From 6e6675a49ff4ee336e7a7e8df3ef197ce7b26620 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kyleclo Date: Sun, 17 Feb 2019 22:02:55 -0800 Subject: [PATCH 01/23] Span data structure; functions for handling span labeling; script to generate NER data for conll2003 --- sci_bert/common/__init__.py | 0 sci_bert/common/span.py | 339 ++++++++++++++++++ .../semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py | 177 +++++++++ 3 files changed, 516 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sci_bert/common/__init__.py create mode 100644 sci_bert/common/span.py create mode 100644 scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py diff --git a/sci_bert/common/__init__.py b/sci_bert/common/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e69de29 diff --git a/sci_bert/common/span.py b/sci_bert/common/span.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cfab87f --- /dev/null +++ b/sci_bert/common/span.py @@ -0,0 +1,339 @@ +""" + +Basic data structure and functions for manipulating spans + +author: kylel@allenai.org + +""" + +from typing import * + +from collections import defaultdict + +class Span: + """When comparing `self` to another span `other`, there are cases: + + self other + (a) (2, 5) (5, 8) disjoint (i.e. < and > operators) + (b) (2, 5) (3, 8) partial overlap + (c) (2, 5) (1, 8) (strict) subset (i.e. `in` operator) + (d) (2, 5) (2, 5) equal + + Notice that the `stop` index is non-inclusive. + """ + def __init__(self, start: int, stop: int): + self.start = start + self.stop = stop + + def __eq__(self, other): + return self.start == other.start and self.stop == other.stop + + def __lt__(self, other): + return self.stop <= other.start and self.start < other.start + + def __gt__(self, other): + return other.stop <= self.start and other.start < self.start + + def __repr__(self): + return str((self.start, self.stop)) + + def __len__(self): + return self.stop - self.start + 1 + + def __contains__(self, item): + """Only for strict subset, doesn't include equality""" + return item.start > self.start and item.stop < self.stop + + @classmethod + def cluster_spans(cls, spans: List['Span']) -> List[List['Span']]: + """Iterate over spans; accumulate each span in same group""" + spans = sorted(spans, key=lambda s: (s.start, s.stop)) + clusters: List[Dict] = [{ + 'proxy': Span(start=spans[0].start, stop=spans[0].stop), + 'spans': [spans[0]] + }] + for span in spans[1:]: + # if this span is disjoint from the previous spans, start new cluster + if span > clusters[-1]['proxy']: + clusters.append({ + 'proxy': Span(start=span.start, stop=span.stop), + 'spans': [span] + }) + # otherwise, add to previous group + else: + clusters[-1]['spans'].append(span) + clusters[-1]['proxy'] = Span(start=clusters[-1]['proxy'].start, + stop=max(clusters[-1]['proxy'].stop, span.stop)) + return [cluster['spans'] for cluster in clusters] + + def to_json(self) -> Dict: + return { + 'start': self.start, + 'stop': self.stop + } + + +class TokenSpan(Span): + def __init__(self, start: int, stop: int, text: str): + super().__init__(start, stop) + self.text = text + + def __repr__(self): + return str((self.start, self.stop, self.text)) + + def to_json(self) -> Dict: + return { + 'start': self.start, + 'stop': self.stop, + 'text': self.text + } + + @classmethod + def find_token_spans(cls, text: str, tokens: List[str]) -> List['TokenSpan']: + """Given text and its tokenization, associate with each token a span + that indexes characters from the original text + + text before tokenization: + 'Hi, this is.' + tokens and their associated char-level spans: + Hi -> (0,2) + , -> (2,3) + this -> (4,8) + is -> (9,11) + . -> (11,12) + where span ends are non-inclusive + + This should work for arbitrary tokenization (even sub-word tokenization), + as long as non-whitespace characters never disappear after tokenization. + """ + assert text.strip().replace(' ', '').replace('\t', '').replace('\n', '') == ''.join(tokens) + + spans = [] + index_char_in_text = 0 + for token in tokens: + # skip whitespace + while text[index_char_in_text].strip() == '': + index_char_in_text += 1 + + # remember start of span + start = index_char_in_text + + # iterate over token characters + for char in token: + index_char_in_text += 1 + + # save span when match all characters in token + assert token == text[start:index_char_in_text] + token_span = TokenSpan(start=start, stop=index_char_in_text, text=token) + spans.append(token_span) + + return spans + + @classmethod + def find_sent_token_spans(cls, text: str, sent_tokens: List[List[str]]) -> List[List['TokenSpan']]: + # should fail if any tokens are whitespace + assert ''.join([char.strip() for char in text.strip()]) == ''.join([token for tokens in sent_tokens for token in tokens]) + + sent_spans = [] + index_char_in_text = 0 + for tokens in sent_tokens: + token_spans = [] + for token in tokens: + # skip whitespace; this is why not allow any whitespace tokens + while text[index_char_in_text].strip() == '': + index_char_in_text += 1 + + # remember start of span + start = index_char_in_text + + # iterate over token characters + for char in token: + index_char_in_text += 1 + + # save span when match all characters in token + assert token == text[start:index_char_in_text] + token_span = TokenSpan(start=start, stop=index_char_in_text, text=token) + token_spans.append(token_span) + sent_spans.append(token_spans) + + return sent_spans + + +class MentionSpan(Span): + def __init__(self, start: int, stop: int, text: str, entity_types: List[str], entity_id: str): + super().__init__(start, stop) + self.text = text + self.entity_types = entity_types + self.entity_id = entity_id + + def __repr__(self): + return str((self.start, self.stop, self.text)) + + def to_json(self) -> Dict: + return { + 'start': self.start, + 'stop': self.stop, + 'text': self.text, + 'entity_types': self.entity_types, + 'entity_id': self.entity_id + } + + def __hash__(self): + return hash((self.start, self.stop, self.text, tuple(self.entity_types), self.entity_id)) + + def __eq__(self, other): + return isinstance(self, type(other)) and self.__hash__() == other.__hash__() + + +def label_sent_token_spans(sent_token_spans: List[List[TokenSpan]], + mention_spans: List[MentionSpan]) -> List[List[str]]: + assert _is_proper_sents(sent_token_spans) + + # align mention spans with sentences + sent_mention_spans = _match_mention_spans_to_sentences(sent_token_spans, mention_spans) + assert _is_proper_sents([s for s in sent_mention_spans if len(s) > 0]) + + # create labels + sent_token_labels = [] + for token_spans, mention_spans in zip(sent_token_spans, sent_mention_spans): + token_labels = _label_token_spans(token_spans, mention_spans) + sent_token_labels.append(token_labels) + return sent_token_labels + + +def _is_proper_sents(sent_spans: List[List[Span]]) -> bool: + # order of sentences + for i in range(len(sent_spans) - 1): + if not sent_spans[i][-1] < sent_spans[i + 1][0]: + return False + # proper tokens within sentences + for token_spans in sent_spans: + if not _is_proper_sent(token_spans): + return False + return True + +def _is_proper_sent(spans: List[Span]) -> bool: + # check for sorted tokens & disjoint tokens + return all(spans[i].start <= spans[i + 1].start and spans[i] < spans[i + 1] for i in range(len(spans) - 1)) + + + +def _label_token_spans(token_spans: List[TokenSpan], + mention_spans: List[MentionSpan]) -> List[str]: + num_tokens, num_mentions = len(token_spans), len(mention_spans) + + # no mentions + if num_mentions == 0: + return ['O'] * num_tokens + + # check mentions should all be match-able to tokens + assert mention_spans[0].start >= token_spans[0].start + assert mention_spans[-1].stop <= token_spans[-1].stop + + token_labels = [] + index_token, index_mention = 0, 0 + while index_token < num_tokens and index_mention < num_mentions: + token_span = token_spans[index_token] + mention_span = mention_spans[index_mention] + # case 1: token is left of mention (no overlap) + if token_span < mention_span: + token_labels.append('O') + index_token += 1 + # case 2: token is right of mention (no overlap) + elif token_span > mention_span: + index_mention += 1 + # case 3: token captures start of mention + elif token_span.start <= mention_span.start and token_span.stop <= mention_span.stop: + token_labels.append('B-{}'.format(mention_span.entity_types[0])) + index_token += 1 + # handles case when last token is 'B' + if index_token == num_tokens: + index_mention += 1 + # case 4: token within mention + elif token_span in mention_span: + token_labels.append('I-{}'.format(mention_span.entity_types[0])) + index_token += 1 + # case 5: token captures end of mention + elif token_span.start > mention_span.start and token_span.stop >= mention_span.stop: + token_labels.append('I-{}'.format(mention_span.entity_types[0])) + index_token += 1 + index_mention += 1 + + # ran out of mentions, but remaining tokens + while index_token < num_tokens: + token_labels.append('O') + index_token += 1 + + assert len(token_labels) == len(token_spans) + return token_labels + + +def _match_mention_spans_to_sentences(sent_token_spans: List[List[TokenSpan]], + mention_spans: List[MentionSpan]) -> List[List[MentionSpan]]: + num_sents, num_mentions = len(sent_token_spans), len(mention_spans) + + # check mentions should all be match-able to sentences + assert mention_spans[0].start >= sent_token_spans[0][0].start + assert mention_spans[-1].stop <= sent_token_spans[-1][-1].stop + + sent_mention_spans = [] + temp = [] + index_sent, index_mention = 0, 0 + while index_sent < num_sents - 1 and index_mention < num_mentions: + mention_span = mention_spans[index_mention] + this_sent_start = sent_token_spans[index_sent][0].start + this_sent_stop = sent_token_spans[index_sent][-1].stop + next_sent_start = sent_token_spans[index_sent + 1][0].start + # if mention within this sentence, keep it + if mention_span.start >= this_sent_start and mention_span.stop <= this_sent_stop: + temp.append(mention_span) + index_mention += 1 + # if cross-sentence mention, skip it + elif mention_span.start < this_sent_stop and mention_span.stop > next_sent_start: + print(f'Mention {mention_span} crosses sentence boundary') + index_mention += 1 + # if mention not within this sentence, go to next one + else: + sent_mention_spans.append(temp) + temp = [] + index_sent += 1 + + # append remaining mentions + while index_mention < num_mentions: + mention_span = mention_spans[index_mention] + temp.append(mention_span) + index_mention += 1 + sent_mention_spans.append(temp) + index_sent += 1 + + # remaining sentences without corresp. mentions + while index_sent < num_sents: + sent_mention_spans.append([]) + index_sent += 1 + + assert len(sent_mention_spans) == len(sent_token_spans) + return sent_mention_spans + + # + # + # # split mention spans to match sentences + # sent_mention_spans = [] + # temp_hold_mentions = [] + # index_sent, index_mention = 0, 0 + # while index_sent < num_sents and index_mention < num_mentions: + # mention_span = mention_spans[index_mention] + # sent_start = sent_token_spans[index_sent][0].start + # sent_stop = sent_token_spans[index_sent][-1].stop + # # if mention within sentence, keep it + # if mention_span.start >= sent_start and mention_span.stop <= sent_stop: + # temp_hold_mentions.append(mention_span) + # index_mention += 1 + # # skip if cross-sentence mention + # elif mention_span.start >= sent_start and mention_span.stop > sent_stop and mention_span.start < sent_stop: + # print(f'Mention {mention_span} crosses sentence boundary') + # index_mention += 1 + # # if not, append accumulated spans & move to next sentence + # else: + # sent_mention_spans.append(temp_hold_mentions) + # temp_hold_mentions = [] + # index_sent += 1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py b/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..688046b --- /dev/null +++ b/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ +""" + +Input: + Text: + Based on the theoretical analysis, the value of the measuring resistor... + + Annotations: + T1 Process 39 70 value of the measuring resistor + T2 Process 72 74 Rm + * Synonym-of T2 T1 + T3 Material 427 466 NI-USB 6009 analog-to-digital converter + T4 Material 322 336 4.7kΩ resistor + T5 Material 375 402 saturated calomel electrode + T6 Process 472 500 electrochemical noise signal + T7 Material 520 547 in-house developed software + T8 Material 778 785 dataset + T10 Task 674 708 obtain a single value of potential + T11 Task 979 1051 accurate recording of the potential noise in the frequencies of interest + T12 Process 97 114 corrosion process + T13 Process 136 161 value of noise resistance + T14 Task 175 199 validate this conclusion + T15 Material 257 294 pair of nominally identical specimens + T16 Task 13 33 theoretical analysis + +Output 1: Entity extraction (CONLL2003 format) + + +Output 1: Relation classification + JSONlines where each JSON is: + { + "text": "Based on the theoretical analysis , the [[ value of the measuring resistor ]] ...", + "label": "Synonym-of", + "metadata": [7, 11, 12, 12] + } + ** only contains sentences with relations; entities are gold wrt their Arg1/Arg2 position; no cross-sentence relations ** + +Output 2: Relation extraction + ** same format as above, but includes sentences without relations & all entity pairs are attempted as Arg1/Arg2 positions ** + + + +Pseudocode for 1: + - sentence-ify & tokenize text & assign char-level span indices to each token + - for each sentence: + for each token: + if within entity, do stuff + + +""" + +from typing import * + +import os +import spacy +nlp = spacy.load('en_core_web_md') + +from sci_bert.common.span import Span, TokenSpan, MentionSpan, label_sent_token_spans + +MIN_NUM_TOKENS_PER_SENT = 5 + +os.makedirs('data/ner/semeval2017/', exist_ok=True) +for split in ['train', 'dev', 'test']: + with open(f'data/ner/semeval2017/{split}.txt', 'w') as f_out: + ann_dir = f'semeval2017/{split}/' + instance_ids = sorted({os.path.splitext(ann_file)[0] for ann_file in os.listdir(ann_dir)}) + for id in instance_ids: + ann_file = os.path.join(ann_dir, f'{id}.ann') + txt_file = ann_file.replace('.ann', '.txt') + + # load text + with open(txt_file, 'r') as f_txt: + text = f_txt.read().strip() + text = ''.join([char if char.strip() != '' else ' ' for char in text]) # normalize whitespaces, such as '\xa0' --> ' ' + spacy_text = nlp(text) + + # split sentences & tokenize + sent_token_spans = TokenSpan.find_sent_token_spans(text=text, sent_tokens=[[token.text for sent in spacy_text.sents for token in sent if token.text.strip() != '']]) + # sent_token_spans = TokenSpan.find_sent_token_spans(text=text, sent_tokens=[[token.text for token in sent if token.text.strip() != ''] for sent in spacy_text.sents]) + + # entity mentions might have duplicates & out of order + mention_spans = set() + with open(ann_file, 'r') as f_ann: + for line in f_ann: + tup = line.strip().split('\t') + if tup[0].startswith('T'): + entity_id = tup[0] + entity_type, start, stop = tup[1].split(' ') + start = int(start) + stop = int(stop) + entity_text = tup[2] + mention_span = MentionSpan(start=start, stop=stop, text=entity_text, entity_types=[entity_type], entity_id=entity_id) + mention_spans.add(mention_span) + mention_spans = sorted(mention_spans, key=lambda s: (s.start, s.stop)) + + # overlapping mentions are handled by picking longest mention in the group + # this also handles same-mention multiple-types (arbitrarily picks one of them) + clean_mention_spans = [] + groups = Span.cluster_spans(mention_spans) + for group in groups: + if len(group) == 1: + clean_mention_spans.extend(group) + else: + longest_span = sorted(group, key=lambda s: len(s))[-1] + clean_mention_spans.append(longest_span) + + # conll2003 -> BIO + sent_token_labels = label_sent_token_spans(sent_token_spans=sent_token_spans, + mention_spans=clean_mention_spans) + + # write + f_out.write(f'-DOCSTART- ({id})\n\n') + for token_spans, token_labels in zip(sent_token_spans, sent_token_labels): + for token_span, token_label in zip(token_spans, token_labels): + f_out.write('\t'.join([token_span.text, 'NN', 'O', token_label])) + f_out.write('\n') + f_out.write('\n') + + + + + + + + + + +# group TokenSpans into sentences +sents: List[List[TokenSpan]] = [] +sent: List[TokenSpan] = [] +for i, token_span in enumerate(token_spans): + if i in index_sent_start_tokens: + sents.append(sent) + sent: List[TokenSpan] = [] + sent.append(token_span) + +# load annotations +ID_TO_ENTITY = {} +E1E2_TO_RELATION = {} +with open(ann_file, 'r') as f_ann: + for line in f_ann: + tup = line.strip().split('\t') + + # check if it's an entity + if tup[0].startswith('T'): + entity_id = tup[0] + entity_type, start, stop = tup[1].split(' ') + start = int(start) + stop = int(stop) + entity_text = tup[2] + ID_TO_ENTITY[entity_id] = { + 'type': entity_type, + 'span': (start, stop), + 'text': entity_text + } + + # or if it's an asymmetric relation + elif tup[0].startswith('R'): + relation_id = tup[0] + relation_type, arg1, arg2 = tup[1].split(' ') + tag1, e1 = arg1.split(':') + tag2, e2 = arg2.split(':') + assert tag1 == 'Arg1' and tag2 == 'Arg2' + E1E2_TO_RELATION[(e1, e2)] = + + # or if it's a symmetric relation + elif tup[0].startswith('*'): + + # not sure + else: + raise ValueError('Cant parse this line {}'.format(line)) + + E1E2_TO_RELATION[] + + + +with open(ann_file, 'r') as f_ann: + pass \ No newline at end of file From 4fcc10abbc37914592f8ba03ed5943c43620bc19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kyleclo Date: Mon, 18 Feb 2019 09:51:20 -0800 Subject: [PATCH 02/23] fix bug where infinite while loop when labeling tokens because token bigger than mention --- sci_bert/common/span.py | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sci_bert/common/span.py b/sci_bert/common/span.py index cfab87f..4ed2e12 100644 --- a/sci_bert/common/span.py +++ b/sci_bert/common/span.py @@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ def _label_token_spans(token_spans: List[TokenSpan], elif token_span > mention_span: index_mention += 1 # case 3: token captures start of mention - elif token_span.start <= mention_span.start and token_span.stop <= mention_span.stop: + elif token_span.start <= mention_span.start: token_labels.append('B-{}'.format(mention_span.entity_types[0])) index_token += 1 # handles case when last token is 'B' @@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ def _label_token_spans(token_spans: List[TokenSpan], token_labels.append('I-{}'.format(mention_span.entity_types[0])) index_token += 1 # case 5: token captures end of mention - elif token_span.start > mention_span.start and token_span.stop >= mention_span.stop: + elif token_span.stop >= mention_span.stop: token_labels.append('I-{}'.format(mention_span.entity_types[0])) index_token += 1 index_mention += 1 From da1adca60638ddb3579aa84099a713a175beabbc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kyleclo Date: Mon, 18 Feb 2019 09:51:37 -0800 Subject: [PATCH 03/23] add logging to know if script has stalled --- scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py b/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py index 688046b..ef91967 100644 --- a/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py +++ b/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Output 1: Entity extraction (CONLL2003 format) -Output 1: Relation classification +Output 2: Relation classification JSONlines where each JSON is: { "text": "Based on the theoretical analysis , the [[ value of the measuring resistor ]] ...", @@ -108,6 +108,7 @@ mention_spans=clean_mention_spans) # write + print(f'Writing {id}') f_out.write(f'-DOCSTART- ({id})\n\n') for token_spans, token_labels in zip(sent_token_spans, sent_token_labels): for token_span, token_label in zip(token_spans, token_labels): From f626a6463a36e281b9ba6758fd9fa48cbebee0a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kyleclo Date: Mon, 18 Feb 2019 09:59:26 -0800 Subject: [PATCH 04/23] add try-except to catch bad annotation in brat --- scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py | 7 ++++++- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py b/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py index ef91967..9d9a7a7 100644 --- a/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py +++ b/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py @@ -84,7 +84,12 @@ tup = line.strip().split('\t') if tup[0].startswith('T'): entity_id = tup[0] - entity_type, start, stop = tup[1].split(' ') + # note: occasionally data looks really stupid like `Task 400 436;437 453` in `S0167931713005042.ann` + try: + entity_type, start, stop = tup[1].split(' ') + except ValueError as e: + print(f'Tried unpacking line {tup} in {id}') + continue start = int(start) stop = int(stop) entity_text = tup[2] From 77f37a57d7e5e38dc5285d82647ded0c570f2779 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kyleclo Date: Mon, 18 Feb 2019 10:04:22 -0800 Subject: [PATCH 05/23] semeval2017 ner dataset --- data/ner/semeval2017/dev.txt | 11523 ++++++ data/ner/semeval2017/test.txt | 22516 +++++++++++ data/ner/semeval2017/train.txt | 67016 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 101055 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/ner/semeval2017/dev.txt create mode 100644 data/ner/semeval2017/test.txt create mode 100644 data/ner/semeval2017/train.txt diff --git a/data/ner/semeval2017/dev.txt b/data/ner/semeval2017/dev.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ee405d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/ner/semeval2017/dev.