From b41c21c250ac733db5fbe15363f94a16252c4fd5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ayman Bagabas <ayman.bagabas@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Jan 2025 16:49:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH] refactor!: use the new bubbletea stringer api

---
 field_confirm.go     |  8 +++-
 field_filepicker.go  |  8 +++-
 field_input.go       |  7 +++-
 field_multiselect.go |  8 +++-
 field_note.go        |  8 +++-
 field_select.go      |  8 +++-
 field_text.go        |  7 +++-
 form.go              | 11 ++++--
 go.mod               |  2 +-
 go.sum               |  2 +
 group.go             | 15 ++++----
 huh_test.go          | 92 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 layout.go            | 27 +++++++------
 13 files changed, 120 insertions(+), 83 deletions(-)

diff --git a/field_confirm.go b/field_confirm.go
index b7a57b40..67401cf7 100644
--- a/field_confirm.go
+++ b/field_confirm.go
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ func (c *Confirm) activeStyles() *FieldStyles {
 }
 
 // View renders the confirm field.
-func (c *Confirm) View() string {
+func (c *Confirm) View() fmt.Stringer {
 	styles := c.activeStyles()
 
 	var sb strings.Builder
@@ -284,7 +284,11 @@ func (c *Confirm) View() string {
 	style := lipgloss.NewStyle().Width(renderWidth).Align(lipgloss.Center)
 
 	sb.WriteString(style.Render(buttonsRow))
-	return styles.Base.Render(sb.String())
+
+	var s strings.Builder
+	s.WriteString(styles.Base.Render(sb.String()))
+
+	return &s
 }
 
 // Run runs the confirm field in accessible mode.
diff --git a/field_filepicker.go b/field_filepicker.go
index 4dc9a982..c6b37d73 100644
--- a/field_filepicker.go
+++ b/field_filepicker.go
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ func (f *FilePicker) activeStyles() *FieldStyles {
 }
 
 // View renders the file field.
-func (f *FilePicker) View() string {
+func (f *FilePicker) View() fmt.Stringer {
 	styles := f.activeStyles()
 
 	var sb strings.Builder
@@ -282,7 +282,11 @@ func (f *FilePicker) View() string {
 			sb.WriteString(styles.TextInput.Placeholder.Render("No file selected."))
 		}
 	}
-	return styles.Base.Render(sb.String())
+
+	var s strings.Builder
+	s.WriteString(styles.Base.Render(sb.String()))
+
+	return &s
 }
 
 func (f *FilePicker) setPicking(v bool) {
diff --git a/field_input.go b/field_input.go
index 1029c5b9..15d6a9f3 100644
--- a/field_input.go
+++ b/field_input.go
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ func (i *Input) activeStyles() *FieldStyles {
 }
 
 // View renders the input field.
-func (i *Input) View() string {
+func (i *Input) View() fmt.Stringer {
 	styles := i.activeStyles()
 
 	// NB: since the method is on a pointer receiver these are being mutated.
@@ -412,7 +412,10 @@ func (i *Input) View() string {
 	}
 	sb.WriteString(i.textinput.View())
 
-	return styles.Base.Render(sb.String())
+	var s strings.Builder
+	s.WriteString(styles.Base.Render(sb.String()))
+
+	return &s
 }
 
 // Run runs the input field in accessible mode.
diff --git a/field_multiselect.go b/field_multiselect.go
index 2a9ef79a..48f6a84f 100644
--- a/field_multiselect.go
+++ b/field_multiselect.go
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ func (m *MultiSelect[T]) optionsView() string {
 }
 
 // View renders the multi-select field.
-func (m *MultiSelect[T]) View() string {
+func (m *MultiSelect[T]) View() fmt.Stringer {
 	styles := m.activeStyles()
 
 	m.viewport.SetContent(m.optionsView())
@@ -593,7 +593,11 @@ func (m *MultiSelect[T]) View() string {
 		sb.WriteString(m.descriptionView() + "\n")
 	}
 	sb.WriteString(m.viewport.View())
-	return styles.Base.Render(sb.String())
+
+	var s strings.Builder
+	s.WriteString(styles.Base.Render(sb.String()))
+
+	return &s
 }
 
 func (m *MultiSelect[T]) printOptions() {
diff --git a/field_note.go b/field_note.go
index d009aa9e..6632e71e 100644
--- a/field_note.go
+++ b/field_note.go
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ func (n *Note) activeStyles() *FieldStyles {
 }
 
