - [B. - Guineau](http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowAuthor.aspx?lid=113036), - [Glossaire des matériaux de la couleur et des termes techniques - employés dans les recettes de couleurs - anciennes](http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowAuthor.aspx?lid=113036), - only in print. - -## Other resources - - [BCIN - Réseau d’information sur la conservation - Conservation - Information Network](http://www.bcin.ca/) - - - The bibliographic database of the Conservation Information - Network (BCIN) provides access to over 200,000 bibliographic - citations for conservation literature. BCIN includes citations - from the first 34 volumes of the Art and Archaeology Technical - Abstracts (AATA) published between 1955 and 1997, technical - reports, conference proceedings, journal articles, books, - audiovisual materials, theses, software and machine-readable - files and unpublished materials. In French and English. - - [Getty Research Portal](http://portal.getty.edu/portal/landing) - - - Access to digitized art history publications, rare books, and - related literature. - - [Getty Art & Architectural Thesaurus -- for technical - terms](http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/) - - [MetPublications - Metropolitan Museum of Art Publications - online](http://www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications). - - - Online database of research publications from the Metropolitan - Museum of Art. Many out of print catalogs are available to - download in full. - - [EEBO - Early English Books - Online](http://eebo.chadwyck.com.ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/home) - - - A digitized version of the Early English Books microfilm - collection, this database contains full-text page images of of - about 100,000 of the 1,250,000 titles listed in Pollard & - Redgrave’s Short-Title Catalogue (1475-1640) and Wing’s - Short-Title Catalogue (1641-1700) and their revised editions, - as well as the Thomason Tracts (1640-1661) collection. These - include English translations of Alessio Piemontese’s book of - secrets and Hugh Plat’s *Jewel House of Art and Nature*. - - [Bibliothèque historique de Mines Paris - Tech](http://patrimoine.mines-paristech.fr/) - - - The digital library of the École des mines de Paris (Mines Paris - Tech), including material on mining from the 15th century onwards. - - Beaulieu, Michèle. *Dictionnaire des sculpteurs français du Moyen - Age*. Paris, 1992. - - Cassan, H. “Nomination des consuls de la ville de Béziers en - 1332”, in *Bulletin de la Société archéologique de Béziers*, - 1839, p. 43-58 (55-70 in the - [PDF](https://archive.org/details/bulletin02bzgoog)). Contains a - list of professions and trades, useful to check Occitan names. - - [Speelberg, Femke, French goldsmiths’ ornamental - prints](http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/blak/hd_blak.htm) (the only remaining evidence of most 16th- and 17th-century goldsmiths’ work in France) in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (with useful bibliography) - - [Europeana](http://www.europeana.eu/portal/) - archival database - of texts, images, objects, images, and more. “All across Europe, - thousands of museums, galleries and archives are digitizing their - collections - creating virtual copies of their texts, imagery and - objects that can be stored on local servers or in the cloud. Once - these collections are made public online, we work hard to make - sure other people can find and use them. For change. For ideas. - For progress.” - - [History of the Accademia di San - Luca](http://www.nga.gov/casva/accademia/search_eng.shtm) - *The - History of the Accademia di San Luca, c. 1590–1635: Documents from - the Archivio di Stato di Roma* brings together a body of largely - unpublished notarial records from the Trenta Notai Capitolini - (TNC) found in the Archivio di Stato di Roma (ASR), many - previously thought lost, concerning the institutional history of - the Accademia. First mentioned in a brief from Pope Gregory XIII - of 1577, a little over a decade after the conclusion of the last - session of the Council of Trent, the Accademia di San Luca was - intended to serve the educational, social, professional, and - confraternal needs of the painters, sculptors, and architects of - Rome. - - Christine Göttler, et al., [Materialized Identities. Objects, - Affects and Effects in Early Modern - Culture, 1450-1750](http://www.materializedidentities.com/) - - Sven Dupré and Christine Göttler, eds., [*The Worlds and - Possessions of the Portuguese Merchant-Banker Emmanuel Ximenez in - early seventeenth-century - Antwerp*](http://ximenez.unibe.ch/material/) - -### The National Archive (TNA) currency converter: - - - - The TNA provides the following info, re: calculations and - conversions: “The data used to provide the calculations for the - currency converter has been collated from original documents and - official statistics, and the survey of material used has been as - comprehensive as possible. However, the results of the - calculations are intended to be a general guide to historic - values, rather than a categorical statement of fact. - Approximations are from 2005.” - - -### Videos and reconstruction - - [Sandcasting with Philip - White](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kmb5tivQ_bY) — multi part - - [Sandcasting with "Delft - Clay"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0sCDTRwMwg) (actually sand - and "magistry", i.e., binding medium) - - [Part 1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0sCDTRwMwg): making the - mold — [Part 2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtrPX3jEJC4): - casting the metal — Part 3: missing - - [Casting a pewter stool at the beach](http://vimeo.com/9498805) - - [Making - paper](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6KmzuULPmQ&feature=youtu.be&t=40m45s) - — From the Schweizerisches Papiermuseum - - [Chancery - Papermaking](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-PmfdV_cZU) - - University of Iowa Library - - Sword and scabbard making: - - - [Raising a silver - vessel](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JaqmzKFWDEI) – From the - gathering of scrap silver to the raising and polishing of a coffee - pot (18th century\!). The raising of vessels is what most - silversmith shops would normally have spent most of their time - doing, but our author-practitioner never even mentions it, which - may indicate that he was not a goldsmith. - - Harvard Art Museums — silversmith Adam Whitney made a - reconstruction of the silver deer rhyton that survives as a - fragment in the collection: - . - - [Working with Venetian Style - Glass](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSBY6Lc2-hU&t=3s) — A film - by glassmaker Ian Hankey in which he discusses the value of - reconstruction. - - [Lions, Dragons, Other - Beasts](http://www.bgc.bard.edu/gallery/gallery-at-bgc/past-exhibitions/past-exhibitions-aquamanilia.html) - — Goldsmith Ubaldo Vitali makes a medieval aquamanile. - - The C[hymistry of Isaac Newton - Project](http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/newton/) — - reconstructions of alchemical - experiments. - - - — Short films about painting techniques (panel preparation, - underdrawing, painting and gilding). - - [Parallel - Practices](http://www.craftscouncil.org.uk/what-we-do/parallel-practices/), - Crafts Council and Kings College London - - - The value of craft skills to facilitate innovation in science, - technology and medicine is increasingly recognised. Parallel - Practices a 2014 pilot led by Crafts Council in partnership - with Cultural Institute at King’s College, London, - demonstrated the positive healthcare impact of research and - development collaborations between makers and medical - professionals. The project stimulated learning and innovation - through a focus on the body, materials and processes that - inform clinical outcomes and artistic practice. Each residency - involved a team of at least one maker and one medical and - scientific academic. -### Colormaking - - [Kremer Pigments documentary - (German)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SaMtuUYppjU) - - [Technical Art History Website (all about - pigments)](http://www.artcons.udel.edu/about/kress) - - CAMEO: Conservation & Art Materials Encyclopedia Online: - - - Color Context Database - access to 5500 colormaking recipes. Sign - up here: - - Closer to Van Eyck website with information about techniques: - -### Miscellaneous sources for materials research - - Johan Gottschalk Wallerius, *Mineralogie, oder mineralreich: von - ihm eingeteilt und beschrieben* [Latin - edition, 1752](https://books.google.com/books?id=NrtRAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Johan+Gottschalk+wallerius&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gUJqVeu2FYyZyAT59oLYAw&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Johan%20Gottschalk%20wallerius&f=false) - and [German - edition, 1763](https://books.google.com/books?id=8h8-AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Johan+Gottschalk+wallerius&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dUFqVeHODdipyATa4YD4AQ&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Johan%20Gottschalk%20wallerius&f=false) - - Johann Georg Kruenitz, [*Oekonomische Encyklopaedie, oder - allgemeines System der Stadt- Haus- und - Landwirthschaft*](http://www.kruenitz1.uni-trier.de/) (1773-1853) -### Distillation - - Information on distilling, eau de vie, pictures of stills - (alembics) and retorts: Philipp Ulstadt. [*Coelum Philosophorum - seu de Secretis Naturae - liber*](https://books.google.com/books?id=PLrX8DiTBSgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Philipp+ULSTADT%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAmoVChMIhfqexsSKxgIVRBqMCh06GQAT#v=onepage&q=cornum&f=false), - 1525. diff --git a/docs/resources/field-notes.md b/docs/resources/field-notes.md deleted file mode 100644 index 79a4d5b..0000000 --- a/docs/resources/field-notes.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ -# Field notes - -**Coming soon** - -Field notes document students' skill-building exercises and reconstruction work for their laboratory essays. - -While the Project required students to record every stage of their research, some field notes are more detailed and -comprehensive than others. - -Additional photographs taken by the students as they carried out their -research are available in the [Project’s repository on Flickr](https://www.flickr.com/photos/128418753@N06/albums). - -For more on field notes as a pedagogical component of the Edition, see Pamela Smith [Making the Edition of Ms. -Fr. 640](/#essays/ann_329_ie_19). diff --git a/docs/resources/figure-index.md b/docs/resources/figure-index.md index 91f1f25..97fdd2b 100644 --- a/docs/resources/figure-index.md +++ b/docs/resources/figure-index.md @@ -1,8 +1,6 @@ -# Figures in Ms. Fr. 640 +Ms. Fr. 640 contains a number of sketches made by its anonymous author-practitioner to help describe or illustrate the processes and materials of the entries or recipes. Explore these drawings below, from a diagram for preparing a mold of a lizard on [fol. 124v](/folios/124v) and a furnace with bellows on [fol. 16r](/folios/16r) to the texture of dragon’s blood on [fol. 29v](/folios/29v) and a fountain system to carry water higher than its source on [fol. 80r](/folios/80r). -Ms. Fr. 640 contains a number of sketches made by its anonymous author-practitioner to help describe or illustrate the processes and materials of the entries or recipes. Explore these drawings below, from a diagram for preparing a mold of a lizard on [fol. 124v](/#folios/124v) and a furnace with bellows on [fol. 16r](/#folios/16r) to the texture of dragon’s blood on [fol. 29v](/#folios/29v) and a fountain system to carry water higher than its source on [fol. 80r](/#folios/80r). - -Special thank you to our [team members and collaborators](/#content/about/credits): Philip Cherian for scanning the folios of the manuscript, page by page, to find all figures and create individual image files; Melissa Reynolds for captioning and identifying each figure; and Pamela H. Smith, Tianna Helena Uchacz, and Naomi Rosenkranz for final revisions, editing, and formatting. +Special thank you to our [team members and collaborators](/content/about/credits): Philip Cherian for scanning the folios of the manuscript, page by page, to find all figures and create individual image files; Melissa Reynolds for captioning and identifying each figure; and Pamela H. Smith, Tianna Helena Uchacz, and Naomi Rosenkranz for final revisions, editing, and formatting. ## Marks Used in the Manuscript @@ -10,186 +8,186 @@ In addition to the figures listed below, there are a number of symbols used by t | Symbol | Meaning | Example | | ---------- | -------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | -| ☉ | Gold (Sun) | [Fol. 166v: Softening gold](/#folios/166v) | -| ☼ | Gold (Sun) | [Fol. 135v: Casting in ☼](/#folios/135v) | -| ℥ | Ounce | [Fol. 10r: Powder for hourglasses](/#folios/10r) | -| ʒ | Dram | [Fol. 7v: Against gonorrhea](/#folios/7v) | -| ☿ | Mercury (Mercury) | [Fol. 117v: For making the ashes of flowers and plants leave molds](/#folios/117v) | -| ☾ | Silver, Moon (last quarter moon) | [Fol. 86v: Excellent sand for lead, tin, and copper](/#folios/86v) | -| ♀ | Copper (Venus) | [Fol. 8v: Perfect amalgam](/#folios/8v) | -| ♁ | Antimony (Earth) | [Fol. 52v: The work done in Algiers](/#folios/52v) | -| ℞ | Recipe (From the Latin, "take") | [Fol. 83r: Sand for lead](/#folios/83r) | -| ◯ | Circle | [Fol. 17v: On the gunner](/#folios/17v) | -| X | Insertion mark (X) | [Fol. 33r: For relighting an extinguished candle between your hands without blowing](/#folios/33r) | -| \+ | Insertion mark (Plus sign) | [Fol. 3r: Counterfeit coral](/#folios/3r) | -| \# | Insertion mark (Hash mark) | [Fol. 45r: Loading an arquebus with hail shot](/#folios/45r) | -| ʘ | Insertion mark (Bullseye) | [Fol. 106v: Plaster](/#folios/106v) | -| 🜊 | Insertion mark (Vinegar) | [Fol. 129v: Spider molded on a leaf](/#folios/129v) | -| 🝋 | Insertion mark (Powder) | [Fol. 124v: A means to make the gate for small female lizards](/#folios/124v) | +| ☉ | Gold (Sun) | [Fol. 166v: Softening gold](/folios/166v) | +| ☼ | Gold (Sun) | [Fol. 135v: Casting in ☼](/folios/135v) | +| ℥ | Ounce | [Fol. 10r: Powder for hourglasses](/folios/10r) | +| ʒ | Dram | [Fol. 7v: Against gonorrhea](/folios/7v) | +| ☿ | Mercury (Mercury) | [Fol. 117v: For making the ashes of flowers and plants leave molds](/folios/117v) | +| ☾ | Silver, Moon (last quarter moon) | [Fol. 86v: Excellent sand for lead, tin, and copper](/folios/86v) | +| ♀ | Copper (Venus) | [Fol. 8v: Perfect amalgam](/folios/8v) | +| ♁ | Antimony (Earth) | [Fol. 52v: The work done in Algiers](/folios/52v) | +| ℞ | Recipe (From the Latin, "take") | [Fol. 83r: Sand for lead](/folios/83r) | +| ◯ | Circle | [Fol. 17v: On the gunner](/folios/17v) | +| X | Insertion mark (X) | [Fol. 33r: For relighting an extinguished candle between your hands without blowing](/folios/33r) | +| \+ | Insertion mark (Plus sign) | [Fol. 3r: Counterfeit coral](/folios/3r) | +| \# | Insertion mark (Hash mark) | [Fol. 45r: Loading an arquebus with hail shot](/folios/45r) | +| ʘ | Insertion mark (Bullseye) | [Fol. 106v: Plaster](/folios/106v) | +| 🜊 | Insertion mark (Vinegar) | [Fol. 129v: Spider molded on a leaf](/folios/129v) | +| 🝋 | Insertion mark (Powder) | [Fol. 124v: A means to make the gate for small female lizards](/folios/124v) | ## Figures in the Manuscript | Folio, Entry | Figure | Description | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| -| [Fol. 3v: Thick varnish for planks](/#folios/3v) | Distillation vessel | Distillation vessel | -| [Fol. 6v: For cages](/#folios/6v) | Glassworking furnace | Glassworking furnace | -| [Fol. 14r: For walls of earth and rustic construction](/#folios/14r) | Three tools for construction of an earth fortification, including a mallet and bat | Three tools for construction of an earth fortification, including a mallet and bat | -| [Fol. 16r: Founding of soft iron](/#folios/16r) | Furnace with blast pipe and bellows | Furnace with blast pipe and bellows | -| [Fol. 19r: On the gunner](/#folios/19r) | Star-shaped continuation symbol | Star-shaped continuation symbol | -| [Fol. 19v: Mathematical figures without ruler and compass](/#folios/19v) | Solid and dotted lines, labeled 'a,' 'b,' and 'c,' illustrating figures made by folding paper | Solid and dotted lines, labeled 'a,' 'b,' and 'c,' illustrating figures made by folding paper | -| [Fol. 19v: Mathematical figures without ruler and compass](/#folios/19v) | Solid and dotted semi-circles, labeled 'a,' 'b,' and 'c,' illustrating figures made by folding paper | Solid and dotted semi-circles, labeled 'a,' 'b,' and 'c,' illustrating figures made by folding paper | -| [Fol. 19v: Mathematical figures without ruler and compass](/#folios/19v) | Solid and dotted designs, labeled 'a,' 'b,' and 'c,' illustrating figures made by folding paper | Solid and dotted designs, labeled 'a,' 'b,' and 'c,' illustrating figures made by folding paper | -| [Fol. 19v: Mathematical figures without ruler and compass](/#folios/19v) | Solid and dotted lines, labeled 'a,' 'b,' and 'c,' illustrating figures made by folding paper | Solid and dotted lines, labeled 'a,' 'b,' and 'c,' illustrating figures made by folding paper | -| [Fol. 20r: For making millas](/#folios/20r) | Horizontal wavy line possibly to denote the heading or the end of the line | Horizontal wavy line possibly to denote the heading or the end of the line | -| [Fol. 22r: Cannon ball, weighing 40 lb, having 12 lines, king's foot.](/#folios/22r) | Large circle with bisecting line that encloses its label and represents a 40-pound cannon ball | Large circle with bisecting line that encloses its label and represents a 40-pound cannon ball | -| [Fol. 22v: Orgues](/#folios/22v) | Star-shaped continuation symbol | Star-shaped continuation symbol | -| [Fol. 22v: Orgues](/#folios/22v) | Four rectangles representing notches for mounting an arquebus | Four rectangles representing notches for mounting an arquebus | -| [Fol. 23r: [On petards]](/#folios/23r) | Cylindrical petard with four handles and an angled peg | Cylindrical petard with four handles and an angled peg | -| [Fol. 23v: [On petards]](/#folios/23v) | Buckram sausage made of a canvas tube attached to a long cord like a fuse | Buckram sausage made of a canvas tube attached to a long cord like a fuse | -| [Fol. 26r: Cannonball](/#folios/26r) | Large circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball | Large circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball | -| [Fol. 26r: Petard](/#folios/26r) | Crucible-shaped petard | Crucible-shaped petard | -| [Fol. 26v: Culverin ball](/#folios/26v) | Large circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a culverin cannon ball | Large circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a culverin cannon ball | -| [Fol. 27r: Bastarde ball](/#folios/27r) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a <i>bastarde</i> cannon ball | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a bastarde cannon ball | -| [Fol. 27r: Medium ball](/#folios/27r) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a medium cannon ball | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a medium cannon ball | -| [Fol. 27r: Field piece](/#folios/27r) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a field piece cannon ball | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a field piece cannon ball | -| [Fol. 27v: Falconet](/#folios/27v) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a falconet cannon ball | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a falconet cannon ball | -| [Fol. 27v: Falconet of 4 quintals, alternatively passe-volant, is 8 pans long](/#folios/27v) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a falconet cannon ball of 4 quintals | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a falconet cannon ball of 4 quintals | -| [Fol. 27v: 3 quintals, is 9 pans long](/#folios/27v) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 3 quintals | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 3 quintals | -| [Fol. 27v: 2 quintals, is one cane long, which is 8 Montpellier pans](/#folios/27v) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 2 quintals | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 2 quintals | -| [Fol. 27v: 1 quintal, is six pans and a half](/#folios/27v) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 1 quintals | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 1 quintals | -| [Fol. 27v: 1 quintal and a half is 7 pans and a half](/#folios/27v) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 1.5 quintals | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 1.5 quintals | -| [Fol. 27v: 60 lb musket, is 5 pans and a half or 6](/#folios/27v) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 60 pounds | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 60 pounds | -| [Fol. 27v: 5 quintals is eleven pans and a half](/#folios/27v) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 5 quintals | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 5 quintals | -| [Fol. 28r: The measure of the caliber of pieces](/#folios/28r) | Tabular diagram depicting relationship between weights and calibers of cannon balls | Tabular diagram depicting relationship between weights and calibers of cannon balls | -| [Fol. 29v: Dragon's blood](/#folios/29v) | Hashmark symbol showing texture of a piece of darker dragon's blood | Hashmark symbol showing texture of a piece of darker dragon's blood | -| [Fol. 33r: Knife for cutting the nose or a finger](/#folios/33r) | Trick knife of two pieces and a notched blade with labels 'A,' 'B,' and 'C' | Trick knife of two pieces and a notched blade with labels 'A,' 'B,' and 'C' | -| [Fol. 33r: For relighting an extinguished candle between your hands without blowing](/#folios/33r) | Hands relighting a candle | Hands relighting a candle | -| [Fol. 33v: For making blood or wine issue from someone's forehead or from a wall](/#folios/33v) | Double-walled iron funnel with labels 'a,' 'b,' and 'c' | Double-walled iron funnel with labels 'a,' 'b,' and 'c' | -| [Fol. 34v: For melting or transmuting a jewel put inside a box](/#folios/34v) | Three cylinders labeled 'A,' 'B,' and 'C,' representing a ringed trick cup, a smaller cup, and a leather cover | Three cylinders labeled 'A,' 'B,' and 'C,' representing a ringed trick cup, a smaller cup, and a leather cover | -| [Fol. 35r: For supporting a bucket of water on the tips of three knives laid down without touching the ground](/#folios/35r) | Three knives laid over each other to form a triangular shape, one marked 'A' | Three knives laid over each other to form a triangular shape, one marked 'A' | -| [Fol. 35v: For transmuting grain from one vessel to another](/#folios/35v) | Two wooden bushels and a bell | Two wooden bushels and a bell | -| [Fol. 36r: For transmuting a ball into a thimble, cunning](/#folios/36r) | Leather mold, thimble, and two wooden balls | Leather mold, thimble, and two wooden balls | -| [Fol. 45r: Loading an arquebus with hail shot](/#folios/45r) | Labeled pipe, batons, paper, cartridges, pieces of shot, and a cutting punch | Labeled pipe, batons, paper, cartridges, pieces of shot, and a cutting punch | -| [Fol. 45v: Loading an arquebus](/#folios/45v) | Ramrod, charge with screw at one end, and arquebus | Ramrod, charge with screw at one end, and arquebus | -| [Fol. 46r: Wheat oil](/#folios/46r) | The reverse impression of a small arched line, appearing to be a pen mark | The reverse impression of a small arched line, appearing to be a pen mark | -| [Fol. 46v: Writing without ink](/#folios/46v) | Small arched line, appearing to be a pen mark | Small arched line, appearing to be a pen mark | -| [Fol. 48r: Founder](/#folios/48r) | Large furnace for melting metal, the center labeled as 'A' | Large furnace for melting metal, the center labeled as 'A' | -| [Fol. 54v: [On dry preserves]](/#folios/54v) | Open tub or barrel with cutouts for the insertion of long sticks | Open tub or barrel with cutouts for the insertion of long sticks | -| [Fol. 59r: Shadows](/#folios/59r) | Different types of cross hatches for blending painted shadows | Different types of cross hatches for blending painted shadows | -| [Fol. 61r: Lights](/#folios/61r) | Paintbrush and its shadow | Paintbrush and its shadow | -| [Fol. 61r: Lights](/#folios/61r) | Paintbrush and its shadow with portrait on panel | Paintbrush and its shadow with portrait on panel | -| [Fol. 62v: Perspective](/#folios/62v) | Rulers joined with a screw | Rulers joined with a screw | -| [Fol. 62v: Perspective](/#folios/62v) | Plumb line with hook | Plumb line with hook | -| [Fol. 64v: Apprenticeship of the painter](/#folios/64v) | Three forms for drawing figures with faint outlines of bodies | Three forms for drawing figures with faint outlines of bodies | -| [Fol. 65r: Shadows](/#folios/65r) | Curved shape representing a piece of unidentified black material | Curved shape representing a piece of unidentified black material | -| [Fol. 65r: Flesh color](/#folios/65r) | Lines demonstrating shadow angles | Lines demonstrating shadow angles | -| [Fol. 77r: Medicine of the orientals against all maladies](/#folios/77r) | Straight smoking pipe with trails of smoke at either end | Straight smoking pipe with trails of smoke at either end | -| [Fol. 80r: Fountains](/#folios/80r) | Labeled pipe system for fountains to carry water higher than its source | Labeled pipe system for fountains to carry water higher than its source | -| [Fol. 80r: Fountains](/#folios/80r) | Perpetual fountain pipe with its tip labeled 'E' | Perpetual fountain pipe with its tip labeled 'E' | -| [Fol. 80r: Fountains](/#folios/80r) | Watering pipe with long straight section that then snakes back and forth | Watering pipe with long straight section that then snakes back and forth | -| [Fol. 80v: Founders of small works of tin](/#folios/80v) | Stone mold with a gate and vents | Stone mold with a gate and vents | -| [Fol. 82r: Clockmakers](/#folios/82r) | Markings for clock cogwheel | Markings for clock cogwheel | -| [Fol. 86v: Excellent sand for lead, tin, and copper](/#folios/86v) | Sand mold for casting medals, with casting channels | Sand mold for casting medals, with casting channels | -| [Fol. 91v: Molding with cuttlefish bone](/#folios/91v) | Two sides of oval cuttlefish bone with casting infrastructure | Two sides of oval cuttlefish bone with casting infrastructure | -| [Fol. 93v: Azure](/#folios/93v) | Two groups of directional lines | Two groups of directional lines | -| [Fol. 94r: Furbisher](/#folios/94r) | Sword guard | Sword guard | -| [Fol. 94v: Furbisher](/#folios/94v) | Scabbard bench with long plank | Scabbard bench with long plank | -| [Fol. 94v: Furbisher](/#folios/94v) | Workbench with long stick attachment (the <i>chameau</i>) to furbish a sword | Workbench with long stick attachment (the chameau) to furbish a sword | -| [Fol. 94v: Furbisher](/#folios/94v) | A group of four rounded tools in various sizes used in furbishing of swords | A group of four rounded tools in various sizes used in furbishing of swords | -| [Fol. 94v: Furbisher](/#folios/94v) | A long tool labeled 'a,' the <i>bruisson</i> which is likely a burnisher | A long tool labeled 'a,' the bruisson which is likely a burnisher | -| [Fol. 94v: Furbisher](/#folios/94v) | A long tool labeled 'b,' the bloodstone | A long tool labeled 'b,' the bloodstone | -| [Fol. 94v: Furbisher](/#folios/94v) | A curved tool with a small base labeled 'd' and <i>baston a felinder</i> | A curved tool with a small base labeled 'd' and baston a felinder | -| [Fol. 94v: Furbisher](/#folios/94v) | A triangular tool labeled 'c' and <i>flin</i> (possibly a type of cloth) or thunder stone | A triangular tool labeled 'c' and flin (possibly a type of cloth) or thunder stone | -| [Fol. 100v: Gemstones](/#folios/100v) | Crucible within a footed furnace | Crucible within a footed furnace | -| [Fol. 101r: For ruby take gold leaf](/#folios/101r) | Tiles arranged on top of a furnace to increase draft and heat | Tiles arranged on top of a furnace to increase draft and heat | -| [Fol. 102r: Glass vessels](/#folios/102r) | Teardrop-shaped glass vessel with rounded bottom | Teardrop-shaped glass vessel with rounded bottom | -| [Fol. 102v: Cast](/#folios/102v) | Sand mold with feeder lines | Sand mold with feeder lines | -| [Fol. 104v: Spinet playing by itself](/#folios/104v) | Axle with pierced wheels | Axle with pierced wheels | -| [Fol. 105r: Gardening](/#folios/105r) | Parallel grafting lines | Parallel grafting lines | -| [Fol. 105r: Gardening](/#folios/105r) | Parallel grafting lines bisected by vertical line | Parallel grafting lines bisected by vertical line | -| [Fol. 105r: Gardening](/#folios/105r) | Plant branch and shield graft with one leaf, labeled 'b' | Plant branch and shield graft with one leaf, labeled 'b' | -| [Fol. 111r: Iron wire](/#folios/111r) | Iron clamps and points | Iron clamps and points | -| [Fol. 112r: For tempering sand](/#folios/112r) | Equipment for making sand molds, including bowls, spoon, brushes, clay bases and walls, a snake, and a lizard | Equipment for making sand molds, including bowls, spoon, brushes, clay bases and walls, a snake, and a lizard | -| [Fol. 112v: Making the arrangement and disposition of the animal](/#folios/112v) | May illustrate a wire point shaped like an inverted U used to hold the head of the animal | May illustrate a wire point shaped like an inverted U used to hold the head of the animal | -| [Fol. 112v: Making the arrangement and disposition of the animal](/#folios/112v) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | -| [Fol. 113r: Making the arrangement and disposition of the animal](/#folios/113r) | A dead snake arranged for lifecasting on clay slab, held in place with pins | A dead snake arranged for lifecasting on clay slab, held in place with pins | -| [Fol. 113r: Making the arrangement and disposition of the animal](/#folios/113r) | Clay walls for making plaster mold, with end piece of clay labeled 'b' | Clay walls for making plaster mold, with end piece of clay labeled 'b' | -| [Fol. 113r: Making the arrangement and disposition of the animal](/#folios/113r) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | -| [Fol. 113r: Making the arrangement and disposition of the animal](/#folios/113r) | L-shaped tool in order to mark how high to fill a mold with plaster | L-shaped tool in order to mark how high to fill a mold with plaster | -| [Fol. 113v: Tempering the sand and molding the first cast](/#folios/113v) | Cross-hatched and H-shaped continuation symbols | Cross-hatched and H-shaped continuation symbols | -| [Fol. 113v: Tempering the sand and molding the first cast](/#folios/113v) | Cross-hatched and H-shaped continuation symbols | Cross-hatched