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<meta property="og:description" content="爬虫可以模拟浏览器向网站发起请求，获取网站数据，代替人做一些重复性劳动。 常见的网站可分为： 前后端分离架构 和 前后端不分离架构。对于前后端分离架构，只要发送request，返回的数据一般是json格式，很好处理；对于前后端不分离的网站，只能获取其html页面，然后使用BeautifulSoup从中提取想要的内容。 有些网站有反爬机制，需要做一些额外配置，最常见的是加一个’User-Agent’">
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<p>爬虫可以模拟浏览器向网站发起请求，获取网站数据，代替人做一些重复性劳动。</p>
<p>常见的网站可分为： 前后端分离架构 和 前后端不分离架构。对于前后端分离架构，只要发送request，返回的数据一般是json格式，很好处理；对于前后端不分离的网站，只能获取其html页面，然后使用BeautifulSoup从中提取想要的内容。</p>
<p>有些网站有反爬机制，需要做一些额外配置，最常见的是加一个’User-Agent’，有些需要cookie等其他header信息。具体信息可使用浏览器的开发者工具查看，chrome浏览器的快捷键为 “ctrl + shift + i”，然后点击network, 重新发送请求，即可看到请求的具体参数，也可用postman测试需要哪些参数。</p>
<p>一个简单的request请求结构如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 导入 requests 包</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 发送请求</span></span><br><span class="line">x = requests.get(<span class="string">'https://www.sogou.com/web?query=上海'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 返回网页内容</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(x.text)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="一些示例"><a href="#一些示例" class="headerlink" title="一些示例"></a>一些示例</h2><h3 id="搜狗网页提取"><a href="#搜狗网页提取" class="headerlink" title="搜狗网页提取"></a>搜狗网页提取</h3><p>将搜索“上海”的结果页面保存到 “上海.html” 文件，设置了 “user-agent”</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line">header = {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"user-agent"</span>:<span class="string">"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/103.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line">param = {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"query"</span>: <span class="string">"上海"</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line">x = requests.get(<span class="string">'https://www.sogou.com/web'</span>, params = param, headers = header)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(x.text)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> <span class="built_in">open</span>(<span class="string">"上海.html"</span>, <span class="string">'w'</span>, encoding = <span class="string">"utf-8"</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> f:</span><br><span class="line"> f.write(x.text)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="调用百度翻译"><a href="#调用百度翻译" class="headerlink" title="调用百度翻译"></a>调用百度翻译</h3><p>百度翻译采用了前后端分离架构，返回的结果是json，非常便于处理</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line">header = {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"user-agent"</span>:<span class="string">"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/103.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line">data = {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"kw"</span>: <span class="string">"crawler"</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line">x = requests.post(<span class="string">'https://fanyi.baidu.com/sug'</span>, data = data, headers = header)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(x.json())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="豆瓣电影"><a href="#豆瓣电影" class="headerlink" title="豆瓣电影"></a>豆瓣电影</h3><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line">header = {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"user-agent"</span>:<span class="string">"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/103.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line">param = {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'type'</span>: <span class="string">'24'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'interval_id'</span>: <span class="string">'100:90'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'action'</span>: <span class="string">''</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'start'</span>: <span class="string">'40'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'limit'</span>: <span class="string">'20'</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line">x = requests.get(<span class="string">'https://movie.douban.com/j/chart/top_list'</span>, params = param, headers = header)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(x.json())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="谷歌学术"><a href="#谷歌学术" class="headerlink" title="谷歌学术"></a>谷歌学术</h3><p>需要科学上网</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> urllib.request,urllib.error</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> bs4 <span class="keyword">import</span> BeautifulSoup</span><br><span class="line">headers = {<span class="string">'User-Agent'</span>: <span class="string">'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) '</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'Chrome/90.0.4430.93 Safari/537.36'</span>}</span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">'https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=zh-CN&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=2018&q=zero-shot+NER'</span></span><br><span class="line">req = urllib.request.Request(url=url, headers=headers)</span><br><span class="line">res = urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=<span class="number">7</span>)</span><br><span class="line">html=res.read().decode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">soup=BeautifulSoup(html,<span class="string">"lxml"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(soup)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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