 // View renders the note field.
-func (n *Note) View() string {
+func (n *Note) View() fmt.Stringer {
 	styles := n.activeStyles()
 	sb := strings.Builder{}
 
@@ -232,7 +232,11 @@ func (n *Note) View() string {
 	if n.showNextButton {
 		sb.WriteString(styles.Next.Render(n.nextLabel))
 	}
-	return styles.Card.Height(n.height).Render(sb.String())
+
+	var s strings.Builder
+	s.WriteString(styles.Card.Height(n.height).Render(sb.String()))
+
+	return &s
 }
 
 // Run runs the note field.
diff --git a/field_select.go b/field_select.go
index b2735583..e62be2ad 100644
--- a/field_select.go
+++ b/field_select.go
@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ func (s *Select[T]) optionsView() string {
 }
 
 // View renders the select field.
-func (s *Select[T]) View() string {
+func (s *Select[T]) View() fmt.Stringer {
 	styles := s.activeStyles()
 	s.viewport.SetContent(s.optionsView())
 
@@ -610,7 +610,11 @@ func (s *Select[T]) View() string {
 		}
 	}
 	sb.WriteString(s.viewport.View())
-	return styles.Base.Render(sb.String())
+
+	var v strings.Builder
+	v.WriteString(styles.Base.Render(sb.String()))
+
+	return &v
 }
 
 // clearFilter clears the value of the filter.
diff --git a/field_text.go b/field_text.go
index dc01257d..3058c453 100644
--- a/field_text.go
+++ b/field_text.go
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ func (t *Text) activeTextAreaStyles() *textarea.StyleState {
 }
 
 // View renders the text field.
-func (t *Text) View() string {
+func (t *Text) View() fmt.Stringer {
 	styles := t.activeStyles()
 	textareaStyles := t.activeTextAreaStyles()
 
@@ -392,7 +392,10 @@ func (t *Text) View() string {
 	}
 	sb.WriteString(t.textarea.View())
 
-	return styles.Base.Render(sb.String())
+	var v strings.Builder
+	v.WriteString(styles.Base.Render(sb.String()))
+
+	return &v
 }
 
 // Run runs the text field.
diff --git a/form.go b/form.go
index 864f8462..dae2b751 100644
--- a/form.go
+++ b/form.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ type Field interface {
 	// Bubble Tea Model
 	Init() (tea.Model, tea.Cmd)
 	Update(tea.Msg) (tea.Model, tea.Cmd)
-	View() string
+	View() fmt.Stringer
 
 	// Bubble Tea Events
 	Blur() tea.Cmd
@@ -608,12 +609,14 @@ func (f *Form) isGroupHidden(group *Group) bool {
 }
 
 // View renders the form.
-func (f *Form) View() string {
+func (f *Form) View() fmt.Stringer {
+	var s strings.Builder
 	if f.quitting {
-		return ""
+		return &s
 	}
 
-	return f.layout.View(f)
+	s.WriteString(f.layout.View(f).String())
+	return &s
 }
 