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11523 @@ +-DOCSTART- (S0003491613001516) + +Complex NN O B-Process +Langevin NN O I-Process +( NN O O +CL NN O B-Process +) NN O O +dynamics NN O O +[ NN O O +1,2 NN O O +] NN O O +provides NN O O +an NN O O +approach NN O O +to NN O O +circumvent NN O O +the NN O O +sign NN O B-Task +problem NN O I-Task +in NN O O +numerical NN O B-Process +simulations NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +lattice NN O I-Process +field NN O I-Process +theories NN O I-Process +with NN O O +a NN O O +complex NN O O +Boltzmann NN O O +weight NN O O +, NN O O +since NN O O +it NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +rely NN O O +on NN O O +importance NN O O +sampling NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +recent NN O O +years NN O O +a NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +stimulating NN O O +results NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +obtained NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +context NN O O +of NN O O +nonzero NN O B-Process +chemical NN O I-Process +potential NN O I-Process +, NN O O +in NN O O +both NN O O +lower NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +four NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +dimensional NN O I-Process +field NN O I-Process +theories NN O I-Process +with NN O O +a NN O O +severe NN O O +sign NN O B-Task +problem NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +thermodynamic NN O I-Task +limit NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +3–8 NN O O +] NN O O +( NN O O +for NN O O +two NN O O +recent NN O O +reviews NN O O +, NN O O +see NN O O +e.g. NN O O +Refs NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +9,10 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +known NN O O +since NN O O +shortly NN O O +after NN O O +its NN O O +inception NN O O +, NN O O +correct NN O O +results NN O O +are NN O O +not NN O O +guaranteed NN O O +[ NN O O +11–16 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +calls NN O O +for NN O O +an NN O O +improved NN O B-Task +understanding NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +relying NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +combination NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +analytical NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +numerical NN O I-Task +insight NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +recent NN O O +past NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +important NN O O +role NN O O +played NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +properties NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +real NN O O +and NN O O +positive NN O O +probability NN O B-Process +distribution NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +complexified NN O B-Process +configuration NN O I-Process +space NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +effectively NN O O +sampled NN O O +during NN O O +the NN O O +Langevin NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +, NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +clarified NN O O +[ NN O O +17,18 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +An NN O O +important NN O O +conclusion NN O O +was NN O O +that NN O O +this NN O O +distribution NN O B-Process +should NN O O +be NN O O +sufficiently NN O O +localised NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +for NN O O +CL NN O B-Process +to NN O O +yield NN O O +valid NN O O +results NN O O +. NN O O +Importantly NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +insight NN O O +has NN O O +recently NN O O +also NN O O +led NN O O +to NN O O +promising NN O O +results NN O O +in NN O O +nonabelian NN O B-Task +gauge NN O I-Task +theories NN O I-Task +, NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +implementation NN O O +of NN O O +SL(N NN O B-Material +, NN O I-Material +C NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +gauge NN O I-Material +cooling NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +8,10 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0003491615001839) + +This NN O O +work NN O O +shows NN O O +how NN O O +our NN O O +approach NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +combination NN O O +of NN O O +Statistical NN O B-Process +Mechanics NN O I-Process +and NN O O +nonlinear NN O B-Process +PDEs NN O I-Process +theory NN O I-Process +provides NN O O +us NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +novel NN O O +and NN O O +powerful NN O O +tool NN O O +to NN O O +tackle NN O O +phase NN O B-Task +transitions NN O I-Task +. NN O O +This NN O O +method NN O O +leads NN O O +to NN O O +solution NN O O +of NN O O +perhaps NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +known NN O O +test NN O O +- NN O O +case NN O O +that NN O O +exhibits NN O O +a NN O O +first NN O B-Process +order NN O I-Process +phase NN O I-Process +transition NN O I-Process +( NN O O +semi NN O O +- NN O O +heuristically NN O O +described NN O O +) NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +van NN O B-Process +der NN O I-Process +Waals NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +particular NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +obtained NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +global NN O O +mean NN O O +field NN O B-Process +partition NN O I-Process +function NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Eq NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +9 NN O O +) NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +system NN O O +of NN O O +finite NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +particles NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +partition NN O B-Process +function NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +solution NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +Klein NN O B-Task +– NN O I-Task +Gordon NN O I-Task +equation NN O I-Task +, NN O O +reproduces NN O O +the NN O O +van NN O B-Process +der NN O I-Process +Waals NN O I-Process +isotherms NN O I-Process +away NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +critical NN O O +region NN O O +and NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +thermodynamic NN O B-Process +limit NN O I-Process +N→∞ NN O I-Process +automatically NN O O +encodes NN O O +the NN O O +Maxwell NN O B-Process +equal NN O I-Process +areas NN O I-Process +rule NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +approach NN O O +hereby NN O O +presented NN O O +is NN O O +of NN O O +remarkable NN O O +simplicity NN O O +, NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +successfully NN O O +applied NN O O +to NN O O +spin NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +17–19,14,16 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +macroscopic NN O B-Process +thermodynamic NN O I-Process +systems NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +20,15 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +further NN O O +extended NN O O +to NN O O +include NN O O +the NN O O +larger NN O O +class NN O O +of NN O O +models NN O O +admitting NN O O +partition NN O B-Process +functions NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +form NN O I-Process +( NN O O +4 NN O O +) NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +extend NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +critical NN O O +region NN O O +general NN O B-Process +equations NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +state NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +form NN O I-Process +( NN O O +7 NN O O +) NN O O +including NN O O +a NN O O +class NN O B-Process +virial NN O I-Process +expansions NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0009261408017028) + +We NN O O +use NN O O +open NN O O +and NN O O +close NN O O +aperture NN O B-Process +Z NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +scan NN O I-Process +experiments NN O I-Process +, NN O O +in NN O O +analogy NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +saturation NN O B-Task +absorption NN O I-Task +work NN O O +discussed NN O O +earlier NN O O +in NN O O +water NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +to NN O O +respectively NN O O +measure NN O O +the NN O O +β NN O O +and NN O O +n2 NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +series NN O O +of NN O O +primary NN O B-Material +alcohols NN O I-Material +with NN O O +the NN O O +help NN O O +of NN O O +1560 NN O B-Material +nm NN O I-Material +femtosecond NN O I-Material +laser NN O I-Material +pulses NN O I-Material +, NN O O +however NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +important NN O O +inclusion NN O O +of NN O O +an NN O O +optical NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +chopper NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +vibrational NN O B-Process +combination NN O I-Process +states NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +alcohols NN O B-Material +are NN O O +coupled NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +femtosecond NN O B-Material +laser NN O I-Material +pulses NN O I-Material +at NN O I-Material +1560 NN O I-Material +nm NN O I-Material +. NN O O +These NN O O +couplings NN O O +result NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +absorption NN O B-Process +of NN O O +1560 NN O O +nm NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +excited NN O O +molecules NN O B-Material +undergo NN O O +relaxation NN O O +through NN O O +non NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +radiative NN O I-Process +processes NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +gives NN O O +rise NN O O +to NN O O +transient NN O B-Process +thermal NN O I-Process +effects NN O I-Process +. NN O O +These NN O O +transient NN O B-Process +thermal NN O I-Process +effects NN O I-Process +are NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +pure NN O B-Process +optical NN O I-Process +nonlinearity NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +samples NN O O +and NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +measured NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +change NN O O +in NN O O +their NN O O +n2 NN O O +values NN O O +[ NN O O +14 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +transient NN O B-Process +thermal NN O I-Process +effects NN O I-Process +of NN O O +individual NN O O +pulses NN O O +accumulate NN O O +in NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +high NN O B-Material +repetition NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +rate NN O I-Material +lasers NN O I-Material +to NN O O +produce NN O O +a NN O O +cumulative NN O B-Process +thermal NN O I-Process +effect NN O I-Process +at NN O O +longer NN O O +timescales NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +measure NN O B-Task +this NN O I-Task +cumulative NN O I-Task +thermal NN O I-Task +effect NN O I-Task +with NN O O +the NN O O +mode NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +mismatched NN O I-Process +two NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +color NN O I-Process +pump NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +probe NN O I-Process +experiment NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0009261413004612) + +The NN O O +control NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +RP NN O B-Process +re NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +encounter NN O I-Process +probability NN O I-Process +finds NN O O +a NN O O +direct NN O O +application NN O O +to NN O O +improve NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +performance NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +chemical NN O I-Task +devices NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Here NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +show NN O O +how NN O O +a NN O O +simple NN O O +- NN O O +to NN O O +- NN O O +implement NN O O +control NN O B-Process +scheme NN O I-Process +highly NN O O +enhances NN O O +the NN O O +sensitivity NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +model NN O B-Material +chemical NN O I-Material +magnetometer NN O I-Material +by NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +two NN O O +orders NN O O +of NN O O +magnitude NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +basic NN O O +idea NN O O +behind NN O O +a NN O O +chemical NN O B-Material +magnetometer NN O I-Material +is NN O O +that NN O O +, NN O O +since NN O O +a NN O O +change NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +magnetic NN O B-Process +field NN O I-Process +modifies NN O O +the NN O O +amount NN O O +of NN O O +singlet NN O B-Material +products NN O I-Material +, NN O O +one NN O O +can NN O O +reverse NN O O +the NN O O +reasoning NN O O +and NN O O +measure NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O B-Material +yield NN O I-Material +to NN O O +estimate NN O O +B. NN O B-Process +Intuitively NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +magnetic NN O B-Process +sensitivity NN O I-Process +is NN O O +high NN O O +when NN O O +a NN O O +small NN O O +change NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +magnetic NN O B-Process +field NN O I-Process +intensity NN O I-Process +produces NN O O +large NN O O +effects NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +singlet NN O B-Material +yield NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Formally NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +defined NN O O +as:(2)Λs(B)≡∂Φs(B)∂B=∫0∞pre(t)gs(B NN O B-Process +, NN O I-Process +t)dt NN O I-Process +, NN O O +with NN O O +gs(B NN O B-Process +, NN O I-Process +t)≡∂fs(B NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +t)∂B NN O I-Process +being NN O O +the NN O O +instantaneous NN O B-Process +magnetic NN O I-Process +sensitivity NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +functional NN O O +form NN O O +of NN O O +fs(B NN O O +, NN O O +t)=Sρel(t)S NN O O +strongly NN O O +depends NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +specific NN O O +realization NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +radical NN O I-Process +pair NN O I-Process +, NN O O +in NN O O +particular NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +surrounding NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Process +spins NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Here NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +consider NN O O +a NN O O +radical NN O O +pair NN O O +in NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +electron NN O B-Process +spin NN O I-Process +is NN O O +devoid NN O O +of NN O O +hyperfine NN O B-Process +interactions NN O I-Process +, NN O O +while NN O O +the NN O O +second NN O O +electron NN O B-Process +spin NN O I-Process +interacts NN O O +isotropically NN O O +with NN O O +one NN O O +spin-1 NN O B-Material +nucleus NN O I-Material +, NN O O +e.g. NN O O +nitrogen NN O B-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +context NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O B-Task +compass NN O I-Task +( NN O O +i.e. NN O O +when NN O O +the NN O O +task NN O O +is NN O O +determining NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +magnetic NN O I-Task +field NN O I-Task +direction NN O I-Task +through NN O I-Task +anisotropic NN O I-Task +hyperfine NN O I-Task +interactions NN O I-Task +) NN O O +, NN O O +an NN O O +analogous NN O B-Process +configuration NN O I-Process +( NN O O +with NN O O +only NN O O +one NN O O +spin-1/2 NN O B-Material +nucleus NN O I-Material +) NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +proposed NN O O +[ NN O O +3 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +numerically NN O O +characterized NN O O +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +being NN O O +optimal NN O O +: NN O O +Additional NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Process +spins NN O I-Process +would NN O O +perturb NN O O +the NN O O +intuitive NN O O +‘ NN O O +reference NN O O +and NN O O +probe’ NN O O +picture NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +Hamiltonian NN O O +then NN O O +simplifies NN O O +to NN O O +H=-γeB(S1(z)+S2(z))+|γe|αS→2·I→ NN O B-Process +, NN O O +where NN O O +α NN O B-Process +is NN O O +the NN O O +isotropic NN O B-Process +hyperfine NN O I-Process +coupling NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0009261414000372) + +It NN O O +is NN O O +well NN O O +- NN O O +known NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +optical NN O B-Task +properties NN O I-Task +of NN O O +atoms NN O B-Material +and NN O O +molecules NN O B-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +influenced NN O O +by NN O O +their NN O O +electronic NN O B-Process +environment NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Local NN O B-Process +field NN O I-Process +effects NN O I-Process +on NN O O +spontaneous NN O O +emission NN O O +rates NN O O +within NN O O +nanostructured NN O B-Material +photonic NN O I-Material +materials NN O I-Material +for NN O O +example NN O O +are NN O O +familiar NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +well NN O O +summarized NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Optical NN O B-Process +processes NN O I-Process +, NN O O +including NN O O +resonance NN O B-Process +energy NN O I-Process +transfer NN O I-Process +are NN O O +similarly NN O O +dependent NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +local NN O B-Process +environment NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +molecular NN O I-Process +chromophores NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +2–4 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Many NN O O +biological NN O O +systems NN O O +are NN O O +known NN O O +to NN O O +contain NN O O +complex NN O O +organizations NN O O +of NN O O +molecules NN O O +with NN O O +absorption NN O B-Material +bands NN O I-Material +shifted NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +electronic NN O B-Process +influence NN O I-Process +of NN O O +other NN O O +, NN O O +nearby NN O O +optical NN O O +centres NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +instance NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +widely NN O O +studied NN O O +light NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +harvesting NN O I-Process +complexes NN O I-Process +, NN O O +there NN O O +are NN O O +two NN O O +identifiable NN O O +forms NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +photosynthetic NN O B-Material +antenna NN O I-Material +molecule NN O I-Material +bacteriochlorophyll NN O I-Material +, NN O O +with NN O O +absorption NN O B-Material +bands NN O I-Material +centred NN O O +on NN O O +800 NN O O +and NN O O +850 NN O O +nm NN O O +; NN O O +it NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +efficient NN O O +forms NN O O +of NN O O +energy NN O B-Process +transfer NN O I-Process +between NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O O +occurs NN O O +when NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +neighbouring NN O O +carotenoid NN O B-Material +species NN O I-Material +5–7 NN O O +. NN O O +Until NN O O +now NN O O +, NN O O +research NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +broader NN O O +influence NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +neighbouring NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +off NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +resonant NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +molecule NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +photon NN O I-Task +absorption NN O I-Task +has NN O O +mostly NN O O +centred NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +phenomenon NN O O +of NN O O +induced NN O B-Process +circular NN O I-Process +dichroism NN O I-Process +, NN O O +where NN O O +both NN O O +quantum NN O B-Process +electrodynamic NN O I-Process +( NN O O +QED NN O B-Process +) NN O O +calculations NN O O +[ NN O O +8–10 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +experimental NN O B-Process +procedures NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +11–13 NN O O +] NN O O +predict NN O O +and NN O O +verify NN O O +that NN O O +a NN O O +chiral NN O B-Material +mediator NN O I-Material +confers NN O O +the NN O O +capacity NN O O +for NN O O +an NN O O +achiral NN O B-Material +acceptor NN O I-Material +to NN O O +exhibit NN O O +circular NN O B-Process +differential NN O I-Process +absorption NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0009261415001517) + +Since NN O O +the NN O O +receptors NN O O +in NN O O +human NN O O +biology NN O O +mostly NN O O +consist NN O O +of NN O O +chiral NN O B-Material +molecules NN O I-Material +, NN O O +drug NN O O +action NN O O +mostly NN O O +involves NN O O +a NN O O +specified NN O O +enantiomeric NN O O +form NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +has NN O O +spurred NN O O +the NN O O +development NN O O +, NN O O +especially NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +pharmaceutical NN O O +industry NN O O +, NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +host NN O O +of NN O O +techniques NN O B-Task +to NN O I-Task +secure NN O I-Task +enantiopure NN O I-Task +products NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Such NN O O +methods NN O B-Process +, NN O I-Process +mostly NN O I-Process +multi NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +step NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +time NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +consuming NN O I-Process +, NN O O +can NN O O +typically NN O O +be NN O O +cast NN O O +in NN O O +one NN O O +of NN O O +two NN O O +distinct NN O O +categories NN O O +: NN O O +synthetic NN O B-Process +mechanisms NN O I-Process +designed NN O O +to NN O O +produce NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O O +stereoisomer NN O B-Material +, NN O O +or NN O O +separation NN O B-Process +techniques NN O I-Process +to NN O O +isolate NN O O +distinct NN O O +enantiomers NN O B-Material +from NN O O +a NN O O +racemic NN O O +mixture NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +significant NN O O +drawback NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +either NN O O +approach NN O O +, NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +dependence NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +supply NN O O +of NN O O +enantiopure NN O B-Material +reagents NN O I-Material +or NN O I-Material +substrates NN O I-Material +– NN O O +synthesis NN O B-Process +routes NN O I-Process +generally NN O O +utilise NN O O +chiral NN O B-Material +building NN O I-Material +blocks NN O I-Material +or NN O O +enantioselective NN O B-Material +catalysts NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +7,8 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +enantiomer NN O B-Process +separation NN O I-Process +techniques NN O I-Process +typically NN O O +incorporate NN O O +chiral NN O B-Material +selector NN O I-Material +molecules NN O I-Material +to NN O O +form NN O O +chemically NN O O +distinct NN O O +and NN O O +distinguishable NN O O +diastereomeric NN O B-Material +complexes NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +8,9 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +key NN O O +requirement NN O O +in NN O O +aiming NN O O +to NN O O +achieve NN O B-Task +enantiopure NN O I-Task +products NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +irrespective NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +synthetic NN O I-Task +method NN O I-Task +, NN O O +is NN O O +therefore NN O O +a NN O O +means NN O B-Task +to NN O I-Task +measure NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +duly NN O I-Task +quantitate NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +enantiomeric NN O I-Task +excess NN O I-Task +– NN O O +signifying NN O O +the NN O O +degree NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +chirality NN O I-Process +within NN O O +molecular NN O B-Material +products NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Chiral NN O B-Process +discrimination NN O I-Process +through NN O O +optical NN O B-Material +means NN O I-Material +is NN O O +well NN O O +- NN O O +known NN O O +to NN O O +offer NN O O +direct NN O O +, NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +contact NN O O +ways NN O O +to NN O O +distinguish NN O O +between NN O O +molecules NN O B-Material +of NN O O +different NN O O +handedness NN O O +, NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +observations NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +subtle NN O O +differences NN O O +in NN O O +absorption NN O B-Process +of NN O O +left- NN O O +and NN O O +right NN O O +- NN O O +handed NN O O +circularly NN O O +polarised NN O O +light NN O O +, NN O O +or NN O O +indeed NN O O +the NN O O +twisting NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +polarisation NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +optical NN O I-Process +rotation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Other NN O O +optical NN O B-Process +methods NN O I-Process +, NN O O +under NN O O +more NN O O +recent NN O O +development NN O O +, NN O O +also NN O O +show NN O O +some NN O O +promise NN O O +to NN O O +achieve NN O O +enantiomer NN O B-Task +separation NN O I-Task +, NN O O +as NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +introduced NN O O +later NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0009261415008362) + +For NN O O +any NN O O +quantum NN O B-Process +dynamical NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +, NN O O +existing NN O O +or NN O O +emerging NN O O +, NN O O +reliable NN O O +benchmarks NN O B-Task +are NN O O +required NN O O +to NN O O +assess NN O O +their NN O O +accuracy NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +Hamiltonian NN O I-Process +exhibiting NN O O +tunnelling NN O B-Process +dynamics NN O I-Process +through NN O O +a NN O O +multidimensional NN O B-Process +asymmetric NN O I-Process +double NN O I-Process +well NN O I-Process +potential NN O I-Process +has NN O O +been NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +test NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +MP NN O B-Process +/ NN O I-Process +SOFT NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +18 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +CCS NN O B-Process +methods NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +19 NN O O +] NN O O +mentioned NN O O +above NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +also NN O O +more NN O O +recently NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +configuration NN O B-Process +interaction NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +CI NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +expansion NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +20 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +two NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +layer NN O I-Process +version NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +CCS NN O I-Process +( NN O O +2L NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +CCS NN O I-Process +) NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +21 NN O O +] NN O O +The NN O B-Process +Hamiltonian NN O I-Process +consists NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +1-dimensional NN O B-Process +tunnelling NN O I-Process +mode NN O I-Process +coupled NN O O +to NN O O +an NN O O +( NN O B-Process +M−1)-dimensional NN O I-Process +harmonic NN O I-Process +bath NN O I-Process +, NN O O +hence NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +system NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +bath NN O I-Task +problem NN O I-Task +which NN