and H-shaped continuation symbols | -| [Fol. 113v: Tempering the sand and molding the first cast](/#folios/113v) | Oval plaster mold, prepared for creating second half of mold | Oval plaster mold, prepared for creating second half of mold | -| [Fol. 114r: Second cast](/#folios/114r) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | -| [Fol. 114r: Second cast](/#folios/114r) | Cancelled cross-hatched continuation symbol | Cancelled cross-hatched continuation symbol | -| [Fol. 114r: Second cast](/#folios/114r) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | -| [Fol. 114r: Second cast](/#folios/114r) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | -| [Fol. 114r: Second cast](/#folios/114r) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | -| [Fol. 114r: Second cast](/#folios/114r) | Oval two-piece plaster mold with notches | Oval two-piece plaster mold with notches | -| [Fol. 114v: Second cast](/#folios/114v) | Star-shaped continuation symbol | Star-shaped continuation symbol | -| [Fol. 114v: Second cast](/#folios/114v) | Oval clay slab and walls for making plaster mold | Oval clay slab and walls for making plaster mold | -| [Fol. 114v: Second cast](/#folios/114v) | Clamp | Clamp | -| [Fol. 115r: Note about everything above](/#folios/115r) | Barbell-shaped symbol possibly to denote the heading | Barbell-shaped symbol possibly to denote the heading | -| [Fol. 115r: Second cast](/#folios/115r) | Star-shaped continuation symbol | Star-shaped continuation symbol | -| [Fol. 115r: Second cast](/#folios/115r) | Curled snake in plaster mold with casting channels | Curled snake in plaster mold with casting channels | -| [Fol. 115r: Note about everything above](/#folios/115r) | Small clamps of iron wire shaped like a backwards C | Small clamps of iron wire shaped like a backwards C | -| [Fol. 115r: Second cast](/#folios/115r) | Two halves of plaster mold held together with clamps around the edges | Two halves of plaster mold held together with clamps around the edges | -| [Fol. 115v: Reheating the noyau molds](/#folios/115v) | Two plaster molds reheating on the fire surrounded by bricks | Two plaster molds reheating on the fire surrounded by bricks | -| [Fol. 115v: Reheating the noyau molds](/#folios/115v) | Continuation symbol composed of a circle atop a vertical line | Continuation symbol composed of a circle atop a vertical line | -| [Fol. 116r: Reheating the noyau molds](/#folios/116r) | Continuation symbol composed of two circles connected vertically by a line | Continuation symbol composed of two circles connected vertically by a line | -| [Fol. 117r: A means of molding flowers and plants](/#folios/117r) | Plant secured in triangular wax casting gate | Plant secured in triangular wax casting gate | -| [Fol. 117r: A means of molding flowers and plants](/#folios/117r) | Plant affixed on oval clay base surrounded by walls for creating a plaster mold | Plant affixed on oval clay base surrounded by walls for creating a plaster mold | -| [Fol. 117r: A means of molding flowers and plants](/#folios/117r) | Mold <i>en noyau</i>, a plaster mold | Mold en noyau, a plaster mold | -| [Fol. 118v: Casting in frames](/#folios/118v) | Two c-shaped trivets for drying molds by the fire | Two c-shaped trivets for drying molds by the fire | -| [Fol. 120v: Keeping dry flowers in the same state all year](/#folios/120v) | Barbell-shaped symbol possibly to denote the heading | Barbell-shaped symbol possibly to denote the heading | -| [Fol. 122r: Arranging various animals](/#folios/122r) | Curved interlacing lines showing the arrangement of snakes for molding | Curved interlacing lines showing the arrangement of snakes for molding | -| [Fol. 122r: Flower in the mouth of the snake](/#folios/122r) | Lizard and plant secured for casting | Lizard and plant secured for casting | -| [Fol. 122r: Flower in the mouth of the snake](/#folios/122r) | Smudged ink cancellation of an arrangement for casting | Smudged ink cancellation of an arrangement for casting | -| [Fol. 122r: Flower in the mouth of the snake](/#folios/122r) | Smudged ink cancellation of an arrangement for casting | Smudged ink cancellation of an arrangement for casting | -| [Fol. 122v: Molding medals and flat things](/#folios/122v) | Casting gate with branched legs | Casting gate with branched legs | -| [Fol. 122v: Molding medals and flat things](/#folios/122v) | Casting gate for a circular medal | Casting gate for a circular medal | -| [Fol. 124v: A means to make the gate for small female lizards](/#folios/124v) | Thin rectangle indicating the thickness for a wax sprue | Thin rectangle indicating the thickness for a wax sprue | -| [Fol. 124v: A means to make the gate for small female lizards](/#folios/124v) | Mold of a lizard with channels for casting | Mold of a lizard with channels for casting | -| [Fol. 125r: A means to make the gate for small female lizards](/#folios/125r) | Casting gate with branched legs | Casting gate with branched legs | -| [Fol. 127r: Molds of plaster for wax](/#folios/127r) | Mold of a curved snake with wide channels for casting | Mold of a curved snake with wide channels for casting | -| [Fol. 127v: Founders' earth](/#folios/127v) | Coiled iron wire | Coiled iron wire | -| [Fol. 129v: Advice concerning the gate](/#folios/129v) | Casting gate with branched legs | Casting gate with branched legs | -| [Fol. 130r: Animals dried in an oven](/#folios/130r) | An upturned u-shaped curve showing small ring of iron wire for securing animal feet to the clay slab | An upturned u-shaped curve showing small ring of iron wire for securing animal feet to the clay slab | -| [Fol. 133r: Feet of smalls female lizards for gold and silver](/#folios/133r) | Lizard foot with balls of wax at the end of each nail | Lizard foot with balls of wax at the end of each nail | -| [Fol. 135r: Gate](/#folios/135r) | Mold of a lizard with channels for casting | Mold of a lizard with channels for casting | -| [Fol. 137r: Clamps](/#folios/137r) | C-shaped clamp | C-shaped clamp | -| [Fol. 140r: Cast of wax to represent an animal that one has not got](/#folios/140r) | Mold of curved object with wide wax channels and gate for casting | Mold of curved object with wide wax channels and gate for casting | -| [Fol. 141v: Molding a crayfish](/#folios/141v) | Crayfish | Crayfish | -| [Fol. 142r: Molding a crayfish](/#folios/142r) | Crayfish with wax channels for casting | Crayfish with wax channels for casting | -| [Fol. 143r: Toad](/#folios/143r) | Toad with wax channels and gate for casting | Toad with wax channels and gate for casting | -| [Fol. 144r: Turtles](/#folios/144r) | Turtle on oval clay slab for casting | Turtle on oval clay slab for casting | -| [Fol. 144r: Turtles](/#folios/144r) | Turtle affixed with iron points at the legs and with clay packed around the shell | Turtle affixed with iron points at the legs and with clay packed around the shell | -| [Fol. 144v: Turtles](/#folios/144v) | Turtle on oval clay slab with strip across the turtle and surrounded by clay walls, prepared for casting | Turtle on oval clay slab with strip across the turtle and surrounded by clay walls, prepared for casting | -| [Fol. 144v: Turtles](/#folios/144v) | Turtle in mold after casting plaster into first mold half | Turtle in mold after casting plaster into first mold half | -| [Fol. 145r: Casting in three frames](/#folios/145r) | Mortar labeled 'A' | Mortar labeled 'A' | -| [Fol. 145r: Cuttlefish bone](/#folios/145r) | Cuttlefish bone surface grain | Cuttlefish bone surface grain | -| [Fol. 145v: Molding plants and flowers](/#folios/145v) | Plant affixed in oval clay surround for creating plaster mold, above a plant secured in triangular wax casting gate | Plant affixed in oval clay surround for creating plaster mold, above a plant secured in triangular wax casting gate | -| [Fol. 146v: Molding turtles](/#folios/146v) | Turtle on oval clay base with band of clay on the belly shell to create a plaster mold | Turtle on oval clay base with band of clay on the belly shell to create a plaster mold | -| [Fol. 146v: Molding turtles](/#folios/146v) | Turtle in first half of plast mold with the band of clay removed | Turtle in first half of plast mold with the band of clay removed | -| [Fol. 150v: Molding hollow](/#folios/150v) | Oval plaster mold with hole for molding hollow | Oval plaster mold with hole for molding hollow | -| [Fol. 150v: Molding hollow](/#folios/150v) | Oval plaster mold with clay ring affixed around hole for molding hollow | Oval plaster mold with clay ring affixed around hole for molding hollow | -| [Fol. 150v: Molding hollow](/#folios/150v) | Curved, jagged line labeled 'A' representing wax flowing from a mold | Curved, jagged line labeled 'A' representing wax flowing from a mold | -| [Fol. 151r: Molding hollow](/#folios/151r) | Toad with cross-hatched lines showing iron wires to hold the core in place for molding hollow | Toad with cross-hatched lines showing iron wires to hold the core in place for molding hollow | -| [Fol. 151v: Molding hollow](/#folios/151v) | L-shape of a curved chisel | L-shape of a curved chisel | -| [Fol. 152v: Repairing cast things](/#folios/152v) | Configuration for repairing casts, held with one's leg | Configuration for repairing casts, held with one's leg | -| [Fol. 152v: Repairing cast things](/#folios/152v) | Cast turtle with repair work | Cast turtle with repair work | -| [Fol. 153v: Giving the thickness that you wish to a medal](/#folios/153v) | Boxwood rolling pin | Boxwood rolling pin | -| [Fol. 153v: Giving the thickness that you wish to a medal](/#folios/153v) | Template to cut the excess paste off the hollow of the mold | Template to cut the excess paste off the hollow of the mold | -| [Fol. 155r: Molding a rose](/#folios/155r) | Rose branch cut into sections to be molded separately | Rose branch cut into sections to be molded separately | -| [Fol. 156v: Molding a fly](/#folios/156v) | Cross-hatched mark | Cross-hatched mark | -| [Fol. 159v: Carnation](/#folios/159v) | An architectural structure, apparently sketched before the recipe was written over it. | An architectural structure, apparently sketched before the recipe was written over it. | -| [Fol. 160r: Press for the large molds](/#folios/160r) | Press for large molds composed of two square sheets between four poles connected at the top by a screw | Press for large molds composed of two square sheets between four poles connected at the top by a screw | -| [Fol. 160r: Press for the large molds](/#folios/160r) | Wedges and frame for small molds (squares and triangles) | Wedges and frame for small molds (squares and triangles) | -| [Fol. 163v: Crocum](/#folios/163v) | Kettle with rounded handle and spout | Kettle with rounded handle and spout | -| [Fol. 165v: Fly wings](/#folios/165v) | Fly with wax gate for casting | Fly with wax gate for casting | -| [Fol. 167r: Petards](/#folios/167r) | A collection of labeled tools and petards | A collection of labeled tools and petards | -| [Fol. 167r: Petards](/#folios/167r) | Crucible | Crucible | -| [Fol. 168r: Petards](/#folios/168r) | Petard with threaded peg anchor | Petard with threaded peg anchor | -| [Fol. 169v: Reducing a round figure to a hollow form](/#folios/169v) | Figure inside a square representing a hollow wax figure placed into a square mold | Figure inside a square representing a hollow wax figure placed into a square mold | -| [Fol. 170r: Cleaning closed molds](/#folios/170r) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | -| [Fol. 170r: Cleaning closed molds](/#folios/170r) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | -| [Fol. 170v: [Original first page (1578-1579)]](/#folios/170v) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol (hidden under the paper strip) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol (hidden under the paper strip) | +| [Fol. 3v: Thick varnish for planks](/folios/3v) | Distillation vessel | Distillation vessel | +| [Fol. 6v: For cages](/folios/6v) | Glassworking furnace | Glassworking furnace | +| [Fol. 14r: For walls of earth and rustic construction](/folios/14r) | Three tools for construction of an earth fortification, including a mallet and bat | Three tools for construction of an earth fortification, including a mallet and bat | +| [Fol. 16r: Founding of soft iron](/folios/16r) | Furnace with blast pipe and bellows | Furnace with blast pipe and bellows | +| [Fol. 19r: On the gunner](/folios/19r) | Star-shaped continuation symbol | Star-shaped continuation symbol | +| [Fol. 19v: Mathematical figures without ruler and compass](/folios/19v) | Solid and dotted lines, labeled 'a,' 'b,' and 'c,' illustrating figures made by folding paper | Solid and dotted lines, labeled 'a,' 'b,' and 'c,' illustrating figures made by folding paper | +| [Fol. 19v: Mathematical figures without ruler and compass](/folios/19v) | Solid and dotted semi-circles, labeled 'a,' 'b,' and 'c,' illustrating figures made by folding paper | Solid and dotted semi-circles, labeled 'a,' 'b,' and 'c,' illustrating figures made by folding paper | +| [Fol. 19v: Mathematical figures without ruler and compass](/folios/19v) | Solid and dotted designs, labeled 'a,' 'b,' and 'c,' illustrating figures made by folding paper | Solid and dotted designs, labeled 'a,' 'b,' and 'c,' illustrating figures made by folding paper | +| [Fol. 19v: Mathematical figures without ruler and compass](/folios/19v) | Solid and dotted lines, labeled 'a,' 'b,' and 'c,' illustrating figures made by folding paper | Solid and dotted lines, labeled 'a,' 'b,' and 'c,' illustrating figures made by folding paper | +| [Fol. 20r: For making millas](/folios/20r) | Horizontal wavy line possibly to denote the heading or the end of the line | Horizontal wavy line possibly to denote the heading or the end of the line | +| [Fol. 22r: Cannon ball, weighing 40 lb, having 12 lines, king's foot.](/folios/22r) | Large circle with bisecting line that encloses its label and represents a 40-pound cannon ball | Large circle with bisecting line that encloses its label and represents a 40-pound cannon ball | +| [Fol. 22v: Orgues](/folios/22v) | Star-shaped continuation symbol | Star-shaped continuation symbol | +| [Fol. 22v: Orgues](/folios/22v) | Four rectangles representing notches for mounting an arquebus | Four rectangles representing notches for mounting an arquebus | +| [Fol. 23r: [On petards]](/folios/23r) | Cylindrical petard with four handles and an angled peg | Cylindrical petard with four handles and an angled peg | +| [Fol. 23v: [On petards]](/folios/23v) | Buckram sausage made of a canvas tube attached to a long cord like a fuse | Buckram sausage made of a canvas tube attached to a long cord like a fuse | +| [Fol. 26r: Cannonball](/folios/26r) | Large circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball | Large circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball | +| [Fol. 26r: Petard](/folios/26r) | Crucible-shaped petard | Crucible-shaped petard | +| [Fol. 26v: Culverin ball](/folios/26v) | Large circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a culverin cannon ball | Large circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a culverin cannon ball | +| [Fol. 27r: Bastarde ball](/folios/27r) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a <i>bastarde</i> cannon ball | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a bastarde cannon ball | +| [Fol. 27r: Medium ball](/folios/27r) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a medium cannon ball | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a medium cannon ball | +| [Fol. 27r: Field piece](/folios/27r) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a field piece cannon ball | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a field piece cannon ball | +| [Fol. 27v: Falconet](/folios/27v) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a falconet cannon ball | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a falconet cannon ball | +| [Fol. 27v: Falconet of 4 quintals, alternatively passe-volant, is 8 pans long](/folios/27v) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a falconet cannon ball of 4 quintals | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a falconet cannon ball of 4 quintals | +| [Fol. 27v: 3 quintals, is 9 pans long](/folios/27v) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 3 quintals | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 3 quintals | +| [Fol. 27v: 2 quintals, is one cane long, which is 8 Montpellier pans](/folios/27v) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 2 quintals | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 2 quintals | +| [Fol. 27v: 1 quintal, is six pans and a half](/folios/27v) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 1 quintals | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 1 quintals | +| [Fol. 27v: 1 quintal and a half is 7 pans and a half](/folios/27v) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 1.5 quintals | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 1.5 quintals | +| [Fol. 27v: 60 lb musket, is 5 pans and a half or 6](/folios/27v) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 60 pounds | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 60 pounds | +| [Fol. 27v: 5 quintals is eleven pans and a half](/folios/27v) | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 5 quintals | Circle that encloses its label representing the caliber of a cannon ball of 5 quintals | +| [Fol. 28r: The measure of the caliber of pieces](/folios/28r) | Tabular diagram depicting relationship between weights and calibers of cannon balls | Tabular diagram depicting relationship between weights and calibers of cannon balls | +| [Fol. 29v: Dragon's blood](/folios/29v) | Hashmark symbol showing texture of a piece of darker dragon's blood | Hashmark symbol showing texture of a piece of darker dragon's blood | +| [Fol. 33r: Knife for cutting the nose or a finger](/folios/33r) | Trick knife of two pieces and a notched blade with labels 'A,' 'B,' and 'C' | Trick knife of two pieces and a notched blade with labels 'A,' 'B,' and 'C' | +| [Fol. 33r: For relighting an extinguished candle between your hands without blowing](/folios/33r) | Hands relighting a candle | Hands relighting a candle | +| [Fol. 33v: For making blood or wine issue from someone's forehead or from a wall](/folios/33v) | Double-walled iron funnel with labels 'a,' 'b,' and 'c' | Double-walled iron funnel with labels 'a,' 'b,' and 'c' | +| [Fol. 34v: For melting or transmuting a jewel put inside a box](/folios/34v) | Three cylinders labeled 'A,' 'B,' and 'C,' representing a ringed trick cup, a smaller cup, and a leather cover | Three cylinders labeled 'A,' 'B,' and 'C,' representing a ringed trick cup, a smaller cup, and a leather cover | +| [Fol. 35r: For supporting a bucket of water on the tips of three knives laid down without touching the ground](/folios/35r) | Three knives laid over each other to form a triangular shape, one marked 'A' | Three knives laid over each other to form a triangular shape, one marked 'A' | +| [Fol. 35v: For transmuting grain from one vessel to another](/folios/35v) | Two wooden bushels and a bell | Two wooden bushels and a bell | +| [Fol. 36r: For transmuting a ball into a thimble, cunning](/folios/36r) | Leather mold, thimble, and two wooden balls | Leather mold, thimble, and two wooden balls | +| [Fol. 45r: Loading an arquebus with hail shot](/folios/45r) | Labeled pipe, batons, paper, cartridges, pieces of shot, and a cutting punch | Labeled pipe, batons, paper, cartridges, pieces of shot, and a cutting punch | +| [Fol. 45v: Loading an arquebus](/folios/45v) | Ramrod, charge with screw at one end, and arquebus | Ramrod, charge with screw at one end, and arquebus | +| [Fol. 46r: Wheat oil](/folios/46r) | The reverse impression of a small arched line, appearing to be a pen mark | The reverse impression of a small arched line, appearing to be a pen mark | +| [Fol. 46v: Writing without ink](/folios/46v) | Small arched line, appearing to be a pen mark | Small arched line, appearing to be a pen mark | +| [Fol. 48r: Founder](/folios/48r) | Large furnace for melting metal, the center labeled as 'A' | Large furnace for melting metal, the center labeled as 'A' | +| [Fol. 54v: [On dry preserves]](/folios/54v) | Open tub or barrel with cutouts for the insertion of long sticks | Open tub or barrel with cutouts for the insertion of long sticks | +| [Fol. 59r: Shadows](/folios/59r) | Different types of cross hatches for blending painted shadows | Different types of cross hatches for blending painted shadows | +| [Fol. 61r: Lights](/folios/61r) | Paintbrush and its shadow | Paintbrush and its shadow | +| [Fol. 61r: Lights](/folios/61r) | Paintbrush and its shadow with portrait on panel | Paintbrush and its shadow with portrait on panel | +| [Fol. 62v: Perspective](/folios/62v) | Rulers joined with a screw | Rulers joined with a screw | +| [Fol. 62v: Perspective](/folios/62v) | Plumb line with hook | Plumb line with hook | +| [Fol. 64v: Apprenticeship of the painter](/folios/64v) | Three forms for drawing figures with faint outlines of bodies | Three forms for drawing figures with faint outlines of bodies | +| [Fol. 65r: Shadows](/folios/65r) | Curved shape representing a piece of unidentified black material | Curved shape representing a piece of unidentified black material | +| [Fol. 65r: Flesh color](/folios/65r) | Lines demonstrating shadow angles | Lines demonstrating shadow angles | +| [Fol. 77r: Medicine of the orientals against all maladies](/folios/77r) | Straight smoking pipe with trails of smoke at either end | Straight smoking pipe with trails of smoke at either end | +| [Fol. 80r: Fountains](/folios/80r) | Labeled pipe system for fountains to carry water higher than its source | Labeled pipe system for fountains to carry water higher than its source | +| [Fol. 80r: Fountains](/folios/80r) | Perpetual fountain pipe with its tip labeled 'E' | Perpetual fountain pipe with its tip labeled 'E' | +| [Fol. 80r: Fountains](/folios/80r) | Watering pipe with long straight section that then snakes back and forth | Watering pipe with long straight section that then snakes back and forth | +| [Fol. 80v: Founders of small works of tin](/folios/80v) | Stone mold with a gate and vents | Stone mold with a gate and vents | +| [Fol. 82r: Clockmakers](/folios/82r) | Markings for clock cogwheel | Markings for clock cogwheel | +| [Fol. 86v: Excellent sand for lead, tin, and copper](/folios/86v) | Sand mold for casting medals, with casting channels | Sand mold for casting medals, with casting channels | +| [Fol. 91v: Molding with cuttlefish bone](/folios/91v) | Two sides of oval cuttlefish bone with casting infrastructure | Two sides of oval cuttlefish bone with casting infrastructure | +| [Fol. 93v: Azure](/folios/93v) | Two groups of directional lines | Two groups of directional lines | +| [Fol. 94r: Furbisher](/folios/94r) | Sword guard | Sword guard | +| [Fol. 94v: Furbisher](/folios/94v) | Scabbard bench with long plank | Scabbard bench with long plank | +| [Fol. 94v: Furbisher](/folios/94v) | Workbench with long stick attachment (the <i>chameau</i>) to furbish a sword | Workbench with long stick attachment (the chameau) to furbish a sword | +| [Fol. 94v: Furbisher](/folios/94v) | A group of four rounded tools in various sizes used in furbishing of swords | A group of four rounded tools in various sizes used in furbishing of swords | +| [Fol. 94v: Furbisher](/folios/94v) | A long tool labeled 'a,' the <i>bruisson</i> which is likely a burnisher | A long tool labeled 'a,' the bruisson which is likely a burnisher | +| [Fol. 94v: Furbisher](/folios/94v) | A long tool labeled 'b,' the bloodstone | A long tool labeled 'b,' the bloodstone | +| [Fol. 94v: Furbisher](/folios/94v) | A curved tool with a small base labeled 'd' and <i>baston a felinder</i> | A curved tool with a small base labeled 'd' and baston a felinder | +| [Fol. 94v: Furbisher](/folios/94v) | A triangular tool labeled 'c' and <i>flin</i> (possibly a type of cloth) or thunder stone | A triangular tool labeled 'c' and flin (possibly a type of cloth) or thunder stone | +| [Fol. 100v: Gemstones](/folios/100v) | Crucible within a footed furnace | Crucible within a footed furnace | +| [Fol. 101r: For ruby take gold leaf](/folios/101r) | Tiles arranged on top of a furnace to increase draft and heat | Tiles arranged on top of a furnace to increase draft and heat | +| [Fol. 102r: Glass vessels](/folios/102r) | Teardrop-shaped glass vessel with rounded bottom | Teardrop-shaped glass vessel with rounded bottom | +| [Fol. 102v: Cast](/folios/102v) | Sand mold with feeder lines | Sand mold with feeder lines | +| [Fol. 104v: Spinet playing by itself](/folios/104v) | Axle with pierced wheels | Axle with pierced wheels | +| [Fol. 105r: Gardening](/folios/105r) | Parallel grafting lines | Parallel grafting lines | +| [Fol. 105r: Gardening](/folios/105r) | Parallel grafting lines bisected by vertical line | Parallel grafting lines bisected by vertical line | +| [Fol. 105r: Gardening](/folios/105r) | Plant branch and shield graft with one leaf, labeled 'b' | Plant branch and shield graft with one leaf, labeled 'b' | +| [Fol. 111r: Iron wire](/folios/111r) | Iron clamps and points | Iron clamps and points | +| [Fol. 112r: For tempering sand](/folios/112r) | Equipment for making sand molds, including bowls, spoon, brushes, clay bases and walls, a snake, and a lizard | Equipment for making sand molds, including bowls, spoon, brushes, clay bases and walls, a snake, and a lizard | +| [Fol. 112v: Making the arrangement and disposition of the animal](/folios/112v) | May illustrate a wire point shaped like an inverted U used to hold the head of the animal | May illustrate a wire point shaped like an inverted U used to hold the head of the animal | +| [Fol. 112v: Making the arrangement and disposition of the animal](/folios/112v) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | +| [Fol. 113r: Making the arrangement and disposition of the animal](/folios/113r) | A dead snake arranged for lifecasting on clay slab, held in place with pins | A dead snake arranged for lifecasting on clay slab, held in place with pins | +| [Fol. 113r: Making the arrangement and disposition of the animal](/folios/113r) | Clay walls for making plaster mold, with end piece of clay labeled 'b' | Clay walls for making plaster mold, with end piece of clay labeled 'b' | +| [Fol. 113r: Making the arrangement and disposition of the animal](/folios/113r) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | +| [Fol. 113r: Making the arrangement and disposition of the animal](/folios/113r) | L-shaped tool in order to mark how high to fill a mold with plaster | L-shaped tool in order to mark how high to fill a mold with plaster | +| [Fol. 113v: Tempering the sand and molding the first cast](/folios/113v) | Cross-hatched and H-shaped continuation symbols | Cross-hatched and H-shaped continuation symbols | +| [Fol. 113v: Tempering the sand and molding the first cast](/folios/113v) | Cross-hatched and H-shaped continuation symbols | Cross-hatched and H-shaped continuation symbols | +| [Fol. 113v: Tempering the sand and molding the first cast](/folios/113v) | Oval plaster mold, prepared for creating second half of mold | Oval plaster mold, prepared for creating second half of mold | +| [Fol. 114r: Second cast](/folios/114r) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | +| [Fol. 114r: Second cast](/folios/114r) | Cancelled cross-hatched continuation symbol | Cancelled cross-hatched continuation symbol | +| [Fol. 114r: Second cast](/folios/114r) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | +| [Fol. 114r: Second cast](/folios/114r) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | +| [Fol. 114r: Second cast](/folios/114r) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | +| [Fol. 114r: Second cast](/folios/114r) | Oval two-piece plaster mold with notches | Oval two-piece plaster mold with notches | +| [Fol. 114v: Second cast](/folios/114v) | Star-shaped continuation symbol | Star-shaped continuation symbol | +| [Fol. 114v: Second cast](/folios/114v) | Oval clay slab and walls for making plaster mold | Oval clay slab and walls for making plaster mold | +| [Fol. 114v: Second cast](/folios/114v) | Clamp | Clamp | +| [Fol. 115r: Note about everything above](/folios/115r) | Barbell-shaped symbol possibly to denote the heading | Barbell-shaped symbol possibly to denote the heading | +| [Fol. 115r: Second cast](/folios/115r) | Star-shaped continuation symbol | Star-shaped continuation symbol | +| [Fol. 115r: Second cast](/folios/115r) | Curled snake in plaster mold with casting channels | Curled snake in plaster mold with casting channels | +| [Fol. 115r: Note about everything above](/folios/115r) | Small clamps of iron wire shaped like a backwards C | Small clamps of iron wire shaped like a backwards C | +| [Fol. 115r: Second cast](/folios/115r) | Two halves of plaster mold held together with clamps around the edges | Two halves of plaster mold held together with clamps around the edges | +| [Fol. 115v: Reheating the noyau molds](/folios/115v) | Two plaster molds reheating on the fire surrounded by bricks | Two plaster molds reheating on the fire surrounded by bricks | +| [Fol. 115v: Reheating the noyau molds](/folios/115v) | Continuation symbol composed of a circle atop a vertical line | Continuation symbol composed of a circle atop a vertical line | +| [Fol. 116r: Reheating the noyau molds](/folios/116r) | Continuation symbol composed of two circles connected vertically by a line | Continuation symbol composed of two circles connected vertically by a line | +| [Fol. 117r: A means of molding flowers and plants](/folios/117r) | Plant secured in triangular wax casting gate | Plant secured in triangular wax casting gate | +| [Fol. 117r: A means of molding flowers and plants](/folios/117r) | Plant affixed on oval clay base surrounded by walls for creating a plaster mold | Plant affixed on oval clay base surrounded by walls for creating a plaster mold | +| [Fol. 117r: A means of molding flowers and plants](/folios/117r) | Mold <i>en noyau</i>, a plaster mold | Mold en noyau, a plaster mold | +| [Fol. 118v: Casting in frames](/folios/118v) | Two c-shaped trivets for drying molds by the fire | Two c-shaped trivets for drying molds by the fire | +| [Fol. 120v: Keeping dry flowers in the same state all year](/folios/120v) | Barbell-shaped symbol possibly to denote the heading | Barbell-shaped symbol possibly to denote the heading | +| [Fol. 122r: Arranging various animals](/folios/122r) | Curved interlacing lines showing the arrangement of snakes for molding | Curved interlacing lines showing the arrangement of snakes for molding | +| [Fol. 122r: Flower in the mouth of the snake](/folios/122r) | Lizard and plant secured for casting | Lizard and plant secured for casting | +| [Fol. 122r: Flower in the mouth of the snake](/folios/122r) | Smudged ink cancellation of an arrangement for casting | Smudged ink cancellation