 // Run runs the form.
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 61de1585..cff53de6 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ go 1.21
 require (
 	github.com/catppuccin/go v0.2.0
 	github.com/charmbracelet/bubbles/v2 v2.0.0-alpha.2.0.20250115152509-0c83e6f4c8d3
-	github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea/v2 v2.0.0-alpha.2.0.20250115153415-046a5ddf5b4a
+	github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea/v2 v2.0.0-alpha.2.0.20250123211610-443afa6fa0c1
 	github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss/v2 v2.0.0-alpha.2.0.20250114171829-b67eb015d607
 	github.com/charmbracelet/x/ansi v0.7.0
 	github.com/charmbracelet/x/exp/strings v0.0.0-20240722160745-212f7b056ed0
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index a4970ad9..23b0b3f6 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ github.com/charmbracelet/bubbles/v2 v2.0.0-alpha.2.0.20250115152509-0c83e6f4c8d3
 github.com/charmbracelet/bubbles/v2 v2.0.0-alpha.2.0.20250115152509-0c83e6f4c8d3/go.mod h1:QbWYWg5Y3UBTNDoTIPIgLHiGsTbBBO2D6q53lG7IR8M=
 github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea/v2 v2.0.0-alpha.2.0.20250115153415-046a5ddf5b4a h1:Wct67LI3+EoDcAs3ujwWhTp8NNZUlkBAeOLgjyc2rOE=
 github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea/v2 v2.0.0-alpha.2.0.20250115153415-046a5ddf5b4a/go.mod h1:hT2875Ank3ylgW13kqu6cjDc9XIk9sE5JsOFYdl09b8=
+github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea/v2 v2.0.0-alpha.2.0.20250123211610-443afa6fa0c1 h1:tktnM4YimEWSYd58iZlPDB3Xz25/r94VYZZsHK5zWL0=
+github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea/v2 v2.0.0-alpha.2.0.20250123211610-443afa6fa0c1/go.mod h1:hT2875Ank3ylgW13kqu6cjDc9XIk9sE5JsOFYdl09b8=
 github.com/charmbracelet/colorprofile v0.1.9 h1:5JnfvX+I9D6rRNu8xK3pgIqknaBVTXHU9pGu1jkZxLw=
 github.com/charmbracelet/colorprofile v0.1.9/go.mod h1:+jpmObxZl1Dab3H3IMVIPSZTsKcFpjJUv97G0dLqM60=
 github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss/v2 v2.0.0-alpha.2.0.20250114171829-b67eb015d607 h1:lERE4ow371r5WMqQAt7Eqlg1A4tBNA8T4RLwdXnKyBo=
diff --git a/group.go b/group.go
index ffbc7fdb..f490e45d 100644
--- a/group.go
+++ b/group.go
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package huh
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/charmbracelet/bubbles/v2/help"
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ func (g *Group) WithHeight(height int) *Group {
 	g.viewport.SetHeight(height)
 	g.selector.Range(func(_ int, field Field) bool {
 		// A field height must not exceed the form height.
-		if height-1 <= lipgloss.Height(field.View()) {
+		if height-1 <= lipgloss.Height(field.View().String()) {
 			field.WithHeight(height)
 		}
 		return true
@@ -287,7 +288,7 @@ func (g *Group) Update(msg tea.Msg) (tea.Model, tea.Cmd) {
 func (g *Group) fullHeight() int {
 	height := g.selector.Total()
 	g.selector.Range(func(_ int, field Field) bool {
-		height += lipgloss.Height(field.View())
+		height += lipgloss.Height(field.View().String())
 		return true
 	})
 	return height
@@ -301,12 +302,12 @@ func (g *Group) getContent() (int, string) {
 	// if the focused field is requesting it be zoomed, only show that field.
 	if g.selector.Selected().Zoom() {
 		g.selector.Selected().WithHeight(g.height - 1)
-		fields.WriteString(g.selector.Selected().View())
+		fields.WriteString(g.selector.Selected().View().String())
 	} else {
 		g.selector.Range(func(i int, field Field) bool {
-			fields.WriteString(field.View())
+			fields.WriteString(field.View().String())
 			if i == g.selector.Index() {
-				offset = lipgloss.Height(fields.String()) - lipgloss.Height(field.View())
+				offset = lipgloss.Height(fields.String()) - lipgloss.Height(field.View().String())
 			}
 			if i < g.selector.Total()-1 {
 				fields.WriteString(gap)
@@ -326,11 +327,11 @@ func (g *Group) buildView() {
 }
 
 // View renders the group.
-func (g *Group) View() string {
+func (g *Group) View() fmt.Stringer {
 	var view strings.Builder
 	view.WriteString(g.viewport.View())
 	view.WriteString(g.Footer())
-	return view.String()
+	return &view
 }
 
 // Content renders the group's content only (no footer).
diff --git a/huh_test.go b/huh_test.go
index 9857874a..a07329b4 100644
--- a/huh_test.go
+++ b/huh_test.go
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ func TestForm(t *testing.T) {
 	_, cmd := f.Init()
 	f.Update(cmd)
 