O O +bears NN O O +some NN O O +similarity NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +Caldeira NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +Leggett NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +tunnelling NN O I-Process +in NN O O +a NN O O +dissipative NN O O +system NN O O +[ NN O O +22,23 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +Hamiltonian NN O B-Process +is NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +dissipative NN O O +, NN O O +however NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +harmonic NN O B-Process +modes NN O I-Process +all NN O O +have NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +frequency NN O O +. NN O O +System NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +bath NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +play NN O O +an NN O O +important NN O O +role NN O O +in NN O O +physics NN O B-Task +, NN O O +being NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +describe NN O O +superconductivity NN O B-Process +at NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +Josephson NN O I-Process +junction NN O I-Process +in NN O O +a NN O O +superconducting NN O B-Process +quantum NN O I-Process +interface NN O I-Process +device NN O I-Process +( NN O O +SQUID NN O B-Process +) NN O O +[ NN O O +24 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O O +Caldeira NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +Leggett NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +provides NN O O +a NN O O +theoretical NN O O +basis NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +magnetic NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +conductance NN O I-Process +phenomena NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +spin NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +bath NN O I-Task +regime NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +25 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0010938X13003818) + +Based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +theoretical NN O B-Task +analysis NN O I-Task +, NN O O +the NN O O +value NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +measuring NN O I-Process +resistor NN O I-Process +, NN O O +Rm NN O B-Process +, NN O O +has NN O O +no NN O O +effect NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +corrosion NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +and NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +estimated NN O O +value NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +noise NN O I-Process +resistance NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +validate NN O B-Task +this NN O I-Task +conclusion NN O I-Task +, NN O O +the NN O O +experiment NN O O +of NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +9 NN O O +was NN O O +performed NN O O +. NN O O +Specifically NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +pair NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +nominally NN O I-Material +identical NN O I-Material +specimens NN O I-Material +was NN O O +initially NN O O +coupled NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +4.7kΩ NN O B-Material +resistor NN O I-Material +and NN O O +their NN O O +potential NN O O +with NN O O +respect NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +saturated NN O B-Material +calomel NN O I-Material +electrode NN O I-Material +was NN O O +recorded NN O O +by NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +NI NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +USB NN O I-Material +6009 NN O I-Material +analog NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +to NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +digital NN O I-Material +converter NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +electrochemical NN O B-Process +noise NN O I-Process +signal NN O I-Process +was NN O O +recorded NN O O +using NN O O +in NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +house NN O I-Material +developed NN O I-Material +software NN O I-Material +, NN O O +acquiring NN O O +at NN O O +1023Hz NN O O +segments NN O O +of NN O O +1000 NN O O +points NN O O +at NN O O +each NN O O +iteration NN O O +. NN O O +Between NN O O +iterations NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +1000 NN O O +values NN O O +acquired NN O O +were NN O O +averaged NN O O +to NN O O +obtain NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +single NN O I-Task +value NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +potential NN O I-Task +, NN O O +subsequently NN O O +saved NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +file NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +later NN O O +processing NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +final NN O O +dataset NN O B-Material +comprised NN O O +potential NN O O +values NN O O +spaced NN O O +1±0.05s NN O O +in NN O O +time NN O O +. NN O O +Under NN O O +the NN O O +assumption NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +noise NN O O +present NN O O +above NN O O +1023Hz NN O O +is NN O O +negligible NN O O +compared NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +noise NN O O +present NN O O +below NN O O +0.5Hz NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +procedure NN O O +enables NN O O +an NN O O +accurate NN O B-Task +recording NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +potential NN O I-Task +noise NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +frequencies NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +interest NN O I-Task +, NN O O +avoiding NN O O +aliasing NN O O +of NN O O +frequencies NN O O +between NN O O +0.5 NN O O +and NN O O +1023Hz NN O O +and NN O O +minimizing NN O O +the NN O O +50Hz NN O O +interference NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +mains NN O O +supply NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0010938X14002157) + +A NN O O +surfactant NN O B-Material +is NN O O +a NN O O +surface NN O B-Material +active NN O I-Material +agent NN O I-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +work NN O O +a NN O O +surfactant NN O B-Material +term NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +compounds NN O B-Material +which NN O I-Material +improve NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +dispersability NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +CI NN O B-Material +in NN O O +the NN O O +acid NN O B-Material +( NN O O +as NN O O +emulsifiers NN O B-Material +providing NN O O +dispersed NN O B-Material +emulsion NN O I-Material +– NN O O +not NN O O +separated NN O O +) NN O O +while NN O O +wetting NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +metallic NN O B-Material +material NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +14,20,24 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +surfactants NN O O +can NN O O +offer NN O O +corrosion NN O B-Task +protection NN O I-Task +themselves NN O O +. NN O O +Some NN O O +examples NN O O +when NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +compound NN O O +was NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +surfactant NN O B-Material +or NN O I-Material +active NN O I-Material +corrosion NN O I-Material +inhibitor NN O I-Material +ingredient NN O O +are NN O O +given NN O O +below NN O O +. NN O O +Typical NN O O +surfactants NN O B-Material +in NN O O +the NN O O +oilfield NN O O +services NN O O +industry NN O O +are NN O O +alkylphenol NN O B-Material +ethoxylates NN O I-Material +, NN O O +e.g. NN O O +nonylphenol NN O B-Material +ethoxylate NN O I-Material +( NN O O +NPE NN O B-Material +) NN O O +[ NN O O +14,15,30,106,107 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +NPEs NN O B-Material +have NN O O +been NN O O +banned NN O O +from NN O O +use NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +North NN O O +Sea NN O O +because NN O O +of NN O O +their NN O O +toxicity NN O O +. NN O O +On NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +hand NN O O +, NN O O +ethoxylated NN O B-Material +linear NN O I-Material +alcohols NN O I-Material +are NN O O +more NN O O +acceptable NN O O +[ NN O O +20 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +quaternary NN O B-Material +ammonium NN O I-Material +salts NN O I-Material +and NN O O +amines NN O B-Material +( NN O I-Material +when NN O I-Material +protonated NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +are NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +used NN O O +compounds NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +cationic NN O B-Material +surfactants NN O I-Material +class NN O I-Material +, NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +cation NN O B-Material +is NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O B-Material +active NN O I-Material +specie NN O I-Material +. NN O O +As NN O O +the NN O O +amines NN O B-Material +only NN O O +function NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +surfactant NN O B-Material +in NN O O +the NN O O +protonated NN O B-Process +state NN O I-Process +, NN O O +they NN O O +can NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +at NN O O +high NN O O +pH. NN O O +On NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +hand NN O O +, NN O O +quaternary NN O B-Material +ammonium NN O I-Material +compounds NN O I-Material +, NN O O +frequently NN O O +abbreviated NN O O +as NN O O +“ NN O O +quats NN O B-Material +” NN O O +, NN O O +are NN O O +not NN O O +pH NN O O +sensitive NN O O +. NN O O +Long NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +chain NN O I-Material +quaternary NN O I-Material +ammonium NN O I-Material +bromides NN O I-Material +were NN O O +also NN O O +reported NN O O +to NN O O +work NN O O +as NN O O +efficient NN O O +CIs NN O B-Material +for NN O O +steel NN O B-Material +materials NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +106 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +frequently NN O O +employed NN O O +surfactant NN O B-Material +was NN O O +N NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +dodecylpyridinium NN O I-Material +bromide NN O I-Material +( NN O O +DDPB NN O B-Material +) NN O O +[ NN O O +9,60,61,108,109 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Anionic NN O B-Material +sulphates NN O I-Material +, NN O O +anionic NN O B-Material +sulphonates NN O I-Material +, NN O O +alkoxylated NN O B-Material +alkylphenol NN O I-Material +resins NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +polyoxyethylene NN O B-Material +sorbitan NN O I-Material +oleates NN O I-Material +are NN O O +also NN O O +useful NN O O +surfactants NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Ali NN O O +reported NN O O +that NN O O +a NN O O +particularly NN O O +useful NN O O +surfactant NN O B-Material +is NN O O +a NN O O +blend NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +polyethylene NN O I-Material +glycol NN O I-Material +esters NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +fatty NN O I-Material +acids NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +ethoxylated NN O I-Material +alkylphenols NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +15 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Several NN O O +examples NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +surfactants NN O B-Material +used NN O O +are NN O O +given NN O O +below NN O O +in NN O O +Section NN O O +5.6 NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0010938X15003261) + +The NN O O +related NN O O +Volta NN O B-Process +potential NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Ψ NN O B-Process +) NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +potential NN O B-Process +difference NN O I-Process +between NN O O +a NN O O +position NN O O +infinitely NN O O +far NN O O +away NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +and NN O O +a NN O O +position NN O O +just NN O O +outside NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +measureable NN O B-Process +quantity NN O I-Process +characterising NN O O +electrochemical NN O B-Process +behaviour NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +metal NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +12,17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +scanning NN O B-Process +Kelvin NN O I-Process +probe NN O I-Process +force NN O I-Process +microscopy NN O I-Process +( NN O O +SKPFM NN O B-Process +) NN O O +technique NN O O +allows NN O O +detection NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +local NN O I-Task +EWF NN O I-Task +( NN O O +if NN O O +the NN O O +EWF NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +tip NN O O +is NN O O +known NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +or NN O O +Volta NN O B-Task +potential NN O I-Task +differences NN O I-Task +( NN O O +ΔΨ NN O B-Task +) NN O O +between NN O O +an NN O O +atomic NN O B-Material +force NN O I-Material +microscopy NN O I-Material +tip NN O I-Material +( NN O O +usually NN O O +Pt NN O B-Material +coated NN O I-Material +) NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +metal NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +14,15,19 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +lateral NN O O +resolution NN O O +of NN O O +SKPFM NN O B-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +as NN O O +high NN O O +as NN O O +10 NN O O +’s NN O O +of NN O O +nm NN O O +in NN O O +ambient NN O B-Material +air NN O I-Material +, NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +sensitivity NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +10–20meV NN O O +[ NN O O +19 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Volta NN O B-Process +potential NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +characteristic NN O O +property NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +metal NN O I-Process +surface NN O I-Process +and NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +understand NN O B-Task +electrochemical NN O I-Task +processes NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +16 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +sensitive NN O O +to NN O O +any NN O O +kind NN O O +of NN O O +surface NN O O +defects NN O O +, NN O O +chemical NN O O +variations NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +residual NN O O +stress NN O O +[ NN O O +13,17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Volta NN O B-Process +potential NN O I-Process +differences NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +microstructure NN O I-Process +have NN O O +been NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +predict NN O B-Task +corrosion NN O I-Task +behaviour NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +10,15,18,20–22 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Regions NN O O +with NN O O +larger NN O B-Process +( NN O I-Process +ΔΨ NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +indicate NN O I-Process +increased NN O I-Process +surface NN O I-Process +reactivity NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +11,15,18 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +even NN O O +a NN O O +correlation NN O O +between NN O O +Volta NN O B-Process +potential NN O I-Process +differences NN O I-Process +measured NN O O +in NN O O +nominally NN O O +dry NN O B-Material +air NN O I-Material +and NN O O +their NN O O +free NN O B-Process +corrosion NN O I-Process +potential NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Ecorr NN O B-Process +) NN O O +pre NN O O +- NN O O +determined NN O O +under NN O O +immersed NN O O +conditions NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +reported NN O O +[ NN O O +18 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021961415003821) + +The NN O O +homologous NN O B-Material +series NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +n NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +alkanes NN O I-Material +are NN O O +represented NN O O +here NN O O +as NN O O +homonuclear NN O B-Material +chains NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +tangent NN O I-Material +Mie NN O I-Material +spherical NN O I-Material +CG NN O I-Material +segments NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +development NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +CG NN O I-Task +models NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +long NN O I-Task +n NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +alkanes NN O I-Task +such NN O O +as NN O O +n NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +decane NN O I-Material +( NN O O +n NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +C10H22 NN O I-Material +) NN O O +and NN O O +n NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +eicosane NN O I-Material +( NN O O +n NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +C20H42 NN O I-Material +) NN O O +has NN O O +already NN O O +been NN O O +successfully NN O O +demonstrated NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +SAFT-γ NN O B-Process +Mie NN O I-Process +formalism NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +118 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +n NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +decane NN O I-Material +molecule NN O I-Material +was NN O O +represented NN O O +by NN O O +chains NN O O +of NN O O +three NN O O +and NN O O +n NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +eicosane NN O I-Material +chains NN O O +of NN O O +six NN O O +fully NN O O +flexible NN O O +tangentially NN O O +bonded NN O O +Mie NN O B-Material +segments NN O I-Material +. NN O O +A NN O O +certain NN O O +degree NN O O +of NN O O +parameter NN O O +degeneracy NN O O +in NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +overall NN O O +performance NN O O +is NN O O +expected NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +consequence NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +conformal NN O O +nature NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +EOS NN O O +description NN O O +[ NN O O +132 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +our NN O O +current NN O O +work NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +use NN O O +an NN O O +alternative NN O B-Process +CG NN O I-Process +mapping NN O I-Process +for NN O O +n NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +alkanes NN O I-Material +developed NN O O +in NN O O +reference NN O O +[ NN O O +122 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +each NN O O +segment NN O O +was NN O O +taken NN O O +to NN O O +represent NN O O +three NN O O +alkyl NN O B-Material +carbon NN O I-Material +backbone NN O I-Material +atoms NN O I-Material +and NN O O +their NN O O +corresponding NN O O +hydrogen NN O B-Material +atoms NN O I-Material +. NN O O +By NN O O +applying NN O O +this NN O O +mapping NN O O +, NN O O +n NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +alkanes NN O I-Material +chains NN O I-Material +containing NN O O +multiples NN O O +of NN O O +three NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +units NN O I-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +represented NN O O +directly NN O O +: NN O O +n NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +C6H14 NN O I-Material +, NN O O +n NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +C9H20 NN O I-Material +, NN O O +n NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +C12H26 NN O I-Material +, NN O O +n NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +C15H32 NN O I-Material +, NN O O +n NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +C18H38 NN O I-Material +, NN O O +etc NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +good NN O O +description NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +thermodynamic NN O I-Task +properties NN O I-Task +of NN O O +these NN O O +alkanes NN O B-Material +is NN O O +found NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +provided NN O O +with NN O O +CG NN O B-Material +alkyl NN O I-Material +beads NN O I-Material +characterised NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +Mie NN O B-Process +( NN O I-Process +15–6 NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +potential NN O I-Process +. NN O O +For NN O O +convenience NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +exponent NN O O +pair NN O O +( NN O O +15–6 NN O O +) NN O O +is NN O O +also NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +represent NN O O +the NN O O +interactions NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +CG NN O B-Material +beads NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +intervening NN O O +alkanes NN O B-Material +considered NN O O +here NN O O +; NN O O +the NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +segments NN O O +m NN O O +is NN O O +taken NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +the NN O O +nearest NN O O +integer NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +division NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +number NN O O +C NN O O +by NN O O +three NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +size NN O O +σ NN O O +and NN O O +energy NN O O +∊ NN O O +parameters NN O O +are NN O O +then NN O O +estimated NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +experimental NN O O +saturated NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +liquid NN O I-Process +density NN O I-Process +and NN O O +vapour NN O B-Process +pressure NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +individual NN O O +alkanes NN O B-Material +following NN O O +the NN O O +usual NN O O +SAFT-γ NN O B-Process +Mie NN O I-Process +procedure NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +chosen NN O O +mapping NN O O +is NN O O +by NN O O +no NN O O +means NN O O +unique NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +one NN O O +can NN O O +postulate NN O O +parameter NN O O +sets NN O O +that NN O O +fulfil NN O O +other NN O O +requisites NN O O +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +being NN O O +“ NN O O +universal NN O O +” NN O O +across NN O O +the NN O O +entire NN O O +homologous NN O O +series NN O O +[ NN O O +119 NN O O +] NN O O +or NN O O +correlated NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +critical NN O O +properties NN O O +[ NN O O +125 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999113005652) + +This NN O O +study NN O O +proposes NN O O +a NN O O +new NN O B-Task +framework NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +numerical NN O I-Task +modelling NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +gas NN O B-Process +exchange NN O I-Process +between NN O O +air NN O B-Material +and NN O O +water NN O B-Material +across NN O O +their NN O O +interface NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +subsequent NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +water NN O I-Process +based NN O O +on NN O O +an NN O O +extended NN O O +two NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +compartment NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +major NN O O +purpose NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +study NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +provide NN O O +a NN O O +fundamental NN O B-Process +concept NN O I-Process +for NN O O +modelling NN O B-Task +physicochemical NN O I-Task +processes NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +gas NN O B-Process +exchange NN O I-Process +, NN O O +followed NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +water NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Demonstrating NN O O +fundamental NN O O +data NN O O +and NN O O +knowledge NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +important NN O O +environmental NN O O +transport NN O O +phenomena NN O O +, NN O O +especially NN O O +the NN O O +effects NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +Schmidt NN O I-Process +number NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +rate NN O I-Process +on NN O O +the NN O O +gas NN O B-Process +exchange NN O I-Process +mechanisms NN O I-Process +across NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +interface NN O I-Process +have NN O O +also NN O O +been NN O O +attempted NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +gas NN O B-Process +exchange NN O I-Process +processes NN O I-Process +are NN O O +separated NN O O +into NN O O +two NN O O +physicochemical NN O O +substeps NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +gas NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +liquid NN O I-Process +equilibrium NN O I-Process +between NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O O +phases NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +second NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +water NN O I-Process +phase NN O I-Process +. NN O O +A NN O O +first NN O O +- NN O O +order NN O O +, NN O O +irreversible NN O B-Process +chemical NN O I-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +gaseous NN O B-Material +material NN O I-Material +after NN O O +its NN O O +uptake NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +water NN O B-Material +phase NN O I-Material +is NN O O +assumed NN O O +here NN O O +to NN O O +simplify NN O O +interactions NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +reactions NN O I-Process +and NN O O +turbulent NN O B-Process +transport NN O I-Process +phenomena NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +water NN O I-Process +. NN O O +While NN O O +a NN O O +traditional NN O O +two NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +compartment NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +assumes NN O O +uniform NN O O +concentration NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +material NN O O +in NN O O +each NN O O +compartment NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +two NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +compartment NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +uses NN O O +a NN O O +computational NN O B-Process +fluid NN O I-Process +dynamics NN O I-Process +( NN O O +CFD NN O B-Process +) NN O O +technique NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +water NN O B-Material +compartment NN O O +to NN O O +evaluate NN O B-Task +temporal NN O I-Task +development NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +three NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +dimensional NN O I-Task +profiles NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +velocity NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +concentration NN O I-Task +fields NN O I-Task +. NN O O +A NN O O +direct NN O B-Process +numerical NN O I-Process +simulation NN O I-Process +( NN O O +DNS NN O B-Process +) NN O O +approach NN O O +is NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +evaluate NN O B-Task +profiles NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +fluid NN O I-Task +velocities NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +concentrations NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +water NN O I-Task +, NN O O +and NN O O +several NN O O +important NN O O +turbulence NN O O +statistics NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +evaluated NN O O +without NN O O +using NN O O +turbulent NN O O +closures NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +subgrid NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +scale NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +assume NN O O +that NN O O +a NN O O +fluid NN O B-Process +flow NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +water NN O I-Process +phase NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +well NN O O +- NN O O +developed NN O O +turbulent NN O O +water NN O B-Material +layer NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +low NN O O +Reynolds NN O O +number NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +Schmidt NN O O +number NN O O +is NN O O +varied NN O O +from NN O O +1 NN O O +to NN O O +8 NN O O +to NN O O +observe NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +effects NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +molecular NN O I-Task +diffusion NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +gas NN O B-Material +in NN O O +sub NN O O +- NN O O +interface NN O O +water NN O B-Material +on NN O O +the NN O O +gas NN O B-Process +exchange NN O I-Process +rate NN O I-Process +at NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +interface NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Six NN O O +degrees NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +nondimensional NN O B-Process +chemical NN O I-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +rate NN O I-Process +are NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +find NN O O +the NN O O +effect NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +chemical NN O I-Task +reaction NN O I-Task +rate NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +gas NN O I-Task +exchange NN O I-Task +mechanisms NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Extrapolations NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +gas NN O B-Process +exchange NN O I-Process +rates NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +related NN O O +transport NN O B-Process +phenomena NN O I-Process +toward NN O O +larger NN O O +Schmidt NN O O +number NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +faster NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +rate NN O O +will NN O O +also NN O O +be NN O O +examined NN O O +to NN O O +predict NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +gas NN O I-Task +exchange NN O I-Task +processes NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +actual NN O O +gases NN O B-Material +of NN O O +Sc∼O(102 NN O B-Material +) NN O I-Material +based NN O O +on NN O O +results NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +numerical NN O B-Task +experiments NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999113005846) + +Although NN O O +the NN O O +free NN O B-Task +Kelvin NN O I-Task +wave NN O I-Task +problem NN O I-Task +is NN O O +of NN O O +considerable NN O O +theoretical NN O O +importance NN O O +, NN O O +problems NN O B-Task +with NN O I-Task +forcing NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +damping NN O I-Task +have NN O O +greater NN O O +practical NN O O +importance NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +nature NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +forcing NN O B-Process +could NN O O +be NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +wind NN O B-Process +stress NN O I-Process +at NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +free NN O I-Process +surface NN O I-Process +or NN O O +an NN O O +astronomical NN O B-Process +tidal NN O I-Process +potential NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +damping NN O B-Process +could NN O O +be NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +turbulent NN O B-Process +stress NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +bottom NN O I-Process +boundary NN O I-Process +layer NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Regardless NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +details NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +forced NN O B-Process +response NN O I-Process +is NN O O +composed NN O O +of NN O O +shallow NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +water NN O I-Material +waves NN O I-Material +, NN O O +possibly NN O O +including NN O O +Kelvin NN O B-Material +waves NN O I-Material +, NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +largest NN O O +amplitudes NN O O +in NN O O +waves NN O B-Material +with NN O O +a NN O O +natural NN O B-Process +frequency NN O I-Process +ωf NN O B-Process +close NN O O +to NN O O +that NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +forcing NN O B-Process +frequency NN O I-Process +ω NN O B-Process +; NN O O +various NN O O +examples NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +sort NN O O +are NN O O +given NN O O +in NN O O +Chapters NN O O +9 NN O O +and NN O O +10 NN O O +of NN O O +Gill NN O O +[ NN O O +16 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +When NN O O +ω≈ωf NN O B-Process +, NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +large NN O O +amplitude NN O O +near NN O O +- NN O O +resonant NN O O +response NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +size NN O O +of NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +sensitive NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +weak NN O B-Process +damping NN O I-Process +and NN O O +|ω−ωf| NN O B-Process +. NN O O +Thus NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +numerical NN O B-Task +solutions NN O I-Task +of NN O O +near NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +resonantly NN O I-Material +forced NN O I-Material +waves NN O I-Material +, NN O O +we NN O O +anticipate NN O O +that NN O O +errors NN O O +in NN O O +ωf NN O B-Process +( NN O O +associated NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +spatial NN O B-Process +discretisation NN O I-Process +) NN O O +could NN O O +lead NN O O +to NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +trivial NN O O +errors NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +forced NN O O +response NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S002199911500025X) + +A NN O O +fully NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +coupled NN O I-Process +numerical NN O I-Process +framework NN O I-Process +for NN O O +two NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +phase NN O I-Process +flows NN O I-Process +with NN O O +an NN O O +implicit NN O O +implementation NN O O +of NN O O +surface NN O B-Process +tension NN O I-Process +has NN O O +been NN O O +introduced NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +article NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +fully NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +coupled NN O I-Process +framework NN O I-Process +has NN O O +then NN O O +been NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +compare NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +influence NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O B-Process +tension NN O I-Process +treatment NN O I-Process +on NN O O +the NN O O +time NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +step NN O I-Process +restrictions NN O I-Process +resulting NN O I-Process +from NN O I-Process +capillary NN O I-Process +waves NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +conducted NN O O +study NN O O +demonstrates NN O O +that NN O O +restrictions NN O B-Process +on NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +numerical NN O I-Process +time NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +step NN O I-Process +resulting NN O I-Process +from NN O I-Process +capillary NN O I-Process +waves NN O I-Process +are NN O O +valid NN O O +and NN O O +unchanged NN O O +regardless NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +numerical NN O B-Process +treatment NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +surface NN O I-Process +tension NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Since NN O O +surface NN O B-Process +tension NN O I-Process +is NN O O +not NN O O +a NN O O +function NN O O +of NN O O +pressure NN O O +or NN O O +velocity NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +change NN O O +in NN O O +implementation NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +affect NN O O +the NN O O +matrix NN O O +coefficients NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +primitive NN O O +variables NN O O +and NN O O +, NN O O +thus NN O O +, NN O O +numerical NN O O +stability NN O O +is NN O O +independent NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +treatment NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +surface NN O I-Task +tension NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Further NN O O +analysis NN O O +shows NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +capillary NN O O +time NN O O +- NN O O +step NN O O +constraint NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +requirement NN O O +imposed NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +spatiotemporal NN O B-Task +sampling NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +capillary NN O I-Task +waves NN O I-Task +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +independent NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +applied NN O B-Process +numerical NN O I-Process +methodology NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999115003423) + +The NN O O +remainder NN O O +of NN O O +our NN O O +discussion NN O O +proceeds NN O O +as NN O O +follows NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +Section NN O O +2 NN O O +we NN O O +briefly NN O O +describe NN O O +the NN O O +problem NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +cell NN O I-Task +tracking NN O I-Task +and NN O O +introduce NN O B-Task +our NN O I-Task +approach NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +cell NN O I-Task +tracking NN O I-Task +, NN O O +which NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +regarded NN O O +as NN O O +fitting NN O O +a NN O O +mathematical NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +to NN O O +experimental NN O B-Material +image NN O I-Material +data NN O I-Material +sets NN O I-Material +. NN O O +We NN O O +present NN O O +the NN O O +geometric NN O B-Process +evolution NN O I-Process +law NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +we NN O O +seek NN O O +to NN O O +fit NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +simplification NN O O +of NN O O +recently NN O O +developed NN O O +models NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +literature NN O O +that NN O O +show NN O O +good NN O O +agreement NN O O +with NN O O +experiments NN O O +[ NN O O +8,10–12,4,13,9 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +finish NN O O +Section NN O O +2 NN O O +by NN O O +reformulating NN O O +our NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +into NN O O +the NN O O +phase NN O B-Process +field NN O I-Process +framework NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +appears NN O O +more NN O O +suitable NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +problem NN O O +in NN O O +hand NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +we NN O O +formulate NN O O +the NN O O +cell NN O B-Task +tracking NN O I-Task +problem NN O I-Task +as NN O O +a NN O O +PDE NN O B-Task +constrained NN O I-Task +optimisation NN O I-Task +problem NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +Section NN O O +3 NN O O +we NN O O +propose NN O O +an NN O O +algorithm NN O B-Process +for NN O O +the NN O O +resolution NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +PDE NN O B-Task +constrained NN O I-Task +optimisation NN O I-Task +problem NN O I-Task +and NN O O +we NN O O +discuss NN O O +some NN O O +practical NN O O +aspects NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +implementation NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +particular NN O O +we NN O O +note NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +theoretical NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +computational NN O I-Process +framework NN O I-Process +may NN O O +be NN O O +applied NN O O +directly NN O O +to NN O O +multi NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +cell NN O I-Material +image NN O I-Material +data NN O I-Material +sets NN O I-Material +and NN O O +raw NN O B-Material +image NN O I-Material +data NN O I-Material +sets NN O I-Material +( NN O O +of NN O O +sufficient NN O O +quality NN O O +) NN O O +without NN O O +segmentation NN O B-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +Section NN O O +4 NN O O +we NN O O +present NN O O +some NN O O +numerical NN O O +examples NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +2d NN O O +single NN O O +and NN O O +multi NN O O +- NN O O +cell NN O O +image NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +sets NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Finally NN O O +in NN O O +Section NN O O +5 NN O O +we NN O O +present NN O O +some NN O O +conclusions NN O O +of NN O O +our NN O O +study NN O O +and NN O O +discuss NN O O +future NN O O +extensions NN O O +and NN O O +applications NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +work NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999115007895) + +The NN O B-Task +dynamics NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +various NN O I-Task +physical NN O I-Task +phenomena NN O I-Task +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +movement NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +pendulums NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +planets NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +or NN O I-Process +water NN O I-Process +waves NN O I-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +described NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +variational NN O B-Process +framework NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +development NN O O +of NN O O +variational NN O B-Process +principles NN O I-Process +for NN O O +classical NN O O +mechanics NN O O +traces NN O O +back NN O O +to NN O O +Euler NN O O +, NN O O +Lagrange NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +Hamilton NN O O +; NN O O +an NN O O +overview NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +history NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +found NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +1,19 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +approach NN O B-Process +allows NN O O +to NN O O +express NN O B-Task +all NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +dynamics NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +system NN O I-Task +in NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O B-Process +functional NN O I-Process +– NN O O +the NN O O +Lagrangian NN O B-Process +– NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +an NN O O +action NN O B-Process +integral NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Hamiltonian NN O B-Process +mechanics NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +reformulation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +Lagrangian NN O I-Process +mechanics NN O I-Process +which NN O O +provides NN O O +a NN O O +convenient NN O O +framework NN O B-Material +to NN O O +study NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +symmetry NN O I-Task +properties NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +system NN O I-Task +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +expressed NN O O +by NN O O +Noether NN O O +'s NN O O +theorem NN O O +which NN O O +establishes NN O O +the NN O O +direct NN O O +connection NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +symmetry NN O O +properties NN O O +of NN O O +Hamiltonian NN O B-Process +systems NN O I-Process +and NN O O +conservation NN O O +laws NN O O +. NN O O +When NN O O +one NN O O +approximates NN O O +the NN O O +system NN O B-Process +numerically NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +advantageous NN O O +to NN O O +preserve NN O O +the NN O O +Hamiltonian NN O O +structure NN O O +also NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +discrete NN O O +level NN O O +. NN O O +Given NN O O +that NN O O +Hamiltonian NN O B-Process +systems NN O I-Process +are NN O O +abundant NN O O +in NN O O +nature NN O O +, NN O O +their NN O O +numerical NN O B-Task +approximation NN O I-Task +is NN O O +therefore NN O O +a NN O O +topic NN O O +of NN O O +significant NN O O +relevance NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999115008153) + +As NN O O +discussed NN O O +above NN O O +, NN O O +proper NN O B-Task +inclusion NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +these NN O I-Task +interactions NN O I-Task +requires NN O O +segment NN O B-Process +synchronization NN O I-Process +after NN O I-Process +every NN O I-Process +iteration NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +minimize NN O B-Task +simulation NN O I-Task +errors NN O I-Task +due NN O O +to NN O O +incorrect NN O O +values NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +interactions NN O O +potential NN O O +, NN O O +segments NN O B-Process +are NN O I-Process +synchronized NN O I-Process +after NN O I-Process +every NN O I-Process +iteration NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Although NN O O +relatively NN O O +long NN O O +communication NN O O +times NN O O +between NN O O +remote NN O O +processors NN O B-Material +may NN O O +hinder NN O O +this NN O O +process NN O O +in NN O O +typical NN O O +parallel NN O B-Material +computers NN O I-Material +, NN O O +this NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +for NN O O +GPGPU NN O B-Material +architectures NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Still NN O O +, NN O O +full NN O O +recalculation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +interaction NN O I-Process +potential NN O I-Process +after NN O O +each NN O O +iteration NN O O +is NN O O +time NN O O +consuming NN O O +. NN O O +Instead NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +algorithm NN O B-Process +corrects NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +current NN O I-Process +potential NN O I-Process +by NN O O +adding NN O B-Process +dipole NN O I-Process +contributions NN O I-Process +for NN O O +every NN O O +nearby NN O O +charge NN O O +that NN O O +hopped NN O O +during NN O O +the NN O O +previous NN O O +iteration NN O O +. NN O O +Full NN O O +updates NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +interaction NN O B-Process +potential NN O I-Process +are NN O O +only NN O O +required NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +grid NN O O +points NN O O +that NN O O +are NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +charges NN O O +that NN O O +hopped NN O O +during NN O O +the NN O O +last NN O O +iteration NN O O +. NN O O +Accumulative NN O O +rounding NN O O +errors NN O O +that NN O O +arise NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +repetitive NN O O +addition NN O O +and NN O O +subtraction NN O O +are NN O O +solve NN O O +this NN O O +by NN O O +rounding NN O O +all NN O O +interaction NN O O +potentials NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +uniformly NN O O +spaced NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +floating NN O O +point NN O O +numbers NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999115008372) + +The NN O O +need NN O O +to NN O O +represent NN O B-Task +scale NN O I-Task +interactions NN O I-Task +in NN O O +weather NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +climate NN O I-Process +prediction NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +has NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +many NN O O +decades NN O O +, NN O O +motivated NN O O +research NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +adaptive NN O B-Material +meshes NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +3,34,38 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +R NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +adaptivity NN O I-Process +– NN O O +mesh NN O B-Process +redistribution NN O I-Process +– NN O O +involves NN O O +deforming NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +mesh NN O I-Process +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +vary NN O O +local NN O O +resolution NN O O +and NN O O +was NN O O +first NN O O +considered NN O O +for NN O O +atmospheric NN O B-Process +modelling NN O I-Process +more NN O O +than NN O O +twenty NN O O +years NN O O +ago NN O O +by NN O O +Dietachmayer NN O O +and NN O O +Droegemeier NN O O +[ NN O O +14 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +an NN O O +attractive NN O O +form NN O O +of NN O O +adaptivity NN O B-Process +since NN O O +it NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +involve NN O O +altering NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +mesh NN O I-Process +connectivity NN O I-Process +, NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +create NN O O +load NN O O +balancing NN O O +problems NN O O +because NN O O +points NN O O +are NN O O +never NN O O +created NN O O +or NN O O +destroyed NN O O +, NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +require NN O O +mapping NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +solutions NN O I-Process +between NN O I-Process +meshes NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +26 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +lead NN O O +to NN O O +sudden NN O O +changes NN O O +in NN O O +resolution NN O O +and NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +retro NN O O +- NN O O +fitted NN O O +into NN O O +existing NN O O +models NN O O +. NN O O +Variational NN O B-Process +methods NN O I-Process +exist NN O O +which NN O O +attempt NN O O +to NN O O +control NN O B-Task +resolution NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +different NN O I-Task +directions NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +r NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +adaptive NN O I-Task +meshes NN O I-Task +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +[ NN O O +23,25 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Alternatively NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +solution NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Monge NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +Ampère NN O I-Process +equation NN O I-Process +to NN O O +generate NN O O +an NN O O +optimally NN O B-Material +transported NN O I-Material +( NN O I-Material +OT NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +mesh NN O I-Material +based NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +scalar NN O B-Process +valued NN O I-Process +monitor NN O I-Process +function NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +useful NN O O +form NN O O +of NN O O +r NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +adaptive NN O I-Process +mesh NN O I-Process +generation NN O I-Process +because NN O O +it NN O O +generates NN O O +a NN O O +mesh NN O B-Material +equidistributed NN O O +with NN O O +respect NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +monitor NN O B-Process +function NN O I-Process +and NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +lead NN O O +to NN O O +mesh NN O B-Process +tangling NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +will NN O O +see NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +optimal NN O B-Task +transport NN O I-Task +problem NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +sphere NN O I-Task +leads NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +slightly NN O O +different NN O O +equation NN O O +of NN O O +Monge NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +Ampère NN O I-Process +type NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +has NN O O +not NN O O +before NN O O +been NN O O +solved NN O O +numerically NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +sphere NN O B-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +would NN O O +be NN O O +necessary NN O O +for NN O O +weather NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +climate NN O I-Task +prediction NN O I-Task +using NN O O +r NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +adaptivity NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311513010313) + +The NN O O +four NN O O +bounding NN O B-Material +PCM NN O I-Material +wastes NN O I-Material +, NN O O +given NN O O +in NN O O +Table NN O O +1 NN O O +, NN O O +were NN O O +simulated NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +appropriate NN O O +materials NN O O +and NN O O +geometries NN O O +. NN O O +“ NN O B-Material +Mock NN O I-Material +up NN O I-Material +” NN O I-Material +PCM NN O I-Material +drums NN O I-Material +were NN O O +assembled NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +following NN O O +components NN O O +: NN O O +PCM NN O B-Material +drums NN O I-Material +were NN O O +simulated NN O O +using NN O O +mild NN O B-Material +steel NN O I-Material +paint NN O I-Material +cans NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +lids NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Fenton NN O O +Packaging NN O O +Ltd. NN O O +) NN O O +; NN O O +PVC NN O B-Material +bags NN O I-Material +were NN O O +replicated NN O O +using NN O O +identical NN O B-Material +PVC NN O I-Material +sheeting NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Romar NN O O +Workwear NN O O +Ltd. NN O O +) NN O O +; NN O O +the NN O O +metallic NN O B-Material +waste NN O I-Material +was NN O O +simulated NN O O +using NN O O +commercial NN O B-Material +grade NN O I-Material +18/8 NN O I-Material +stainless NN O I-Material +steel NN O I-Material +, NN O O +aluminium NN O B-Material +and NN O O +copper NN O B-Material +( NN O O +Avus NN O O +Metals NN O O +& NN O O +Plastics NN O O +Ltd. NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +lead NN O B-Material +shot NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Aldrich NN O O +) NN O O +; NN O O +the NN O O +inorganic NN O B-Material +waste NN O I-Material +was NN O O +simulated NN O O +using NN O O +waste NN O B-Material +Pyrex NN O I-Material +labware NN O I-Material +, NN O O +crushed NN O O +masonry NN O B-Material +, NN O O +concrete NN O B-Material +and NN O O +window NN O B-Material +glass NN O I-Material +; NN O O +CeO2 NN O B-Material +( NN O O +from NN O O +Acros NN O O +Organics NN O O +, NN O O +> NN O O +99.9 NN O O +% NN O O +; NN O O +dried NN O O +15h NN O O +at NN O O +600 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +) NN O O +was NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +PuO2 NN O B-Material +surrogate NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Commercially NN O O +available NN O O +ground NN O O +, NN O O +granulated NN O O +blast NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +furnace NN O I-Material +slag NN O I-Material +“ NN O I-Material +Calumite NN O I-Material +” NN O I-Material +was NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +an NN O O +additive NN O O +[ NN O O +27 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +analysed NN O O +chemical NN O O +composition NN O O +is NN O O +given NN O O +in NN O O +Table NN O O +3 NN O O +. NN O O +Calumite NN O B-Material +is NN O O +a NN O O +powdered NN O B-Material +material NN O I-Material +, NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +typical NN O O +particle NN O B-Material +size NN O O +distribution NN O O +between NN O O +limits NN O O +of NN O O +ca NN O O +. NN O O +40 NN O O +to NN O O +ca NN O O +. NN O O +400μm NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311513011422) + +There NN O O +is NN O O +still NN O O +some NN O O +debate NN O O +about NN O O +the NN O O +crystal NN O B-Material +structure NN O O +and NN O O +composition NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +fine NN O B-Material +oxides NN O I-Material +found NN O O +in NN O O +ODS NN O B-Material +steels NN O I-Material +and NN O O +a NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +different NN O O +phases NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +both NN O O +proposed NN O O +and NN O O +identified NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +complete NN O B-Task +characterisation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +oxide NN O I-Task +particles NN O I-Task +, NN O O +including NN O O +crystal NN O B-Material +structure NN O O +and NN O O +composition NN O O +, NN O O +is NN O O +needed NN O O +as NN O O +different NN O O +phases NN O O +and NN O O +chemical NN O O +variants NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O O +structure NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +shown NN O O +to NN O O +respond NN O O +differently NN O O +to NN O O +high NN O O +temperatures NN O O +and NN O O +irradiation NN O B-Process +. NN O O +Ribis NN O O +and NN O O +de NN O O +Carlan NN O O +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +have NN O O +studied NN O O +the NN O O +coarsening NN O O +characteristics NN O O +of NN O O +Y2O3 NN O B-Material +and NN O O +Y2Ti2O7 NN O B-Material +oxides NN O I-Material +at NN O O +high NN O O +temperatures NN O O +. NN O O +They NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +increase NN O O +in NN O O +particle NN O B-Material +size NN O O +is NN O O +greater NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +Ti NN O B-Material +containing NN O O +phase NN O O +. NN O O +Similarly NN O O +, NN O O +Ratti NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +9 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +although NN O O +they NN O O +do NN O O +not NN O O +allude NN O O +to NN O O +specific NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +phases NN O O +, NN O O +have NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +small NN O O +Ti NN O B-Material +additions NN O O +to NN O O +an NN O O +18%Cr NN O B-Material +ODS NN O I-Material +alloy NN O I-Material +dramatically NN O O +reduces NN O O +the NN O O +coarsening NN O B-Process +rates NN O I-Process +of NN O O +dispersoids NN O B-Material +when NN O O +compared NN O O +to NN O O +an NN O O +equivalent NN O O +alloy NN O B-Material +without NN O O +titanium NN O B-Material +. NN O O +For NN O O +example NN O O +, NN O O +Ribis NN O O +indicates NN O O +that NN O O +coarsening NN O B-Process +rates NN O I-Process +may NN O O +be NN O O +controlled NN O O +by NN O O +interfacial NN O O +energy NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +secondary NN O O +phase NN O O +particles NN O B-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +matrix NN O B-Material +; NN O O +he NN O O +points NN O O +out NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +resistance NN O O +to NN O O +coarsening NN O O +observed NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +Y NN O B-Material +, NN O O +Ti NN O B-Material +, NN O O +O NN O B-Material +system NN O O +is NN O O +probably NN O O +the NN O O +result NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +very NN O O +low NN O O +interface NN O O +energy NN O O +and NN O O +this NN O O +would NN O O +differ NN O O +from NN O O +one NN O O +phase NN O O +to NN O O +another NN O O +. NN O O +Whittle NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +10 NN O O +] NN O O +have NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +pyrochlore NN O B-Material +and NN O O +structures NN O O +closely NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +pyrochlore NN O B-Material +structure NN O O +respond NN O O +in NN O O +different NN O O +ways NN O O +to NN O O +irradiation NN O B-Process +. NN O O +They NN O O +revealed NN O O +that NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +structure NN O O +and NN O O +variations NN O O +in NN O O +composition NN O O +can NN O O +affect NN O O +their NN O O +ability NN O O +to NN O O +withstand NN O O +and NN O O +recover NN O O +from NN O O +irradiation NN O B-Process +induced NN O O +damage NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311514006722) + +Zirconium NN O B-Material +alloys NN O I-Material +are NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +fuel NN O O +cladding NN O O +in NN O O +pressurised NN O O +and NN O O +boiling NN O O +water NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Material +reactors NN O I-Material +. NN O O +As NN O O +such NN O O +these NN O O +materials NN O O +are NN O O +exposed NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +large NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +environmental NN O O +factors NN O O +that NN O O +will NN O O +promote NN O O +degradation NN O B-Process +mechanisms NN O I-Process +such NN O O +as NN O O +oxidation NN O B-Process +. NN O O +At NN O O +high NN O O +burn NN O O +- NN O O +ups NN O O +, NN O O +i.e. NN O O +extended NN O O +service NN O O +life NN O O +, NN O O +oxidation NN O B-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +associated NN O O +hydrogen NN O B-Process +pick NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +up NN O I-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +a NN O O +limiting NN O O +factor NN O O +in NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +fuel NN O B-Material +efficiency NN O O +and NN O O +safety NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +oxidation NN O B-Process +kinetics NN O O +for NN O O +many NN O O +zirconium NN O B-Material +alloys NN O I-Material +are NN O O +cyclical NN O O +, NN O O +demonstrating NN O O +a NN O O +series NN O O +of NN O O +approximately NN O O +cubic NN O O +kinetic NN O O +curves NN O O +separated NN O O +by NN O O +transitions NN O O +[ NN O O +1–5 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +transitions NN O O +are NN O O +typified NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +breakdown NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +protective NN O O +character NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +and NN O O +are NN O O +potentially NN O O +linked NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +mechanical NN O O +issues NN O O +. NN O O +Understanding NN O B-Task +how NN O I-Task +these NN O I-Task +issues NN O I-Task +influence NN O I-Task +oxidation NN O I-Task +is NN O O +a NN O O +key NN O O +to NN O O +developing NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +full NN O I-Task +mechanistic NN O I-Task +understanding NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +corrosion NN O I-Task +process NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311514006941) + +The NN O O +formulation NN O O +in NN O O +Table NN O O +1 NN O O +was NN O O +derived NN O O +by NN O O +an NN O O +empirical NN O O +approach NN O O +and NN O O +led NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +non NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +classical NN O I-Material +glass NN O I-Material +matrix NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Carter NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +3 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +Zhang NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +4 NN O O +] NN O O +took NN O O +a NN O O +more NN O O +systematic NN O O +approach NN O O +to NN O O +such NN O O +glass NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +ceramic NN O I-Material +wasteforms NN O I-Material +. NN O O +These NN O O +wasteforms NN O O +were NN O O +targeted NN O O +at NN O O +Hanford NN O B-Material +K NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +basin NN O I-Material +sludges NN O I-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +immobilisation NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +primary NN O I-Task +waste NN O I-Task +stream NN O I-Task +from NN O I-Task +production NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +molybdenum-99 NN O I-Task +at NN O O +the NN O O +Australian NN O O +Nuclear NN O O +Science NN O O +and NN O O +Technology NN O O +Organisation NN O O +site NN O O +in NN O O +Sydney NN O O +respectively NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +work NN O O +of NN O O +Carter NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +and NN O O +Zhang NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +the NN O O +intended NN O O +crystalline NN O B-Material +phase NN O O +was NN O O +the NN O O +closely NN O O +related NN O O +titanate NN O B-Material +pyrochlore NN O I-Material +, NN O O +CaUTi2O7 NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +glass NN O B-Material +matrix NN O I-Material +was NN O O +formulated NN O O +such NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +trivalent NN O O +species NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +glass NN O B-Material +network NN O I-Material +, NN O O +boron NN O B-Material +and NN O O +aluminium NN O B-Material +, NN O O +were NN O O +charge NN O O +compensated NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +molar NN O O +basis NN O O +by NN O O +sodium NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +stoichiometric NN O O +composition NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +glass NN O B-Material +in NN O O +this NN O O +wasteform NN O O +was NN O O +Na2AlBSi6O16 NN O B-Material +. NN O O +This NN O O +glass NN O B-Material +provides NN O O +a NN O O +method NN O O +by NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O O +glass NN O B-Material +composition NN O I-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +varied NN O O +systematically NN O O +. NN O O +Given NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +initial NN O O +observations NN O O +inferred NN O O +an NN O O +important NN O O +role NN O O +played NN O O +by NN O O +alumina NN O B-Material +, NN O O +it NN O O +was NN O O +decided NN O O +to NN O O +prepare NN O O +a NN O O +suite NN O O +of NN O O +zirconolite NN O B-Material +glass NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +ceramics NN O I-Material +in NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O O +glass NN O B-Material +matrix NN O I-Material +was NN O O +defined NN O O +by NN O O +Na2Al1+xB1–xSi6O16 NN O B-Material +to NN O O +investigate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +role NN O I-Task +played NN O I-Task +by NN O I-Task +glass NN O I-Task +composition NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +controlling NN O I-Task +crystalline NN O I-Task +phase NN O I-Task +stability NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +x=1 NN O O +end NN O O +member NN O O +gives NN O O +the NN O O +mineral NN O B-Material +albite NN O I-Material +, NN O O +NaAlSi3O8 NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +melting NN O O +point NN O O +of NN O O +albite NN O B-Material +is NN O O +1120 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +[ NN O O +5 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +composition NN O O +cools NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +glass NN O B-Material +at NN O O +the NN O O +cooling NN O O +rates NN O O +that NN O O +occur NN O O +during NN O O +a NN O O +HIP NN O O +cycle NN O O +. NN O O +From NN O O +the NN O O +available NN O O +phase NN O O +diagrams NN O O +, NN O O +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +no NN O O +boron NN O B-Material +analogue NN O O +for NN O O +albite NN O B-Material +was NN O O +shown NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +liquidus NN O O +estimated NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +relevant NN O O +phase NN O O +diagram NN O O +is NN O O +1100–1200 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +. NN O O +No NN O O +phase NN O O +diagrams NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +quaternary NN O O +system NN O O +Na2O NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2 NN O I-Material +could NN O O +be NN O O +found NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311514009271) + +Structural NN O O +properties NN O O +are NN O O +well NN O O +reproduced NN O O +by NN O O +all NN O O +models NN O O +( NN O O +Table NN O O +2 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +the NN O O +significant NN O O +improvement NN O O +of NN O O +our NN O O +potential NN O O +stands NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +elastic NN O O +constants NN O O +which NN O O +relate NN O O +to NN O O +how NN O O +the NN O O +system NN O O +responds NN O O +to NN O O +stress NN O O +. NN O O +Indeed NN O O +, NN O O +structure NN O O +and NN O O +elasticity NN O O +are NN O O +important NN O O +parameters NN O O +for NN O O +elucidating NN O B-Task +grain NN O I-Task +boundary NN O I-Task +stability NN O I-Task +. NN O O +All NN O O +potential NN O O +models NN O O +correctly NN O O +predict NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +relative NN O I-Task +stability NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +defect NN O I-Task +energies NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +Morelon NN O B-Process +potential NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +performed NN O O +best NN O O +as NN O O +it NN O O +was NN O O +specifically NN O O +derived NN O O +to NN O O +replicate NN O B-Task +defect NN O I-Task +formation NN O I-Task +energies NN O I-Task +, NN O O +but NN O O +it NN O O +largely NN O O +underestimates NN O O +the NN O O +bulk NN O O +modulus NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +energies NN O O +calculated NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +Morl NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +Arima NN O I-Process +potential NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +are NN O O +overestimated NN O O +; NN O O +this NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +known NN O O +disadvantage NN O O +of NN O O +using NN O O +rigid NN O B-Process +ion NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +as NN O O +the NN O O +ionic NN O O +polarisability NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +taken NN O O +into NN O O +account NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +completeness NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +report NN O O +two NN O O +shell NN O B-Process +models NN O I-Process +with NN O O +the NN O O +best NN O O +results NN O O +given NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +Catlow NN O B-Process +potential NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +Morl NN O B-Process +, NN O I-Process +along NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +Grimes NN O I-Process +shell NN O I-Process +potential NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +, NN O O +accurately NN O O +reproduce NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +activation NN O I-Task +energy NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +oxygen NN O I-Task +migration NN O I-Task +( NN O O +the NN O O +migration NN O B-Process +path NN O I-Process +was NN O O +the NN O O +lowest NN O O +energy NN O O +and NN O O +most NN O O +favourable NN O O +diffusion NN O B-Process +mechanism NN O I-Process +observed NN O O +in NN O O +bulk NN O O +UO2 NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +major NN O O +deficiency NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Morl NN O B-Process +potential NN O I-Process +is NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +cation NN O B-Material +defect NN O O +energies NN O O +are NN O O +high NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +hence NN O O +the NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +cation NN O B-Material +defects NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +underestimated NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +should NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +an NN O O +issue NN O O +unless NN O O +this NN O O +model NN O O +was NN O O +applied NN O O +to NN O O +processes NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +grain NN O B-Process +growth NN O I-Process +where NN O O +cation NN O O +mobility NN O O +will NN O O +contribute NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311515002354) + +Hydrides NN O B-Material +, NN O O +once NN O O +precipitated NN O O +in NN O O +zirconium NN O B-Material +, NN O O +degrade NN O O +the NN O O +mechanical NN O O +properties NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +component NN O O +, NN O O +leading NN O O +to NN O O +reductions NN O O +in NN O O +tensile NN O O +strength NN O O +, NN O O +ductility NN O O +and NN O O +fracture NN O O +toughness NN O O +[ NN O O +35–40 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +changes NN O O +can NN O O +ultimately NN O O +compromise NN O O +the NN O O +integrity NN O O +of NN O O +cladding NN O B-Process +during NN O O +normal NN O O +operating NN O O +life NN O O +, NN O O +accident NN O O +conditions NN O O +and NN O O +fuel NN O B-Material +storage NN O O +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +degradation NN O O +of NN O O +mechanical NN O O +properties NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +presence NN O O +of NN O O +hydrides NN O B-Material +can NN O O +also NN O O +affect NN O O +phenomena NN O O +like NN O O +pellet NN O B-Process +cladding NN O I-Process +mechanical NN O I-Process +interaction NN O I-Process +( NN O O +PCMI NN O B-Process +) NN O O +; NN O O +or NN O O +introduce NN O O +mechanisms NN O O +for NN O O +failure NN O O +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +delayed NN O B-Process +hydride NN O I-Process +cracking NN O I-Process +( NN O O +DHC NN O B-Process +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +former NN O O +mechanism NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +product NN O O +of NN O O +thermal NN O B-Process +expansion NN O I-Process +in NN O O +fuel NN O B-Material +pellets NN O I-Material +introducing NN O O +stresses NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +cladding NN O B-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +may NN O O +then NN O O +lead NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +formation NN O O +of NN O O +cracks NN O O +in NN O O +areas NN O O +made NN O O +brittle NN O O +by NN O O +large NN O O +hydride NN O B-Material +concentrations NN O O +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +latter NN O O +mechanism NN O O +, NN O O +DHC NN O B-Process +, NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +sub