of an arrangement for casting | +| [Fol. 122r: Flower in the mouth of the snake](/folios/122r) | Smudged ink cancellation of an arrangement for casting | Smudged ink cancellation of an arrangement for casting | +| [Fol. 122v: Molding medals and flat things](/folios/122v) | Casting gate with branched legs | Casting gate with branched legs | +| [Fol. 122v: Molding medals and flat things](/folios/122v) | Casting gate for a circular medal | Casting gate for a circular medal | +| [Fol. 124v: A means to make the gate for small female lizards](/folios/124v) | Thin rectangle indicating the thickness for a wax sprue | Thin rectangle indicating the thickness for a wax sprue | +| [Fol. 124v: A means to make the gate for small female lizards](/folios/124v) | Mold of a lizard with channels for casting | Mold of a lizard with channels for casting | +| [Fol. 125r: A means to make the gate for small female lizards](/folios/125r) | Casting gate with branched legs | Casting gate with branched legs | +| [Fol. 127r: Molds of plaster for wax](/folios/127r) | Mold of a curved snake with wide channels for casting | Mold of a curved snake with wide channels for casting | +| [Fol. 127v: Founders' earth](/folios/127v) | Coiled iron wire | Coiled iron wire | +| [Fol. 129v: Advice concerning the gate](/folios/129v) | Casting gate with branched legs | Casting gate with branched legs | +| [Fol. 130r: Animals dried in an oven](/folios/130r) | An upturned u-shaped curve showing small ring of iron wire for securing animal feet to the clay slab | An upturned u-shaped curve showing small ring of iron wire for securing animal feet to the clay slab | +| [Fol. 133r: Feet of smalls female lizards for gold and silver](/folios/133r) | Lizard foot with balls of wax at the end of each nail | Lizard foot with balls of wax at the end of each nail | +| [Fol. 135r: Gate](/folios/135r) | Mold of a lizard with channels for casting | Mold of a lizard with channels for casting | +| [Fol. 137r: Clamps](/folios/137r) | C-shaped clamp | C-shaped clamp | +| [Fol. 140r: Cast of wax to represent an animal that one has not got](/folios/140r) | Mold of curved object with wide wax channels and gate for casting | Mold of curved object with wide wax channels and gate for casting | +| [Fol. 141v: Molding a crayfish](/folios/141v) | Crayfish | Crayfish | +| [Fol. 142r: Molding a crayfish](/folios/142r) | Crayfish with wax channels for casting | Crayfish with wax channels for casting | +| [Fol. 143r: Toad](/folios/143r) | Toad with wax channels and gate for casting | Toad with wax channels and gate for casting | +| [Fol. 144r: Turtles](/folios/144r) | Turtle on oval clay slab for casting | Turtle on oval clay slab for casting | +| [Fol. 144r: Turtles](/folios/144r) | Turtle affixed with iron points at the legs and with clay packed around the shell | Turtle affixed with iron points at the legs and with clay packed around the shell | +| [Fol. 144v: Turtles](/folios/144v) | Turtle on oval clay slab with strip across the turtle and surrounded by clay walls, prepared for casting | Turtle on oval clay slab with strip across the turtle and surrounded by clay walls, prepared for casting | +| [Fol. 144v: Turtles](/folios/144v) | Turtle in mold after casting plaster into first mold half | Turtle in mold after casting plaster into first mold half | +| [Fol. 145r: Casting in three frames](/folios/145r) | Mortar labeled 'A' | Mortar labeled 'A' | +| [Fol. 145r: Cuttlefish bone](/folios/145r) | Cuttlefish bone surface grain | Cuttlefish bone surface grain | +| [Fol. 145v: Molding plants and flowers](/folios/145v) | Plant affixed in oval clay surround for creating plaster mold, above a plant secured in triangular wax casting gate | Plant affixed in oval clay surround for creating plaster mold, above a plant secured in triangular wax casting gate | +| [Fol. 146v: Molding turtles](/folios/146v) | Turtle on oval clay base with band of clay on the belly shell to create a plaster mold | Turtle on oval clay base with band of clay on the belly shell to create a plaster mold | +| [Fol. 146v: Molding turtles](/folios/146v) | Turtle in first half of plast mold with the band of clay removed | Turtle in first half of plast mold with the band of clay removed | +| [Fol. 150v: Molding hollow](/folios/150v) | Oval plaster mold with hole for molding hollow | Oval plaster mold with hole for molding hollow | +| [Fol. 150v: Molding hollow](/folios/150v) | Oval plaster mold with clay ring affixed around hole for molding hollow | Oval plaster mold with clay ring affixed around hole for molding hollow | +| [Fol. 150v: Molding hollow](/folios/150v) | Curved, jagged line labeled 'A' representing wax flowing from a mold | Curved, jagged line labeled 'A' representing wax flowing from a mold | +| [Fol. 151r: Molding hollow](/folios/151r) | Toad with cross-hatched lines showing iron wires to hold the core in place for molding hollow | Toad with cross-hatched lines showing iron wires to hold the core in place for molding hollow | +| [Fol. 151v: Molding hollow](/folios/151v) | L-shape of a curved chisel | L-shape of a curved chisel | +| [Fol. 152v: Repairing cast things](/folios/152v) | Configuration for repairing casts, held with one's leg | Configuration for repairing casts, held with one's leg | +| [Fol. 152v: Repairing cast things](/folios/152v) | Cast turtle with repair work | Cast turtle with repair work | +| [Fol. 153v: Giving the thickness that you wish to a medal](/folios/153v) | Boxwood rolling pin | Boxwood rolling pin | +| [Fol. 153v: Giving the thickness that you wish to a medal](/folios/153v) | Template to cut the excess paste off the hollow of the mold | Template to cut the excess paste off the hollow of the mold | +| [Fol. 155r: Molding a rose](/folios/155r) | Rose branch cut into sections to be molded separately | Rose branch cut into sections to be molded separately | +| [Fol. 156v: Molding a fly](/folios/156v) | Cross-hatched mark | Cross-hatched mark | +| [Fol. 159v: Carnation](/folios/159v) | An architectural structure, apparently sketched before the recipe was written over it. | An architectural structure, apparently sketched before the recipe was written over it. | +| [Fol. 160r: Press for the large molds](/folios/160r) | Press for large molds composed of two square sheets between four poles connected at the top by a screw | Press for large molds composed of two square sheets between four poles connected at the top by a screw | +| [Fol. 160r: Press for the large molds](/folios/160r) | Wedges and frame for small molds (squares and triangles) | Wedges and frame for small molds (squares and triangles) | +| [Fol. 163v: Crocum](/folios/163v) | Kettle with rounded handle and spout | Kettle with rounded handle and spout | +| [Fol. 165v: Fly wings](/folios/165v) | Fly with wax gate for casting | Fly with wax gate for casting | +| [Fol. 167r: Petards](/folios/167r) | A collection of labeled tools and petards | A collection of labeled tools and petards | +| [Fol. 167r: Petards](/folios/167r) | Crucible | Crucible | +| [Fol. 168r: Petards](/folios/168r) | Petard with threaded peg anchor | Petard with threaded peg anchor | +| [Fol. 169v: Reducing a round figure to a hollow form](/folios/169v) | Figure inside a square representing a hollow wax figure placed into a square mold | Figure inside a square representing a hollow wax figure placed into a square mold | +| [Fol. 170r: Cleaning closed molds](/folios/170r) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | +| [Fol. 170r: Cleaning closed molds](/folios/170r) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | Cross-hatched continuation symbol | +| [Fol. 170v: [Original first page (1578-1579)]](/folios/170v) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol (hidden under the paper strip) | Cross-hatched continuation symbol (hidden under the paper strip) | diff --git a/docs/resources/glossary-full-bibliography.md b/docs/resources/glossary-full-bibliography.md deleted file mode 100644 index f263e27..0000000 --- a/docs/resources/glossary-full-bibliography.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,585 +0,0 @@ -# Bibliography: Primary and Secondary Sources Cited in the [Glossary](/#folios/1r/f/1r/glossary) - -Note: The Glossary uses short bibliographic keys instead of full citations, such as [COT1611] for Cotgrave's _A dictionarie of the french and english tongues_. The keys usually combine author name and year of publication or use an acronym such as [OED2008] for _Oxford English Dictionary_ or [DMF2015] for *Dictionnaire du Moyen Français*. Search for Glossary keys in the Bibliography by acronym or author name. - -**DAF2018** Académie française. “Dictionnaire de l’Académie française.” Paris, 2018. -. - -Akerman, Susanna. “Paracelsianism in Sweden.” In *Western esotericism in -Scandinavia*, edited by Henrik Bogdan and Olav Hammer, 425–30. Leiden: -Brill, 2016. . - -**TLFi2019** Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française, and Centre -national de la recherche scientifique. “Trésor de la langue francaise -informatisé.” ATILF, CNRS Éditions, 2019. -. - -anonymous. *Secrets concernant les arts et métiers: ouvrage utile, non -seulement aux artistes, mais encore à ceux qui les emploient*. Paris: -Bossange & Compagnie, 1791. - -Argonne, Bonaventure d’. *Mélanges d’histoire et de littérature par M. -de Vigneul-Marville (Noël, dit Bonaventure d’Argonne). Quatrième édition -revûë, corrigée et augmentée par M\*\*\* (l’abbé Banier)*. Paris: -Prudhomme, 1713. - -Bauderon, Brice, Laurent Catelan, and G Sauvageon. *Pharmacopée de -Bauderon. Augmentée de plusieurs compositions necessaires; & des -facultez de chaque composition. Avec un traité des plus usitez & -celebres medicamens chymiques*. Lyon: Guillaume Chaunod & Cesar -Chappuis, 1681. - -Beauchet-Filleau, Eugène Henri Edmond. *Essai sur le patois poitevin, ou -petit glossaire de quelquesuns des mots usités dans le canton de -Chef-Boutonne, etc.* Niort, 1864. - -Belon, Pierre. *L’histoire de la nature des oyseaux: avec leurs -descriptions, et naı̈fs portraicts retirez du naturel ; escrite en sept -livres*. Paris: Corrozet, 1555. - -Bertrand, Jean-Elie, Christian von Mechel, H Billé, François Noël -Sellier, J. B. F Limozin, and Lacroix. *Descriptions des arts et -métiers*. Neuchâtel: Imprimerie de la Société typographique, n.d. - -Biringuccio, Vannoccio. *De la pirotechnia. Libri X*. Venice: Venturino -Ruffinelli\], 1540. - -———. *The Pirotechnia of Vannoccio Biringuccio: The Classic Sixteenth -Century : Teatrise on Metals and Metallurgy*. Translated by Martha Teach -Gnudi and Cyril Stanley Smith. New York, NY: Dover Publications, 1990. - -Bogdan, Henrik, and Olav Hammer, eds. *Western Esotericism in -Scandinavia*. Leiden: Brill, 2016. - -Boodt, Anselmus de. *Le parfaict ioaillier, ou histoire des pierreries*. -Edited by André Toll. Lyon, 1644. - -Boucherie, M. A. “Patois de la Saintonge.” *Patois de la Saintonge*, -1845. - -Bourne, William. *The Arte of Shooting in Great Ordnaunce*. London: -Thomas Woodcocke, 1687. - -Boyer, Abel. *Dictionnaire royal françois-anglois*. Amsterdam, 1727. - -Browne, Thomas. *Pseudodoxia Epidemica : Or, Enquiries into Very Many -Received Tenents, and Commonly Presumed Truths*. London: Andrew Crook, -1658. - -Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc. *Histoire naturelle des minéraux*. -Geneva: Chez Sanson & Compagnie, 1790. -. - -Cardano, Gerolamo. *The de Subtilitate of Girolamo Cardano*. Translated -by John M. Forrester. Tempe, AZ: ACMRS, 2013. - -Cardano, Girolamo. *Les livres de Hierosme Cardanvs medecin milannois: -intitulez de la subtilité & subtiles inuentions, ensemble les causes -occultes, & raisons d’icelles*. Translated by Richard Le Blanc. Rouen: -Chez La Vefve du Bosc, dans la Court du Palais, 1642. - -Cardon, Dominique. *The Dyer’s Handbook Memoirs on Dyeing*. Oxford: -Oxbow Books, 2016. - -Carlyle, Leslie. *The Artist’s Assistant: Oil Painting Instruction -Manuals and Handbooks in Britain, 1800-1900, with Reference to Selected -Eighteenth-Century Sources*. London: Archetype Publications, 2001. - -Cassignac, Arve. *Dictionnaire occitan de communication: -français-occitan, occitan-français*. Mobileoccitan.com, 2015. - -Cellini, Benvenuto. *The Treatises of Benvenuto Cellini on Goldsmithing -and Sculpture*. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2010. - -Cellini, Benvenuto, and Carlo Milanesi. *I trattati dell’oreficeria e -della scultura di Benvenuto Cellini novamente messi alle stampe secondo -la originale ... dell Codice Marciano*. Florence: Felice Le Monnier, -1857. - -Chambers, Ephraim, and Abraham Rees. *The Cyclopaedia, or, Universal -Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature*. London: Longman, Hurst, -Rees, Orme & Brown, 1819. - -*Columbian Cyclopedia*. Buffalo, NY: Garretson, Cox, 1897. - -Constans, Germain. *Traité de la Cour des monnoyes et de l’estendue de -sa juridiction*. Sébastien Cramoisy, 1658. - -Contant, Paul, and Contant Jacques. *Les Oeuvres de Iacques et Paul -Contant pere et fils...* Poitiers: Par Iulian Thoreau, 1628. -. - -Corneille, Thomas (1625-1709) Auteur du texte. *Le dictionnaire des arts -et des sciences*, 1694. . - -**COT1611** Cotgrave, Randle. *A dictionarie of the french and english tongues*. -London: Adam Islip, 1611. . - -Coxe, John Redman. *The Philadelphia Medical Dictionary : Containing a -Concise Explanation of All the Terms Used in Medicine, Surgery, -Pharmacy, Botany, Natural History, Chymistry, and Materia Medica*. -Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1808. - -Dalechamps, Jacques, and Jean Des Moulins. *Histoire générale des -plantes: contenant XVIII livres egalement departis en deux tomes*. Lyon: -Philippe Borde, 1653. - -Delaulne, Florentin ed. *Dictionnaire universel francois et latin: -contenant la signification et la definition tant des mots de l’une & de -l’autre langue, avec leurs différens usages ; que des Termes propres de -chaque etat & de chaque profession*. Paris, 1721. - -**DMF2015** *Dictionnaire du Moyen Français*. ATILF-CNRS & Université de Lorraine Paris, 2015. -. - -Diderot, Denis, and Jean Le Rond d’ Alembert. *Encyclopedie methodique, -ou par ordre de matières: Médecine*. vol. 6. Paris: Panckoucke, 1793. - -Diderot, denis, and Jean le Rond d’Alembert. *Encyclopédie, ou -dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, etc.* -Edited by Robert Morrissey and Glenn Roe. University of Chicago: -University of Chicago: ARTFL Encyclopédie Project, 2017. -. - -Dietrich, Philippe-Frédéric. *Description des gı̂tes de minerai, des -forges et des salines des Pyrénées, suivie d’observations sur le fer -mazé et sur les mines des Sards en Poitou,* Paris; Strasbourg: chez -Didot, fils aı̂né, et Cuchet; chez Treuttel, 1786. - -Doujat, Jean. *Dictionnaire de la langue toulousaine*. Genève; -Marseille: Slatkine Reprints, 1974. - -Dralet, Étienne-François. *Traité de la pierre à plâtre et de ses -propriétés relatives à l’art des bâtimens, à la culture des prairies -artificielles, des céréales, des prairies naturelles, des arbres -fruitiers et de la vigne: ouvrage où l’on combat, avec l’autorité des -faits, les nombreuses erreurs qui privent l’agriculture d’une partie des -avantages qu’elle peut retirer de ce précieux minéral : Avec recueil -méthodique et analytique des préceptes, maximes, proverbes français et -étrangers relatifs à l’agriculture et au ménage des champs*. Paris: Mme -Huzard, 1837. - -Dupuy, Ernest. *Bernard Palissy. L’homme, l’artiste, le savant, -l’écrivain*. Paris: Société française d’imprimerie et de librairie, -1902. - -ed., François Muguet. *Instruction generale pour la teinture des -laines*. Paris, 1671. - -Estienne, Charles. *L’agriculture et maison rustique*. Rouen: Laurent -Maury, 1658. - -Estienne, Charles, Jean Liébault, Gervase Markham, and Richard Surflet. -*Maison Rustique, or, the Countrey Farme*. London: Printed by Adam Jslip -for John Bill, 1616. - -Estienne, Robert. *Dictionarium latinogallicum ex hoc latini sermonis -cum gallico idiomate consensum ita percipies ut majores utriusque -linguae scriptores proxime imitari possis ... Editio postrema ...* -Paris: Apud S. Honoratum : Venandantur apud N. Chesneau, 1571. - -Favre, Léopold. *Glossaire du Poitou*. Niort: Robin et Favre, 1867. - -Félibien, André, and André Félibien. *Des principes de l’architecture, -de la sculpture, de la peinture, et des autres arts qui en dépendent: -Avec une dictionnaire des termes propres à chacun de ces arts.* Paris: -Coignard, 1697. - -Féraud, Jean François. *Dictionaire critique de la langue française*. -Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1787. - -Fleming, Charles, and J Tibbins. *Royal Dictionary, English and French -and French and English. (Grand Dictionnaire, Français-Anglais et -Anglais-Français)*. Paris: Firmin Didot Bros., Sons & Co., 1870. - -Franke, Traugott. *Technologisches wörterbuch in deutscher, -französischer und englischer sprache*. Wiesbaden: Kreidel & Niedner, -1855. - -Furetière, Antoine. *Essais d’un dictionaire universel*. Amsterdam: -Henri Desbordes, 1687. - -Gacon-Dufour, Marie Armande Jeanne. *Dictionnaire rural raisonné, dans -lequel on trouve le détail des plantes préservatives et curatives des -maladies des bestiaux; par Madam Gacon-Dufour ... tome premier -\[-second\]*. Paris: Léopold Collin, 1808. - -Gallo, Agostino, and François de Belleforest. *Secrets de la vraye -agriculture, et honestes plaisirs qu’on reçoit en la mesnagerie des -champs*. Paris: Chesneau, 1572. - -Gay, Victor, and Henri Stein. *Glossaire archéologique du Moyen Âge et -de la Renaissance*. Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint, 1974. - -Gettens, Rutherford, and George L Stout. *Painting materials : a short -encyclopedia*. New York, NY: Dover, 2015. - -Godefroy, Frédéric, Jean Bonnard, and Amédée Salmon. *Lexique de -l’ancien français*. Paris: Honoré Champion, 1971. - -Gourmont, Jérôme de. *Livre de Moresques. Tres utile et necessaire à -tous orfevres, tailleurs, graveurs, paictres, tapissiers, brodeurs, -lingieres, et femmes qui besognent de lesguille*. Paris: Jérôme de -Gourmont, 1546. - -Gouvernement du Canada, Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux -Canada. “TERMIUM Plus,” October 2009. -. - -Grandjean, Serge. *L’Orfevrerie du XIX Siecle en Europe*. Paris: Presses -Universitaires de France, 1962. - -Guineau, Bernard, Jean Vezin, and Brepols. *Glossaire des matériaux de -la couleur et des termes techniques employés dans les recettes de -couleurs anciennes*. Turnhout: Brepols, 2014. - -Handjéri, Alexandre. *Dictionnaire français-arabe-persan et turc: -enrichi d’exemples en langue turque avec des variantes, et de beaucoup -de mots d’arts et de sciences*. Paris: Impr. de l’Univ. Impériale, 1841. - -Hardouin-Fugier, Elisabeth, Bernard Berthod, Martine Chaient-Fusaro, -Florence Charpentier-Klein, and Carmille Déprez. *Les etoffes: -Dictionnaire historique*. Paris: Éditions de l’Amateur, 1994. - -Hombres, Maximin d’, and Gratien Charvet. *Dictionnaire -languedocien-français, contenant les definitions, radicaux et étymologie -des mots...* Alais: Imprimerie et lithographie A. Brugueirolle, 1884. - -Honnorat, S. J. *Dictionnaire Provençal Français, ou dictionnaire de la -langue d’Oc, ancienne et moderne, suivi d’un vocabulaire -Français-Provençal.* Digne, 1846. - -Horlogerie, Fondation Haute. “Lexique de l’horlogerie,” n.d. -. - -Huguet, Edmond. *Dictionnaire de la langue française du seizième -siècle*. Paris, 1925. - -Husmann, George C. *Grape Districts and Varieties in the United States*. -Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1932. - -Jaumann, Herbert. *Diskurse der Gelehrtenkultur in der Frühen Neuzeit: -Ein Handbuch*. De Gruyter, 2011. - -Jonain, P. *Dictionnaire du patois saintongeais*. l’auteur (Royan) L. -Clouzot (Niort) Maisonneuve (Paris), 1869. -. - -Karpenko, Vladimı́r, and John A. Norris. “Vitriol in the History of -Chemistry.” *Chemické Listy*, no. 96 (2007): 997–1005. - -Kirby, Jo, Susie Nash, and Joanna Cannon. *Trade in Artists’ Materials: -Markets and Commerce in Europe to 1700*. London: Courtauld Institute; -National Gallery; Archetype, 2010. - -Lactantius, Lucius Caelius Firmianus. *Divinarum Institutionum libri -septem, Fasc. 3. Libri V et VI*. De Gruyter, 2009. - -La Curne de Sainte-Palaye, Jean-Baptiste de. *Dictionnaire historique de -l’ancien langage françois ou Glossaire de la langue françoise : depuis -son origine jusqu’au siècle de Louis XIV. Tome 6, ESC-GUY / par La Curne -de Sainte-Palaye,..*, 1875. -. - -Landolt, Heinrich Mathias Friedrich. *Dictionnaire polyglotte de termes -techniques militaires et de marine*. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1865. - -Landric, Arnauld. *Advertissement et manière d’enter asseurément les -arbres en toute saison de l’année, la vigne sur son sarment, planter -sauvageaux et autres*. Bordeaux: P. Ladime, 1580. - -Lanusse, Maxime. *De l’influence du dialecte gascon sur la langue -française: De la fin du XVe siècle à la seconde moitié du XVIIe.* -Geneva: Slatkine, 1977. - -Le Héricher, Édouard. *Glossaire étymologique anglo-normand ou l’anglais -ramené à la langue française*. Avranches, 1884. - -Lemarchand, Yannick, and R. H Parker. *Accounting in France: Historical -Essays*. New York, NY: Garland, 2015. - -Lemery, Nicolas. *Cours de chymie contenant la manière de faire les -opérations qui sont en usage dans la médecine, par une méthode -facile...* Paris: Laurent Charles d’Houry, 1757. - -Le Roux, Philibert-Joseph, and Zacharie Chastelain. *Dictionnaire -comique, satyrique, critique, burlesque, libre et proverbial avec une -explication très fidèle de toutes les manières de parler ... qui peuvent -se rencontrer dans les meilleurs auteurs tant anciens que modernes ... -par Philibert-Joseph Le Roux. Nouvelle éd.* Amsterdam: Zacharie -Chastelain, 1750. - -Lespinasse, René de. *Les métiers et corporations de la ville de Paris : -XIVe-XVIIIe siècles. Tissus, étoffes, vêtements, cuirs et peaux, métiers -divers*. Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1897. - -Levy, Emil, and Raynouard. *Provenzalisches Supplement-Worterbuch: -Berichtigung und Erganzungen zu Raynouards Lexique roman*. Hildesheim: -G. Olms, 1973. - -Littré, Emile, and François Gannaz. *Dictionnaire de la langue -francaise*. Paris: Hachette, 1873. . - -Lucas, Newton Ivory. *Englisch-deutsches und deutsch-englisches -Wörterbuch 1,2, 1,2,* Bremen: Schünemann, 1856. - -Magnetus, Jacobus. *Bibliotheca chemica curiosa, seu rerum ad alchemiam -pertinentium thesaurus instructissimus: quo non tantùm artis auriferæ, -... verùm etiam tractatus omnes virorum ... ad quorum omnium -illustrationem additæ sunt quamplurimæ figuræ æneæ. Tomus primus -\[-secundus\]*. Geneva: Chouet; G. de Tournes; Cramer; Perachon; Ritter; -S. de Tournes, 1702. - -Mallemans de Sacé, C. *Le secret des secrets de nature extrait, tant du -petit Albert, qu’autres philosophes Hébreux, Grecs, Arabes, Chaldéens, -Latins, etc., etc. Enrichi de plusieurs autres secrets de Cornelius, -Agrippa Merac, Trismegistre, d’Arnaud, de Velleneuve, de Cardan, -d’Alexis Piémontois, et de diverses figures pour l’instruction des -subtilités de la main.* Lille: Librairie ancienne et moderne, 1865. - -Markovitch, Tihomir J. *Les industries lainières de Colbert à la -Révolution*. Geneva: Droz, 1976. - -Marr, A., R. Garrod, J. R. Marcaida, and R. J. Oosterhoff. -*Logodaedalus: Word Histories of Ingenuity in Early Modern Europe*. -University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019. -. - -Ménage, Gilles. *Les origines de la langve françois.* Paris: Avgustin -Covrbé, 1670. - -Miège, Guy. *A Dictionary of Barbarous French*. London: Thomas Basset, -1679. - -Montesson, Dupain de, Alexandre Jombert, and Pierre Denis Couturier. -*Vocabulaire de guerre, ou recueil des principaux termes de guerre, de -marine, d’artillerie, de fortification, d’attaque & de défense des -places, & de géographie ...* Paris: Couturier et Jombert, 1783. - -Moreux, Bernard, and Robert Razou. *Les mots de Toulouse: lexique du -français toulousain*. Toulouse: Presses Univ. du Mirail-Toulouse, 2000. - -Morrissey, Robert, and Glenn Roe, eds. *Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, etc., eds. Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert*. Chicago: American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language (ARTFL) Encyclopédie Project, 2017. -. - -Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. “CAMEO (conservation and art materials -encyclopedia online),” n.d. . - -Musset, Georges. *Glossaire des patois et des parlers de l’Aunis et de -la Saintonge*. Geneva: Slatkine Reprints, 1977. - -Nicot, Jean. *Thresor de la Langue francoyse*. Paris, 1606. - -Nicot, Jean, Jacques Crespin, and Girolamo Vittori. *Tesoro de las tres -lenguas, española, francesa y italiana*. Geneva: J.A. et S. de Tournes, -1671. - -Norton, Robert. *The Gunner Shewing the Whole Practise of Artillerie*. -London: Printed by A.M. for Humphrey Robinson, 1628. - -**OED2008** *Oxford English Dictionary online*. Oxford University Press. . - -Office de la langue française, Province du Québec. *Grand dictionnaire -terminologique*. Quebec: Office de la langue française, 2000. - -Ogden, Jack. *Diamonds: An Early History of the King of Gems*. New -Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018. - -Oudin, César. *Tesoro de las dos lenguas Francesa y Española. Thresor -des deux langues Françoise et Espagnolle, etc*. Lyon: Miguel Mayer, -1675. - -Palgrave, Robert Harry Inglis. *Dictionary of Political Economy. Volume -1 Volume 1*. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015. - -Palissy, Bernard. *Discours admirables, de la nature des eavx et -fontaines, tant natvrelles qv’artificielles, des metaux, des sels et -salines, des pierres, des terres, du feu et des emaux ... Plus un traité -de la marne ... le tout dressé par dialogues ...* Paris, 1580. - -Palsgrave, John. *L’éclaircissement de La Langue Française (1530)*. -Edited by Susan Baddeley. Paris: Honoré Champion, 2003. - -Philibert, Monet. *Inuantaire des deus langues, françoise, et latine: -assorti des plus vtiles curiositez de l’vn, & de l’autre idiome*. Lyon: -Veuve Rigaut, 1635. - -Pitton de Tournefort, Joseph. *Elemens de botanique*. Paris: Imprimerie -Royale, 1694. - -Portères, Roland. *Les appellations des céréales en Afrique*. Paris -Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 1960. - -Prévost, Jean. *La Première Partie Des Subtiles et Plaisantes -Inventions, Comprenant Plusieurs Jeux de Récréation et Traicts de -Soupplesse, Par Le Discours Desquels Les Impostures Des Bateleurs Sont -Descouvertes. Composé Par I. Prevost,...* Lyon: Antoine Bastide, 1584. -. - -Rabelais, François. *Œuvres de Rabelais*. Edited by Éloi Johanneau. -Paris: Dalibon, 1823. - -Ray, John, Salerne, and François Nicolas Martinet. *L’histoire -naturelle, éclaircie dans une de ses parties principales, -l’ornithologie, qui traite des oiseaux de terre, de mer et de riviere, -tant de nos climats que des pays étrangers*. Paris: Ches Debure père, -Librarie, 1767. - -Read, Charles, and Lucien Faucou. *L’Intermédiaire des chercheurs et -curieux : Notes and queries français : questions et réponses, -communications diverses à l’usage de tous, littérateurs et gens du -monde, artistes, bibliophiles, archéologues, généalogistes, etc.* vol. -43. 936. Paris, 1901. - -Renaudot, Théophraste. *Recueil general des questions traitees dans les -conferences du Bureau d’adresse, sur toutes sortes de matieres*. Paris: -Veuve G. Loyson, 1666. - -*Revue critique d’histoire et de littérature*. vol. 1. Paris: Librairie -A. Franck, 1866. - -Rézeau, Pierre. *Le "Vocabulaire Poitevin" (1808-1825) de Lubin Mauduyt: -Édition Critique d’après Poitiers, Bibl. Mun., Ms. 837.* Berlin: De -Gruyter, 1994. . - -Richelet, Pierre. *Dictionnaire francois, contenant les mots et les -choses plusieurs nauvelles remarques sur la langue francoise ...* -Geneva: J.H. Widerhold, 1680. - -Roberts, John. *The Compleat Cannoniere: Or the Gunner’s Guide, Etc.* -London: Okes, 1639. - -Rolland, Eugène, and Henri Gaidoz. *Faune populaire de la France*. -Paris: Maisonneuve & cie, 1877. - -Roquefort, Jean-Baptiste-Bonaventure de. *Glossaire de la langue romane: -rédigé d’après les manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Impériale, et d’après -ce qui a été imprimé de plus complet en ce genre : Contenant -l’étymologie et la signification des mots usités dans les 11, 12, 13, -14, 15, et 16e siècles, avec de nombreux exemples puisés dans les mêmes -sources, et précédé d’un Discours sur l’origine, les progrès et les -variations de la Langue françoise ; Ouvrage utile à ceux qui voudront -consulter ou connoı̂tre les Écrits des premiers Auteurs françois*. Paris: -Warée, 1808. - -Rousseau, Abbé. *Glossaire poitevin*. Niort: L. Clouzot, 1869. - -Ruland, Martin. *A Lexicon of Alchemy*. London: Watkins Books, 1964. - -Sainte-Palaye. *Dictionnaire historique de l’ancien langage françois, -ou, Glossaire de la langue françoise*. Hildesheim: G. Olms, 1972. - -Saint-Rémy, Pierre Surirey de. *Memoires d’artillerie receuillis par M. -Pierre Surirey de Saint-Rémy, Lieutenant du Grand-Maı̂tre de l’Artillerie -de France*. 3rd ed. Paris: Rollin fils, 1745. - -Sala, Angelo. *Opiologia, ou Traicté concernant le naturel, propriétés, -vraye préparation et seûr usage de l’opium , pour le soulagement de -maints malades qui sont travaillés d’extrêmes douleurs internes*. The -Hague: Hillebrant Iacobssz, 1614. -. - -Sauvages, Boissier de. *Dictionnaire languedocien-françois, ou, Choix -des mots languedociens les plus difficiles a rendre en françois: -contenant un recueil des principales fautes que commettent dans la -diction, & dans la prononciation françoise, les habitans des provinces -méridionales du royaume, connus à Paris sous le nom de Gascons : avec un -petit traité de prononciation & de prosodie languedocienne : ouvrage -enrichi dans quelques-uns de ses articles de notes historiques et -grammaticales, et d’obvservations de physique et d’histoire naturelle*. -Nîmes: Michel Gaude, 1756. - -Savary des Brûlons, Jacques, and Philémon-Louis Savary. *Dictionnaire -universel de commerce, d’histoire naturelle, et des arts et metiers: -tome I, partie II : contenant les articles du commerce & des -compagnies.* Paris: Veuve Estienne, 1741. - -Scheler, Auguste. *Dictionnaire d’étymologie française d’après les -résultats de la science moderne*. Bruxelles: C. Muquardt; Maisonneuve & -compagnie, 1873. - -Séguy, Jean. *Atlas linguistique et ethnographique de la Gascogne*. -Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1986. - -Shakespeare, William. *Love’s Labour’s Lost*. Edited by Horace Howard -Furness. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincot company, 1906. - -Smith, Paul J. “Passer Solitarius: Tribulations of a Lonely Bird in -Poetry and Natural History, from Petrarch to Buffon.” In *Solitudo -spaces, places, and times of solitude in late medieval and early modern -cultures*, edited by Karl A. E Enenkel and Christine Göttler. Leiden: -Brill, 2018. . - -Smith, Thomas. *The Complete Souldier, Containing the Whole Art of -Gunnery with Certaine New and Rare Additions Concerning Fire-Works ... -Set Forth for the Benefite of This Kingdome in These Troublesome Times -of Warre. The Second Edition, Newly Perused and Amended.