-	view := ansi.Strip(f.View())
+	view := ansi.Strip(f.View().String())
 
 	//
 	//  ┃ Shell?
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ func TestForm(t *testing.T) {
 	m, _ = m.Update(tea.KeyPressMsg(tea.Key{
 		Code: tea.KeyTab,
 	}))
-	view = ansi.Strip(m.View())
+	view = ansi.Strip(m.View().String())
 
 	if !strings.Contains(view, "* we're out of hard shells, sorry") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ func TestForm(t *testing.T) {
 	}))
 	m = batchUpdate(m, cmd)
 
-	view = ansi.Strip(m.View())
+	view = ansi.Strip(m.View().String())
 
 	if !strings.Contains(view, "┃ > Chicken") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ func TestForm(t *testing.T) {
 		Code: tea.KeyEnter,
 	}))
 	m = batchUpdate(m, cmd)
-	view = ansi.Strip(m.View())
+	view = ansi.Strip(m.View().String())
 
 	//
 	// ┃ Toppings
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ func TestForm(t *testing.T) {
 
 	m, _ = m.Update(keypress('j'))
 	m, _ = m.Update(keypress('j'))
-	view = ansi.Strip(m.View())
+	view = ansi.Strip(m.View().String())
 
 	if !strings.Contains(view, "> • Corn") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ func TestForm(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	m, _ = m.Update(keypress('x'))
-	view = ansi.Strip(m.View())
+	view = ansi.Strip(m.View().String())
 
 	if !strings.Contains(view, "> ✓ Corn") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ func TestForm(t *testing.T) {
 	m = batchUpdate(m.Update(tea.KeyPressMsg(tea.Key{
 		Code: tea.KeyEnter,
 	})))
-	view = ansi.Strip(m.View())
+	view = ansi.Strip(m.View().String())
 
 	if !strings.Contains(view, "What's your name?") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ func TestForm(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, msg := range typeText("Glen") {
 		m.Update(msg)
 	}
-	view = ansi.Strip(m.View())
+	view = ansi.Strip(m.View().String())
 	if !strings.Contains(view, "Glen") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
 		t.Error("Expected form to accept user input")
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ func TestInput(t *testing.T) {
 	_, cmd := f.Init()
 	f.Update(cmd)
 
-	view := ansi.Strip(f.View())
+	view := ansi.Strip(f.View().String())
 
 	if !strings.Contains(view, ">") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ func TestInput(t *testing.T) {
 		m, _ := f.Update(msg)
 		f = m.(*Form)
 	}
-	view = ansi.Strip(f.View())
+	view = ansi.Strip(f.View().String())
 
 	if !strings.Contains(view, "Huh") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ func TestInlineInput(t *testing.T) {
 	_, cmd := f.Init()
 	f.Update(cmd)
 
-	view := ansi.Strip(f.View())
+	view := ansi.Strip(f.View().String())
 
 	if !strings.Contains(view, "┃ Input Description:") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ func TestInlineInput(t *testing.T) {
 		m, _ := f.Update(msg)
 		f = m.(*Form)
 	}
-	view = ansi.Strip(f.View())
+	view = ansi.Strip(f.View().String())
 
 	if !strings.Contains(view, "Huh") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ func TestText(t *testing.T) {
 		m, _ := f.Update(msg)
 		f = m.(*Form)
 	}
-	view := ansi.Strip(f.View())
+	view := ansi.Strip(f.View().String())
 
 	if !strings.Contains(view, "Huh") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ func TestConfirm(t *testing.T) {
 	// Type Huh in the form.
 	m, _ := f.Update(keypress('H'))
 	f = m.(*Form)
-	view := ansi.Strip(f.View())
+	view := ansi.Strip(f.View().String())
 
 	if !strings.Contains(view, "Yes") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ func TestSelect(t *testing.T) {
 	_, cmd := f.Init()
 	f.Update(cmd)
 
-	view := ansi.Strip(f.View())
+	view := ansi.Strip(f.View().String())
 
 	if !strings.Contains(view, "Foo") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ func TestSelect(t *testing.T) {
 	m, _ := f.Update(tea.KeyPressMsg(tea.Key{Code: tea.KeyDown}))
 	f = m.(*Form)
 
