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Applied Math

Mathematics for machine learning

Book of proof

Linear Algebra Done Right

Mathematical Logic by Kleene

Let's see some early contributions to Calculus:

  1. Surya Siddhanta (scholars say c. 400-500 CE, tradition considers it before 1st century BCE):
  • Introduced versine functions (utkramajya)
  • Contained methods for calculating instantaneous planetary motion
  • Used techniques for infinitesimal differences
  • Developed procedures resembling differential calculus for astronomical calculations
  • Advanced interpolation methods
  • Sophisticated trigonometric systems
  1. Aryabhata (476-550 CE):
  • Developed methods for solving differential equations
  • Used sine and versine functions
  • Applied infinite series expansions
  • Methods for finding instantaneous velocities
  • Systematic solutions for linear equations
  • Advanced astronomical calculations
  1. Brahmagupta (598-668 CE):
  • Advanced interpolation methods in Brahmasphuta Siddhanta
  • Numerical methods resembling integration
  • Solutions for quadratic equations
  • Introduced positive/negative numbers
  • Methods for calculating with zero
  • Pioneering work on algebra and arithmetic
  1. Sripati (1019-1066 CE):
  • Wrote Siddhantasekhara
  • Advanced astronomical calculations
  • Developed algebraic methods
  • Important work on arithmetic operations
  1. Bhaskara II (Bhaskaracharya) (1114-1185 CE):
  • Rolles' theorem (several centuries before Rolle)
  • Mean value theorem concepts
  • Advanced calculus-like methods in Siddhanta Siromani
  • Created the chakravala method for solving equations
  • Developed sophisticated astronomical calculations
  • Important work on derivatives resembling Leibniz's later work
  • Conceived of differential coefficient
  • Advanced understanding of infinity
  1. Madhava (1350-1425 CE) of Kerala School:
  • Infinite series expansions for trigonometric functions
  • Power series expansions (predating Taylor series)
  • Rigorous integration and differentiation methods
  • High-precision π calculations using infinite series
  • Techniques for working with infinitesimals
  1. Nilakantha Somayaji (1444-1544 CE):
  • Key figure in Kerala School
  • Advanced infinite series methods
  • Expanded on Madhava's work

8.Parameshvara (1360-1455 CE):

  • Major Kerala School mathematician
  • Developed mean value theorem applications
  • Advanced methods for infinite series
  • Improved astronomical calculations
  • Drig-ganita system
  • Teacher of Nilakantha Somayaji
  1. Jyesthadeva (1500-1575 CE):
  • Wrote Yuktibhasa (first calculus text in local language)
  • Documented Kerala School methods
  • Detailed proofs of calculus-like methods
  • Systematized earlier works
  • Key figure in preserving knowledge
  1. Putumana Somayaji (1660-1740 CE):
  • Kerala School mathematician
  • Advanced infinite series work
  • Developed methods for integration
  • Extended Madhava's techniques
  1. Sankara Varman (1800s CE):
  • Wrote Sadratnamala
  • Built on Kerala School's work
  • Advanced calculus-like methods
  • Preserved and systematized earlier knowledge