* London: R. -Dawlman, 1628. - -Snyder, Jon R. *Dissimulation and the Culture of Secrecy in Early Modern -Europe*. University of California Press, 2009. - -Sonnini, Charles S. *Nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, -appliquée aux arts, à l’agriculture, à l’économie rurale et domestique, -à la médecine, etc. 36 36*. Paris: Deterville, 1819. - -Stimm, Helmut, and Wolf-Dieter Stempel. *Dictionnaire de l’occitan -médiéval DOM*. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 2009. - -Stoll, Rudolph O, and S. Emil Swanbeck. *The Knowledge of Wares: A Book -Designed for Use in Commercial Colleges and Technical Schools, and for -Private Learners*. Eau Claire, WI: R.O. Stoll, 1893. - -Stone, Samuel. *Vocabulaire complet français–anglais et -anglais–français*. Paris: Librairie classique élémentaire, 1823. - -Taylor, F. Sherwood. “Some Metallurgical Processes of the Early -Sixteenth Century (1530).” *Transactions of the Newcomen Society -Transactions of the Newcomen Society* 29, no. 1 (1953): 93–101. - -Tolhausen, Alexandre, and Louis Tolhausen. *Dictionnaire technologique -dans les langues française, anglaise et allemande: renfermant les termes -techniques usités dans les arts et métiers et dans l’industrie en -général*. Leipzig: B. Tauchnitz, 1905. - -Trebra, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich von, August von Ferdinand, and -Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich. *Observations de M. de Trébra sur -l’intérieur des montagnes: précédées d’un plan d’une histoire générale -de la minéralogie*. Paris: Didot jeune, 1799. - -Vaillant, Sébastien. *Botanicon Parisiense*. Leiden, 1743. - -Vaissière, Pierre de, ed. *Histoire Universelle*. vol. 5. Paris: -Librairie Renouard, 1886. - -Valmont-Bomare. *Dictionnaire raisonné universel d’histoire naturelle: -contenant l’histoire des animaux, des végétaux et des minéraux, et celle -des corps célestes, des météores, & des autres principaux phénomènes de -la nature ; avec l’histoire et la description des drogues simples tirées -des trois règnes ; et le détail de leurs usages dans la médecine, dans -l’économie domestique & champêtre, & dans les arts & métiers*. Paris: -Lacombe, 1769. - -Vasari, G., R. Bettarini, and P. Barocchi. *Le vite de’ più eccellenti -pittori, scultori ed architettori scritte, nelle redazioni del 1550 e -1568*. G.C. Sansoni, 1966. - -Vitruvius, Dominique Bertin, Jean Bertrand, René de Daillon du Lude, -Philippe Despont, and Gabriel Buon. *Epitome ou Extrait abrege des dix -livres d’architecture, de Marc Vitruve Pollion: Enrichi des figures & -pourtraits pour l’intelligence du livre. Par Jan Gardet bourbonnois, et -Dominique Bertin parisien. Avecq les annotations sur les plus difficiles -passages de l’auteur, dediées à tresillustre seigneur René de Daillon, -evesque de Lusson, & abbé de Charroux*. Translated by Jean Gardet. -Paris: Gabriel Buon, 1567. - -Ward, Gerald W. R. *The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques -in Art*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. - -Whalley, Joanna. “Faded glory: Gemstone simulants and enhancements.” -*Studies in Conservation* 57, no. sup1 (2012): S313–S321. -. - -Wood, James B. *The King’s Army. Warfare, Soldiers and Society During -the Wars of Religion in France, 1562–1576*. Cambridge: Cambridge -University Press, 1996. diff --git a/docs/resources/overview.md b/docs/resources/overview.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8be7532..0000000 --- a/docs/resources/overview.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,69 +0,0 @@ -# Overview of Resources - -## [List of Entries](/#entries) - -The manuscript consists almost entirely of units of text under titles, which the Project has called “entries.” The List of Entries forms an index to navigate the over 900 entries. - -Entries can be filtered by selecting semantic tags that have been used to encode relevant terms in each entry. For further information on these tags, see [Principles of -Encoding](/#content/resources/principles-encoding). - -## [Entry Categories](/#content/resources/categories) - -Entries can be faceted through 26 broad categories, which are intended to provide a quick overview of processes and materials and to help navigate -the manuscript. - -For more information about the manuscript’s contents, see -Pamela H. Smith, [An Introduction to Ms. Fr. 640 and its -Author-Practitioner](/#essays/ann_300_ie_19). - -## [Glossary](/#folios/1r/f/1r/glossary) - -The Glossary, compiled during the process of transcribing and translating Ms. Fr. 640, is a record of distinctive terms used in the manuscript. - -It includes: - - - meaning(s) of words according to context - - bibliographic references for those definitions - - alternate historical spellings and modern spelling - - language or dialect of origin - -## [Bibliography](/#content/resources/bibliography) - -The Bibliography compiles references, texts, and authors cited in the manuscript, the editorial comments, and the glossary. - -Each Research Essay also contains a full bibliography of works cited in -the essay. - - -## [Principles of Transcription, Translation, and Encoding](/#content/resources/principles) - -To transform the handwritten pages of Ms. Fr. 640 into digital text, the Making and Knowing Project transcribed, translated, and encoded Ms. Fr. 640 in a series of collaborative workshops for graduate students since 2014. The protocols guiding this process evolved into these Principles. - -A list of [dictionaries and technical encyclopedias](#content/resources/dictionaries) was also developed during the -transcription and translation effort. - -## [Figures in the Manuscript](#content/resources/figures) - -An index of all illustrations by Ms. Fr. 640's author-practitioner found throughout the manuscript. - -## [Reconstruction Insights](#content/resources/reconstruction-insights) - -One of the key methodologies for studying the processes and materials described in Ms. Fr. 640 was the historical reconstruction of its entries. This resource provides a guide for the research essays that discuss the insights gained through reconstructions undertaken by the Project in the laboratory. - -## [Coming Soon](#content/resources/coming-soon) - -Since the initial release of the Edition in February 2020, the Making and Knowing Project has been working to continually add content and features. Resources to come are listed here. - -## [Field Notes](#content/resources/field-notes) (coming soon) - -Field notes document students' skill-building exercises and reconstruction work for their Research Essays. - -While the Project required students to record every stage of their research, some field notes are more detailed and -comprehensive than others. - -Additional photographs taken by the students as they carried out their -research are available in the [Project’s repository on Flickr](https://www.flickr.com/photos/128418753@N06/albums). - -For more on field notes as a pedagogical component of the Edition, see Pamela H. Smith [Making the Edition of Ms. -Fr. 640](/#essays/ann_329_ie_19). - diff --git a/docs/resources/principles-encoding.md b/docs/resources/principles-encoding.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2b2a66e..0000000 --- a/docs/resources/principles-encoding.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,109 +0,0 @@ -# Principles of Encoding - -The encoding of Ms. Fr. 640 was carried out by graduate students and -Making and Knowing team members in a series of Paleography and Text -Workshops held by the Making and Knowing Project from 2014 to 2018. It -was then checked and refined by the Digital Lead Terry Catapano and -Senior Team members, Clement Godbarge, Naomi Rosenkranz, Pamela Smith, Tillmann Taape, and Tianna Uchacz. The Project employed -XML markup based on the guidelines of the Text Encoding Initiative -(TEI), but customized to accommodate project needs. - -Each Text Workshop and encoding campaign necessitated a protocol in -order to train team members and make consistent the multiyear efforts. -These encoding protocols included an introduction to XML and TEI markup, and the principles of encoding for -Ms. Fr. 640 developed over the five years of the Project, as detailed -practical instructions. They made clear our recognition that encoding a text is an interpretive act, thus all tags -and encoding principles were discussed, reviewed, and revised multiple -times over the five years of creating *Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France*. They also set out -the Project’s underlying goal as the effort to "achieve accurate and -consistent markup of all three text versions of the manuscript. This is -a very detail-oriented endeavor, but will enable future users to analyze -the text in ways we have not conceived. We seek to make possible new -questions and new analyses of the text." - -For more information on the process of encoding Ms. Fr. 640, see Celine -Camps and Margot Lyautey, [Ma\king and Knowing: Encoding BnF Ms. Fr. -640](/#essays/ann_335_ie_19). - -In 2017 the emerging tagset was formalized as a RelaxNG schema and -maintained in the [Project’s data repository in Github](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data/blob/master/schema/ms-transcription.md). - -## Edition Tag Set - -### Structural Tags - -| Tag | Definition | Description and Use | -|------|-----------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------| -| ab | anonymous block | a block of text that belongs together semantically, or a unit within a longer entry indicated by the author-practitioner -| div | text division | the span of a single, discrete entry | -| head | heading | indicates the heading of a “recipe” or entry, classified as a div | -| id | identifier | a unique identifier for the text division | -| lb | line break | line break - only used in the French transcriptions | - -### Editorial Tags - -| Tag | Definition | Description and Use | Rendering (when applicable) | -|-------------|-------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| -| add | addition | an addition made to the text by the writer in the original; renders in blue font of a smaller size. Passages were judged to be “additions” by: superscript in main body, significant changes in ink color, squeezed between other extant blocks of text. | ![howtouse-add](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-add.png) | -| caption | caption | text descriptions of graphics provided by the author-practioner in the Ms. | | -| comment | comment | anchors for commentary by the editors | ![howtouse-asterisk](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-asterisk.png) | -| corr | correction | denotes an editorial correction by the Making and Knowing Project team; renders in square brackets | ![howtouse-square](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-square.png) | -| del | deletion | denotes a deletion by the writer in the original; renders in struck-through red font | ![howtouse-del](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-del.png) | -| emph | emphasis | denotes italic French script | ![howtouse-bold](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-bold.png) | -| exp | expansion | denotes use of abbreviation suspensions | ![howtouse-curly](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-curly.png) | -| figure | figure | a sketch, drawing, diagram, etc. present in the source Ms. | | -| gap | gap | gap within the written text | ![howtouse-gap](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-gap.png) | -| hr | horizontal rule | a horizontal line in the text | ![howtouse-hr](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-hr.png) | -| ill | illegible | illegible | ![howtouse-illegible](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-illegible.png) | -| mark | mark | a mark in the text that has a corresponding unicode character | | -| sup | supplied text | editorial intervention by the Making and Knowing Project, supplying a word or correction for clarity in computational analysis of the text | ![howtouse-square](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-square.png) | -| underline | underline | underlining in the original | | -| superscript | superscript | writing that appears in superscript in the original | | -| ups | under paper strip | parts of the text that were covered by the paper strips placed around each page of the manuscript during its seventeenth-century re-binding in the Bethune bindings | ![howtouse-ups](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-ups.png) | - -### Semantic Tags - -| Tag | Definition | Description and Use | -|-----|----------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| -| al | animal | denotes an animal | -| bp | body part | denotes a human body part | -| cn | currency | a known coin or currency | -| df | definition | denotes where the author-practitioner defines or explains a term | -| env | environment | reference to a physical space or environment, such as workshop space, room, mountains, forest, etc | -| m | material | a named physical material (e.g., “rose” but not “plant”), or a verb that implies a physical material, such as “to gild.” | -| md | medical | medical and health-related terms or phrases in an entry about some other topic. Medical recipes are categorized as such, but not marked with tags. | -| ms | measurement | units of measurement, including temporal, volume, mass, length | -| mu | music | musical instrument | -| pa | plant | a named plant or part of a plant, not including plant gums | -| pl | place | place name | -| pn | personal name | a name, including authors, mythical personages, or reference to a specific individual or entity, such as God, King, and "the one who taught me to mold" (110r) | -| pro | profession | denotes both a recognized trade, such as goldsmith, but also a social status or identity, such as peasant, or "rustic" | -| sn | sensory | use of the five senses to make a qualitative assessment | -| tl | tool | tool, including any instrument, and physical or material object used to perform a process, including body parts and verbs such as "piler" (to pestle) that imply a tool. | -| tmp | temporal | references to time, including hour, day, season, holiday, span of time, time of day, etc. | -| wp | arms and armor | word or phrase referring to arms and armor | - -### Foreign Languages - -| Tag | Definition | Description and Use | Rendering (when applicable) | -|-----|------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| -| de | german | denotes a word with a probable German origin | ![howtouse-italics](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-italics.png) | -| fr | french | denotes a word left in French in the English translation because meaning is unclear or a translation does not exist, renders as italicized text | ![howtouse-italics](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-italics.png) | -| el | greek | a word or phrase in Greek (in Greek or Latin script) | ![howtouse-italics](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-italics.png) | -| it | italian | text in Italian | ![howtouse-italics](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-italics.png) | -| la | latin | text in Latin | ![howtouse-italics](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-italics.png) | -| oc | occitan | word or phrase in the Occitan language or of an Occitan root | ![howtouse-italics](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-italics.png) | -| po | poitevin | word in the Poitevin dialect | ![howtouse-italics](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-italics.png) | - -The Project used [unicode characters](http://unicode-table.com/en/) when they existed for the symbols used by the writer. - -Project members worked in Google Drive to enable simultaneous work until -2018, when Project data, including all transcribed, translated, and -encoded versions of the folio pages, were transferred to GitHub. While -working in Google Drive, Text Workshop members used working tools -constructed by Project Assistant Philip Cherian, and are listed here in -case they are useful to users of *Secrets of Craft and Nature*. - -Google Drive Add-on, **Tag Insertion** — a digital tool for quickly grabbing a tag and inserting into the text.     - -Google Drive Add-on, **XML Validator** — a digital tool for validating markup before moving on to the next recipe or folio. diff --git a/docs/resources/principles-transcription.md b/docs/resources/principles-transcription.md deleted file mode 100644 index fb7f133..0000000 --- a/docs/resources/principles-transcription.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,95 +0,0 @@ -# Principles of Transcription - -The transcription of Ms. Fr. 640 was carried out by graduate students -and Making and Knowing team members in Paleography and Text Workshops -held by the Making and Knowing Project from 2014 to 2018. It was then -checked and refined by the Paleography Lead Marc Smith and Senior Team members, Clément Godbarge, Naomi Rosenkranz, Pamela -Smith, Tillmann Taape, and Tianna Uchacz. - -Two versions of the transcriptions are included in the Digital Critical -Edition: diplomatic (verbatim) transcription in French and the lightly -normalized French transcription. - -## Diplomatic Transcription - -The “diplomatic” transcription attempts to render the text and marks of -the manuscript in type as faithfully in ASCII characters as necessary to -assist the reader in gaining a better sense of the original — or better -still, of visually accessing the facsimile — without previous knowledge -of French paleography, while also making the contents available for -treatment as a data set. - -Each letter was rendered individually and by a single glyph, -disregarding any linguistically irrelevant variations in letterforms, -determined by position within the word, ligatures or cursivity, whether -conventional in sixteenth-century usage or accidental (see [Ms. Fr. 640’s -letterforms](https://www.makingandknowing.org/text-workshops/letterforms-fancybox/). This means, for example, that even long **s** (**ſ**) (initial and medial) and short **s** (exclusively -final), which would have been distinguished in early-modern print, are -rendered in the modern form as **s**. Thus, “ſans” is transcribed -“sans.” - -Additional deviations from sixteenth-century conventions are: - - - Abbreviations are marked up and expanded consistently with the general spelling system of the manuscript. - - The transcriptions of the letters i/j and u/v, whether uppercase or lowercase, follow modern usage in distinguishing vowels and consonants. - - While these letters were not considered distinct graphemes (vowel/consonant) in French before the late seventeenth century, the decision to distinguish between them in the transcription not only facilitates reading but also makes full-text word searches more intuitive. - - The only formal distinction made in Ms. Fr. 640, following early modern orthography, is between v as the initial form and u elsewhere. For example, “vniuersel” is transcribed “universel.” - - The æ ligature (but not the œ ligature used in modern French), a form used specifically for Latin and for the Latinate spelling of the prefix præ- in French, has been maintained. - -## Normalized Transcription - -The “normalized” transcription aims to provide an optimally readable -text, based on the principles commonly observed in modern critical -editions of middle-French texts for grammatical and lexical -disambiguation. - -The following normalization protocols were applied: - - - Capitalization and punctuation: the liberal use in Ms. Fr. 640 of capitals to mark the beginnings of both independent sentences and articulated clauses has been converted into modern punctuation, and capitals applied only to the initials of sentences and proper nouns. - - Word separation: blank spaces or apostrophes have been inserted, and no hyphens except to join two parts of a word that are separated in the original over a line break. - - E.g. “laultre” normalized as “l’aultre” - - Acute accents: **é** marks stressed, i.e. non-mute, **e** in final syllables, but not in monosyllabic words except for disambiguation between homographs. - - E.g. “apres” is normalized as “aprés” according to contemporary convention (rather than modern French “après”). This also disambiguates between “aprés” and “âpres” (although the latter does not occur in the manuscript). - - A grave accent distinguishes **à** (preposition) from **a** (verb), **là** (adverb) from **la** (article), and **où** (relative pronoun) from **ou** (conjunction). - - Occasional diacritics: diereses and cedillas. - - E.g. “Noël” and “sçavoir” - -## Deletions, Changes, and Marks - -Both transcriptions document all deletions and changes in the -manuscript, even of minor slips of the pen, transcribed as far as -possible. - -Ms. Fr. 640 contains conventional symbols for measurements, such as dram -and ounce, as well as for metals. These are rendered by unicode symbols, -as shown below. - -The manuscript also contains many other marks that do not have unicode -equivalents, such as hash marks with three strokes rather than two. -These are rendered in the transcriptions and translation by thumbnail -figures excerpted from the -facsimile. - -### Marks Used in the Manuscript - -| Symbol | Meaning | Unicode reference | -| ---------- | -------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | -| ☉ | Gold (Sun) | | -| ☼ | Gold (Sun) | | -| ℥ | Ounce | | -| ʒ | Dram | | -| ☿ | Mercury (Mercury) | | -| ☾ | Silver, Moon (last quarter moon) | | -| ♀ | Copper (Venus) | | -| ♁ | Antimony (Earth) | | -| ℞ | Recipe (From the Latin, "take") | | -| ◯ | Circle | | -| X | Insertion mark (X) | | -| \+ | Insertion mark (Plus sign) | | -| \# | Insertion mark (Hash mark) | | -| ʘ | Insertion mark (Bullseye) | | -| 🜊 | Insertion mark (Vinegar) | | -| 🝋 | Insertion mark (Powder) | | - - -See diff --git a/docs/resources/principles-translation.md b/docs/resources/principles-translation.md deleted file mode 100644 index 86ed85f..0000000 --- a/docs/resources/principles-translation.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,178 +0,0 @@ -# Principles of Translation - -The translation of Ms. Fr. 640 was carried out by graduate students and -Making and Knowing team members in Paleography and Text Workshops held -by the Making and Knowing Project from 2014 to 2018. It was then checked -and refined by the Paleography Lead Marc Smith and Senior Team -members, Clément Godbarge, Naomi Rosenkranz, Pamela Smith, Tillmann -Taape, and Tianna Uchacz. - -There is no such thing as a perfect translation. It is always a -compromise, requiring interpretation and judgment, shaped by the -translator’s aims and priorities. Discerning the intended meaning of the -author-practitioner of Ms. Fr. 640 was particularly challenging because -it is a technical text containing many obscure and long-forgotten -materials and techniques, as well as because the author-practitioner -seems to have left the manuscript unfinished. - -Any of the numerous moving parts of a sentence—obscure nouns, vague -adverbs, knotty subclauses, sequences of tenses and moods—might hold -crucial clues to the success of a complex (and often unknown or lost) -process. Furthermore, the process of translation was carried out by -successive cohorts of students and team members in Paleography and Text -Workshops who generally had no special expertise in the obscure contents -of the manuscript. We translated collectively and in parallel with -laboratory reconstruction and textual research to interpret the text. -The translation underwent multiple campaigns of revision. Our -translation of Ms. Fr. 640 aims to avoid over-interpretation and -maintain ambiguity, providing as literal and consistent a rendering of -the original French as possible. This frequently meant foregoing a more -elegant solution in favor of a clunky and at times archaic rendering -which preserves the author-practitioner's rich, down-to-earth, and -occasionally rambling vernacular. - -This “hands-off” approach applies first and foremost to technical terms. -Many sixteenth-century terms for processes and materials have been -obscured or subsumed into different categories in modern art historical -terminology. To keep the original meaning in view, we have refrained -from applying these modern categories wherever possible. For example, -the term *desmenée* in an entry on perspective (fol. -[62v](/#folios/62v) -could easily be identified as the “vanishing point,” but instead we -opted for the more neutral “intersection.” Similarly, the entries on *or -mat* (fol. [66r](/#folios/66r)) -describe a process known as mordant gilding in modern English, but to -use that term would be tantamount to imposing a modern technical -definition on the author-practitioner’s understanding of the process. -Technical terms for pigments and other materials were a particular -challenge. The identity of *azur d’esmail* and a range of related blue -pigments in the manuscript has been an ongoing conundrum. Although we -are fairly confident, after extensive research and consultation with -experts over many years, that it refers to smalt, a blue glass -containing cobalt, we are reluctant to impose our conclusions on the -text. For this reason, *azur d’esmail*, *or mat*, and a range of other -terms have been left in the original French. Research essays or editorial notes -detail the state of our knowledge as to their identity. - -For many French terms, we chose English translations from contemporary -dictionaries such as Cotgrave’s 1611 *Dictionarie of the French and -English Tongues*, even if they might seem obscure or archaic to modern -readers (see below the full list of dictionaries used). Even if a word -such as “mattrass,” denoting a round-bottomed glass flask, is now rarely -used, it is by far the closest equivalent, both etymologically and in -terms of its technical meaning, to the French *mattelas*. There are -cases, however, where this strategy would have caused more confusion -that it is worth. The small paintbrush called *pinceau*, for example, -would have been known as a “pencil” in English from the sixteenth until -well into the nineteenth century. Being moreover etymologically related -to *pinceau*, “pencil” seems in many ways an ideal candidate. However, -while one might find a “camel hair pencil” in a catalogue of specialist -art equipment even today, the danger of confusing a brush with a -graphite pencil seemed too grave to be left to a disambiguating -editorial note on each instance of the word. Instead, on this occasion -we translated “paintbrush,” prioritizing a clear reference to the -correct tool over the principle of avoiding modern categories. - -While the language of Ms. Fr. 640 is overwhelmingly Middle French, some -small portion of the text (single words, phrases, or short passages) is in -languages other than French, including German, Italian, Greek, and Latin. Excerpts in these languages have been transcribed as they appear in the manuscript, marked up with the relevant language tag, and italicized in the Edition. An editorial note (marked by an asterisk) provides an English translation of this text. The author-practitioner also uses a -number of terms derived from Occitan. While Occitan was and is a language -in its own right, the author-practitioner does not appear to be an Occitan -speaker, but rather uses individual Occitan words, adapted to French -spelling to varying degrees, suggesting that these terms had currency in -the French spoken in the Toulouse area and the South more generally. For -this reason, we are not treating these individual terms as a separate -language like Latin or Italian, which the author-practitioner uses for -longer stretches of text. Instead, Occitan-derived terms are marked up -"silently" with the tag, i.e., they are not rendered as foreign words in -italics in the Edition, but can nonetheless be found in the [List of Entries](/#entries) by selecting "Occitan" from the list of tags. The same goes for a number of terms in Poitevin, the dialect spoken in and around Poitou, which suggest that the author-practitioner may -hail from that region. These terms are silently marked up with the tag, which can also be selected from the tag set in the List of Entries. - -Another important aim of our translation was to preserve the -peculiarities of the author-practitioner’s language. This includes the -odd not-quite-grammatical sentence, but, more importantly, the -author-practitioner’s language of things and processes, which is one of -the key elements that tell us something about his “material imaginary.” -We paid particular attention to language describing materials as alive -and active, with a will of their own. *Azur d’esmail*, for example, -“hates more than any other to be ground, especially with water,” and -with good reason, since this would mean that it “dies & loses all its -color” (fol. [58v](/#folios/58v)). -While this literal translation may sound quaint to modern readers, for -early modern artists and artisans, there would have been nothing unusual -in supposing that matter was a live agent that had to be coaxed or -subdued into the service of human artifice. By preserving the -agency—grammatical and semantic—of materials as well as humans and -animals, our translation aims to immerse the reader in the -author-practitioner’s words and world. - -The entire translation was collaborative, and this was a challenge to -the consistency of translation. We therefore developed protocols to try -to limit the range of translations. This, too, can add to awkwardness in -phrasing, but we very much strove for a unified voice over the entire -manuscript—a goal, it must be said, that is somewhat at odds with the -nature of this compiled document. Consistency in translation of material -and process terms was also sought by compiling a glossary over the five -years of Text Workshops that specified to participants what word the -Project had settled on to translate certain oft-repeated words. This -formed the basis of the [Glossary](/#folios/1r/f/1r/glossary) that is now available as one of the -pane views of the Edition. Editorial Team members then further enforced -this consistency by searching for commonly used terms or phrases in a -text editing program to make sure that they were translated with the -agreed-upon term. For example, we reviewed hundreds of variations of the -construction *il faut*, determining how to implement our self-imposed -consistency rules (“one needs (to do),” “one ought not,” or “it is -necessary,” depending on context) or depart from them in edge cases. The -exhilarating but alarming capacity that digital tools allow in enforcing -consistency in a document like this has resulted in a non-literary