-	view = ansi.Strip(f.View())
+	view = ansi.Strip(f.View().String())
 
 	if strings.Contains(view, "> Foo") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ func TestMultiSelect(t *testing.T) {
 	_, cmd := f.Init()
 	f.Update(cmd)
 
-	view := ansi.Strip(f.View())
+	view := ansi.Strip(f.View().String())
 
 	if !strings.Contains(view, "Foo") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ func TestMultiSelect(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Move selection cursor down
 	m, _ := f.Update(keypress('j'))
-	view = ansi.Strip(m.View())
+	view = ansi.Strip(m.View().String())
 
 	if strings.Contains(view, "> • Foo") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ func TestMultiSelect(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Toggle
 	m, _ = f.Update(keypress('x'))
-	view = ansi.Strip(m.View())
+	view = ansi.Strip(m.View().String())
 
 	if !strings.Contains(view, "> ✓ Bar") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ func TestMultiSelectFiltering(t *testing.T) {
 			m, _ := f.Update(keypress('B'))
 			f = m.(*Form)
 
-			view := ansi.Strip(f.View())
+			view := ansi.Strip(f.View().String())
 			// When we're filtering, the list should change.
 			if tc.filtering && strings.Contains(view, "Foo") {
 				t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ func TestMultiSelectFiltering(t *testing.T) {
 		f := NewForm(NewGroup(field))
 		_, cmd := f.Init()
 		f.Update(cmd)
-		view := ansi.Strip(f.View())
+		view := ansi.Strip(f.View().String())
 		if strings.Contains(view, "filter") {
 			t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
 			t.Error("Expected list to hide filtering in help menu.")
@@ -648,28 +648,28 @@ func TestSelectPageNavigation(t *testing.T) {
 		_, cmd := f.Init()
 		f.Update(cmd)
 
-		view := ansi.Strip(f.View())
+		view := ansi.Strip(f.View().String())
 		if !reFirst.MatchString(view) {
 			t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
 			t.Error("Wrong item selected")
 		}
 
 		m, _ := f.Update(keypress('G'))
-		view = ansi.Strip(m.View())
+		view = ansi.Strip(m.View().String())
 		if !reLast.MatchString(view) {
 			t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
 			t.Error("Wrong item selected")
 		}
 
 		m, _ = f.Update(keypress('g'))
-		view = ansi.Strip(m.View())
+		view = ansi.Strip(m.View().String())
 		if !reFirst.MatchString(view) {
 			t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
 			t.Error("Wrong item selected")
 		}
 
 		m, _ = f.Update(tea.KeyPressMsg(tea.Key{Mod: tea.ModCtrl, Code: 'd'}))
-		view = ansi.Strip(m.View())
+		view = ansi.Strip(m.View().String())
 		if !reHalfDown.MatchString(view) {
 			t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
 			t.Error("Wrong item selected")
@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ func TestSelectPageNavigation(t *testing.T) {
 		f.Update(tea.KeyPressMsg(tea.Key{Mod: tea.ModCtrl, Code: 'u'}))
 		f.Update(tea.KeyPressMsg(tea.Key{Mod: tea.ModCtrl, Code: 'u'}))
 		m, _ = f.Update(tea.KeyPressMsg(tea.Key{Mod: tea.ModCtrl, Code: 'u'}))
-		view = ansi.Strip(m.View())
+		view = ansi.Strip(m.View().String())
 		if !reFirst.MatchString(view) {
 			t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
 			t.Error("Wrong item selected")
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ func TestSelectPageNavigation(t *testing.T) {
 		f.Update(tea.KeyPressMsg(tea.Key{Mod: tea.ModCtrl, Code: 'd'}))
 		f.Update(tea.KeyPressMsg(tea.Key{Mod: tea.ModCtrl, Code: 'd'}))
 		m, _ = f.Update(tea.KeyPressMsg(tea.Key{Mod: tea.ModCtrl, Code: 'd'}))
-		view = ansi.Strip(m.View())
+		view = ansi.Strip(m.View().String())
 		if !reLast.MatchString(view) {
 			t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
 			t.Error("Wrong item selected")
@@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ func TestFile(t *testing.T) {
 	field.Update(cmd)
 	field.Update(cmd())
 