piece -of literature, as we consciously sacrificed elegance of prose in the -English for a literal rendering and an attempt not to over-interpret -passages whose meaning was unclear. - -It must also be noted that the Making and Knowing Project created a -critical edition of a French manuscript with a research apparatus that -is mostly in English, which leads to a somewhat peculiar feature of -providing Editorial Comments across all three versions of the text, as -well as clarifications of meaning in Research Essays, almost entirely in -English. The advantage of the English translation, however, is that it -can serve as a form of index for the French versions of the text because -it contains single terms, whereas the French transcriptions contain many -variant spellings. Thus, if the reader wishes to search for a single -word, e.g., a type of material, the search can be undertaken in English, -and compared to the French variants. - -All author additions and deletions, as well as Making and Knowing -editorial corrections to the text, were carried across and made visible -in all three versions of the text. We thought it useful to the reader to -see where the author-practitioner had rethought passages no matter which -version was being read. When it was possible to translate the deleted -words and phrases, we did so in the translation. Where a deleted word -was fragmentary and could not be translated, it was left in French, -indicated by italicized font, but this means there are sometimes -fragments of words interpolated into sentences and even other words. -They are, however, always visible as deletions by the struck-through red -font. - -Finally, our translation was further constrained by the need to keep -encoding matched as much as possible across all three versions of the -text. This is desirable because it ensures matching data sets across all -versions of the text, allowing for digital analysis of the Project’s -data. While our translation is faithful to the original and, we hope, -useful for researchers from different disciplines, it can in some places -be challenging at first read. Our edition provides three different aids -to guide the reader across the rockier linguistic territory. Editorial -Comments, signalled by a red asterisk, contain information about the -historical context and translation decisions. The Glossary found on the -reading pane menus provides an alphabetical and searchable list of -distinctive terms used in Ms. Fr. 640 that the team identified as -needing individual definition, providing citations of source(s) -supporting our translation decisions. The Research Essays that accompany -*Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France* often explore linguistic particularities and the -interpretation of meaning. - -For more information on the process by which Ms. Fr. 640 was translated, -see Soersha Dyon and Heather Wacha, [Turning Turtle: The Process of -Translating BnF Ms. Fr. 640](/#essays/ann_318_ie_19). - -For the reference sources used in translation, see our list of [Dictionaries and Technical Encyclopedias](#content/resources/dictionaries). - diff --git a/docs/resources/principles.md b/docs/resources/principles.md index 8f4ace6..8c13147 100644 --- a/docs/resources/principles.md +++ b/docs/resources/principles.md @@ -1,12 +1,10 @@ -# Principles of Transcription, Translation, and Encoding - The transcription, translation, and markup of the manuscript was “grad-sourced” in a series of paleography and text workshops (2014–2018) that brought together international graduate students to become fluent in reading middle French script by transcribing and translating Ms. Fr. 640. -For a full list of all participants in these workshops, see [Credits](/#content/about/credits). +For a full list of all participants in these workshops, see [Credits](/content/about/credits). From 2016 to 2019, intensive translation and markup campaigns further refined the text. @@ -15,23 +13,977 @@ All work was checked and finalized by the Making and Knowing Team: Terry Catapano, Clément Godbarge, Naomi Rosenkranz, Marc Smith, Pamela Smith, Tillmann Taape, and Tianna Uchacz. -## [Principles of Transcription](/#content/resources/principles-transcription) +## Principles of Transcription + +The transcription of Ms. Fr. 640 was carried out by graduate students +and Making and Knowing team members in Paleography and Text Workshops +held by the Making and Knowing Project from 2014 to 2018. It was then +checked and refined by the Paleography Lead Marc Smith and Senior Team members, Clément Godbarge, Naomi Rosenkranz, Pamela +Smith, Tillmann Taape, and Tianna Uchacz. + +Two versions of the transcriptions are included in the Digital Critical +Edition: diplomatic (verbatim) transcription in French and the lightly +normalized French transcription. + +### Diplomatic Transcription + +The “diplomatic” transcription attempts to render the text and marks of +the manuscript in type as faithfully in ASCII characters as necessary to +assist the reader in gaining a better sense of the original — or better +still, of visually accessing the facsimile — without previous knowledge +of French paleography, while also making the contents available for +treatment as a data set. + +Each letter was rendered individually and by a single glyph, +disregarding any linguistically irrelevant variations in letterforms, +determined by position within the word, ligatures or cursivity, whether +conventional in sixteenth-century usage or accidental (see [Ms. Fr. 640’s +letterforms](https://www.makingandknowing.org/text-workshops/letterforms-fancybox/). This means, for example, that even long **s** (**ſ**) (initial and medial) and short **s** (exclusively +final), which would have been distinguished in early-modern print, are +rendered in the modern form as **s**. Thus, “ſans” is transcribed +“sans.” + +Additional deviations from sixteenth-century conventions are: + + - Abbreviations are marked up and expanded consistently with the general spelling system of the manuscript. + - The transcriptions of the letters i/j and u/v, whether uppercase or lowercase, follow modern usage in distinguishing vowels and consonants. + - While these letters were not considered distinct graphemes (vowel/consonant) in French before the late seventeenth century, the decision to distinguish between them in the transcription not only facilitates reading but also makes full-text word searches more intuitive. + - The only formal distinction made in Ms. Fr. 640, following early modern orthography, is between v as the initial form and u elsewhere. For example, “vniuersel” is transcribed “universel.” + - The æ ligature (but not the œ ligature used in modern French), a form used specifically for Latin and for the Latinate spelling of the prefix præ- in French, has been maintained. + +### Normalized Transcription + +The “normalized” transcription aims to provide an optimally readable +text, based on the principles commonly observed in modern critical +editions of middle-French texts for grammatical and lexical +disambiguation. + +The following normalization protocols were applied: + + - Capitalization and punctuation: the liberal use in Ms. Fr. 640 of capitals to mark the beginnings of both independent sentences and articulated clauses has been converted into modern punctuation, and capitals applied only to the initials of sentences and proper nouns. + - Word separation: blank spaces or apostrophes have been inserted, and no hyphens except to join two parts of a word that are separated in the original over a line break. + - E.g. “laultre” normalized as “l’aultre” + - Acute accents: **é** marks stressed, i.e. non-mute, **e** in final syllables, but not in monosyllabic words except for disambiguation between homographs. + - E.g. “apres” is normalized as “aprés” according to contemporary convention (rather than modern French “après”). This also disambiguates between “aprés” and “âpres” (although the latter does not occur in the manuscript). + - A grave accent distinguishes **à** (preposition) from **a** (verb), **là** (adverb) from **la** (article), and **où** (relative pronoun) from **ou** (conjunction). + - Occasional diacritics: diereses and cedillas. + - E.g. “Noël” and “sçavoir” + +### Deletions, Changes, and Marks + +Both transcriptions document all deletions and changes in the +manuscript, even of minor slips of the pen, transcribed as far as +possible. + +Ms. Fr. 640 contains conventional symbols for measurements, such as dram +and ounce, as well as for metals. These are rendered by unicode symbols, +as shown below. + +The manuscript also contains many other marks that do not have unicode +equivalents, such as hash marks with three strokes rather than two. +These are rendered in the transcriptions and translation by thumbnail +figures excerpted from the +facsimile. + +#### Marks Used in the Manuscript + +| Symbol | Meaning | Unicode reference | +| ---------- | -------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | +| ☉ | Gold (Sun) | | +| ☼ | Gold (Sun) | | +| ℥ | Ounce | | +| ʒ | Dram | | +| ☿ | Mercury (Mercury) | | +| ☾ | Silver, Moon (last quarter moon) | | +| ♀ | Copper (Venus) | | +| ♁ | Antimony (Earth) | | +| ℞ | Recipe (From the Latin, "take") | | +| ◯ | Circle | | +| X | Insertion mark (X) | | +| \+ | Insertion mark (Plus sign) | | +| \# | Insertion mark (Hash mark) | | +| ʘ | Insertion mark (Bullseye) | | +| 🜊 | Insertion mark (Vinegar) | | +| 🝋 | Insertion mark (Powder) | | + + +See + +## Principles of Translation + +The translation of Ms. Fr. 640 was carried out by graduate students and +Making and Knowing team members in Paleography and Text Workshops held +by the Making and Knowing Project from 2014 to 2018. It was then checked +and refined by the Paleography Lead Marc Smith and Senior Team +members, Clément Godbarge, Naomi Rosenkranz, Pamela Smith, Tillmann +Taape, and Tianna Uchacz. + +There is no such thing as a perfect translation. It is always a +compromise, requiring interpretation and judgment, shaped by the +translator’s aims and priorities. Discerning the intended meaning of the +author-practitioner of Ms. Fr. 640 was particularly challenging because +it is a technical text containing many obscure and long-forgotten +materials and techniques, as well as because the author-practitioner +seems to have left the manuscript unfinished. + +Any of the numerous moving parts of a sentence—obscure nouns, vague +adverbs, knotty subclauses, sequences of tenses and moods—might hold +crucial clues to the success of a complex (and often unknown or lost) +process. Furthermore, the process of translation was carried out by +successive cohorts of students and team members in Paleography and Text +Workshops who generally had no special expertise in the obscure contents +of the manuscript. We translated collectively and in parallel with +laboratory reconstruction and textual research to interpret the text. +The translation underwent multiple campaigns of revision. Our +translation of Ms. Fr. 640 aims to avoid over-interpretation and +maintain ambiguity, providing as literal and consistent a rendering of +the original French as possible. This frequently meant foregoing a more +elegant solution in favor of a clunky and at times archaic rendering +which preserves the author-practitioner's rich, down-to-earth, and +occasionally rambling vernacular. + +This “hands-off” approach applies first and foremost to technical terms. +Many sixteenth-century terms for processes and materials have been +obscured or subsumed into different categories in modern art historical +terminology. To keep the original meaning in view, we have refrained +from applying these modern categories wherever possible. For example, +the term *desmenée* in an entry on perspective (fol. +[62v](/folios/62v) +could easily be identified as the “vanishing point,” but instead we +opted for the more neutral “intersection.” Similarly, the entries on *or +mat* (fol. [66r](/folios/66r)) +describe a process known as mordant gilding in modern English, but to +use that term would be tantamount to imposing a modern technical +definition on the author-practitioner’s understanding of the process. +Technical terms for pigments and other materials were a particular +challenge. The identity of *azur d’esmail* and a range of related blue +pigments in the manuscript has been an ongoing conundrum. Although we +are fairly confident, after extensive research and consultation with +experts over many years, that it refers to smalt, a blue glass +containing cobalt, we are reluctant to impose our conclusions on the +text. For this reason, *azur d’esmail*, *or mat*, and a range of other +terms have been left in the original French. Research essays or editorial notes +detail the state of our knowledge as to their identity. + +For many French terms, we chose English translations from contemporary +dictionaries such as Cotgrave’s 1611 *Dictionarie of the French and +English Tongues*, even if they might seem obscure or archaic to modern +readers (see below the full list of dictionaries used). Even if a word +such as “mattrass,” denoting a round-bottomed glass flask, is now rarely +used, it is by far the closest equivalent, both etymologically and in +terms of its technical meaning, to the French *mattelas*. There are +cases, however, where this strategy would have caused more confusion +that it is worth. The small paintbrush called *pinceau*, for example, +would have been known as a “pencil” in English from the sixteenth until +well into the nineteenth century. Being moreover etymologically related +to *pinceau*, “pencil” seems in many ways an ideal candidate. However, +while one might find a “camel hair pencil” in a catalogue of specialist +art equipment even today, the danger of confusing a brush with a +graphite pencil seemed too grave to be left to a disambiguating +editorial note on each instance of the word. Instead, on this occasion +we translated “paintbrush,” prioritizing a clear reference to the +correct tool over the principle of avoiding modern categories. + +While the language of Ms. Fr. 640 is overwhelmingly Middle French, some +small portion of the text (single words, phrases, or short passages) is in +languages other than French, including German, Italian, Greek, and Latin. Excerpts in these languages have been transcribed as they appear in the manuscript, marked up with the relevant language tag, and italicized in the Edition. An editorial note (marked by an asterisk) provides an English translation of this text. The author-practitioner also uses a +number of terms derived from Occitan. While Occitan was and is a language +in its own right, the author-practitioner does not appear to be an Occitan +speaker, but rather uses individual Occitan words, adapted to French +spelling to varying degrees, suggesting that these terms had currency in +the French spoken in the Toulouse area and the South more generally. For +this reason, we are not treating these individual terms as a separate +language like Latin or Italian, which the author-practitioner uses for +longer stretches of text. Instead, Occitan-derived terms are marked up +"silently" with the tag, i.e., they are not rendered as foreign words in +italics in the Edition, but can nonetheless be found in the [List of Entries](/entries) by selecting "Occitan" from the list of tags. The same goes for a number of terms in Poitevin, the dialect spoken in and around Poitou, which suggest that the author-practitioner may +hail from that region. These terms are silently marked up with the tag, which can also be selected from the tag set in the List of Entries. + +Another important aim of our translation was to preserve the +peculiarities of the author-practitioner’s language. This includes the +odd not-quite-grammatical sentence, but, more importantly, the +author-practitioner’s language of things and processes, which is one of +the key elements that tell us something about his “material imaginary.” +We paid particular attention to language describing materials as alive +and active, with a will of their own. *Azur d’esmail*, for example, +“hates more than any other to be ground, especially with water,” and +with good reason, since this would mean that it “dies & loses all its +color” (fol. [58v](/folios/58v)). +While this literal translation may sound quaint to modern readers, for +early modern artists and artisans, there would have been nothing unusual +in supposing that matter was a live agent that had to be coaxed or +subdued into the service of human artifice. By preserving the +agency—grammatical and semantic—of materials as well as humans and +animals, our translation aims to immerse the reader in the +author-practitioner’s words and world. + +The entire translation was collaborative, and this was a challenge to +the consistency of translation. We therefore developed protocols to try +to limit the range of translations. This, too, can add to awkwardness in +phrasing, but we very much strove for a unified voice over the entire +manuscript—a goal, it must be said, that is somewhat at odds with the +nature of this compiled document. Consistency in translation of material +and process terms was also sought by compiling a glossary over the five +years of Text Workshops that specified to participants what word the +Project had settled on to translate certain oft-repeated words. This +formed the basis of the [Glossary](/folios/1r/f/1r/glossary) that is now available as one of the +pane views of the Edition. Editorial Team members then further enforced +this consistency by searching for commonly used terms or phrases in a +text editing program to make sure that they were translated with the +agreed-upon term. For example, we reviewed hundreds of variations of the +construction *il faut*, determining how to implement our self-imposed +consistency rules (“one needs (to do),” “one ought not,” or “it is +necessary,” depending on context) or depart from them in edge cases. The +exhilarating but alarming capacity that digital tools allow in enforcing +consistency in a document like this has resulted in a non-literary piece +of literature, as we consciously sacrificed elegance of prose in the +English for a literal rendering and an attempt not to over-interpret +passages whose meaning was unclear. + +It must also be noted that the Making and Knowing Project created a +critical edition of a French manuscript with a research apparatus that +is mostly in English, which leads to a somewhat peculiar feature of +providing Editorial Comments across all three versions of the text, as +well as clarifications of meaning in Research Essays, almost entirely in +English. The advantage of the English translation, however, is that it +can serve as a form of index for the French versions of the text because +it contains single terms, whereas the French transcriptions contain many +variant spellings. Thus, if the reader wishes to search for a single +word, e.g., a type of material, the search can be undertaken in English, +and compared to the French variants. + +All author additions and deletions, as well as Making and Knowing +editorial corrections to the text, were carried across and made visible +in all three versions of the text. We thought it useful to the reader to +see where the author-practitioner had rethought passages no matter which +version was being read. When it was possible to translate the deleted +words and phrases, we did so in the translation. Where a deleted word +was fragmentary and could not be translated, it was left in French, +indicated by italicized font, but this means there are sometimes +fragments of words interpolated into sentences and even other words. +They are, however, always visible as deletions by the struck-through red +font. + +Finally, our translation was further constrained by the need to keep +encoding matched as much as possible across all three versions of the +text. This is desirable because it ensures matching data sets across all +versions of the text, allowing for digital analysis of the Project’s +data. While our translation is faithful to the original and, we hope, +useful for researchers from different disciplines, it can in some places +be challenging at first read. Our edition provides three different aids +to guide the reader across the rockier linguistic territory. Editorial +Comments, signalled by a red asterisk, contain information about the +historical context and translation decisions. The Glossary found on the +reading pane menus provides an alphabetical and searchable list of +distinctive terms used in Ms. Fr. 640 that the team identified as +needing individual definition, providing citations of source(s) +supporting our translation decisions. The Research Essays that accompany +*Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France* often explore linguistic particularities and the +interpretation of meaning. + +For more information on the process by which Ms. Fr. 640 was translated, +see Soersha Dyon and Heather Wacha, [Turning Turtle: The Process of +Translating BnF Ms. Fr. 640](/essays/ann_318_ie_19). + +For the reference sources used in translation, see our list of [Dictionaries and Technical Encyclopedias](/content/resources/principles#linguistic-resources-dictionaries-and-technical-encyclopedias). + +## Principles of Encoding + +The encoding of Ms. Fr. 640 was carried out by graduate students and +Making and Knowing team members in a series of Paleography and Text +Workshops held by the Making and Knowing Project from 2014 to 2018. It +was then checked and refined by the Digital Lead Terry Catapano and +Senior Team members, Clement Godbarge, Naomi Rosenkranz, Pamela Smith, Tillmann Taape, and Tianna Uchacz. The Project employed +XML markup based on the guidelines of the Text Encoding Initiative +(TEI), but customized to accommodate project needs. + +Each Text Workshop and encoding campaign necessitated a protocol in +order to train team members and make consistent the multiyear efforts. +These encoding protocols included an introduction to XML and TEI markup, and the principles of encoding for +Ms. Fr. 640 developed over the five years of the Project, as detailed +practical instructions. They made clear our recognition that encoding a text is an interpretive act, thus all tags +and encoding principles were discussed, reviewed, and revised multiple +times over the five years of creating *Secrets of Craft and Nature in Renaissance France*. They also set out +the Project’s underlying goal as the effort to "achieve accurate and +consistent markup of all three text versions of the manuscript. This is +a very detail-oriented endeavor, but will enable future users to analyze +the text in ways we have not conceived. We seek to make possible new +questions and new analyses of the text." + +For more information on the process of encoding Ms. Fr. 640, see Celine +Camps and Margot Lyautey, [Ma\king and Knowing: Encoding BnF Ms. Fr. +640](/essays/ann_335_ie_19). + +In 2017 the emerging tagset was formalized as a RelaxNG schema and +maintained in the [Project’s data repository in Github](https://github.com/cu-mkp/m-k-manuscript-data/blob/master/schema/ms-transcription.md). + +### Edition Tag Set + +#### Structural Tags + +| Tag | Definition | Description and Use | +|------|-----------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------| +| ab | anonymous block | a block of text that belongs together semantically, or a unit within a longer entry indicated by the author-practitioner +| div | text division | the span of a single, discrete entry | +| head | heading | indicates the heading of a “recipe” or entry, classified as a div | +| id | identifier | a unique identifier for the text division | +| lb | line break | line break - only used in the French transcriptions | + +#### Editorial Tags + +| Tag | Definition | Description and Use | Rendering (when applicable) | +|-------------|-------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| +| add | addition | an addition made to the text by the writer in the original; renders in blue font of a smaller size. Passages were judged to be “additions” by: superscript in main body, significant changes in ink color, squeezed between other extant blocks of text. | ![howtouse-add](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-add.png) | +| caption | caption | text descriptions of graphics provided by the author-practioner in the Ms. | | +| comment | comment | anchors for commentary by the editors | ![howtouse-asterisk](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-asterisk.png) | +| corr | correction | denotes an editorial correction by the Making and Knowing Project team; renders in square brackets | ![howtouse-square](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-square.png) | +| del | deletion | denotes a deletion by the writer in the original; renders in struck-through red font | ![howtouse-del](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-del.png) | +| emph | emphasis | denotes italic French script | ![howtouse-bold](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-bold.png) | +| exp | expansion | denotes use of abbreviation suspensions | ![howtouse-curly](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-curly.png) | +| figure | figure | a sketch, drawing, diagram, etc. present in the source Ms. | | +| gap | gap | gap within the written text | ![howtouse-gap](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-gap.png) | +| hr | horizontal rule | a horizontal line in the text | ![howtouse-hr](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-hr.png) | +| ill | illegible | illegible | ![howtouse-illegible](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-illegible.png) | +| mark | mark | a mark in the text that has a corresponding unicode character | | +| sup | supplied text | editorial intervention by the Making and Knowing Project, supplying a word or correction for clarity in computational analysis of the text | ![howtouse-square](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-square.png) | +| underline | underline | underlining in the original | | +| superscript | superscript | writing that appears in superscript in the original | | +| ups | under paper strip | parts of the text that were covered by the paper strips placed around each page of the manuscript during its seventeenth-century re-binding in the Bethune bindings | ![howtouse-ups](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-ups.png) | + +#### Semantic Tags + +| Tag | Definition | Description and Use | +|-----|----------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| +| al | animal | denotes an animal | +| bp | body part | denotes a human body part | +| cn | currency | a known coin or currency | +| df | definition | denotes where the author-practitioner defines or explains a term | +| env | environment | reference to a physical space or environment, such as workshop space, room, mountains, forest, etc | +| m | material | a named physical material (e.g., “rose” but not “plant”), or a verb that implies a physical material, such as “to gild.” | +| md | medical | medical and health-related terms or phrases in an entry about some other topic. Medical recipes are categorized as such, but not marked with tags. | +| ms | measurement | units of measurement, including temporal, volume, mass, length | +| mu | music | musical instrument | +| pa | plant | a named plant or part of a plant, not including plant gums | +| pl | place | place name | +| pn | personal name | a name, including authors, mythical personages, or reference to a specific individual or entity, such as God, King, and "the one who taught me to mold" (110r) | +| pro | profession | denotes both a recognized trade, such as goldsmith, but also a social status or identity, such as peasant, or "rustic" | +| sn | sensory | use of the five senses to make a qualitative assessment | +| tl | tool | tool, including any instrument, and physical or material object used to perform a process, including body parts and verbs such as "piler" (to pestle) that imply a tool. | +| tmp | temporal | references to time, including hour, day, season, holiday, span of time, time of day, etc. | +| wp | arms and armor | word or phrase referring to arms and armor | + +#### Foreign Languages + +| Tag | Definition | Description and Use | Rendering (when applicable) | +|-----|------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| +| de | german | denotes a word with a probable German origin | ![howtouse-italics](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-italics.png) | +| fr | french | denotes a word left in French in the English translation because meaning is unclear or a translation does not exist, renders as italicized text | ![howtouse-italics](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-italics.png) | +| el | greek | a word or phrase in Greek (in Greek or Latin script) | ![howtouse-italics](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-italics.png) | +| it | italian | text in Italian | ![howtouse-italics](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-italics.png) | +| la | latin | text in Latin | ![howtouse-italics](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-italics.png) | +| oc | occitan | word or phrase in the Occitan language or of an Occitan root | ![howtouse-italics](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-italics.png) | +| po | poitevin | word in the Poitevin dialect | ![howtouse-italics](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/howtouse-italics.png) | + +The Project used [unicode characters](http://unicode-table.com/en/) when they existed for the symbols used by the writer. -Principles and conventions followed in the diplomatic and normalized transcriptions of the manuscript text. +Project members worked in Google Drive to enable simultaneous work until +2018, when Project data, including all transcribed, translated, and +encoded versions of the folio pages, were transferred to GitHub. While +working in Google Drive, Text Workshop members used working tools +constructed by Project Assistant Philip Cherian, and are listed here in +case they are useful to users of *Secrets of Craft and Nature*. -## [Principles of Translation](/#content/resources/principles-translation) +Google Drive Add-on, **Tag Insertion** — a digital tool for quickly grabbing a tag and inserting into the text.     -Translation philosophy and guidelines for our collaborative translation of a miscellaneous and highly technical text. +Google Drive Add-on, **XML Validator** — a digital tool for validating markup before moving on to the next recipe or folio. -## [Principles of Encoding](/#content/resources/principles-encoding) -The rationale behind our semantic and structural markup. +## Linguistic Resources: Dictionaries and Technical Encyclopedias -## [Dictionaries and Technical Encyclopedias](#content/resources/dictionaries) +A handlist of dictionaries, technical encyclopedias, and other sources used in the transcription and translation of Ms. Fr. 640. Note: some resources below may require institutional access. While we attempted to provide persistent URLs for these resources, we cannot guarantee their stability over the long term and therefore you may find broken links. -A list of the reference sources used during the translation process. +### Online Dictionaries +#### French-English dictionaries + - [Randle Cotgrave, Dictionarie of the French and English + Tongues](http://www.micmap.org/dicfro/introduction/cotgrave) + (London 1611). + - [Also here](http://www.pbm.com/%7Elindahl/cotgrave/) + + - Claudius Hollyband, A Dictionarie French and English (London 1593) + - Guy Miège, *[A New Dictionary French and + English](https://books.google.com/books?id=YbWtTwVbLioC&printsec=frontcover&dq=guy+miege&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih-ZStta7mAhVhmeAKHW9QCjQQ6AEwAHoECAYQAg#v=onepage&q&f=false)* + (London, 1677). + - [Linguee](http://www.linguee.com/english-french) French-English + translation tool with texts showing usage (contemporary) + - [Abel Boyer, The Royal Dictionary, French and + English](http://books.google.fr/books?id=2-_J6e9af1EC), (London + 1729). + - [Oxford English Dictionary](http://www.oed.com/) - The standard + reference (institutional access required). + +#### Dictionaries of historical French + - [Centre national de resources textuelles et + lexicales](http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/) - DMF, TLFI and other + dictionaries + - Start here. Easy switching between dictionaries on the same + word. + - [DMF - Dictionnaire du moyen français](http://www.atilf.fr/dmf/), + 1330-1500, ATILF (CNRS & Université de Lorraine). + - Fundamental reference tool. + - [TLFi - Trésor de la langue française + informatisé](http://atilf.atilf.fr/), ATILF (CNRS & Université de + Lorraine). + - Reference dictionary in modern and historical French. + - [Émile Littré - Dictionnaire de la langue + française](http://www.littre.org), XML version. + - Very useful especially for technical terms. + - [Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et de tous ses + dialectes du IXe au XVe + siècle](http://www.micmap.org/dicfro/introduction/dictionnaire-godefroy), + by Frédéric Godefroy (1880-1895), + and the supplementary volume ([Complément](http://www.micmap.org/dicfro/introduction/complement-godefroy), 1895-1902). + - *Dictionnaire historique de l’ancien langage françois, ou Glossaire de la langue françoise depuis son origine jusqu’ausiècle de Louis XIV*, par Jean-Baptiste de la Curne deSainte-Palaye (1882). + - [Archive.org](http://archive.org/search.php?query=Dictionnaire%20historique%20de%20l%27ancien%20langage%20fran%C3%A7ois) et + [Gallica](http://gallica.bnf.fr/Search?f_creator=La+Curne+de+Sainte+Palaye%2C+Jean+Baptiste+de+%281697-1781%29&ArianeWireIndex=index&q=la+curne+Dictionnaire+historique&lang=FR&n=15&p=1&f_nqamoyen=altoHQ). + - Abel Poitrineau, [Les Anciennes mesures locales du Sud-Ouest + d'après les tables de + conversion](https://books.google.com/books?id=RQP2c4uyz9oC), + Clermont-Ferrand, 1996. + - For words that cannot be found in French works, remember to check + **Occitan** and **Latin** dictionaries (see below). + +#### For further exploration + - [Dicfro](http://www.micmap.org/dicfro/liste-des-dictionnaires) + + - Portal with access to numerous lexicographical and historical resources, to glossaries of several medieval works, and to some other resources of minor importance, aux glossaires de plusieurs + including titles cited below in the *Grand Corpus des Dictionnaires* (institutional access + required). + - [ARTFL - American research on the treasury of the French + language](http://clio.columbia.edu/catalog/519700) + + - A full-text retrieval database of classical French writings; + users can create a dictionary and frequency count of words + used in a text, trace origins of words or phrases back through + the 17th century, etc. The database includes literary works, + political tracts, philosophical writings, and technical + treatises. + - [Gallica](http://gallica.bnf.fr) has many historical dictionaries, + often in image mode. + + - Best accessed via this handy + [index](http://www.u-picardie.fr/LESCLaP/rey/tdm_telechargement_dictionnaires). + - [Grand Corpus des + Dictionnaires](http://www.classiques-garnier.com.janus.biu.sorbonne.fr/numerique-bases/index.php?module=App&action=FrameMain) + \[du 9e au 20e siècle\], Classiques Garnier (institutional access required). Contains: + + - Godefroy (Frédéric), *Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue + française et de tous ses dialectes du 9e au 15e s.* + + - La Curne de Sainte-Palaye, *Dictionnaire historique de + l’ancien langage français depuis son origine jusqu’au siècle + de Louis XIV* + + - Huguet (Edmond), *Dictionnaire de la langue française du 16e + siècle* + + - Estienne (Robert), *Dictionaire Francois-latin*, 1549 + + - Nicot (Jean), *Thrésor de la langue françoyse, tant ancienne + que moderne*, 1606 + + - Cotgrave (Randle), *A Dictionarie of the french and english + tongues*, 1611 + + - Ménage (Gilles), *Les Origines de la langue françoise*, 1650 + + - Richelet (Pierre), *Dictionnaire françois*, 1680 + + - *Dictionaire de l’Académie françoise*, 1687 \[Avant-première + 1\] + + - A to Aversion + + - *Dictionaire de l’Académie françoise*, 1687 \[Avant-première + 2\] + + - A to Confiture + + - *Dictionaire de l’Académie françoise*, 1687 \[Avant-première + 3\] + + - A to Neuf + + - Furetière (Antoine), *Essai d’un Dictionaire universel*, 1687 + + - Furetière (Antoine), *Dictionaire universel*, 1690 + + - *Le* *Dictionnaire de l’Académie françoise*, 1694 + \[1re édition\] + + - Corneille (Thomas), *Le Dictionnaire des arts et des + sciences*, 1694 (the same is on Gallica, in image mode) + + - Ménage (Gilles), *Dictionnaire étymologique ou Origines de la + langue françoise*, 1694 + + - *Nouveau* *Dictionnaire de l’Académie françoise*, 1718 + \[2e édition\] + + - *Dictionnaire de l’Académie françoise*, 1740 \[3e + édition\] + + - *Dictionnaire de l’Académie françoise*, 1762 + \[4eédition\] + + - *Dictionnaire de l’Académie françoise*, 1798 \[5e + édition\] + + - *Dictionnaire de l’Académie française*, 1835 \[6e + édition\] + + - Barré (Louis), *Complément du* *Dictionnaire de l’Académie + française*, 1842 + + - *Dictionnaire de l’Académie française*, 1879 \[7e + édition\] + + - *Dictionnaire de l’Académie française*, 1932-1935 + \[8e édition\] + +#### Occitan Dictionaries + - A critical assessment of the field: Josiane Ubaud, [Regards sur la + lexicographie occitane: de la richesse passée à la misère + endémique + contemporaine](http://www.josiane-ubaud.com/reg_lex.pdf), 2014. + - Jean Doujat, [Dictionnaire de la langue + toulousaine](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4170z.image), + 1641 (Toulouse 1895, reprint Marseille and Geneva 1974). + - Bernard Moreux, Robert Razou, [Les mots de Toulouse: lexique du + français + toulousain](https://books.google.fr/books?id=gktdAAAAMAAJ&q=bl%C3%A9+cussonner&dq=bl%C3%A9+cussonner&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjA0ZvXzorcAhVGXBQKHVFRCVgQ6AEILDAB), + Toulouse, 2000. + - [Institut d'Estudis Occitans de París - Documents per l'estudi de + la lenga occitana](http://ieoparis.free.fr/delo.html) + + - Links to many resources, including Raynouard, Levy, and the + following: + + - P. A. Boissièr de Sauvatges, *Dictionnaire + languedocien-français*, 1756, 2 vols, + [A-E](https://drive.google.com/open?id=1914zkD3PGx3NWb4S7fGpQjWMPlFq7cO8), + [F-Z](https://drive.google.com/open?id=1BSHNJpnwzewaYlHudRtz--6UFMYXgUUQ). + M. d’Hombres & G. Charvet, *Dictionnaire + languedocien-français*, 1881, 2 vols, + [A-E](https://drive.google.com/open?id=1uY2vVnAFr4G542Zf0qWv27cjA3dYIyAY), + [F-Z](https://drive.google.com/open?id=1i5P6CE39OoCxIbQnH6kWk23ysmKhbaNz) + + - François Raynouard, [Lexique + roman](http://gallica.bnf.fr/Search?adva=1&adv=1&tri=&t_relation=cb31183402v&q=raynouard+lexique+roman) + (1844) \[Gallica\], and its supplement: + Emil Levy, [Provenzalisches + Supplement-Wörterbuch](https://archive.org/search.php?query=Provenzalisches%20Supplement-W%C3%B6rterbuch) + (1894-1915) \[Internet Archive\]. + + - Maxime Lanusse, [De l'influence du dialecte gascon sur la + langue française](https://archive.org/details/fre_b1887388) + (Grenoble, 1893), with a chapter on vocabulary. + +#### Poitevin/Saintongeais Dictionaries +A number of terms in the MS seem to belong specifically to +the dialect of Poitou and Saintonge, possibly pointing to the origin of +the author. + - Henri Beauchet-Filleau, [Essai sur le patois poitevin ou Petit + glossaire de quelques-uns des mots usités dans le canton de + Chef-Boutonne et les communes + voisines](https://books.google.com/books?id=jYACAAAAQAAJ), + Niort/Melle, 1864. + - L. Favre, [Glossaire du Poitou, de la Saintonge et de + l’Aunis](https://books.google.com/books?id=0DLgKk2XH0UC), Niort, + 1867. + - P. Jônain, [Dictionnaire du patois + saintongeais](https://archive.org/details/dictionnairedup00jngoog), + Royan, 1869. + - Abbé Rousseau, [Glossaire + poitevin](https://books.google.com/books?id=FbM-AAAAYAAJ&hl=fr&source=gbs_navlinks_s), + 2nd edn, Niort, 1869. + - Gabriel Lévrier, [Dictionnaire étymologique du patois + poitevin](https://books.google.fr/books?id=cgvMBVdgl9QC&pg=PA159&dq=chaple+poitevin&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9rprbyZrcAhXE7xQKHSSvCwoQ6AEIPTAE#v=onepage&q&f=false), + Niort 1867. + - [Le Vocabulaire poitevin (1808–1825) de Lubin + Mauduyt](https://books.google.fr/books?id=_llbDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=%22apiler%22+%22tasser%22&source=bl&ots=bLVCN7U2gU&sig=MzwiFAuq6OTXaGITavH12FzUh54&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsnKSXvYvcAhXByRQKHWO6CgkQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q&f=false), + éd. critique Pierre Rézeau (Tübingen 1994). Limited online access. +#### Latin Dictionaries + - [Dictionnaire + latin-français](http://www.micmap.org/dicfro/introduction/gaffiot), + par Félix Gaffiot (1934): latin classique. + - [Du Cange = Glossarium mediae et infimae + latinitatis](http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/), par Charles du + Fresne, sieur du Cange *et al*. (éd. de 1883-1887), éd. numérique + École nationale des chartes. + + - Dictionnaire monumental du latin médiéval (définitions en + latin), également riche en termes d’ancien français dans les + définitions comme dans les citations. + - [Logeion](http://logeion.uchicago.edu/levigatio) – combines Lewis + & Short, Gaffiot, and DMLBS + +### Manuscripts, paleography, and ancient texts + - For general orientation see online resources on the portal + [Ménestrel](http://www.menestrel.fr/spip.php?rubrique434) + (Médiévistes sur le Net: sources, travaux et références en + ligne). + - For learning resources, see in particular the online paleography files + of the École des chartes, + [THELEME](http://theleme.enc.sorbonne.fr/) (Techniques pour + l’historien en ligne: études, manuels, exercices). + - [Newberry Library Paleography + Resources](http://www.newberry.org/paleography): The Center for + Renaissance Studies maintains a listing of online resources for + those interested in Paleography. The resources are arranged by + language + +#### Abbreviations + - [Dictionnaire des abréviations + françaises](http://theleme.enc.sorbonne.fr/dico) \[XIIe-XVIIe siècle\], + par M. Smith, École nationale des chartes. +#### Digitized manuscripts + - [Patrimoine + numérique](http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/mrt/numerisation/fr/f_02.htm) + contains an inventory of digitised public collections of the French Ministry of Culture, + in particular archives and libraries. + - [Gallica](http://gallica.bnf.fr/html/editorial/manuscrits), the + digital library of the BnF, offers a growing number of manuscripts. + Digitisation of previously microfilmed manuscripts in progress. + - [BVMM](http://bvmm.irht.cnrs.fr/) - Virtual library of + medieval manuscripts kept in + France outside the BNF (see below, IRHT). + - [Digital Scriptorium](http://www.scriptorium.columbia.edu/) — a + vast and convenient corpus of manuscripts held in the US, + including French manuscripts and documents, with an efficient search engine. + +#### Historical Research Istitutes + - [IRHT - Institut de recherche et d'histoire des + textes](http://www.irht.cnrs.fr/en/) + + - The IRHT is an independent institute within the + [CNRS](http://www.cnrs.fr/index.php) (UPR 841). It is devoted + to fundamental research on medieval manuscripts and early + printed books. The textual histories of works written in the + major languages of the Mediterranean Basin (Latin, romance + languages, Hebrew, Greek, Coptic, Syriac, Arabic) are treated + from all aspects: the material support, writing, textual + content, decoration, iconography, diffusion, and reception. + - The IRHT website has essential databases of manuscripts in French, + Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Arabic. + + - [Medium](http://medium.irht.cnrs.fr/) is the catalogue of + their massive collection of microfilms and photographs, + covering practically all medieval and Renaissance Mss in + France except the BNF. Many of those are now accessible as + digital images, in full or in part, in + [BVMM](http://bvmm.irht.cnrs.fr/). + + - [Jonas](http://jonas.irht.cnrs.fr/) is the catalogue of French + texts. + + - [BUDE](http://bude.irht.cnrs.fr/), slightly chaotic (work in + progress), has all sorts of information on humanists and their + texts. + + - [Europa Humanistica](http://www.europahumanistica.org/) is a + networking effort, with resources including valuable + information on early [medical science and natural + history](http://www.europahumanistica.org/?-Medecins-et-naturalistes-avant-Linne-). + - [SISMEL - Società Internazionale per lo Studio del Medioevo + Latino](http://www.sismelfirenze.it/) + - SISMEL also has a vast array of interlinked resources (digital + and printed) on medieval Latin authors, manuscripts, and much + else, mainly accessible through the + [Mirabile](http://www.mirabileweb.it/) portal. + + - [BISLAM](http://www.sismelfirenze.it/index.php/it/repertori/itemlist/category/67-bibliotheca-scriptorum-bislam) + (Bibliotheca Scriptorum Latinorum Medii Recentiorisque + Aevi) contains bio-bibliographical information on 13,000 + Latin authors (or authors translated into Latin) before + 1536. + + - [CALMA](http://www.sismelfirenze.it/index.php/it/repertori/itemlist/category/68-compendium-auctorum-calma) + (Compendium Auctorum Latinorum Medii Aevi, 500-1500) is a + general repertory of medieval authors (in print, not + online). + - [Monumenta Germaniae Historica](http://www.dmgh.de/) + - [Istituto storico italiano](http://www.isime.it/index.php) + +#### Medieval texts + - [Corpus de la littérature médiévale des origines au 15e + siècle.](http://www.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/cul/resolve?clio10931173) + This database includes more than 900 full texts from the Middle + Ages, including chansons de geste, poetry, theater and religious + texts. + +### Identifying early books online +See also above, [IRHT](http://www.irht.cnrs.fr/en/) and +[SISMEL/Mirabile](http://www.mirabileweb.it/) + - [USTC - Universal Short Title Catalogue](http://www.ustc.ac.uk/) + + - General catalogue of pre-1600 European books. Includes links + to digitized copies whenever possible. + - [J.-C. Brunet, Manuel du libraire et de l’amateur de + livres](http://catalogue.bnf.fr/servlet/RechercheEquation;jsessionid=F2E05E38A032D4F393F95B3A1A9B95D8?TexteCollection=HGARSTUVWXYZ1DIECBMJNQLOKP&TexteTypeDoc=DESNFPIBTMCJOV&Equation=IDP%3Dcb301695339&host=catalogue). + Paris, 1860-65, 6 vols. + + - Remains an essential reference tool for early (and not so + early) editions. The digital version on Gallica is searchable, + but only volume by volume. + - [Worldcat](http://www.worldcat.org/?lang=en) + - The largest meta search interface for library catalogues. + - [KvK - Karlsruhe Virtual + Catalogue](http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/kvk_en.html) + - Another meta search interface for more than 500 million books + and serials in library and book trade catalogs worldwide, with + country-by-country query filters. Includes specific catalogs + for 16th-c. books in Italy & Germany. + - [Bibliographie des éditions parisiennes du 16ème + siècle](http://bp16.bnf.fr/) + - This site comprises 10,000 Parisian editions from the five volumes of the + *Inventaire chronologique des éditions + parisiennes du 16e siècle*, printed between 1972 and 2004, covering the years 1501 to 1540. + First four volumes by [Brigitte + Moreau](http://data.bnf.fr/11916755/brigitte_moreau/) + (1930-1994). Entries from volumes published between 1541 and 1550 + will be part of a future release. + +### Arts and technical vocabulary + - Macquer, Phillipe (1720-1770), [Dictionnaire raisonné universel + des arts et métiers, contenant l'histoire, la description, la + police des fabriques et manufactures de France et des pays + étrangers](http://find.galegroup.com/mome/infomark.do?sort=DateAscend&prodId=MOME&tabID=T001&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&type=search¤tPosition=1&version=1.0&searchResultsPerPage=10&userGroupName=columbiau&queryId=Locale%28en%2CUS%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28RN%2CNone%2C10%29U104264857%24&source=gale) + (Lyon, A. Leroy, 1801) + - Bertrand, J. E.., [Real Colegio de Farmacia de San Fernando + (Madrid), Descriptions des arts et + métiers](http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5315939358;view=1up;seq=6), + nouvelle édition... augmentée.... Neuchatel: Société Typographique + (1771-83). + - [Dictionnaire universel françois et latin, vulgairement appellé + Dictionnaire de + Trévoux](http://www.cnrtl.fr/dictionnaires/anciens/trevoux/) + - [Encylopedie](http://encyclopedie.uchicago.edu/node/176) - The + ARTFL Project, University of Chicago, searchable. + - [Encyclopedie - English + translation](http://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/did/) (incomplete) + - ArtLex: An easy search engine to search an array of dictionaries + on English terms relating to art, including alchemy and more. + - [Vocabulary of current casting terms and + processes](http://www.engineersedge.com/casting_definition.htm) + (from Engineersedge.com) + - Dumas, Jean Baptiste A., [Traité de chimie, appliquée aux + arts](https://books.google.com/books?id=pWsDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA507&dq=trousseau+sable+cloche&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwipmNyA47nNAhXKqB4KHYJBC1cQ6AEINDAE#v=onepage&q=trousseau%20&f=false), + Bruxelles, 1833. + Interesting section on founding with descriptions of different + earths, including those used in Toulouse, around p. 500. + - Gay, Victor, [Glossaire archéologique du Moyen Age et de la + Renaissance](https://archive.org/search.php?query=gay%20glossaire), + Paris, 1887-1928, 2 vols. + + - Vol. 1 only on [Google + Books](http://books.google.com/books?id=hUFPTJx_bj8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false). + A remarkable dictionary with many words for everyday items + from archival documents. + - F.J.M. Wijnekus, E.F.P.H. Wijnekus, Dictionary of the Printing and + Allied Industries, in six languages…, 2nd edn, Amsterdam, 1983. + - Jacquart, Danielle. *Lexique de La langue scientifique: + astrologie, mathématiques, médecine*. Paris, 1997. + - Sachs, Hans & Jost Amman, *Das Ständebuch (Book of Trades)*, + Frankfurt am Main, 1568. Woodcut illustrations of various + professions accompanied by a short poem. See Wikimedia. + - Trench, Lucy, *Materials and Techniques in the Decorative Arts: An + Illustrated Dictionary*, London, 2000. E-Book. + - Zedler, Johann Heinrich, [Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon + aller Wissenschafften und + Künste](http://www.zedler-lexikon.de/index.html). Leipzig, + 1731-1754. + - [B. + Guineau](http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowAuthor.aspx?lid=113036), + [Glossaire des matériaux de la couleur et des termes techniques + employés dans les recettes de couleurs + anciennes](http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowAuthor.aspx?lid=113036), + only in print. + +### Other resources + - [BCIN - Réseau d’information sur la conservation - Conservation + Information Network](http://www.bcin.ca/) + + - The bibliographic database of the Conservation Information + Network (BCIN) provides access to over 200,000 bibliographic + citations for conservation literature. BCIN includes citations + from the first 34 volumes of the Art and Archaeology Technical + Abstracts (AATA) published between 1955 and 1997, technical + reports, conference proceedings, journal articles, books, + audiovisual materials, theses, software and machine-readable + files and unpublished materials. In French and English. + - [Getty Research Portal](http://portal.getty.edu/portal/landing) + + - Access to digitized art history publications, rare books, and + related literature. + - [Getty Art & Architectural Thesaurus -- for technical + terms](http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/) + - [MetPublications - Metropolitan Museum of Art Publications + online](http://www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications). + + - Online database of research publications from the Metropolitan + Museum of Art. Many out of print catalogs are available to + download in full. + - [EEBO - Early English Books + Online](http://eebo.chadwyck.com.ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/home) + + - A digitized version of the Early English Books microfilm + collection, this database contains full-text page images of of + about 100,000 of the 1,250,000 titles listed in Pollard & + Redgrave’s Short-Title Catalogue (1475-1640) and Wing’s + Short-Title Catalogue (1641-1700) and their revised editions, + as well as the Thomason Tracts (1640-1661) collection. These + include English translations of Alessio Piemontese’s book of + secrets and Hugh Plat’s *Jewel House of Art and Nature*. + - [Bibliothèque historique de Mines Paris + Tech](http://patrimoine.mines-paristech.fr/) + + - The digital library of the École des mines de Paris (Mines Paris + Tech), including material on mining from the 15th century onwards. + - Beaulieu, Michèle. *Dictionnaire des sculpteurs français du Moyen + Age*. Paris, 1992. + - Cassan, H. “Nomination des consuls de la ville de Béziers en + 1332”, in *Bulletin de la Société archéologique de Béziers*, + 1839, p. 43-58 (55-70 in the + [PDF](https://archive.org/details/bulletin02bzgoog)). Contains a + list of professions and trades, useful to check Occitan names. + - [Speelberg, Femke, French goldsmiths’ ornamental + prints](http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/blak/hd_blak.htm) (the only remaining evidence of most 16th- and 17th-century goldsmiths’ work in France) in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (with useful bibliography) + - [Europeana](http://www.europeana.eu/portal/) - archival database + of texts, images, objects, images, and more. “All across Europe, + thousands of museums, galleries and archives are digitizing their + collections - creating virtual copies of their texts, imagery and + objects that can be stored on local servers or in the cloud. Once + these collections are made public online, we work hard to make + sure other people can find and use them. For change. For ideas. + For progress.” + - [History of the Accademia di San + Luca](http://www.nga.gov/casva/accademia/search_eng.shtm) - *The + History of the Accademia di San Luca, c. 1590–1635: Documents from + the Archivio di Stato di Roma* brings together a body of largely + unpublished notarial records from the Trenta Notai Capitolini + (TNC) found in the Archivio di Stato di Roma (ASR), many + previously thought lost, concerning the institutional history of + the Accademia. First mentioned in a brief from Pope Gregory XIII + of 1577, a little over a decade after the conclusion of the last + session of the Council of Trent, the Accademia di San Luca was + intended to serve the educational, social, professional, and + confraternal needs of the painters, sculptors, and architects of + Rome. + - Christine Göttler, et al., [Materialized Identities. Objects, + Affects and Effects in Early Modern + Culture, 1450-1750](http://www.materializedidentities.com/) + - Sven Dupré and Christine Göttler, eds., [*The Worlds and + Possessions of the Portuguese Merchant-Banker Emmanuel Ximenez in + early seventeenth-century + Antwerp*](http://ximenez.unibe.ch/material/) + +#### The National Archive (TNA) currency converter: + - - + The TNA provides the following info, re: calculations and + conversions: “The data used to provide the calculations for the + currency converter has been collated from original documents and + official statistics, and the survey of material used has been as + comprehensive as possible. However, the results of the + calculations are intended to be a general guide to historic + values, rather than a categorical statement of fact. + Approximations are from 2005.” + - +#### Videos and reconstruction + - [Sandcasting with Philip + White](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kmb5tivQ_bY) — multi part + - [Sandcasting with "Delft + Clay"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0sCDTRwMwg) (actually sand + and "magistry", i.e., binding medium) + - [Part 1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0sCDTRwMwg): making the + mold — [Part 2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtrPX3jEJC4): + casting the metal — Part 3: missing + - [Casting a pewter stool at the beach](http://vimeo.com/9498805) + - [Making + paper](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6KmzuULPmQ&feature=youtu.be&t=40m45s) + — From the Schweizerisches Papiermuseum + - [Chancery + Papermaking](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-PmfdV_cZU) - + University of Iowa Library + - Sword and scabbard making: + + - [Raising a silver + vessel](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JaqmzKFWDEI) – From the + gathering of scrap silver to the raising and polishing of a coffee + pot (18th century\!). The raising of vessels is what most + silversmith shops would normally have spent most of their time + doing, but our author-practitioner never even mentions it, which + may indicate that he was not a goldsmith. + - Harvard Art Museums — silversmith Adam Whitney made a + reconstruction of the silver deer rhyton that survives as a + fragment in the collection: + . + - [Working with Venetian Style + Glass](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSBY6Lc2-hU&t=3s) — A film + by glassmaker Ian Hankey in which he discusses the value of + reconstruction. + - [Lions, Dragons, Other + Beasts](http://www.bgc.bard.edu/gallery/gallery-at-bgc/past-exhibitions/past-exhibitions-aquamanilia.html) + — Goldsmith Ubaldo Vitali makes a medieval aquamanile. + - The C[hymistry of Isaac Newton + Project](http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/newton/) — + reconstructions of alchemical + experiments. + - + — Short films about painting techniques (panel preparation, + underdrawing, painting and gilding). + - [Parallel + Practices](http://www.craftscouncil.org.uk/what-we-do/parallel-practices/), + Crafts Council and Kings College London + + - The value of craft skills to facilitate innovation in science, + technology and medicine is increasingly recognised. Parallel + Practices a 2014 pilot led by Crafts Council in partnership + with Cultural Institute at King’s College, London, + demonstrated the positive healthcare impact of research and + development collaborations between makers and medical + professionals. The project stimulated learning and innovation + through a focus on the body, materials and processes that + inform clinical outcomes and artistic practice. Each residency + involved a team of at least one maker and one medical and + scientific academic. +#### Colormaking + - [Kremer Pigments documentary + (German)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SaMtuUYppjU) + - [Technical Art History Website (all about + pigments)](http://www.artcons.udel.edu/about/kress) + - CAMEO: Conservation & Art Materials Encyclopedia Online: + + - Color Context Database - access to 5500 colormaking recipes. Sign + up here: + - Closer to Van Eyck website with information about techniques: + +#### Miscellaneous sources for materials research + - Johan Gottschalk Wallerius, *Mineralogie, oder mineralreich: von + ihm eingeteilt und beschrieben* [Latin + edition, 1752](https://books.google.com/books?id=NrtRAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Johan+Gottschalk+wallerius&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gUJqVeu2FYyZyAT59oLYAw&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Johan%20Gottschalk%20wallerius&f=false) + and [German + edition, 1763](https://books.google.com/books?id=8h8-AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Johan+Gottschalk+wallerius&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dUFqVeHODdipyATa4YD4AQ&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Johan%20Gottschalk%20wallerius&f=false) + - Johann Georg Kruenitz, [*Oekonomische Encyklopaedie, oder + allgemeines System der Stadt- Haus- und + Landwirthschaft*](http://www.kruenitz1.uni-trier.de/) (1773-1853) +#### Distillation + - Information on distilling, eau de vie, pictures of stills + (alembics) and retorts: Philipp Ulstadt. [*Coelum Philosophorum + seu de Secretis Naturae + liber*](https://books.google.com/books?id=PLrX8DiTBSgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Philipp+ULSTADT%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAmoVChMIhfqexsSKxgIVRBqMCh06GQAT#v=onepage&q=cornum&f=false), + 1525. -For further information, see also Pamela Smith [Making the Edition of Ms. Fr. 640](/#essays/ann_329_ie_19). +For further information, see also Pamela Smith [Making the Edition of Ms. Fr. 640](/essays/ann_329_ie_19). diff --git a/docs/resources/reconstruction-insights.md b/docs/resources/reconstruction-insights.md index fcf8487..37760cf 100644 --- a/docs/resources/reconstruction-insights.md +++ b/docs/resources/reconstruction-insights.md @@ -1,329 +1,326 @@ - -# Insights from Reconstruction Research - From 2014 through 2019, the Making and Knowing Project team along with students in the Craft and Science courses reconstructed a large number of the techniques and processes found in the ca. 930 entries of Ms. Fr. 640. This reconstruction involved conventional historical textual research, object-based study, and hands-on experiments in the Making and Knowing Lab. The students’ reconstructions provided the information and evidence for their essays, which form the critical commentary of this Edition. All student research also had the goal of building material and technical awareness. -The essays listed below showcase the research and insights gained from the reconstructions. Additional context for the Making and Knowing Project’s reconstructions can be found in Pamela H. Smith, [Making the Edition](/#essays/ann_329_ie_19), and additional information about the Project’s reconstruction methods is provided by Joel A. Klein, [Methodologies for Making and Knowing: Reconstructions for Historical Research](/#essays/ann_322_ie_19). +The essays listed below showcase the research and insights gained from the reconstructions. Additional context for the Making and Knowing Project’s reconstructions can be found in Pamela H. Smith, [Making the Edition](/essays/ann_329_ie_19), and additional information about the Project’s reconstruction methods is provided by Joel A. Klein, [Methodologies for Making and Knowing: Reconstructions for Historical Research](/essays/ann_322_ie_19). ## Materials Students explored early modern materials, such as alabaster sand, and other sands (or, powders) for molding, imitation coral, lute varnish, sand for hourglasses, a blue pigment called *azur d’esmail*, dragon’s blood, black sulfured wax, wax for seals, and fish glue, among many others: ### Molding sands -Gans, [Excellent Sand from Alabaster](/#essays/ann_016_sp_15) +Gans, [Excellent Sand from Alabaster](/essays/ann_016_sp_15) -Cataldo/van Visco, [*Eau Magistra*](/#essays/ann_011_fa_14) +Cataldo/van Visco, [*Eau Magistra*](/essays/ann_011_fa_14) -Carslon/Katz, [Casting in Frames](/#essays/ann_010_fa_14) +Carslon/Katz, [Casting in Frames](/essays/ann_010_fa_14) -Marris/Pope, [Sand Molds of Ox Bone, Wine, and Elm Root](/#essays/ann_020_sp_15) +Marris/Pope, [Sand Molds of Ox Bone, Wine, and Elm Root](/essays/ann_020_sp_15) ### Coral, varnish, dragon’s blood -Chessa, [Counterfeit Coral](/#essays/ann_015_sp_15) +Chessa, [Counterfeit Coral](/essays/ann_015_sp_15) -Marris/Pope, [Varnish for Lutes](/#essays/ann_019_sp_15) +Marris/Pope, [Varnish for Lutes](/essays/ann_019_sp_15) -Reich, [Dragon's Blood](/#essays/ann_037_sp_16) +Reich, [Dragon's Blood](/essays/ann_037_sp_16) ### Wax, fish glue, hourglass sand -Kang, [Black Sulfured Wax](/#essays/ann_051_fa_16) +Kang, [Black Sulfured Wax](/essays/ann_051_fa_16) -Olson, [Wax for Seal](/#essays/ann_077_fa_18) +Olson, [Wax for Seal](/essays/ann_077_fa_18) -Wang, [Making and Using Fish Glue](/#essays/ann_056_sp_17) +Wang, [Making and Using Fish Glue](/essays/ann_056_sp_17) -Marris/Pope, [Powder for Hourglasses](/#essays/ann_021_sp_15) +Marris/Pope, [Powder for Hourglasses](/essays/ann_021_sp_15) ### Blue pigments -Chang, [What is *Esmail* in Ms. Fr. 640?](/#essays/ann_038_sp_16) +Chang, [What is *Esmail* in Ms. Fr. 640?](/essays/ann_038_sp_16) -Garris, [What is *Azur* in Ms. Fr. 640?](/#essays/ann_060_fa_17) +Garris, [What is *Azur* in Ms. Fr. 640?](/essays/ann_060_fa_17) ## Deciphering Obscure Materials Others deciphered obscure materials in Ms. Fr. 640, such as sulfur-passed wax, carton, “soft tin,” imitation jasper, stucco, fatty sand, and the material referred to as *spalt*, *laspalt*, and *spat* by the author-practitioner. ### Sulfur-passed wax -Landsman/Rowen, [Uses of Sulfur for Casting](/#essays/ann_007_fa_14) +Landsman/Rowen, [Uses of Sulfur for Casting](/essays/ann_007_fa_14) -Kang, [Black Sulfured Wax](/#essays/ann_051_fa_16) +Kang, [Black Sulfured Wax](/essays/ann_051_fa_16) ### Soft tin, fatty sand, imitation jasper -Buckley, [Tin and its Uses](/#essays/ann_070_fa_18) +Buckley, [Tin and its Uses](/essays/ann_070_fa_18) -Wang/Smith, [Sand of Ox Bone and Rock Salt](/#essays/ann_012_fa_14) +Wang/Smith, [Sand of Ox Bone and Rock Salt](/essays/ann_012_fa_14) -Lores-Chavez, [Imitating Raw Nature](/#essays/ann_045_fa_16) +Lores-Chavez, [Imitating Raw Nature](/essays/ann_045_fa_16) -Lee/Smith, [Lean Sands and Fat Binders](/#essays/ann_009_fa_14) +Lee/Smith, [Lean Sands and Fat Binders](/essays/ann_009_fa_14) ### Molding material -Dongchung, [What is *Carton*?](/#essays/ann_061_fa_17) +Dongchung, [What is *Carton*?](/essays/ann_061_fa_17) -Elizondo-Garza, [Stucco for Molding](/#essays/ann_064_fa_17) +Elizondo-Garza, [Stucco for Molding](/essays/ann_064_fa_17) -Kuiper/Kroon, [What is *Spat*?](/#essays/ann_509_ad_20) +Kuiper/Kroon, [What is *Spat*?](/essays/ann_509_ad_20) ## Culinary and Medical Recipes There are only a handful of culinary recipes in the manuscript, but students reconstructed some of them, for example, “Excellent mustard” and the Toulouse specialty of millet bread, *Millas*. Students explored the medical cures and remedies in the manuscript, considering the place of medical recipes in this mostly art and technical manuscript, attempting to determine the likely meaning of the abbreviation “G.,” seeking to understand the use of rosemary in pipe smoking, deciphering the use of a medicinal plaster “for preventing teats from swelling,” and recreating the impressive inspiriting of a salve for burns by means of holy water and intensive repetitions of the Pater Noster prayer. ### Culinary recipes -Mellon, [Excellent Mustard](/#essays/ann_008_fa_14) +Mellon, [Excellent Mustard](/essays/ann_008_fa_14) -Chiostrini/Palframan, [Making Millet Bread](/#essays/ann_023_sp_15) +Chiostrini/Palframan, [Making Millet Bread](/essays/ann_023_sp_15) -Durkin/Smith, [Molding Fruits and Animals in Sugar](/#essays/ann_017_sp_15) +Durkin/Smith, [Molding Fruits and Animals in Sugar](/essays/ann_017_sp_15) ### Medical recipes -Basile, [Gout or Gonorrhea?](/#essays/ann_054_sp_17) +Basile, [Gout or Gonorrhea?](/essays/ann_054_sp_17) -DeVinney, [Smoke as Medicine](/#essays/ann_048_fa_16) +DeVinney, [Smoke as Medicine](/essays/ann_048_fa_16) -Liu, [Collecting Cures in an Artisanal Manuscript](/#essays/ann_057_sp_17) +Liu, [Collecting Cures in an Artisanal Manuscript](/essays/ann_057_sp_17) -Liu, [Medicinal Plaster](/#essays/ann_079_sp_17) +Liu, [Medicinal Plaster](/essays/ann_079_sp_17) -Liu, [Salve for Burns](/#essays/ann_080_sp_17) +Liu, [Salve for Burns](/essays/ann_080_sp_17) -Liu, [Acid as Dental Cleanser](/#essays/ann_058_sp_17) +Liu, [Acid as Dental Cleanser](/essays/ann_058_sp_17) ## Deciphering the Text The research of many students aimed to decipher the text, such as the puzzling marginal note “try burnt oysters,” or investigating the significant contrast between the terms *imiter* (to imitate) and *contrefaire* (to counterfeit), the meaning of “invention” and “curious” in this period, the meaning of “aquafortis” (usually taken to mean nitric acid, but clearly more complicated in Ms. Fr. 640), and the process of pinking satin. -Cataldo/van Visco, [Try Burnt Oysters](/#essays/ann_006_fa_14) +Cataldo/van Visco, [Try Burnt Oysters](/essays/ann_006_fa_14) -Lores-Chavez, [Imitating Raw Nature](/#essays/ann_045_fa_16) +Lores-Chavez, [Imitating Raw Nature](/essays/ann_045_fa_16) -Hiebert, [Spinet Playing by Itself](/#essays/ann_047_fa_16) +Hiebert, [Spinet Playing by Itself](/essays/ann_047_fa_16) -Assis, [Making Aquafortis](/#essays/ann_065_fa_18) +Assis, [Making Aquafortis](/essays/ann_065_fa_18) -Bertozzi, [Pinking Satin](/#essays/ann_078_fa_18) +Bertozzi, [Pinking Satin](/essays/ann_078_fa_18) ## Reconstructing Historical Techniques Reconstruction has been especially useful for comprehending long lost or obscure techniques, for which Ms. Fr. 640 often has remarkably detailed descriptions. These include “incuse reverse casting,” or, as Ms. Fr. 640 has it, “Molding a hollow on one side and in relief on the other” (*Mouler cave d’un coste et de relief de laultre*), casting from life, casting in cuttlefish bone, making pilgrim badges, casting paper with raised text, casting sugar sculptures, techniques for painting on taffeta (probably for processional banners or clothing), a surprising black dye, making and applying black varnish for armor, making “gold without gold on silver”—a yellow turmeric varnish probably for furniture, paint for metal objects, entitled “Colors for Green,” *or mat* (mordant gilding), applying sulfuric acid on paper, reverse painting on glass, gilding on paper, creating varnishes to withstand the rain, preserving flowers in sand, and animals preserved by drying in an oven then decorated with wings. ### Casting, incurse reverse casting, and casting from life -Landsman/Rowen, [Molding a Hollow on One Side and in Relief on the Other](/#essays/ann_002_fa_14) +Landsman/Rowen, [Molding a Hollow on One Side and in Relief on the Other](/essays/ann_002_fa_14) -Groeneveld/Nuij, [Molding a Hollow on One Side and in Relief on the Other II](/#essays/ann_508_ad_20) +Groeneveld/Nuij, [Molding a Hollow on One Side and in Relief on the Other II](/essays/ann_508_ad_20) -Noirot, [Molding, Modeling, Repairing](/#essays/ann_504_ad_20) +Noirot, [Molding, Modeling, Repairing](/essays/ann_504_ad_20) -Chiostrini/Palframan, [Molding a Rose](/#essays/ann_022_sp_15) +Chiostrini/Palframan, [Molding a Rose](/essays/ann_022_sp_15) -Fu/Zhang/Smith, [Molding Grasshoppers](/#essays/ann_013_sp_15) +Fu/Zhang/Smith, [Molding Grasshoppers](/essays/ann_013_sp_15) -Chiostrini/Palframan, [Founders of Small Tin Works](/#essays/ann_014_sp_15) +Chiostrini/Palframan, [Founders of Small Tin Works](/essays/ann_014_sp_15) -Carlson/Katz/Gokturk, [Molding Paper with Raised Letters](/#essays/ann_005_fa_14) +Carlson/Katz/Gokturk, [Molding Paper with Raised Letters](/essays/ann_005_fa_14) -Durkin/Smith, [Molding Fruits and Animals in Sugar](/#essays/ann_017_sp_15) +Durkin/Smith, [Molding Fruits and Animals in Sugar](/essays/ann_017_sp_15) -Smith/Making and Knowing Project, [Lifecasting in Ms. Fr. 640](/#essays/ann_511_ad_20) +Smith/Making and Knowing Project, [Lifecasting in Ms. Fr. 640](/essays/ann_511_ad_20) -Boyd/Palframan/Smith, [Molding with Cuttlefish Bone](/#essays/ann_506_ad_20) +Boyd/Palframan/Smith, [Molding with Cuttlefish Bone](/essays/ann_506_ad_20) ### Painting on taffeta -Bowen/Lou, [Painting in Oil on Taffeta I](/#essays/ann_024_fa_15) +Bowen/Lou, [Painting in Oil on Taffeta I](/essays/ann_024_fa_15) -Bowen/Lou, [Painting in Oil on Taffeta Without the Oil Running](/#essays/ann_025_fa_15) +Bowen/Lou, [Painting in Oil on Taffeta Without the Oil Running](/essays/ann_025_fa_15) -Yar, [Painting in Oil on Taffeta II](/#essays/ann_062_fa_17) +Yar, [Painting in Oil on Taffeta II](/essays/ann_062_fa_17) ### Colormaking -Pitman, [Black Color for Dyeing](/#essays/ann_036_sp_16) +Pitman, [Black Color for Dyeing](/essays/ann_036_sp_16) -Camps, [Black Varnish for Armor](/#essays/ann_071_fa_18) +Camps, [Black Varnish for Armor](/essays/ann_071_fa_18) -Foyer, [Color of Gold without Gold on Silver](/#essays/ann_032_fa_15) +Foyer, [Color of Gold without Gold on Silver](/essays/ann_032_fa_15) -Kok, [Colors for Green Leaves](/#essays/ann_030_fa_15) +Kok, [Colors for Green Leaves](/essays/ann_030_fa_15) -Ndungu, [What is *Or Mat*?](/#essays/ann_041_sp_16) +Ndungu, [What is *Or Mat*?](/essays/ann_041_sp_16) -Clemens, [Sulfuric Acid for the Scribe](/#essays/ann_044_sp_16) +Clemens, [Sulfuric Acid for the Scribe](/essays/ann_044_sp_16) -Zhao, [Reverse Painting on Glass](/#essays/ann_027_fa_15) +Zhao, [Reverse Painting on Glass](/essays/ann_027_fa_15) -Goldenberg, [Gilding on Paper and Parchment](/#essays/ann_039_sp_16) +Goldenberg, [Gilding on Paper and Parchment](/essays/ann_039_sp_16) -McClure, [Making Colored Wood in Ms. Fr. 640](/#essays/ann_515_ad_20) +McClure, [Making Colored Wood in Ms. Fr. 640](/essays/ann_515_ad_20) ### Preservation -Sellar, [Keeping Dry Flowers](/#essays/ann_049_fa_16) +Sellar, [Keeping Dry Flowers](/essays/ann_049_fa_16) -Anantharaman/Smith, [Animals Dried in an Oven](/#essays/ann_502_ad_20) +Anantharaman/Smith, [Animals Dried in an Oven](/essays/ann_502_ad_20) Some techniques are known from other technical texts, but the accounts of these techniques in Ms. Fr. 640 often contain puzzling components or interesting technical details, such as those for making paint brushes, counterproofing, building up flesh tones, polishing and engraving stones, distilling turpentine, the construction of a fuse for a siege weapon known as a petard, and lampworking. Other recipes needed reconstructing in order to begin to understand their implausible instructions, such as bread molding, and an alchemical process of producing a powder for gold by enclosing silkworms in a vessel. -Carr, [Paintbrushes in Ms. Fr. 640](/#essays/ann_026_fa_15) +Carr, [Paintbrushes in Ms. Fr. 640](/essays/ann_026_fa_15) -Bertozzi, [Transferring Images](/#essays/ann_067_fa_18) +Bertozzi, [Transferring Images](/essays/ann_067_fa_18) -Nisse, [Shadows Beneath the Skin](/#essays/ann_042_sp_16) +Nisse, [Shadows Beneath the Skin](/essays/ann_042_sp_16) -Jiang, [Polishing and Engraving Stones](/#essays/ann_074_fa_18) +Jiang, [Polishing and Engraving Stones](/essays/ann_074_fa_18) -Eom, [Distillation](/#essays/ann_055_sp_17) +Eom, [Distillation](/essays/ann_055_sp_17) -Fong, [Buckram Sausage and Gunpowder Weapons](/#essays/ann_053_fa_16) +Fong, [Buckram Sausage and Gunpowder Weapons](/essays/ann_053_fa_16) -Donefer-Hickie, [Glassworking](/#essays/ann_052_fa_16) +Donefer-Hickie, [Glassworking](/essays/ann_052_fa_16) -Lim, [To Shrink an Object](/#essays/ann_076_fa_18) +Lim, [To Shrink an Object](/essays/ann_076_fa_18) -Grafit, [Silkworms and the Work of Algiers](/#essays/ann_059_sp_17) +Grafit, [Silkworms and the Work of Algiers](/essays/ann_059_sp_17) All these essays not only provide accounts of the students’ reconstructions of techniques in the manuscript, but also contain examinations of the historical significance and contexts of the materials and techniques ## Historical Investigation Some essays provide wide ranging historical investigation of the object that is the aim of a recipe, for example, the significance of roses in sixteenth-century Toulouse, bread in sixteenth-century France, the landscape of cures in sixteenth-century Europe, writing tablets, a musical automaton—a “spinet playing by itself,” the construction of decorative grottos, learning to draw, and sleight of hand tricks. Other essays compare Ms. Fr. 640 to contemporary texts, such as Hugh Plat’s *Jewell House of Art and Nature* and Charles Estienne’s *La Maison Rustique*. -Carlson/Katz, [Molded Roses](/#essays/ann_003_fa_14) +Carlson/Katz, [Molded Roses](/essays/ann_003_fa_14) -Le Pouésard, [Bread in Early Modern Europe](/#essays/ann_046_fa_16) +Le Pouésard, [Bread in Early Modern Europe](/essays/ann_046_fa_16) -Liu, [Collecting Cures in an Artisanal Manuscript](/#essays/ann_057_sp_17) +Liu, [Collecting Cures in an Artisanal Manuscript](/essays/ann_057_sp_17) -Bostock, [Tablets](/#essays/ann_068_fa_18) +Bostock, [Tablets](/essays/ann_068_fa_18) -Hiebert, [Spinet Playing by Itself](/#essays/ann_047_fa_16) +Hiebert, [Spinet Playing by Itself](/essays/ann_047_fa_16) -Ullman, [Artificial Grottos](/#essays/ann_063_fa_17) +Ullman, [Artificial Grottos](/essays/ann_063_fa_17) -Zhao, [Apprenticeship of the Painter](/#essays/ann_035_sp_16) +Zhao, [Apprenticeship of the Painter](/essays/ann_035_sp_16) -Barwich, [Sleight of Hand Tricks](/#essays/ann_043_sp_16) +Barwich, [Sleight of Hand Tricks](/essays/ann_043_sp_16) -Faulkner, [Ms. Fr. 640 and the *Jewell House*](/#essays/ann_072_fa_18) +Faulkner, [Ms. Fr. 640 and the *Jewell House*](/essays/ann_072_fa_18) -Bergen, [Cultivation and the Genre of the Household Manual](/#essays/ann_066_fa_18) +Bergen, [Cultivation and the Genre of the Household Manual](/essays/ann_066_fa_18) ## Workshop Practice and Daily Life Through research and reconstruction, we also learned more about workshop practice and the nature of experiential or practical knowledge, as revealed, for example, in the author-practitioner’s use of particular terminology, such as “impalpable,” and his use of artisanal tricks of the trade such as the squeeze test for ascertaining the consistency of molding sand, and the paper test to measure heat. The research also yielded clues about the author-practitioner’s identity, as well as his level of education, knowledge and practice, and his familiarity with techniques outside of his French-speaking domain. Student research also provided insight into daily life, such as recipes for mustard, the use of noisy mortars by apothecaries to attract business, a method to train a dog (involving cheese held in the armpit, fol. 131r), millet consumption, woad cultivation in Languedoc, the regular use of stale urine, and the unexpected domestic production of sand for hourglasses. ### Workshop practices -Le Pouésard, [Bread as Mediating Material](/#essays/ann_050_fa_16) +Le Pouésard, [Bread as Mediating Material](/essays/ann_050_fa_16) -Cataldo/van Visco, [*Eau Magistra*](/#essays/ann_011_fa_14) +Cataldo/van Visco, [*Eau Magistra*](/essays/ann_011_fa_14) -Boulboullé/Stols-Witlox, [*Corps* in Ms. Fr. 640](/#essays/ann_307_ie_19) +Boulboullé/Stols-Witlox, [*Corps* in Ms. Fr. 640](/essays/ann_307_ie_19) -Boyd/Palframan/Smith, [Making Gold Run for Casting](/#essays/ann_505_ad_20) +Boyd/Palframan/Smith, [Making Gold Run for Casting](/essays/ann_505_ad_20) -Boyd/Palframan/Smith, [Molding with Cuttlefish Bone](/#essays/ann_506_ad_20) +Boyd/Palframan/Smith, [Molding with Cuttlefish Bone](/essays/ann_506_ad_20) ### Insights into daily life -Gans, [Circulation of Knowledge in Europe](/#essays/ann_018_sp_15) +Gans, [Circulation of Knowledge in Europe](/essays/ann_018_sp_15) -Mellon, [Excellent Mustard](/#essays/ann_008_fa_14) +Mellon, [Excellent Mustard](/essays/ann_008_fa_14) -Pitman, [Daily Life and Material Culture](/#essays/ann_325_ie_19) +Pitman, [Daily Life and Material Culture](/essays/ann_325_ie_19) -Marris/Pope, [Powder for Hourglasses](/#essays/ann_021_sp_15) +Marris/Pope, [Powder for Hourglasses](/essays/ann_021_sp_15) -Chiostrini/Palframan, [Founders of Small Tin Works](/#essays/ann_014_sp_15) +Chiostrini/Palframan, [Founders of Small Tin Works](/essays/ann_014_sp_15) ## Failures Students also found evidence that the author-practitioner experienced failures in his practice, for example in making imitation rubies, or in making sand molds for casting metal. In some of the manuscript’s entries, the author-practitioner appears to have recorded his experiences, perhaps as he was learning, while others seem to be hearsay or observations from other workshops. When students made mistakes and went back to the manuscript to try to understand where they had gone wrong, they sometimes found that the author-practitioner had included a warning about just their problem, as if he too had experienced it. For example, while making molds for lifecasting, we made the clay walls of the mold too thin, and they collapsed under the outward pressure of the plaster “sand” as we poured it into the mold. When we went back to the manuscript, we found that the author-practitioner had warned us about just this problem, saying, “take heed to make [the clay circle] strong and thick according to the size that you want, otherwise it would burst, the sand being inside” (fol. 145v). -Kremnitzer/Smith, [Imitation Rubies and Failure](/#essays/ann_082_fa_15) +Kremnitzer/Smith, [Imitation Rubies and Failure](/essays/ann_082_fa_15) -Carlson/Katz, [Casting in Frames](/#essays/ann_010_fa_14) +Carlson/Katz, [Casting in Frames](/essays/ann_010_fa_14) -Fu/Zhang, [Molding Grasshoppers](/#essays/ann_013_sp_15) +Fu/Zhang, [Molding Grasshoppers](/essays/ann_013_sp_15) -Donefer-Hickie, [Glassworking](/#essays/ann_052_fa_16) +Donefer-Hickie, [Glassworking](/essays/ann_052_fa_16) -Smith/Making and Knowing Project, [Lifecasting in Ms. Fr. 640](/#essays/ann_511_ad_20) +Smith/Making and Knowing Project, [Lifecasting in Ms. Fr. 640](/essays/ann_511_ad_20) -Wang/van Buren/Uchacz, ["Perspective is Very Difficult"](/#essays/ann_516_ad_20) +Wang/van Buren/Uchacz, ["Perspective is Very Difficult"](/essays/ann_516_ad_20) ## Material Imaginary Especially interesting has been the insight provided by reconstruction into the author-practitioner’s system of knowledge about nature and the behavior of natural materials—his “material imaginary”—including qualitative material categories, such as hot, cold, wet, dry, fat, lean, sweet, and sour; material metaphors based on, for example, the materials of vermilion and of sulfur, which provided a means, not so much to signify material meaning (although they also enabled that), but, rather, to enact principles of material process. The author-practitioner’s vocabulary of moldmaking and casting conveys a conception of the material world as animate, such as veins of wax (*filons de cire*) and breathing holes (*souspirails*) to vent the mold (fol. 155r). The interactions between materials often demonstrate a view of materials being friendly or hostile. For example, “Latten is the enemy of gold & the friend of silver” (*Le letton est ennemy de lor & amy de largent*, fol. 121v). His material imaginary also included various areas or activities of emphasis, such as experimenting with the states and phases of materials, or trying to arrest ephemerality in living things through lifecasting, preserving plants and fruits, and taxidermy. In most of the recipes, we see that human utility is the overarching organizing principle in creating (mostly implicit) taxonomies of natural materials. ### Qualitative material categories -Lee/Smith, [Lean Sands and Fat Binders](/#essays/ann_009_fa_14) +Lee/Smith, [Lean Sands and Fat Binders](/essays/ann_009_fa_14) -Wang/Smith, [Sand of Ox Bone and Rock Salt](/#essays/ann_012_fa_14) +Wang/Smith, [Sand of Ox Bone and Rock Salt](/essays/ann_012_fa_14) -Buckley, [Tin and its Uses](/#essays/ann_070_fa_18) +Buckley, [Tin and its Uses](/essays/ann_070_fa_18) ### Material metaphors -Landsman/Rowen, [Uses of Sulfur for Casting](/#essays/ann_007_fa_14) +Landsman/Rowen, [Uses of Sulfur for Casting](/essays/ann_007_fa_14) -Le Pouésard, [Bread as Mediating Material](/#essays/ann_050_fa_16) +Le Pouésard, [Bread as Mediating Material](/essays/ann_050_fa_16) ### The animate world -Cataldo/van Visco, [Wax and Tallow](/#essays/ann_001_fa_14) +Cataldo/van Visco, [Wax and Tallow](/essays/ann_001_fa_14) Chiostrini/Palframan, [Molding a Rose](#essays/ann_022_sp_15) -Liu, [Salve for Burns](/#essays/ann_080_sp_17) +Liu, [Salve for Burns](/essays/ann_080_sp_17) ### Ephemerality and preservation -Carlson/Katz, [Molded Roses](/#essays/ann_003_fa_14) +Carlson/Katz, [Molded Roses](/essays/ann_003_fa_14) -Fu/Zhang/Smith, [Molding Grasshoppers](/#essays/ann_013_sp_15) +Fu/Zhang/Smith, [Molding Grasshoppers](/essays/ann_013_sp_15) -Sellar, [Keeping Dry Flowers](/#essays/ann_049_fa_16) +Sellar, [Keeping Dry Flowers](/essays/ann_049_fa_16) -Anantharaman/Smith, [Animals Dried in an Oven](/#essays/ann_502_ad_20) +Anantharaman/Smith, [Animals Dried in an Oven](/essays/ann_502_ad_20) ### Vernacular taxonomies -Marris/Pope, [Sand Molds of Ox Bone, Wine, and Elm Root](/#essays/ann_020_sp_15) +Marris/Pope, [Sand Molds of Ox Bone, Wine, and Elm Root](/essays/ann_020_sp_15) -Jiang, [What is Stone?](/#essays/ann_075_fa_18) +Jiang, [What is Stone?](/essays/ann_075_fa_18) ## Artifice The central preoccupation of the author-practitioner that emerged from the Project’s research was that of creating artificial materials. This overarching concern with artifice reveals the imitation of nature by the human hand as an essential mode of investigating nature and natural materials through the crafting of objects. In the years that the Project focused on techniques for coloring diverse materials and on “ephemeral art” (temporary art for civic and court festivals), students reconstructed many artificial materials, such as emeralds and other precious stones, imitation jasper, marbled wood, imitation rouge clair, imitation damask cloth, and “color of gold without gold.” -Chessa, [Counterfeit Coral](/#essays/ann_015_sp_15) +Chessa, [Counterfeit Coral](/essays/ann_015_sp_15) -Kremnitzer/Shah/Smith, [Gemstones and Imitation](/#essays/ann_029_fa_15) +Kremnitzer/Shah/Smith, [Gemstones and Imitation](/essays/ann_029_fa_15) -Shah, [Imitation Emeralds](/#essays/ann_081_fa_15) +Shah, [Imitation Emeralds](/essays/ann_081_fa_15) -Estrades, [Jasper Imitation on Horn](/#essays/ann_028_fa_15) +Estrades, [Jasper Imitation on Horn](/essays/ann_028_fa_15) -Lores-Chavez, [Imitating Raw Nature](/#essays/ann_045_fa_16) +Lores-Chavez, [Imitating Raw Nature](/essays/ann_045_fa_16) -Soley, [Imitation Marble](/#essays/ann_040_sp_16) +Soley, [Imitation Marble](/essays/ann_040_sp_16) -Shi/Chang, [Rouge Clair: Glass or Paint?](/#essays/ann_034_sp_16) +Shi/Chang, [Rouge Clair: Glass or Paint?](/essays/ann_034_sp_16) -Yi, [Damasked Cloth](/#essays/ann_031_fa_15) +Yi, [Damasked Cloth](/essays/ann_031_fa_15) -Foyer, [Color of Gold without Gold on Silver](/#essays/ann_032_fa_15) +Foyer, [Color of Gold without Gold on Silver](/essays/ann_032_fa_15) -Mukherjee, [Varied and Transmuted Wine](/#essays/ann_512_ad_20) +Mukherjee, [Varied and Transmuted Wine](/essays/ann_512_ad_20) ## Reading and Doing The Project has taught all its many participants how much information the reconstruction of technical recipes can yield. One of the most important results of reconstruction was gaining a new level of understanding of the recipes. By the constant moving between manuscript and hands-on experimentation, we gained an understanding of the manuscript that would not have been possible by simply reading through it in a linear way (which, given the extreme non-linearity of the text and its contents, would have been near impossible in any case). We have also learned from our hands-on historical research that reconstruction-based investigations can provide another window into artisanal workshop practices, but it can also make us aware of our inevitable “modern framings” or “lenses” through which we tend to look at the material world of the early modern period. Our research in materials suggests the inadequacy of some modern classifications to convey, not only the variety of that early modern material world, but also the ways in which practitioners thought with and through their materials and experiences to form hypotheses, taxonomies, and knowledge systems. ### Questioning modern classifications -Zhao, [Reverse Painting on Glass](/#essays/ann_027_fa_15) +Zhao, [Reverse Painting on Glass](/essays/ann_027_fa_15) -Ndungu, [What is *Or Mat*?](/#essays/ann_041_sp_16) +Ndungu, [What is *Or Mat*?](/essays/ann_041_sp_16) -Boyd/Palframan/Smith, [Making Gold Run for Casting](/#essays/ann_505_ad_20) +Boyd/Palframan/Smith, [Making Gold Run for Casting](/essays/ann_505_ad_20) diff --git a/menu-structure.json b/menu-structure.json index 9b46605..487e574 100644 --- a/menu-structure.json +++ b/menu-structure.json @@ -4,107 +4,688 @@ "route": "/folios" }, { - "label": "Essays", + "label": "Research Essays", "route": "/essays" }, { "label": "Resources", - "menuItems": [ + "content_id": "resources", + "page_heading": "Overview of Resources", + "header_graphic_filename": "banner-resources.png", + "route": "/content/resources", + "sections": [ { - "label": "Overview of Resources", - "route": "/content/resources/overview" + "title": "List of Entries", + "id": "list-of-entries" }, { - "label": "List of Entries", - "route": "/entries" - }, + "title": "Entry Categories", + "id": "entry-categories", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "Category Descriptions", + "id": "category-descriptions" + }, + { + "title": "Visualizing the Manuscript's Contents", + "id": "visualizing-the-manuscripts-contents" + }, + { + "title": "Overview of the Manuscript's Contents", + "id": "overview-of-the-manuscripts-contents" + }, + { + "title": "Glossary", + "id": "glossary" + }, + { + "title": "Bibliography", + "id": "bibliography" + }, + { + "title": "Principles", + "id": "principles-of-transcription-translation-and-encoding" + }, + { + "title": "Figures in the Manuscript", + "id": "figures-in-the-manuscript" + }, + { + "title": "Reconstruction Insights", + "id": "reconstruction-insights" + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Coming Soon", + "id": "coming-soon" + }, + { + "title": "Field Notes", + "id": "field-notes-coming-soon" + } + ] + }, + { + "label": "About", + "content_id": "about", + "page_heading": "About The Edition", + "header_graphic_filename": "banner-about.png", + "route": "/content/about", + "sections": [ + { + "title": "The Manuscript", + "id": "the-manuscript" + }, + { + "title": "The Edition", + "id": "the-edition", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "What is it?", + "id": "what-is-the-digital-critical-edition" + }, + { + "title": "Creation", + "id": "creation-of-the-edition" + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "The Making and Knowing Project", + "id": "about-the-making-and-knowing-project" + }, { - "label": "Entry Categories", - "route": "/content/resources/categories" - }, + "title": "Digital Development", + "id": "digital-development", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "Introduction and Sustainability", + "id": "introduction-and-sustainability" + }, + { + "title": "Facsimile Images of BnF Ms. Fr. 640", + "id": "facsimile-images-of-bnf-ms-fr-640" + }, + { + "title": "Markup and Encoding of the Text of Ms. Fr. 640", + "id": "markup-and-encoding-of-the-text-of-ms-fr-640" + }, + { + "title": "Use of the XML in the Edition", + "id": "use-of-the-xml-in-the-edition" + }, + { + "title": "Layout of the Texts of Ms. Fr. 640", + "id": "layout-of-the-texts-of-ms-fr-640" + }, + { + "title": "Other Resources and Derivative Versions", + "id": "other-resources-and-derivative-versions" + }, + { + "title": "Research and Scholarly Essays", + "id": "research-and-scholarly-essays" + }, + { + "title": "Static Site Generation", + "id": "static-site-generation" + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "People and Credits", + "id": "people-and-credits" + }, { - "label": "Glossary", - "route": "/folios/1r/f/1r/glossary" - }, + "title": "Peer Review", + "id": "peer-review" + }, { - "label": "Bibliography", - "route": "/content/resources/bibliography" - }, + "title": "How to Cite", + "id": "how-to-cite", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "The Edition", + "id": "to-cite-the-edition" + }, + { + "title": "A dual-pane page-view of the Edition", + "id": "to-cite-a-dual-pane-page-view-of-the-edition" + }, + { + "title": "A Research Essay from the Edition", + "id": "to-cite-a-research-essay-from-the-edition" + }, + { + "title": "A Resource page", + "id": "to-cite-a-resource-page" + } + ] + }, { - "label": "Principles of Transcription, Translation, and Encoding", - "route": "/content/resources/principles" + "title": "Sponsors", + "id": "sponsors" }, { - "label": "Figures in the Manuscript", - "route": "/content/resources/figure-index" - }, + "title": "Contact", + "id": "contact" + } + ] + }, + { + "label": "How to Use", + "content_id": "how-to-use", + "page_heading": "How to Use the Edition", + "sub_heading_link": { + "text": "cliquez ici pour la version française →", + "url": "/#content/how-to-use-fr" + }, + "header_graphic_filename": "banner-how-to.png", + "route": "/content/how-to-use", + "sections": [ { - "label": "Reconstruction Insights", - "route": "/content/resources/reconstruction-insights" + "title": "Reading and Browsing the Manuscript", + "id": "reading-and-browsing-the-manuscript", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "Dual-pane