-	view := ansi.Strip(field.View())
+	view := ansi.Strip(field.View().String())
 
 	if !strings.Contains(view, "No file selected") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -734,30 +734,30 @@ func TestHideGroup(t *testing.T) {
 	f.Update(cmd)
 	f = batchUpdate(f, cmd).(*Form)
 
-	if v := f.View(); !strings.Contains(v, "Bar") {
-		t.Log(pretty.Render(v))
+	if v := f.View(); !strings.Contains(v.String(), "Bar") {
+		t.Log(pretty.Render(v.String()))
 		t.Error("expected Bar to not be hidden")
 	}
 
 	// should have no effect as previous group is hidden
 	f.Update(prevGroup())
 
-	if v := f.View(); !strings.Contains(v, "Bar") {
-		t.Log(pretty.Render(v))
+	if v := f.View(); !strings.Contains(v.String(), "Bar") {
+		t.Log(pretty.Render(v.String()))
 		t.Error("expected Bar to not be hidden")
 	}
 
 	f.Update(nextGroup())
 
-	if v := f.View(); !strings.Contains(v, "Baz") {
-		t.Log(pretty.Render(v))
+	if v := f.View(); !strings.Contains(v.String(), "Baz") {
+		t.Log(pretty.Render(v.String()))
 		t.Error("expected Baz to not be hidden")
 	}
 
 	f.Update(nextGroup())
 
-	if v := f.View(); strings.Contains(v, "Qux") {
-		t.Log(pretty.Render(v))
+	if v := f.View(); strings.Contains(v.String(), "Qux") {
+		t.Log(pretty.Render(v.String()))
 		t.Error("expected Qux to be hidden")
 	}
 
@@ -778,7 +778,7 @@ func TestHideGroupLastAndFirstGroupsNotHidden(t *testing.T) {
 	f.Update(cmd)
 	f = batchUpdate(f, cmd).(*Form)
 
-	if v := ansi.Strip(f.View()); !strings.Contains(v, "Bar") {
+	if v := ansi.Strip(f.View().String()); !strings.Contains(v, "Bar") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(v))
 		t.Error("expected Bar to not be hidden")
 	}
@@ -786,14 +786,14 @@ func TestHideGroupLastAndFirstGroupsNotHidden(t *testing.T) {
 	// should have no effect as there isn't any
 	f.Update(prevGroup())
 
-	if v := f.View(); !strings.Contains(v, "Bar") {
-		t.Log(pretty.Render(v))
+	if v := f.View(); !strings.Contains(v.String(), "Bar") {
+		t.Log(pretty.Render(v.String()))
 		t.Error("expected Bar to not be hidden")
 	}
 
 	f.Update(nextGroup())
 
-	if v := ansi.Strip(f.View()); !strings.Contains(v, "Baz") {
+	if v := ansi.Strip(f.View().String()); !strings.Contains(v, "Baz") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(v))
 		t.Error("expected Baz to not be hidden")
 	}
@@ -820,7 +820,7 @@ func TestPrevGroup(t *testing.T) {
 	f.Update(prevGroup())
 	f.Update(prevGroup())
 
-	if v := ansi.Strip(f.View()); !strings.Contains(v, "Bar") {
+	if v := ansi.Strip(f.View().String()); !strings.Contains(v, "Bar") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(v))
 		t.Error("expected Bar to not be hidden")
 	}
@@ -832,7 +832,7 @@ func TestNote(t *testing.T) {
 	_, cmd := f.Init()
 	f.Update(cmd)
 
-	view := ansi.Strip(f.View())
+	view := ansi.Strip(f.View().String())
 
 	if !strings.Contains(view, "Taco") {
 		t.Log(view)
@@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ func TestDynamicHelp(t *testing.T) {
 	_, cmd := f.Init()
 	f.Update(cmd)
 