Display", + "id": "dual-pane-display" + }, + { + "title": "Facsimile Images", + "id": "facsimile-images" + }, + { + "title": "Transcriptions and Translations", + "id": "transcriptions-and-translations" + }, + { + "title": "Navigation within the Dual-pane Display", + "id": "navigation-within-the-dual-pane-display" + }, + { + "title": "Searching", + "id": "searching" + } + ] }, { - "label": "Coming Soon", - "route": "/content/resources/coming-soon" - }, + "title": "Resources", + "id": "resources", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "List of Entries", + "id": "list-of-entries" + }, + { + "title": "Glossary", + "id": "glossary" + }, + { + "title": "Research Essays", + "id": "research-essays" + }, + { + "title": "Bibliography", + "id": "bibliography" + }, + { + "title": "Field Notes", + "id": "field-notes" + } + ] + }, { - "label": "Field Notes", - "placeholder": true, - "route": "/content/resources/field-notes" + "title": "How to Cite", + "id": "how-to-cite" }, { - "label": "Index of Keywords (Term Indices)", - "placeholder": true, - "route": "/content/text/index-of-terms" + "title": "Source Data", + "id": "source-data" } - ] + ] }, { - "label": "About", - "menuItems": [ - { - "label": "Overview", - "route": "/content/about/overview" + "content_id": "how-to-use-fr", + "page_heading": "Guide d'utilisation", + "sub_heading_link": { + "text": "Click here for the english version →", + "url": "/#content/how-to-use" + }, + "header_graphic_filename": "banner-how-to.png", + "route": "/content/how-to-use-fr", + "sections": [ + { + "title": "Lire et feuilleter le manuscrit", + "id": "lire-et-feuilleter-le-manuscrit", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "Affichage côte à côte", + "id": "affichage-côte-à-côte" + }, + { + "title": "Fac-similé", + "id": "fac-similé" + }, + { + "title": "Transcriptions et traduction", + "id": "transcriptions-et-traduction" + }, + { + "title": "Navigation dans l'affichage de texte côte à côte", + "id": "navigation-dans-laffichage-de-texte-côte-à-côte" + }, + { + "title": "Recherche", + "id": "recherche" + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Ressources", + "id": "ressources", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "Liste des Entrées", + "id": "liste-des-entrées" + }, + { + "title": "Glossaire", + "id": "glossaire" + }, + { + "title": "Essais de recherche", + "id": "essais-de-recherche" + }, + { + "title": "Bibliographie", + "id": "bibliographie" + }, + { + "title": "Notes de terrain", + "id": "notes-de-terrain" + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Comment citer l'édition", + "id": "comment-citer-lédition" + }, + { + "title": "Données source", + "id": "données-source" + } + ] + }, + { + "content_id": "about/credits", + "page_heading": "People and Credits", + "header_graphic_filename": "banner-about.png", + "route": "/content/about/credits", + "sections": [ + { + "title": "Introduction", + "id": "introduction" }, { - "label": "The Manuscript", - "route": "/content/about/manuscript" - }, + "title": "Project Team and Staff", + "id": "project-team-and-staff" + }, { - "label": "The Edition", - "route": "/content/about/creation" + "title": "Senior Editorial and Digital Teams", + "id": "senior-editorial-and-digital-teams" }, { - "label": "The Making and Knowing Project", - "route": "/content/about/m-k-project" + "title": "Project Managers, Assistants, and Interns", + "id": "project-managers-assistants-and-interns" }, { - "label": "Digital Development", - "route": "/content/about/digital" - }, + "title": "Research Essay Authors", + "id": "research-essay-authors", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "Student Authors", + "id": "student-authors" + }, + { + "title": "Scholar Authors", + "id": "scholar-authors" + } + ] + }, { - "label": "Credits", - "route": "/content/about/credits" - }, + "title": "Text Workshops in Paleography, Translation, and Digital Encoding", + "id": "text-workshops-in-paleography-translation-and-digital-encoding", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "2014 (3 weeks, Columbia University)", + "id": "2014-3-weeks-columbia-university" + }, + { + "title": "2015 (3 weeks, Columbia University)", + "id": "2015-3-weeks-columbia-university" + }, + { + "title": "2016 (3 weeks, Columbia University)", + "id": "2016-3-weeks-columbia-university" + }, + { + "title": "2017 (2 weeks, Université Toulouse-Jean Jaurès)", + "id": "2017-2-weeks-université-toulouse-jean-jaurès" + }, + { + "title": "2018 (2 weeks, Université Toulouse-Jean Jaurès)", + "id": "2018-2-weeks-université-toulouse-jean-jaurès" + }, + { + "title": "2018 (1 week, Toulouse)", + "id": "2018-1-week-toulouse" + }, + { + "title": "2018 (1 week, Columbia University)", + "id": "2018-1-week-columbia-university" + }, + { + "title": "2019 (6 months, Columbia University)", + "id": "2019-6-months-columbia-university" + }, + { + "title": "2014-18 Participants (Paleographers, Translators, and Encoders)", + "id": "2014-18-participants-paleographers-translators-and-encoders" + } + ] + }, { - "label": "Peer Review", - "route": "/content/about/peer-review" + "title": "Craft & Science: Making Objects in the Early Modern World* Laboratory Seminar Participants", + "id": "craft--science-making-objects-in-the-early-modern-world-laboratory-seminar-participants", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "Expert Makers", + "id": "expert-makers" + }, + { + "title": "Students by Semester and Theme", + "id": "students-by-semester-and-theme" + } + ] }, { - "label": "How to Cite", - "route": "/content/about/how-to-cite" + "title": "Digital Humanities Seminar Participants", + "id": "digital-humanities-seminar-participants", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "2017 Spring", + "id": "2017-spring-what-is-a-book-in-the-21st-century-working-with-historical-texts-in-a-digital-environment" + }, + { + "title": "2019 Spring", + "id": "2019-spring-transforming-textstextual-analysis-literary-modeling-and-visualization" + } + ] }, { - "label": "Sponsors", - "route": "/content/about/sponsors" - }, + "title": "Working Group Meeting Invited Scholars and Participants", + "id": "working-group-meeting-invited-scholars-and-participants" + }, { - "label": "Contact", - "route": "/content/about/contact" + "title": "Columbia University Libraries and the Center for Teaching and Learning", + "id": "columbia-university-libraries-and-the-center-for-teaching-and-learning" } + ] + }, { - "label": "How to Use", - "route": "/content/how-to-use" - } + "content_id": "resources/principles", + "page_heading": "Principles of Transcription, Translation, and Encoding", + "header_graphic_filename": "banner-resources.png", + "route": "/content/resources/principles", + "sections": [ + { + "title": "Principles of Transcription", + "id": "principles-of-transcription", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "Diplomatic Transcription", + "id": "diplomatic-transcription" + }, + { + "title": "Normalized Transcription", + "id": "normalized-transcription" + }, + { + "title": "Deletions, Changes, and Marks", + "id": "deletions-changes-and-marks" + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Principles of Translation", + "id": "principles-of-translation" + }, + { + "title": "Principles of Encoding", + "id": "principles-of-encoding", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "Edition Tag Set", + "id": "edition-tag-set" + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Linguistic Resources: Dictionaries and Technical Encyclopedias", + "id": "linguistic-resources-dictionaries-and-technical-encyclopedias", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "Online Dictionaries", + "id": "online-dictionaries" + }, + { + "title": "Manuscripts, paleography, and ancient texts", + "id": "manuscripts-paleography-and-ancient-texts" + }, + { + "title": "Identifying early books online", + "id": "identifying-early-books-online" + }, + { + "title": "Arts and technical vocabulary", + "id": "arts-and-technical-vocabulary" + }, + { + "title": "Other resources", + "id": "other-resources" + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "content_id": "resources/bibliography", + "page_heading": "Bibliography", + "header_graphic_filename": "banner-resources.png", + "route": "/content/resources/bibliography", + "sections": [ + { + "title": "Primary Sources Cited in Ms. Fr. 640 and in the Editorial Comments", + "id": "primary-sources-cited-in-ms-fr-640-and-in-the-editorial-comments" + }, + { + "title": "Secondary Sources Cited in the Editorial Comments", + "id": "secondary-sources-cited-in-the-editorial-comments" + }, + { + "title": "Primary and Secondary Sources Cited in the Glossary", + "id": "primary-and-secondary-sources-cited-in-the-glossary" + } + ] + }, + { + "content_id": "resources/figure-index", + "page_heading": "Figures in Ms. Fr. 640", + "header_graphic_filename": "banner-resources.png", + "route": "/content/resources/figure-index", + "sections": [ + { + "title": "Marks Used in the Manuscript", + "id": "marks-used-in-the-manuscript" + }, + { + "title": "Figures in the Manuscript", + "id": "figures-in-the-manuscript" + } + ] + }, + { + "content_id": "resources/reconstruction-insights", + "page_heading": "Insights from Reconstruction Research", + "header_graphic_filename": "banner-resources.png", + "route": "/content/resources/reconstruction-insights", + "sections": [ + { + "title": "Materials", + "id": "materials", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "Molding sands", + "id": "molding-sands" + }, + { + "title": "Coral, varnish, dragon’s blood", + "id": "coral-varnish-dragons-blood" + }, + { + "title": "Wax, fish glue, hourglass sand", + "id": "wax-fish-glue-hourglass-sand" + }, + { + "title": "Blue pigments", + "id": "blue-pigments" + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Deciphering Obscure Materials", + "id": "deciphering-obscure-materials", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "Sulfur-passed wax", + "id": "sulfur-passed-wax" + }, + { + "title": "Soft tin, fatty sand, imitation jasper", + "id": "soft-tin-fatty-sand-imitation-jasper" + }, + { + "title": "Molding material", + "id": "molding-material" + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Culinary and Medical Recipes", + "id": "culinary-and-medical-recipes", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "Culinary recipes", + "id": "culinary-recipes" + }, + { + "title": "Medical recipes", + "id": "medical-recipes" + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Deciphering the Text", + "id": "deciphering-the-text" + }, + { + "title": "Reconstructing Historical Techniques", + "id": "reconstructing-historical-techniques", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "Casting, incurse reverse casting, and casting from life", + "id": "casting-incurse-reverse-casting-and-casting-from-life" + }, + { + "title": "Painting on taffeta", + "id": "painting-on-taffeta" + }, + { + "title": "Colormaking", + "id": "colormaking" + }, + { + "title": "Preservation", + "id": "preservation" + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Historical Investigation", + "id": "historical-investigation" + }, + { + "title": "Workshop Practice and Daily Life", + "id": "workshop-practice-and-daily-life", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "Workshop practices", + "id": "workshop-practices" + }, + { + "title": "Insights into daily life", + "id": "insights-into-daily-life" + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Failures", + "id": "failures" + }, + { + "title": "Material Imaginary", + "id": "material-imaginary", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "Qualitative material categories", + "id": "qualitative-material-categories" + }, + { + "title": "Material metaphors", + "id": "material-metaphors" + }, + { + "title": "The animate world", + "id": "the-animate-world" + }, + { + "title": "Ephemerality and preservation", + "id": "ephemerality-and-preservation" + }, + { + "title": "Vernacular taxonomies", + "id": "vernacular-taxonomies" + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Artifice", + "id": "artifice" + }, + { + "title": "Reading and Doing", + "id": "reading-and-doing", + "sub_sections": [ + { + "title": "Questioning modern classifications", + "id": "questioning-modern-classifications" + } + ] + } + ] + } ] From cc10b2434f0e41e0d20384d8120cc946ff1c2f73 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chris Collins Date: Thu, 17 Jun 2021 14:47:33 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 2/4] Removes sub_sections from menu-structure.json --- menu-structure.json | 466 ++------------------------------------------ 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 445 deletions(-) diff --git a/menu-structure.json b/menu-structure.json index 487e574..dd647a4 100644 --- a/menu-structure.json +++ b/menu-structure.json @@ -20,41 +20,7 @@ }, { "title": "Entry Categories", - "id": "entry-categories", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "Category Descriptions", - "id": "category-descriptions" - }, - { - "title": "Visualizing the Manuscript's Contents", - "id": "visualizing-the-manuscripts-contents" - }, - { - "title": "Overview of the Manuscript's Contents", - "id": "overview-of-the-manuscripts-contents" - }, - { - "title": "Glossary", - "id": "glossary" - }, - { - "title": "Bibliography", - "id": "bibliography" - }, - { - "title": "Principles", - "id": "principles-of-transcription-translation-and-encoding" - }, - { - "title": "Figures in the Manuscript", - "id": "figures-in-the-manuscript" - }, - { - "title": "Reconstruction Insights", - "id": "reconstruction-insights" - } - ] + "id": "entry-categories" }, { "title": "Coming Soon", @@ -79,17 +45,7 @@ }, { "title": "The Edition", - "id": "the-edition", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "What is it?", - "id": "what-is-the-digital-critical-edition" - }, - { - "title": "Creation", - "id": "creation-of-the-edition" - } - ] + "id": "the-edition" }, { "title": "The Making and Knowing Project", @@ -97,41 +53,7 @@ }, { "title": "Digital Development", - "id": "digital-development", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "Introduction and Sustainability", - "id": "introduction-and-sustainability" - }, - { - "title": "Facsimile Images of BnF Ms. Fr. 640", - "id": "facsimile-images-of-bnf-ms-fr-640" - }, - { - "title": "Markup and Encoding of the Text of Ms. Fr. 640", - "id": "markup-and-encoding-of-the-text-of-ms-fr-640" - }, - { - "title": "Use of the XML in the Edition", - "id": "use-of-the-xml-in-the-edition" - }, - { - "title": "Layout of the Texts of Ms. Fr. 640", - "id": "layout-of-the-texts-of-ms-fr-640" - }, - { - "title": "Other Resources and Derivative Versions", - "id": "other-resources-and-derivative-versions" - }, - { - "title": "Research and Scholarly Essays", - "id": "research-and-scholarly-essays" - }, - { - "title": "Static Site Generation", - "id": "static-site-generation" - } - ] + "id": "digital-development" }, { "title": "People and Credits", @@ -143,25 +65,7 @@ }, { "title": "How to Cite", - "id": "how-to-cite", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "The Edition", - "id": "to-cite-the-edition" - }, - { - "title": "A dual-pane page-view of the Edition", - "id": "to-cite-a-dual-pane-page-view-of-the-edition" - }, - { - "title": "A Research Essay from the Edition", - "id": "to-cite-a-research-essay-from-the-edition" - }, - { - "title": "A Resource page", - "id": "to-cite-a-resource-page" - } - ] + "id": "how-to-cite" }, { "title": "Sponsors", @@ -186,55 +90,11 @@ "sections": [ { "title": "Reading and Browsing the Manuscript", - "id": "reading-and-browsing-the-manuscript", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "Dual-pane Display", - "id": "dual-pane-display" - }, - { - "title": "Facsimile Images", - "id": "facsimile-images" - }, - { - "title": "Transcriptions and Translations", - "id": "transcriptions-and-translations" - }, - { - "title": "Navigation within the Dual-pane Display", - "id": "navigation-within-the-dual-pane-display" - }, - { - "title": "Searching", - "id": "searching" - } - ] + "id": "reading-and-browsing-the-manuscript" }, { "title": "Resources", - "id": "resources", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "List of Entries", - "id": "list-of-entries" - }, - { - "title": "Glossary", - "id": "glossary" - }, - { - "title": "Research Essays", - "id": "research-essays" - }, - { - "title": "Bibliography", - "id": "bibliography" - }, - { - "title": "Field Notes", - "id": "field-notes" - } - ] + "id": "resources" }, { "title": "How to Cite", @@ -258,55 +118,11 @@ "sections": [ { "title": "Lire et feuilleter le manuscrit", - "id": "lire-et-feuilleter-le-manuscrit", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "Affichage côte à côte", - "id": "affichage-côte-à-côte" - }, - { - "title": "Fac-similé", - "id": "fac-similé" - }, - { - "title": "Transcriptions et traduction", - "id": "transcriptions-et-traduction" - }, - { - "title": "Navigation dans l'affichage de texte côte à côte", - "id": "navigation-dans-laffichage-de-texte-côte-à-côte" - }, - { - "title": "Recherche", - "id": "recherche" - } - ] + "id": "lire-et-feuilleter-le-manuscrit" }, { "title": "Ressources", - "id": "ressources", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "Liste des Entrées", - "id": "liste-des-entrées" - }, - { - "title": "Glossaire", - "id": "glossaire" - }, - { - "title": "Essais de recherche", - "id": "essais-de-recherche" - }, - { - "title": "Bibliographie", - "id": "bibliographie" - }, - { - "title": "Notes de terrain", - "id": "notes-de-terrain" - } - ] + "id": "ressources" }, { "title": "Comment citer l'édition", @@ -342,87 +158,19 @@ }, { "title": "Research Essay Authors", - "id": "research-essay-authors", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "Student Authors", - "id": "student-authors" - }, - { - "title": "Scholar Authors", - "id": "scholar-authors" - } - ] + "id": "research-essay-authors" }, { "title": "Text Workshops in Paleography, Translation, and Digital Encoding", - "id": "text-workshops-in-paleography-translation-and-digital-encoding", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "2014 (3 weeks, Columbia University)", - "id": "2014-3-weeks-columbia-university" - }, - { - "title": "2015 (3 weeks, Columbia University)", - "id": "2015-3-weeks-columbia-university" - }, - { - "title": "2016 (3 weeks, Columbia University)", - "id": "2016-3-weeks-columbia-university" - }, - { - "title": "2017 (2 weeks, Université Toulouse-Jean Jaurès)", - "id": "2017-2-weeks-université-toulouse-jean-jaurès" - }, - { - "title": "2018 (2 weeks, Université Toulouse-Jean Jaurès)", - "id": "2018-2-weeks-université-toulouse-jean-jaurès" - }, - { - "title": "2018 (1 week, Toulouse)", - "id": "2018-1-week-toulouse" - }, - { - "title": "2018 (1 week, Columbia University)", - "id": "2018-1-week-columbia-university" - }, - { - "title": "2019 (6 months, Columbia University)", - "id": "2019-6-months-columbia-university" - }, - { - "title": "2014-18 Participants (Paleographers, Translators, and Encoders)", - "id": "2014-18-participants-paleographers-translators-and-encoders" - } - ] + "id": "text-workshops-in-paleography-translation-and-digital-encoding" }, { "title": "Craft & Science: Making Objects in the Early Modern World* Laboratory Seminar Participants", - "id": "craft--science-making-objects-in-the-early-modern-world-laboratory-seminar-participants", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "Expert Makers", - "id": "expert-makers" - }, - { - "title": "Students by Semester and Theme", - "id": "students-by-semester-and-theme" - } - ] + "id": "craft--science-making-objects-in-the-early-modern-world-laboratory-seminar-participants" }, { "title": "Digital Humanities Seminar Participants", - "id": "digital-humanities-seminar-participants", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "2017 Spring", - "id": "2017-spring-what-is-a-book-in-the-21st-century-working-with-historical-texts-in-a-digital-environment" - }, - { - "title": "2019 Spring", - "id": "2019-spring-transforming-textstextual-analysis-literary-modeling-and-visualization" - } - ] + "id": "digital-humanities-seminar-participants" }, { "title": "Working Group Meeting Invited Scholars and Participants", @@ -440,87 +188,13 @@ "content_id": "resources/principles", "page_heading": "Principles of Transcription, Translation, and Encoding", "header_graphic_filename": "banner-resources.png", - "route": "/content/resources/principles", - "sections": [ - { - "title": "Principles of Transcription", - "id": "principles-of-transcription", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "Diplomatic Transcription", - "id": "diplomatic-transcription" - }, - { - "title": "Normalized Transcription", - "id": "normalized-transcription" - }, - { - "title": "Deletions, Changes, and Marks", - "id": "deletions-changes-and-marks" - } - ] - }, - { - "title": "Principles of Translation", - "id": "principles-of-translation" - }, - { - "title": "Principles of Encoding", - "id": "principles-of-encoding", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "Edition Tag Set", - "id": "edition-tag-set" - } - ] - }, - { - "title": "Linguistic Resources: Dictionaries and Technical Encyclopedias", - "id": "linguistic-resources-dictionaries-and-technical-encyclopedias", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "Online Dictionaries", - "id": "online-dictionaries" - }, - { - "title": "Manuscripts, paleography, and ancient texts", - "id": "manuscripts-paleography-and-ancient-texts" - }, - { - "title": "Identifying early books online", - "id": "identifying-early-books-online" - }, - { - "title": "Arts and technical vocabulary", - "id": "arts-and-technical-vocabulary" - }, - { - "title": "Other resources", - "id": "other-resources" - } - ] - } - ] + "route": "/content/resources/principles" }, { "content_id": "resources/bibliography", "page_heading": "Bibliography", "header_graphic_filename": "banner-resources.png", - "route": "/content/resources/bibliography", - "sections": [ - { - "title": "Primary Sources Cited in Ms. Fr. 640 and in the Editorial Comments", - "id": "primary-sources-cited-in-ms-fr-640-and-in-the-editorial-comments" - }, - { - "title": "Secondary Sources Cited in the Editorial Comments", - "id": "secondary-sources-cited-in-the-editorial-comments" - }, - { - "title": "Primary and Secondary Sources Cited in the Glossary", - "id": "primary-and-secondary-sources-cited-in-the-glossary" - } - ] + "route": "/content/resources/bibliography" }, { "content_id": "resources/figure-index", @@ -546,57 +220,15 @@ "sections": [ { "title": "Materials", - "id": "materials", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "Molding sands", - "id": "molding-sands" - }, - { - "title": "Coral, varnish, dragon’s blood", - "id": "coral-varnish-dragons-blood" - }, - { - "title": "Wax, fish glue, hourglass sand", - "id": "wax-fish-glue-hourglass-sand" - }, - { - "title": "Blue pigments", - "id": "blue-pigments" - } - ] + "id": "materials" }, { "title": "Deciphering Obscure Materials", - "id": "deciphering-obscure-materials", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "Sulfur-passed wax", - "id": "sulfur-passed-wax" - }, - { - "title": "Soft tin, fatty sand, imitation jasper", - "id": "soft-tin-fatty-sand-imitation-jasper" - }, - { - "title": "Molding material", - "id": "molding-material" - } - ] + "id": "deciphering-obscure-materials" }, { "title": "Culinary and Medical Recipes", - "id": "culinary-and-medical-recipes", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "Culinary recipes", - "id": "culinary-recipes" - }, - { - "title": "Medical recipes", - "id": "medical-recipes" - } - ] + "id": "culinary-and-medical-recipes" }, { "title": "Deciphering the Text", @@ -604,25 +236,7 @@ }, { "title": "Reconstructing Historical Techniques", - "id": "reconstructing-historical-techniques", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "Casting, incurse reverse casting, and casting from life", - "id": "casting-incurse-reverse-casting-and-casting-from-life" - }, - { - "title": "Painting on taffeta", - "id": "painting-on-taffeta" - }, - { - "title": "Colormaking", - "id": "colormaking" - }, - { - "title": "Preservation", - "id": "preservation" - } - ] + "id": "reconstructing-historical-techniques" }, { "title": "Historical Investigation", @@ -630,17 +244,7 @@ }, { "title": "Workshop Practice and Daily Life", - "id": "workshop-practice-and-daily-life", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "Workshop practices", - "id": "workshop-practices" - }, - { - "title": "Insights into daily life", - "id": "insights-into-daily-life" - } - ] + "id": "workshop-practice-and-daily-life" }, { "title": "Failures", @@ -648,29 +252,7 @@ }, { "title": "Material Imaginary", - "id": "material-imaginary", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "Qualitative material categories", - "id": "qualitative-material-categories" - }, - { - "title": "Material metaphors", - "id": "material-metaphors" - }, - { - "title": "The animate world", - "id": "the-animate-world" - }, - { - "title": "Ephemerality and preservation", - "id": "ephemerality-and-preservation" - }, - { - "title": "Vernacular taxonomies", - "id": "vernacular-taxonomies" - } - ] + "id": "material-imaginary" }, { "title": "Artifice", @@ -678,13 +260,7 @@ }, { "title": "Reading and Doing", - "id": "reading-and-doing", - "sub_sections": [ - { - "title": "Questioning modern classifications", - "id": "questioning-modern-classifications" - } - ] + "id": "reading-and-doing" } ] } From 338c7c3f35832ed68a3a1cbca1512341296598b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chris Collins Date: Thu, 17 Jun 2021 14:47:40 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 3/4] Updates docs --- README.md | 18 +++++++++++++++++- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index bb6084d..3d5977f 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -6,4 +6,20 @@ https://edition640.makingandknowing.org/ ## How to Use -Files in the `docs` directory that have a '.md' extension are watched and processed by the MK Asset Server into HTML. The `menu-structure.json` file provides the layout for the main menu on the MK website. Any routes defined in the JSON file that begin with `/content` will serve files with a matching path from this repository. Please note that the MK Asset Server copies all markdown files found in `docs` and its subdirectories, even if they are not referenced in the menu structure JSON. +Files in the `docs` directory that have a '.md' extension are watched and processed by the MK Asset Server into HTML. + +### menu-structure.json +The `menu-structure.json` file provides the layout for the main menu on the MK website. Any routes defined in the JSON file that begin with `/content` will serve files with a matching path from this repository. Please note that the MK Asset Server copies all markdown files found in `docs` and its subdirectories, even if they are not referenced in the menu structure JSON. + +Routes in `menu-structure.json` with a `sections` property will populate that page's side navigation bar w/ top level scroll links (see pictured). Each section in `sections` may have `sub_sections` which are the second level scroll links in the page's side navigation bar (see pictured). Both sections and sub_sections need a `title` and `id` property. + +The `title` is what you want the actual link to say. The `id` must match the `id` that will be generated when the markdown file is converted to html. This `id` will be the same text as is in the header in the markdown file but converted to kebab-case. For example, if the markdown file has the following: + +``` +... +## This is The Heading +... +``` +The html `id` will look like this: `this-is-the-heading`. So you'd put that as the `id` for the relevant section or sub_section. + + From 4e6fa113a0f4f27910bd46f566814219dca27473 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chris Collins Date: Sun, 20 Jun 2021 14:05:54 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 4/4] Fixes resources sections --- docs/resources.md | 10 +++++----- menu-structure.json | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/resources.md b/docs/resources.md index 17c29b9..c5fe2b9 100644 --- a/docs/resources.md +++ b/docs/resources.md @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ These categories form an index created by the Project to ease navigation of the ![entries-table](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cu-mkp/edition-webpages/master/images/entries-table.png) -### Glossary +## Glossary The Glossary, compiled during the process of transcribing and translating Ms. Fr. 640, is a record of distinctive terms used in the manuscript. @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ It includes: [View the Glossary >>](/folios/1r/f/1r/glossary) -### Bibliography +## Bibliography The Bibliography compiles references, texts, and authors cited in Ms. Fr. 640, the Edition's editorial comments, and the Glossary. @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ The bibliographic databases are available as [BibTeX](https://www.ctan.org/pkg/b [View the Bibliography >>](/content/resources/bibliography) -### Principles of Transcription, Translation, and Encoding +## Principles of Transcription, Translation, and Encoding To transform the handwritten pages of Ms. Fr. 640 into digital text, the Making and Knowing Project transcribed, translated, and encoded Ms. Fr. 640 in a series of collaborative workshops for graduate students since 2014. The protocols guiding this process evolved into these Principles. @@ -106,14 +106,14 @@ transcription and translation effort. [View the Dictionaries and Encyclopedias >>](/content/resources/principles#linguistic-resources-dictionaries-and-technical-encyclopedias) -### Figures in the Manuscript +## Figures in the Manuscript An index of all illustrations by Ms. Fr. 640's author-practitioner found throughout the manuscript. [View the Figures Index >>](/content/resources/figure-index) -### Reconstruction Insights +## Reconstruction Insights One of the key methodologies for studying the processes and materials described in Ms. Fr. 640 was the historical reconstruction of its entries. This resource provides a guide for the research essays that discuss the insights gained through reconstructions undertaken by the Project in the laboratory. diff --git a/menu-structure.json b/menu-structure.json index dd647a4..35212d1 100644 --- a/menu-structure.json +++ b/menu-structure.json @@ -22,6 +22,26 @@ "title": "Entry Categories", "id": "entry-categories" }, + { + "title": "Glossary", + "id": "glossary" + }, + { + "title": "Bibliography", + "id": "bibliography" + }, + { + "title": "Principles of Transcription, Translation, and Encoding", + "id": "principles-of-transcription-translation-and-encoding" + }, + { + "title": "Figures in the Manuscript", + "id": "figures-in-the-manuscript" + }, + { + "title": "Reconstruction Insights", + "id": "reconstruction-insights" + }, { "title": "Coming Soon", "id": "coming-soon"