-	view := ansi.Strip(f.View())
+	view := ansi.Strip(f.View().String())
 
 	if !strings.Contains(view, "Dynamic Help") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -892,7 +892,7 @@ func TestSkip(t *testing.T) {
 	_, cmd := f.Init()
 	f.Update(cmd)
 	f = batchUpdate(f, cmd).(*Form)
-	view := ansi.Strip(f.View())
+	view := ansi.Strip(f.View().String())
 
 	if !strings.Contains(view, "┃ First") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -901,7 +901,7 @@ func TestSkip(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// next field should skip both of the notes and proceed to the last input.
 	f.Update(NextField())
-	view = ansi.Strip(f.View())
+	view = ansi.Strip(f.View().String())
 
 	if strings.Contains(view, "┃ First") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@ func TestSkip(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// previous field should skip both of the notes and focus the first input.
 	f.Update(PrevField())
-	view = ansi.Strip(f.View())
+	view = ansi.Strip(f.View().String())
 
 	if strings.Contains(view, "┃ Second") {
 		t.Log(pretty.Render(view))
diff --git a/layout.go b/layout.go
index 3dfbd112..6a3f5e3d 100644
--- a/layout.go
+++ b/layout.go
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package huh
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss/v2"
@@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 // A Layout is responsible for laying out groups in a form.
 type Layout interface {
-	View(f *Form) string
+	View(f *Form) fmt.Stringer
 	GroupWidth(f *Form, g *Group, w int) int
 }
 
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ func LayoutGrid(rows int, columns int) Layout {
 
 type layoutDefault struct{}
 
-func (l *layoutDefault) View(f *Form) string {
+func (l *layoutDefault) View(f *Form) fmt.Stringer {
 	return f.selector.Selected().View()
 }
 
@@ -64,10 +65,11 @@ func (l *layoutColumns) visibleGroups(f *Form) []*Group {
 	return groups
 }
 
-func (l *layoutColumns) View(f *Form) string {
+func (l *layoutColumns) View(f *Form) fmt.Stringer {
+	var s strings.Builder
 	groups := l.visibleGroups(f)
 	if len(groups) == 0 {
-		return ""
+		return &s
 	}
 
 	columns := make([]string, 0, len(groups))
@@ -76,10 +78,11 @@ func (l *layoutColumns) View(f *Form) string {
 	}
 	footer := f.selector.Selected().Footer()
 
-	return lipgloss.JoinVertical(lipgloss.Left,
+	s.WriteString(lipgloss.JoinVertical(lipgloss.Left,
 		lipgloss.JoinHorizontal(lipgloss.Top, columns...),
 		footer,
-	)
+	))
+	return &s
 }
 
 func (l *layoutColumns) GroupWidth(_ *Form, _ *Group, w int) int {
@@ -88,7 +91,7 @@ func (l *layoutColumns) GroupWidth(_ *Form, _ *Group, w int) int {
 
 type layoutStack struct{}
 
-func (l *layoutStack) View(f *Form) string {
+func (l *layoutStack) View(f *Form) fmt.Stringer {
 	var columns []string
 	f.selector.Range(func(_ int, group *Group) bool {
 		columns = append(columns, group.Content())
@@ -99,7 +102,7 @@ func (l *layoutStack) View(f *Form) string {
 	var view strings.Builder
 	view.WriteString(strings.Join(columns, "\n"))
 	view.WriteString(footer)
-	return view.String()
+	return &view
 }
 
 func (l *layoutStack) GroupWidth(_ *Form, _ *Group, w int) int {
@@ -143,10 +146,11 @@ func (l *layoutGrid) visibleGroups(f *Form) [][]*Group {
 	return grid
 }
 
-func (l *layoutGrid) View(f *Form) string {
+func (l *layoutGrid) View(f *Form) fmt.Stringer {
+	var s strings.Builder
 	grid := l.visibleGroups(f)
 	if len(grid) == 0 {
-		return ""
+		return &s
 	}
 
 	rows := make([]string, 0, len(grid))
@@ -159,7 +163,8 @@ func (l *layoutGrid) View(f *Form) string {
 	}
 	footer := f.selector.Selected().Footer()
 
-	return lipgloss.JoinVertical(lipgloss.Left, strings.Join(rows, "\n"), footer)
+	s.WriteString(lipgloss.JoinVertical(lipgloss.Left, strings.Join(rows, "\n"), footer))
+	return &s
 }
 
 func (l *layoutGrid) GroupWidth(_ *Form, _ *Group, w int) int {