NN O O +- NN O O +critical NN O O +, NN O O +time NN O O +dependent NN O O +cracking NN O B-Process +phenomenon NN O I-Process +that NN O O +requires NN O O +long NN O O +range NN O O +hydrogen NN O B-Process +diffusion NN O I-Process +for NN O O +repeated NN O O +local NN O B-Task +hydride NN O I-Task +growth NN O I-Task +and NN O O +fracture NN O O +at NN O O +a NN O O +hydrostatic NN O B-Process +tensile NN O I-Process +stress NN O I-Process +raiser NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +5,41,42 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +process NN O O +occurs NN O O +over NN O O +an NN O O +extended NN O O +period NN O O +of NN O O +time NN O O +under NN O O +a NN O O +continuously NN O O +applied NN O O +load NN O O +that NN O O +is NN O O +below NN O O +the NN O O +yield NN O O +stress NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +material NN O O +[ NN O O +5,41,42 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311515301653) + +Uranium NN O B-Material +carbide NN O I-Material +was NN O O +traditionally NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +fuel NN O B-Material +kernel NN O I-Material +for NN O O +the NN O O +US NN O O +version NN O O +of NN O O +pebble NN O B-Material +bed NN O I-Material +reactors NN O I-Material +as NN O O +opposed NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +German NN O O +version NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +uranium NN O B-Material +dioxide NN O I-Material +. NN O O +For NN O O +the NN O O +Generation NN O B-Material +IV NN O I-Material +nuclear NN O I-Material +systems NN O I-Material +, NN O O +mixed NN O B-Material +uranium NN O I-Material +– NN O I-Material +plutonium NN O I-Material +carbides NN O I-Material +( NN O B-Material +U NN O I-Material +, NN O I-Material +Pu NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +C NN O I-Material +constitute NN O O +the NN O O +primary NN O O +option NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +gas NN O B-Material +fast NN O I-Material +reactors NN O I-Material +( NN O O +GFR NN O B-Material +) NN O O +and NN O O +UCO NN O B-Material +is NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +candidate NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +very NN O B-Material +high NN O I-Material +temperature NN O I-Material +reactor NN O I-Material +( NN O O +VHTR NN O B-Material +) NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +former NN O O +case NN O O +the NN O O +fuel NN O B-Material +high NN O O +actinide NN O B-Material +density NN O O +and NN O O +thermal NN O O +conductivity NN O O +are NN O O +exploited NN O O +in NN O O +view NN O O +of NN O O +high NN O O +burnup NN O B-Process +performance NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +latter NN O O +, NN O O +UCO NN O B-Material +is NN O O +a NN O O +good NN O O +compromise NN O O +between NN O O +oxides NN O B-Material +and NN O O +carbides NN O B-Material +both NN O O +in NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +thermal NN O O +conductivity NN O O +and NN O O +fissile NN O O +density NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +American NN O O +VHTR NN O B-Material +design NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +fuel NN O B-Material +is NN O O +a NN O O +3:1 NN O O +ratio NN O O +of NN O O +UO2:UC2 NN O B-Material +for NN O O +one NN O O +essential NN O O +reason NN O O +, NN O O +well NN O O +explained NN O O +by NN O O +Olander NN O O +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +recent NN O O +publication NN O O +. NN O O +During NN O O +burnup NN O B-Process +, NN O O +pure NN O O +UO2 NN O B-Material +fuel NN O I-Material +tends NN O O +to NN O O +oxidize NN O O +to NN O O +UO2+x NN O B-Material +. NN O O +UO2+x NN O B-Material +reacts NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +pyrocarbon NN O B-Material +coating NN O I-Material +layer NN O I-Material +according NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +equilibrium:(1)UO2+x NN O B-Material ++ NN O O +xC NN O B-Material +→ NN O O +UO2 NN O B-Material ++ NN O O +xCO NN O B-Material + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311515303901) + +The NN O O +Magnox NN O B-Material +reactors NN O I-Material +represent NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +generation NN O O +of NN O O +gas NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +cooled NN O I-Material +reactors NN O I-Material +in NN O O +the NN O O +UK NN O O +that NN O O +used NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +dioxide NN O I-Material +( NN O O +CO2 NN O B-Material +) NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +primary NN O O +coolant NN O B-Material +and NN O O +a NN O O +honeycomb NN O B-Material +network NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +graphite NN O I-Material +bricks NN O I-Material +to NN O O +provide NN O O +neutron NN O B-Process +moderation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +During NN O O +reactor NN O B-Material +operation NN O O +significant NN O O +amounts NN O O +of NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +monoxide NN O I-Material +( NN O O +CO NN O B-Material +) NN O O +was NN O O +produced NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +CO2 NN O B-Material +coolant NN O I-Material +. NN O O +This NN O O +CO NN O B-Material +in NN O O +turn NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +radiolytically NN O B-Process +polymerised NN O I-Process +to NN O O +form NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +carbonaceous NN O I-Task +deposit NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +free NN O I-Task +surfaces NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +non NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +graphitic NN O I-Material +carbon NN O I-Material +deposit NN O I-Material +is NN O O +significantly NN O O +more NN O O +chemically NN O O +reactive NN O O +to NN O O +air NN O B-Material +than NN O O +the NN O O +underlying NN O O +graphite NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +12,13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +During NN O O +the NN O O +lifetime NN O O +of NN O O +some NN O O +Magnox NN O B-Material +reactors NN O I-Material +, NN O O +small NN O O +quantities NN O O +of NN O O +methane NN O B-Material +gas NN O I-Material +were NN O O +injected NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +coolant NN O B-Material +gas NN O I-Material +to NN O O +inhibit NN O B-Task +weight NN O I-Task +loss NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +graphite NN O I-Task +core NN O I-Task +due NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +radiolytic NN O I-Task +oxidation NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +14 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Methane NN O B-Material +( NN O O +CH4 NN O B-Material +) NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +precursor NN O O +for NN O O +carbonaceous NN O B-Material +deposits NN O I-Material +that NN O O +form NN O O +a NN O O +sacrificial NN O O +layer NN O O +protecting NN O O +the NN O O +underlying NN O O +graphite NN O B-Material +from NN O O +excessive NN O B-Process +weight NN O I-Process +loss NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +15 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +reduction NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +mechanical NN O I-Process +strength NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +16 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +assumed NN O O +nitrogen NN O B-Process +incorporation NN O I-Process +during NN O I-Process +deposit NN O I-Process +formation NN O I-Process +is NN O O +the NN O O +subsequent NN O O +production NN O O +route NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +high NN O O +14C NN O O +levels NN O O +observed NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0029549313003439) + +An NN O O +essential NN O O +part NN O O +of NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Task +reactor NN O I-Task +analysis NN O I-Task +is NN O O +the NN O O +prediction NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +three NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +dimensional NN O I-Task +space NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +time NN O I-Task +kinetics NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +neutrons NN O I-Task +in NN O O +a NN O O +relatively NN O O +large NN O O +, NN O O +finite NN O O +, NN O O +heterogeneous NN O O +, NN O O +three NN O O +- NN O O +dimensional NN O O +reactor NN O B-Material +core NN O I-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +a NN O O +majority NN O O +of NN O O +safety NN O B-Task +analyses NN O I-Task +the NN O O +prediction NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +reactor NN O I-Task +physics NN O I-Task +responses NN O I-Task +is NN O O +performed NN O O +using NN O O +neutron NN O B-Process +diffusion NN O I-Process +theory NN O I-Process +applied NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +three NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +dimensional NN O I-Process +systems NN O I-Process +, NN O O +with NN O O +inputs NN O O +usually NN O O +derived NN O O +from NN O O +deterministic NN O B-Process +neutron NN O I-Process +transport NN O I-Process +solutions NN O I-Process +of NN O O +two NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +dimensional NN O I-Process +lattice NN O I-Process +geometries NN O I-Process +. NN O O +There NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +increased NN O O +activity NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +uncertainty NN O O +and NN O O +sensitivity NN O O +in NN O O +reactor NN O B-Task +physics NN O I-Task +calculations NN O I-Task +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +Organization NN O O +for NN O O +Economic NN O O +Cooperation NN O O +and NN O O +Development NN O O +– NN O O +Nuclear NN O O +Energy NN O O +Agency NN O O +( NN O O +OECD NN O O +- NN O O +NEA NN O O +) NN O O +has NN O O +sponsored NN O O +an NN O O +ongoing NN O O +benchmark NN O O +entitled NN O O +“ NN O O +Uncertainty NN O B-Material +Analysis NN O I-Material +in NN O I-Material +Modelling NN O I-Material +” NN O O +( NN O O +UAM NN O B-Material +) NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +these NN O O +efforts NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +goal NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +work NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +offer NN O O +a NN O O +strategy NN O B-Task +for NN O I-Task +computing NN O I-Task +lattice NN O I-Task +sensitivities NN O I-Task +using NN O O +the NN O O +DRAGON NN O B-Material +lattice NN O I-Material +code NN O I-Material +and NN O O +WIMS NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +D4 NN O I-Material +multi NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +group NN O I-Material +library NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Results NN O O +are NN O O +presented NN O O +with NN O O +comparison NN O O +to NN O O +those NN O O +from NN O O +TSUNAMI NN O B-Process +, NN O O +developed NN O O +by NN O O +Oak NN O O +Ridge NN O O +National NN O O +Laboratories NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0029549314002854) + +The NN O O +pipes NN O B-Material +under NN O O +pressure NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +RCS NN O B-Material +or NN O O +connected NN O O +to NN O O +RCS NN O B-Material +are NN O O +usually NN O O +made NN O O +of NN O O +austenitic NN O B-Material +or NN O I-Material +austenitic NN O I-Material +& NN O I-Material +ferritic NN O I-Material +stainless NN O I-Material +steel NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Most NN O O +connections NN O O +are NN O O +welded NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +pipes NN O B-Material +may NN O O +be NN O O +exposed NN O O +to NN O O +various NN O O +degradation NN O O +phenomena NN O O +( NN O O +diverse NN O O +hazards NN O O +, NN O O +mechanical NN O O +fatigue NN O O +, NN O O +thermal NN O O +fatigue NN O O +, NN O O +stress NN O O +corrosion NN O O +, NN O O +etc NN O O +. NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Event NN O B-Task +screening NN O I-Task +in NN O O +the NN O O +databases NN O O +showed NN O O +a NN O O +total NN O O +of NN O O +116 NN O O +events NN O O +( NN O O +33 NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +cracks NN O O +and NN O O +83 NN O O +to NN O O +leaks NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Three NN O O +main NN O O +causes NN O O +for NN O O +failure NN O O +were NN O O +identified NN O O +, NN O O +namely NN O O +, NN O O +fatigue NN O O +, NN O O +corrosion NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +presence NN O O +of NN O O +manufacturing NN O O +defects NN O O +. NN O O +Human NN O O +factor NN O O +induced NN O O +defects NN O O +proved NN O O +to NN O O +have NN O O +little NN O O +impact NN O O +– NN O O +less NN O O +than NN O O +10 NN O O +% NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +cases NN O O +could NN O O +be NN O O +attributed NN O O +to NN O O +operation NN O O +errors NN O O +. NN O O +Fatigue NN O O +was NN O O +found NN O O +being NN O O +induced NN O O +by NN O O +several NN O O +factors NN O O +: NN O O +excessive NN O O +vibration NN O O +, NN O O +pressure NN O O +shocks NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +thermal NN O O +regime NN O O +of NN O O +operating NN O O +the NN O O +pipe NN O B-Material +, NN O O +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +by NN O O +combinations NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O O +factors NN O O +. NN O O +Corrosion NN O O +was NN O O +induced NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +most NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +cases NN O O +, NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +appropriate NN O O +choice NN O O +of NN O O +alloys NN O B-Material +while NN O O +not NN O O +taking NN O O +into NN O O +account NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O O +parameters NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +fluid NN O B-Material +inside NN O O +pipes NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Manufacturing NN O O +defects NN O O +mostly NN O O +dealt NN O O +with NN O O +welding NN O O +related NN O O +problems NN O O +and NN O O +deviation NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +design NN O O +documentation NN O O +during NN O O +post NN O O +- NN O O +weld NN O O +heat NN O O +treatment NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0038092X14004824) + +Historically NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +interest NN O O +in NN O O +accurate NN O O +measurement NN O O +of NN O O +DNI NN O O +started NN O O +decades NN O O +ago NN O O +. NN O O +Early NN O O +studies NN O O +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +, NN O O +Linke NN O O +, NN O O +1931 NN O O +; NN O O +Linke NN O O +and NN O O +Ulmitz NN O O +, NN O O +1940 NN O O +) NN O O +identified NN O O +the NN O O +difficulty NN O O +of NN O O +separating NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +measurement NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +DNI NN O I-Task +from NN O I-Task +that NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +diffuse NN O I-Task +irradiance NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +immediate NN O I-Task +vicinity NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +sun NN O I-Task +, NN O O +hereafter NN O O +referred NN O O +to NN O O +as NN O O +circumsolar NN O O +irradiance NN O O +. NN O O +Pastiels NN O O +( NN O O +1959 NN O O +) NN O O +conducted NN O O +a NN O O +detailed NN O O +study NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +geometry NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +pyrheliometers NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +how NN O I-Task +that NN O I-Task +geometry NN O I-Task +interacted NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +circumsolar NN O I-Task +radiance NN O I-Task +, NN O O +using NN O O +simplified NN O O +representations NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +latter NN O O +. NN O O +Various NN O O +communications NN O O +were NN O O +then NN O O +presented NN O O +at NN O O +a NN O O +WMO NN O O +Task NN O O +Group NN O O +meeting NN O O +held NN O O +in NN O O +Belgium NN O O +in NN O O +1966 NN O O +( NN O O +WMO NN O O +, NN O O +1967 NN O O +) NN O O +to NN O O +improve NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +accuracy NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +pyrheliometric NN O I-Task +measurements NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +including NN O I-Task +estimates NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +circumsolar NN O I-Task +enhancement NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Ångström NN O O +( NN O O +1961 NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +Ångström NN O O +and NN O O +Rohde NN O O +( NN O O +1966 NN O O +) NN O O +later NN O O +contributed NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +topic NN O O +, NN O O +followed NN O O +years NN O O +later NN O O +by NN O O +Major NN O O +( NN O O +1973 NN O O +, NN O O +1980 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +whole NN O O +issue NN O O +of NN O O +instrument NN O O +geometry NN O O +vs. NN O O +circumsolar NN O O +irradiance NN O O +was NN O O +complex NN O O +and NN O O +confusing NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +time NN O O +because NN O O +different NN O O +makes NN O O +and NN O O +models NN O O +of NN O O +instruments NN O O +had NN O O +differing NN O O +geometries NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +was NN O O +considerably NN O O +simplified NN O O +after NN O O +WMO NN O O +issued NN O O +guidelines NN O O +about NN O O +the NN O O +recommended NN O O +geometry NN O O +of NN O O +pyrheliometers NN O B-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +led NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +relatively NN O O +“ NN O O +standard NN O O +” NN O O +geometry NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +all NN O O +recent NN O O +instruments NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +experimental NN O O +issues NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +measurement NN O O +of NN O O +DNI NN O O +are NN O O +discussed NN O O +in NN O O +Section NN O O +3.2 NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0038092X15001024) + +The NN O O +wind NN O B-Process +speed NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +cloud NN O I-Process +height NN O I-Process +Markov NN O I-Process +chains NN O I-Process +are NN O O +produced NN O O +accounting NN O O +for NN O O +seasonal NN O O +variations NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +Markov NN O B-Process +chain NN O I-Process +is NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +each NN O O +variable NN O O +representing NN O O +each NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +four NN O O +seasons NN O O +, NN O O +capturing NN O O +the NN O O +variability NN O O +at NN O O +different NN O O +times NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +year NN O O +, NN O O +totalling NN O O +four NN O O +chains NN O O +each NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +okta NN O B-Process +number NN O I-Process +Markov NN O I-Process +chains NN O I-Process +also NN O O +consider NN O O +the NN O O +effect NN O O +of NN O O +season NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +inclusion NN O O +of NN O O +impacts NN O O +from NN O O +pressure NN O O +and NN O O +diurnal NN O O +variation NN O O +. NN O O +Eight NN O O +okta NN O B-Process +Markov NN O I-Process +chains NN O I-Process +are NN O O +produced NN O O +that NN O O +are NN O O +split NN O O +by NN O O +above NN O O +and NN O O +below NN O O +average NN O O +pressure NN O O +for NN O O +each NN O O +season NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +four NN O O +additional NN O O +morning NN O O +okta NN O B-Process +Markov NN O I-Process +chains NN O I-Process +are NN O O +produced NN O O +to NN O O +capture NN O O +the NN O O +diurnal NN O O +variation NN O O +for NN O O +okta NN O O +transitions NN O O +between NN O O +00:00 NN O O +and NN O O +05:00am NN O O +for NN O O +each NN O O +season NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +intent NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +capture NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +variation NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +transition NN O I-Task +probability NN O I-Task +that NN O O +occurs NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +result NN O O +of NN O O +weather NN O O +changes NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +presence NN O O +of NN O O +solar NN O O +energy NN O O +. NN O O +5 NN O O +am NN O O +is NN O O +considered NN O O +the NN O O +cut NN O O +- NN O O +off NN O O +because NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +typical NN O O +sunrise NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +summer NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +applied NN O O +study NN O O +locations NN O O +. NN O O +5h NN O O +represents NN O O +5 NN O O +okta NN O O +transitions NN O O +and NN O O +is NN O O +considered NN O O +an NN O O +appropriate NN O O +duration NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +slight NN O O +propensity NN O O +to NN O O +shift NN O O +towards NN O O +an NN O O +increased NN O O +okta NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +represented NN O O +, NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +8 NN O O +demonstrates NN O O +the NN O O +diurnal NN O O +transition NN O O +differences NN O O +. NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +2 NN O O +visually NN O O +demonstrates NN O O +the NN O O +mean NN O O +okta NN O B-Process +Markov NN O I-Process +chain NN O I-Process +for NN O O +the NN O O +entire NN O O +year NN O O +, NN O O +whilst NN O O +the NN O O +effect NN O O +of NN O O +season NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +seen NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +11 NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0038092X15003059) + +In NN O O +addition NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +prediction NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +solar NN O I-Task +cell NN O I-Task +’s NN O I-Task +temperature NN O I-Task +is NN O O +very NN O O +important NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +electrical NN O O +characterisation NN O O +of NN O O +CPV NN O B-Process +modules NN O O +. NN O O +Rodrigo NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +2014 NN O O +) NN O O +reviewed NN O O +various NN O O +methods NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +calculation NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +cell NN O I-Task +temperature NN O I-Task +in NN O O +High NN O B-Process +Concentrator NN O I-Process +PV NN O I-Process +( NN O O +HCPV NN O B-Process +) NN O O +modules NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +methods NN O O +were NN O O +categorised NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +: NN O O +( NN O O +1 NN O O +) NN O O +heat NN O O +sink NN O O +temperature NN O O +, NN O O +( NN O O +2 NN O O +) NN O O +electrical NN O O +parameters NN O O +and NN O O +( NN O O +3 NN O O +) NN O O +atmospheric NN O O +parameters NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +first NN O O +two NN O O +categories NN O O +are NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +direct NN O O +measurements NN O O +of NN O O +CPV NN O B-Process +modules NN O O +in NN O O +indoor NN O O +or NN O O +outdoor NN O O +experimental NN O O +setups NN O O +and NN O O +presented NN O O +the NN O O +highest NN O O +degree NN O O +of NN O O +accuracy NN O O +( NN O O +Root NN O O +Mean NN O O +Square NN O O +Error NN O O +( NN O O +RMSE NN O O +) NN O O +1.7–2.5 NN O O +K NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Most NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +methods NN O O +reviewed NN O O +by NN O O +Rodrigo NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +2014 NN O O +) NN O O +calculate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +cell NN O I-Task +temperature NN O I-Task +at NN O O +open NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +circuit NN O I-Process +conditions NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Methods NN O O +that NN O O +predict NN O O +the NN O O +cell NN O O +temperature NN O O +at NN O O +maximum NN O B-Process +power NN O I-Process +point NN O I-Process +( NN O O +MPP NN O B-Process +) NN O O +operation NN O O +offer NN O O +a NN O O +more NN O O +realistic NN O O +approach NN O O +since NN O O +they NN O O +include NN O O +the NN O O +electrical NN O B-Process +energy NN O I-Process +generation NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +solar NN O B-Material +cells NN O I-Material +( NN O O +i.e. NN O O +real NN O O +operating NN O O +conditions NN O O +) NN O O +; NN O O +Yandt NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +2012 NN O O +) NN O O +described NN O O +a NN O O +method NN O O +predicting NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +cell NN O I-Task +temperature NN O I-Task +at NN O I-Task +MPP NN O I-Task +based NN O O +on NN O O +electrical NN O O +parameters NN O O +and NN O O +Fernández NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +2014b NN O O +) NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +heat NN O O +sink NN O O +temperature NN O O +with NN O O +absolute NN O O +RMSE NN O O +0.55–1.44K. NN O O +Fernández NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +2014a NN O O +) NN O O +also NN O O +proposed NN O O +an NN O O +artificial NN O B-Process +neural NN O I-Process +network NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +to NN O O +estimate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +cell NN O I-Task +temperature NN O I-Task +based NN O O +on NN O O +atmospheric NN O O +parameters NN O O +and NN O O +an NN O O +open NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +circuit NN O I-Process +voltage NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +based NN O O +on NN O O +electrical NN O O +parameters NN O O +( NN O O +Fernandez NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2013a NN O O +) NN O O +offering NN O O +good NN O O +accuracy NN O O +( NN O O +RMSE NN O O +3.2 NN O O +K NN O O +and NN O O +2.5 NN O O +K NN O O +respectively NN O O +( NN O O +Rodrigo NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2014 NN O O +) NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +main NN O O +disadvantage NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +aforementioned NN O O +methods NN O O +is NN O O +that NN O O +an NN O O +experimental NN O O +setup NN O O +is NN O O +required NN O O +to NN O O +obtain NN O O +the NN O O +parameters NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +cell NN O B-Task +temperature NN O I-Task +calculation NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0045782514001947) + +Our NN O O +procedure NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +address NN O O +the NN O O +issue NN O O +of NN O O +how NN O O +parameterizations NN O B-Process +can NN O O +vary NN O O +for NN O O +different NN O O +flow NN O B-Process +types NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +Edeling NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +9 NN O O +] NN O O +carried NN O O +out NN O O +separate NN O O +calibrations NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +set NN O O +of NN O O +13 NN O O +boundary NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +layer NN O I-Process +flows NN O I-Process +. NN O O +They NN O O +summarized NN O O +this NN O O +information NN O O +across NN O O +calibrations NN O O +by NN O O +computing NN O O +Highest NN O B-Process +Posterior NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +Density NN O I-Process +( NN O O +HPD NN O B-Process +) NN O O +intervals NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +subsequently NN O O +represent NN O O +the NN O O +total NN O O +solution NN O O +uncertainty NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +probability NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +box NN O I-Material +( NN O O +p NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +box NN O I-Material +) NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +p NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +box NN O I-Material +represents NN O O +both NN O O +parameter NN O O +variability NN O O +across NN O O +flows NN O B-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +epistemic NN O O +uncertainty NN O O +within NN O O +each NN O O +calibration NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +prediction NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +new NN O O +boundary NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +layer NN O I-Process +flow NN O I-Process +is NN O O +made NN O O +with NN O O +uncertainty NN O O +bars NN O O +generated NN O O +from NN O O +this NN O O +uncertainty NN O O +information NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +resulting NN O O +error NN O O +estimate NN O O +is NN O O +shown NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +consistent NN O O +with NN O O +measurement NN O O +data NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +approach NN O O +is NN O O +helpful NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +it NN O O +might NN O O +be NN O O +extended NN O O +further NN O O +by NN O O +modelling NN O B-Process +proximity NN O I-Process +across NN O I-Process +flows NN O I-Process +through NN O O +a NN O O +distance NN O O +that NN O O +would NN O O +relate NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +flow NN O B-Process +characteristics NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +borrow NN O O +strength NN O O +across NN O O +calibrations NN O O +instead NN O O +of NN O O +splitting NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +calibrations NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +then NN O I-Process +merging NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +outcomes NN O I-Process +afterwards NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +challenging NN O O +but NN O O +attractive NN O O +venue NN O O +for NN O O +future NN O O +research NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0045782515001322) + +One NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +important NN O O +outcomes NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +comparative NN O B-Task +analysis NN O I-Task +is NN O O +the NN O O +fact NN O O +that NN O O +in NN O O +all NN O O +tested NN O O +cases NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +FM NN O B-Process +is NN O O +associated NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +dramatic NN O O +reduction NN O O +in NN O O +computational NN O O +time NN O O +when NN O O +compared NN O O +with NN O O +FE NN O B-Process +, NN O O +generally NN O O +being NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +order NN O O +of NN O O +seconds NN O O +for NN O O +FM NN O B-Process +and NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +order NN O O +of NN O O +hours NN O O +for NN O O +FE NN O B-Process +. NN O O +Table NN O O +1 NN O O +reports NN O O +the NN O O +timings NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +simulations NN O O +for NN O O +both NN O O +methods NN O O +. NN O O +Free NN O O +expansion NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +fastest NN O O +case NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +FM NN O B-Process +reaches NN O O +the NN O O +load NN O O +- NN O O +free NN O O +configuration NN O O +in NN O O +just NN O O +2 NN O O +s NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +simulations NN O B-Process +inside NN O O +the NN O O +vessels NN O B-Material +with NN O O +the NN O O +diameter NN O O +of NN O O +around NN O O +30 NN O O +mm NN O O +take NN O O +approximately NN O O +30 NN O O +s. NN O O +Most NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +execution NN O O +time NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +FM NN O B-Process +deployment NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +is NN O O +dedicated NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +contact NN O O +check NN O O +and NN O O +calculations NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +implications NN O O +the NN O O +vessel NN O B-Material +wall NN O I-Material +has NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +stent NN O O +structure NN O O +. NN O O +Interestingly NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +both NN O O +methods NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +highest NN O O +computational NN O O +time NN O O +( NN O O +i.e. NN O O +, NN O O +curved NN O B-Material +vessels NN O I-Material +) NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +associated NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +complex NN O O +geometry NN O O +( NN O O +i.e. NN O O +, NN O O +patient NN O O +- NN O O +specific NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +aortic NN O O +dissection NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Another NN O O +fact NN O O +worth NN O O +mentioning NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +relation NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +computational NN O O +time NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +diameter NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +vessel NN O B-Material +in NN O O +both NN O O +methods NN O O +. NN O O +While NN O O +the NN O O +computational NN O O +time NN O O +of NN O O +FM NN O B-Process +appeared NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +directly NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +diameter NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +vessel NN O B-Material +, NN O O +no NN O O +immediate NN O O +relation NN O O +was NN O O +found NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +FE NN O B-Process +simulations NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Such NN O O +outcome NN O O +is NN O O +probably NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +simplified NN O B-Process +contact NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +used NN O O +by NN O O +FM NN O B-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +makes NN O O +the NN O O +stent NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +graft NN O I-Process +expansion NN O I-Process +terminate NN O O +once NN O O +the NN O O +nodes NN O B-Material +come NN O O +in NN O O +contact NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +vessel NN O B-Material +wall NN O I-Material +. NN O O +On NN O O +the NN O O +contrary NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +well NN O O +known NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +contact NN O B-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +used NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +FE NN O B-Process +analyses NN O I-Process +increases NN O O +the NN O O +computational NN O O +cost NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +simulations NN O B-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0079642514000784) + +Gas NN O B-Process +sorption NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +storage NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +separation NN O I-Process +in NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +materials NN O I-Material +are NN O O +mainly NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +physisorption NN O B-Process +on NN O O +the NN O O +surfaces NN O O +and NN O O +particularly NN O O +depend NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +electrostatic NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +dispersion NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +i.e. NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +vdW NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +interactions NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +former NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +tuned NN O O +by NN O O +introducing NN O B-Process +charge NN O I-Process +variations NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +material NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +latter NN O O +by NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +substitution NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +strength NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +interaction NN O O +is NN O O +determined NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +characteristics NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +adsorbent NN O B-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +properties NN O O +of NN O O +targeted NN O O +adsorbate NN O B-Material +molecule NN O I-Material +, NN O O +including NN O O +but NN O O +not NN O O +limited NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +size NN O O +and NN O O +shape NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +adsorbate NN O B-Material +molecule NN O I-Material +along NN O O +with NN O O +its NN O O +polarizability NN O O +, NN O O +magnetic NN O O +susceptibility NN O O +, NN O O +permanent NN O O +dipole NN O O +moment NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +quadrupole NN O O +moment NN O O +. NN O O +Li NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +summarise NN O O +the NN O O +adsorption NN O O +- NN O O +related NN O O +physical NN O O +parameters NN O O +of NN O O +many NN O O +gas NN O B-Material +or NN O I-Material +vapour NN O I-Material +adsorbates NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +herein NN O O +Table NN O O +1 NN O O +we NN O O +show NN O O +a NN O O +few NN O O +of NN O O +those NN O O +of NN O O +interest NN O O +, NN O O +H2 NN O B-Material +, NN O O +N2 NN O B-Material +, NN O O +CO NN O B-Material +, NN O O +CO2 NN O B-Material +, NN O O +CH4 NN O B-Material +, NN O O +NH3 NN O B-Material +, NN O O +SO2 NN O B-Material +and NN O O +H2S NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +90 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +instance NN O O +, NN O O +an NN O O +adsorbent NN O B-Material +with NN O O +a NN O O +high NN O O +specific NN O O +surface NN O O +area NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +good NN O O +candidate NN O O +for NN O O +adsorption NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +molecule NN O B-Material +with NN O O +high NN O O +polarizability NN O O +but NN O O +no NN O O +polarity NN O O +. NN O O +Adsorbents NN O B-Material +with NN O O +highly NN O O +polarised NN O O +surfaces NN O O +are NN O O +good NN O O +for NN O O +adsorbate NN O B-Material +molecules NN O I-Material +with NN O O +a NN O O +high NN O O +dipole NN O O +moment NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +adsorbents NN O B-Material +with NN O O +high NN O O +electric NN O O +field NN O O +gradient NN O O +surfaces NN O O +are NN O O +found NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +ideal NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +high NN O B-Material +quadrupole NN O I-Material +moment NN O I-Material +adsorbate NN O I-Material +molecules NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +91 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Normally NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +binding NN O O +or NN O O +adsorption NN O O +strength NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +carbon NN O O +nanostructure NN O O +is NN O O +relatively NN O O +low NN O O +for NN O O +H2 NN O B-Material +and NN O O +N2 NN O B-Material +; NN O O +intermediate NN O O +for NN O O +CO NN O B-Material +, NN O O +CH4 NN O B-Material +and NN O O +CO2 NN O B-Material +; NN O O +and NN O O +relatively NN O O +high NN O O +for NN O O +H2S NN O B-Material +, NN O O +NH3 NN O B-Material +and NN O O +H2O. NN O B-Material +Thus NN O O +, NN O O +surface NN O B-Process +modifications NN O I-Process +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +doping NN O B-Process +, NN O O +functionalization NN O B-Process +and NN O O +improving NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +pore NN O I-Process +structure NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +specific NN O I-Process +surface NN O I-Process +area NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +nanocarbons NN O I-Process +, NN O O +are NN O O +important NN O O +to NN O O +enhance NN O B-Task +gas NN O I-Task +adsorption NN O I-Task +. NN O O +For NN O O +this NN O O +purpose NN O O +, NN O O +graphene NN O B-Material +offers NN O O +a NN O O +great NN O O +scope NN O O +for NN O O +tailor NN O O +- NN O O +made NN O O +carbonaceous NN O B-Material +adsorbents NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0079642515000705) + +When NN O O +dominated NN O O +by NN O O +surface NN O B-Process +shadowing NN O I-Process +mechanisms NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +aggregation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +vapor NN O I-Process +particles NN O I-Process +onto NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +surface NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +complex NN O O +, NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +local NN O O +phenomenon NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +literature NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +many NN O O +attempts NN O O +to NN O O +analyze NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +growth NN O I-Task +mechanism NN O I-Task +by NN O O +means NN O O +of NN O O +pure NN O O +geometrical NN O B-Process +considerations NN O I-Process +; NN O O +i.e. NN O O +, NN O O +by NN O O +assuming NN O O +that NN O O +vapor NN O B-Material +particles NN O I-Material +arrive NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +film NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +along NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O B-Process +angular NN O I-Process +direction NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +38,41 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Continuum NN O B-Process +approaches NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +are NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +fact NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +geometrical NN O B-Process +features NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +film NN O B-Material +( NN O O +i.e. NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +nanocolumns NN O B-Process +) NN O O +are NN O O +much NN O O +larger NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +typical NN O O +size NN O O +of NN O O +an NN O O +atom NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +42,266,267 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +also NN O O +explored NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +instance NN O O +, NN O O +Poxson NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +228 NN O O +] NN O O +developed NN O O +an NN O O +analytic NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +that NN O O +takes NN O O +into NN O O +account NN O O +geometrical NN O B-Process +factors NN O I-Process +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +surface NN O B-Process +diffusion NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +model NN O O +accurately NN O O +predicted NN O O +the NN O O +porosity NN O O +and NN O O +deposition NN O O +rate NN O O +of NN O O +thin NN O B-Material +films NN O I-Material +using NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O O +input NN O O +parameter NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +cross NN O O +- NN O O +sectional NN O O +area NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +nanocolumns NN O B-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +volume NN O O +of NN O O +material NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +thickness NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +film NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +Ref NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +39 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +an NN O O +analytical NN O B-Process +semi NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +empirical NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +was NN O O +presented NN O O +to NN O O +quantitatively NN O B-Task +describe NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +aggregation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +columnar NN O I-Task +structures NN O I-Task +by NN O O +means NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O O +parameter NN O O +dubbed NN O O +the NN O O +fan NN O O +angle NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +material NN O O +- NN O O +dependent NN O O +quantity NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +experimentally NN O O +obtained NN O O +by NN O O +performing NN O O +deposition NN O O +at NN O O +normal NN O O +incidence NN O O +on NN O O +an NN O O +imprinted NN O O +groove NN O B-Material +seeded NN O I-Material +substrate NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +then NN O O +measuring NN O O +the NN O O +increase NN O O +in NN O O +column NN O O +diameter NN O O +with NN O O +film NN O B-Material +thickness NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +model NN O O +was NN O O +tested NN O O +under NN O O +various NN O O +conditions NN O O +[ NN O O +40 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +returned NN O O +good NN O O +results NN O O +and NN O O +an NN O O +accurate NN O O +prediction NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +relation NN O I-Task +between NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +incident NN O I-Task +angle NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +deposition NN O I-Task +flux NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +tilt NN O I-Task +angle NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +columns NN O I-Task +for NN O O +several NN O O +materials NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0167844214000652) + +A NN O O +bond NN O B-Process +failure NN O I-Process +is NN O O +thought NN O O +of NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +micro NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +crack NN O I-Process +nucleation NN O I-Process +, NN O O +specifically NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +separation NN O B-Process +between NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +adjacent NN O I-Process +cells NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +cellular NN O I-Process +structure NN O I-Process +along NN O I-Process +their NN O I-Process +common NN O I-Process +face NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Initially NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +micro NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +cracks NN O I-Material +may NN O O +be NN O O +dispersed NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +model NN O O +reflecting NN O O +the NN O O +random NN O O +distribution NN O O +of NN O O +pore NN O B-Material +sizes NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +low NN O O +level NN O O +of NN O O +interaction NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +force NN O O +redistribution NN O O +. NN O O +Interaction NN O O +and NN O O +coalescence NN O O +may NN O O +follow NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +population NN O O +of NN O O +micro NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +cracks NN O I-Material +increases NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +situations NN O O +are NN O O +illustrated NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +3 NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +structure NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +failed NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +represented NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +mathematical NN O B-Process +graph NN O I-Process +, NN O O +where NN O O +graph NN O O +nodes NN O O +represent NN O O +failed NN O B-Material +faces NN O I-Material +and NN O O +graph NN O O +edges NN O O +exist NN O O +between NN O O +failed NN O B-Material +faces NN O I-Material +with NN O O +common NN O O +triple NN O O +line NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +cellular NN O B-Material +structure NN O I-Material +, NN O O +i.e. NN O O +where NN O O +two NN O O +micro NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +cracks NN O I-Material +formed NN O O +a NN O O +continuous NN O O +larger NN O O +crack NN O B-Material +. NN O O +With NN O O +reference NN O O +to NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +3 NN O O +, NN O O +each NN O O +failed NN O B-Material +face NN O I-Material +is NN O O +a NN O O +graph NN O O +node NN O O +and NN O O +each NN O O +pair NN O O +of NN O O +neighbouring NN O O +failed NN O B-Material +faces NN O I-Material +is NN O O +a NN O O +graph NN O O +edge NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0254058415300766) + +Half NN O B-Material +metallic NN O I-Material +ferromagnets NN O I-Material +( NN O O +HMF NN O B-Material +) NN O O +have NN O O +attracted NN O O +enormous NN O O +interest NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +their NN O O +applications NN O O +in NN O O +spintronic NN O B-Task +devices NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Dilute NN O B-Material +magnetic NN O I-Material +semiconductors NN O I-Material +( NN O O +DMSs NN O B-Material +) NN O O +are NN O O +considered NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +the NN O O +best NN O O +materials NN O B-Material +to NN O I-Material +show NN O I-Material +half NN O I-Material +metallicity NN O I-Material +. NN O O +These NN O O +materials NN O O +have NN O O +two NN O O +components NN O O +, NN O O +one NN O O +being NN O O +a NN O O +semiconducting NN O B-Material +material NN O I-Material +with NN O O +diamagnetic NN O O +properties NN O O +while NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +magnetic NN O B-Material +dopant NN O I-Material +such NN O O +as NN O O +transition NN O B-Material +metal NN O I-Material +having NN O O +un NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +paired NN O I-Material +d NN O I-Material +electrons NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +major NN O O +advantage NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O O +materials NN O O +is NN O O +utilization NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +electron NN O I-Process +'s NN O I-Process +spin NN O I-Process +as NN O I-Process +information NN O I-Process +carrier NN O I-Process +since NN O O +advanced NN O O +functionalities NN O O +in NN O O +spintronic NN O B-Task +devices NN O I-Task +can NN O O +be NN O O +viable NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +spin NN O O +degree NN O O +of NN O O +freedom NN O O +along NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +charge NN O O +of NN O O +electrons NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +3 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +major NN O O +issue NN O O +regarding NN O O +the NN O O +applicability NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O O +materials NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +enhance NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +Curie NN O I-Task +temperature NN O I-Task +above NN O I-Task +room NN O I-Task +temperature NN O I-Task +. NN O O +That NN O O +'s NN O O +why NN O O +the NN O O +research NN O O +interest NN O O +shifted NN O O +towards NN O O +large NN O B-Material +band NN O I-Material +gap NN O I-Material +materials NN O I-Material +. NN O O +A NN O O +lot NN O O +of NN O O +work NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +reported NN O O +on NN O O +DMSs NN O B-Material +with NN O O +different NN O O +II NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +VI NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +III NN O I-Material +– NN O I-Material +V NN O I-Material +semiconductors NN O I-Material +as NN O O +host NN O B-Material +material NN O I-Material +such NN O O +as NN O O +, NN O O +ZnS NN O B-Material +, NN O O +CdS NN O B-Material +, NN O O +GaN NN O B-Material +, NN O O +ZnO NN O B-Material +, NN O O +ZnSe NN O B-Material +, NN O O +ZnTe NN O B-Material +, NN O O +TiO2 NN O B-Material +, NN O O +SnO2 NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +4–12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0301010409001219) + +It NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +known NN O O +[ NN O O +9,14,18,22 NN O O +] NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +fragmentation NN O B-Process +processes NN O I-Process +in NN O O +polyatomic NN O B-Material +molecules NN O I-Material +induced NN O O +by NN O O +an NN O O +intense NN O B-Material +ultrafast NN O I-Material +laser NN O I-Material +field NN O I-Material +can NN O O +sometimes NN O O +exhibit NN O O +sensitive NN O O +dependence NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +instantaneous NN O O +phase NN O O +characteristics NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +laser NN O B-Material +field NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Depending NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +change NN O O +in NN O O +sign NN O O +the NN O O +chirped NN O B-Material +laser NN O I-Material +pulses NN O I-Material +, NN O O +fragmentation NN O B-Task +could NN O O +be NN O O +either NN O O +enhanced NN O O +or NN O O +suppressed NN O O +[ NN O O +14,18,22 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Controlling NN O O +the NN O O +outcome NN O O +of NN O O +such NN O O +laser NN O B-Process +induced NN O I-Process +molecular NN O I-Process +fragmentation NN O I-Process +with NN O O +chirped NN O B-Material +femtosecond NN O I-Material +laser NN O I-Material +pulses NN O I-Material +has NN O O +brought NN O O +forth NN O O +a NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +experimental NN O O +and NN O O +theoretical NN O O +effects NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +recent NN O O +years NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +efforts NN O O +are NN O O +continuing NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +specific NN O O +fragment NN O B-Task +channel NN O I-Task +enhancement NN O I-Task +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +difficult NN O O +since NN O O +it NN O O +also NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +function NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +molecular NN O B-Process +system NN O I-Process +under NN O O +study NN O O +[ NN O O +20,22–24 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Here NN O O +we NN O O +report NN O O +the NN O O +observation NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +coherently NN O I-Task +enhanced NN O I-Task +fragmentation NN O I-Task +pathway NN O I-Task +of NN O O +n NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +propyl NN O I-Material +benzene NN O I-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +seems NN O O +to NN O O +have NN O O +such NN O O +specific NN O O +fragmentation NN O B-Material +channel NN O I-Material +available NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +found NN O O +that NN O O +for NN O O +n NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +propyl NN O I-Material +benzene NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +relative NN O O +yield NN O O +of NN O O +C3H3 NN O B-Material ++ NN O I-Material +is NN O O +extremely NN O O +sensitive NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +phase NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +laser NN O B-Material +pulse NN O I-Material +as NN O O +compared NN O O +to NN O O +any NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +possible NN O O +channels NN O B-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +fact NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +almost NN O O +an NN O O +order NN O O +of NN O O +magnitude NN O O +enhancement NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +yield NN O O +of NN O O +C3H3 NN O B-Material ++ NN O I-Material +when NN O O +negatively NN O B-Material +chirped NN O I-Material +pulses NN O I-Material +are NN O O +used NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +no NN O O +effect NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +positive NN O B-Material +chirp NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +relative NN O O +yield NN O O +of NN O O +all NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +heavier NN O B-Material +fragment NN O I-Material +ions NN O I-Material +resulting NN O O +from NN O O +interaction NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +strong NN O O +field NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +molecule NN O B-Material +is NN O O +not NN O O +sensitive NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +sign NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +chirp NN O B-Material +, NN O O +within NN O O +the NN O O +noise NN O O +level NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0301010413002139) + +The NN O O +vibrational NN O O +spectra NN O O +of NN O O +l NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +cysteine NN O I-Material +have NN O O +been NN O O +recorded NN O O +and NN O O +assigned NN O O +in NN O O +both NN O O +solution NN O O +[ NN O O +8,9 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +solid NN O O +state NN O O +[ NN O O +10–14 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Spectral NN O B-Process +assignments NN O I-Process +have NN O O +been NN O O +made NN O O +using NN O O +empirical NN O B-Process +force NN O I-Process +fields NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +15 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +Hartree NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +Fock NN O I-Process +calculations NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +10,16,17 NN O O +] NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +isolated NN O B-Process +molecule NN O I-Process +approximation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +For NN O O +systems NN O O +that NN O O +exhibit NN O O +strong NN O O +intermolecular NN O O +interactions NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +approximation NN O O +often NN O O +leads NN O O +to NN O O +poor NN O O +agreement NN O O +between NN O O +experiment NN O O +and NN O O +theory NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +striking NN O O +example NN O O +is NN O O +purine NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +18 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +a NN O O +study NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +solid NN O I-Task +state NN O I-Task +vibrational NN O I-Task +spectra NN O I-Task +by NN O O +isolated NN O B-Process +molecule NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +periodic NN O I-Process +calculations NN O I-Process +, NN O O +gave NN O O +almost NN O O +quantitative NN O O +agreement NN O O +between NN O O +theory NN O O +and NN O O +experiment NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +latter NN O O +, NN O O +whereas NN O O +the NN O O +former NN O O +gave NN O O +only NN O O +modest NN O O +agreement NN O O +and NN O O +was NN O O +unable NN O O +to NN O O +distinguish NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +tautomers NN O B-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +case NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +structure NN O O +consists NN O O +of NN O O +ions NN O B-Material +linked NN O O +by NN O O +hydrogen NN O B-Material +bonds NN O O +, NN O O +periodic NN O B-Process +calculations NN O I-Process +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +complete NN O B-Material +primitive NN O I-Material +cell NN O I-Material +are NN O O +essential NN O O +[ NN O O +19 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +only NN O O +work NN O O +[ NN O O +20 NN O O +] NN O O +that NN O O +includes NN O O +some NN O O +solid NN O O +state NN O O +effects NN O O +used NN O O +molecular NN O B-Process +dynamics NN O I-Process +but NN O O +from NN O O +which NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +difficult NN O O +to NN O O +extract NN O O +assignments NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +aim NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +provide NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +complete NN O I-Task +assignment NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +vibrational NN O I-Task +spectra NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +l NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +cysteine NN O I-Task +in NN O O +both NN O O +the NN O O +orthorhombic NN O O +and NN O O +monoclinic NN O O +forms NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +combination NN O O +of NN O O +computational NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +experimental NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0301010413004096) + +It NN O O +is NN O O +critical NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +success NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +NPD NN O B-Process +technique NN O I-Process +that NN O O +the NN O O +MOF NN O B-Material +complex NN O I-Material +adsorbs NN O O +a NN O O +significant NN O O +amount NN O O +of NN O O +D2 NN O B-Material +to NN O O +boost NN O O +the NN O O +observed NN O O +signal NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +technique NN O O +therefore NN O O +has NN O O +disadvantages NN O O +when NN O O +studying NN O O +the NN O O +binding NN O B-Process +interaction NN O I-Process +within NN O O +MOFs NN O B-Material +with NN O O +low NN O O +uptakes NN O O +. NN O O +Furthermore NN O O +, NN O O +static NN O B-Task +crystallographic NN O I-Task +studies NN O I-Task +can NN O O +not NN O O +provide NN O O +insights NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +dynamics NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +adsorbed NN O B-Material +gas NN O I-Material +molecules NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Thus NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +very NN O O +challenging NN O O +to NN O O +probe NN O O +experimentally NN O O +the NN O O +H2 NN O B-Process +binding NN O I-Process +interactions NN O I-Process +within NN O O +a NN O O +porous NN O O +host NN O O +system NN O O +which NN O O +has NN O O +very NN O O +low NN O O +gas NN O B-Material +uptake NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +lack NN O O +of NN O O +suitable NN O O +characterisation NN O B-Process +techniques NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +report NN O O +herein NN O O +the NN O O +application NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +in NN O B-Process +situ NN O I-Process +inelastic NN O I-Process +neutron NN O I-Process +scattering NN O I-Process +( NN O O +INS NN O B-Process +) NN O O +technique NN O O +to NN O O +permit NN O B-Task +direct NN O I-Task +observation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +dynamics NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +binding NN O I-Task +interactions NN O I-Task +between NN O O +adsorbed NN O B-Material +H2 NN O I-Material +molecules NN O I-Material +and NN O O +an NN O O +aluminium NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +based NN O I-Material +porous NN O I-Material +MOF NN O I-Material +, NN O O +NOTT-300 NN O B-Material +, NN O O +exhibiting NN O O +moderate NN O O +porosity NN O O +, NN O O +narrow NN O O +pore NN O O +window NN O O +and NN O O +very NN O O +low NN O O +uptake NN O O +of NN O O +H2 NN O B-Material +. NN O O +This NN O O +neutron NN O B-Task +spectroscopy NN O I-Task +study NN O O +reveals NN O O +that NN O O +adsorbed NN O B-Material +H2 NN O I-Material +molecules NN O I-Material +do NN O O +not NN O O +interact NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +organic NN O B-Material +ligand NN O I-Material +within NN O O +the NN O O +pore NN O O +channels NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +form NN O O +very NN O O +weak NN O O +interactions NN O O +with NN O O +[ NN O B-Material +Al(OH)2O4 NN O I-Material +] NN O I-Material +moieties NN O I-Material +via NN O O +a NN O O +type NN O O +of NN O O +through NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +spacing NN O I-Process +interaction NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Al NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +O⋯H2 NN O I-Process +) NN O O +. NN O O +Interestingly NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +very NN O O +low NN O O +H2 NN O B-Process +adsorption NN O I-Process +has NN O O +been NN O O +successfully NN O O +characterised NN O O +as NN O O +weak NN O B-Process +binding NN O I-Process +interactions NN O I-Process +and NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +time NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +found NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +adsorbed NN O B-Material +H2 NN O I-Material +in NN O O +the NN O O +pore NN O O +channel NN O O +has NN O O +a NN O O +liquid NN O B-Material +type NN O O +recoil NN O O +motion NN O O +at NN O O +5 NN O O +K NN O O +( NN O O +below NN O O +its NN O O +melting NN O O +point NN O O +) NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +direct NN O O +result NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +weak NN O B-Process +interaction NN O I-Process +to NN O O +the NN O O +MOF NN O B-Material +host NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0301010415002189) + +The NN O O +sodium NN O B-Material +trimer NN O I-Material +has NN O O +a NN O O +long NN O O +history NN O O +of NN O O +theoretical NN O O +and NN O O +experimental NN O O +studies NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +pioneering NN O O +theoretical NN O O +paper NN O O +of NN O O +Martin NN O O +and NN O O +Davidson NN O O +published NN O O +in NN O O +1978 NN O O +showed NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +obtuse NN O B-Process +isosceles NN O I-Process +geometry NN O I-Process +is NN O O +lower NN O O +in NN O O +energy NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +linear NN O B-Process +conformation NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Several NN O O +extended NN O O +PES NN O B-Process +scans NN O I-Process +of NN O O +Na3 NN O B-Material +and NN O O +other NN O O +alkali NN O B-Material +trimers NN O I-Material +followed NN O O +this NN O O +initial NN O O +study NN O O +, NN O O +employing NN O O +DFT NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +complete NN O B-Process +active NN O I-Process +space NN O I-Process +SCF NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +or NN O O +a NN O O +configuration NN O B-Process +interaction NN O I-Process +approach NN O I-Process +based NN O O +on NN O O +valence NN O B-Process +bond NN O I-Process +wave NN O I-Process +functions NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +9 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Recently NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +applicability NN O O +of NN O O +density NN O B-Process +functional NN O I-Process +theory NN O I-Process +( NN O O +DFT NN O B-Process +) NN O O +to NN O O +JT NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +distorted NN O I-Process +systems NN O I-Process +has NN O O +also NN O O +been NN O O +tested NN O O +for NN O O +Na3 NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +10 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +B NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +X NN O I-Process +transition NN O I-Process +has NN O O +been NN O O +revisited NN O O +as NN O O +well NN O O +, NN O O +applying NN O O +state NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +averaged NN O I-Process +multi NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +reference NN O I-Process +configuration NN O I-Process +interaction NN O I-Process +with NN O O +a NN O O +large NN O O +active NN O O +space NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +derive NN O B-Task +more NN O I-Task +accurate NN O I-Task +non NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +adiabatic NN O I-Task +coupling NN O I-Task +terms NN O I-Task +for NN O O +an NN O O +improved NN O O +interpretation NN O O +of NN O O +photoabsorption NN O B-Material +spectra NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +11–13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0301010415300355) + +Alternatively NN O O +to NN O O +H NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +atom NN O I-Process +photodetachment NN O I-Process +from NN O O +the NN O O +intermediate NN O B-Material +radicals NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +latter NN O O +may NN O O +serve NN O O +as NN O O +reducing NN O B-Material +agents NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Evidence NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +reported NN O O +in NN O O +recent NN O O +years NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +pyridinyl NN O B-Material +radical NN O I-Material +( NN O O +PyH NN O B-Material +) NN O O +is NN O O +an NN O O +exceptionally NN O O +strong NN O O +reducing NN O B-Material +agent NN O I-Material +which NN O O +can NN O O +even NN O O +reduce NN O O +CO2 NN O B-Material +to NN O O +formaldehyde NN O B-Material +, NN O O +formic NN O B-Material +acid NN O I-Material +or NN O O +methanol NN O B-Material +with NN O O +suitable NN O O +catalyzers NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +27–29 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +albeit NN O O +the NN O O +mechanisms NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O O +reactions NN O O +are NN O O +currently NN O O +poorly NN O O +understood NN O O +[ NN O O +30–32 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +theoretically NN O O +predicted NN O O +dissociation NN O O +thresholds NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +AcH NN O B-Material +, NN O I-Material +AOH NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +BAH NN O I-Material +radicals NN O I-Material +are NN O O +about NN O O +2.7eV NN O O +, NN O O +2.5eV NN O O +and NN O O +3.0eV NN O O +, NN O O +respectively NN O O +( NN O O +see NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +4 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +the NN O O +predicted NN O O +dissociation NN O O +threshold NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +pyridinyl NN O B-Material +radical NN O I-Material +is NN O O +much NN O O +lower NN O O +, NN O O +about NN O O +1.7eV NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Pyridinyl NN O B-Material +is NN O O +thus NN O O +a NN O O +significantly NN O O +stronger NN O O +reductant NN O B-Material +than NN O O +acridinyl NN O B-Material +and NN O O +related NN O O +radicals NN O B-Material +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +therefore NN O O +not NN O O +expected NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +latter NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +able NN O O +to NN O O +reduce NN O B-Task +carbon NN O I-Task +dioxide NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +dark NN O I-Task +reactions NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0301932213000487) + +As NN O O +already NN O O +discussed NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +dilute NN O B-Material +flows NN O I-Material +the NN O O +choice NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +hard NN O B-Process +sphere NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +soft NN O I-Process +sphere NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +largely NN O O +depends NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +computational NN O O +time NN O O +spent NN O O +to NN O O +solve NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +particle NN O I-Task +equation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +motion NN O I-Task +. NN O O +For NN O O +very NN O O +dilute NN O B-Material +flows NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +hard NN O B-Process +sphere NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +is NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +natural NN O O +choice NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +when NN O O +the NN O O +collisions NN O O +can NN O O +no NN O O +longer NN O O +be NN O O +assumed NN O O +as NN O O +binary NN O O +and NN O O +instantaneous NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +soft NN O B-Process +sphere NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +is NN O O +the NN O O +only NN O O +realistic NN O O +option NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +interesting NN O O +to NN O O +know NN O O +whether NN O O +the NN O O +choice NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +collision NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +affects NN O O +the NN O O +statistics NN O O +. NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +14 NN O O +compares NN O O +the NN O O +mean NN O O +velocity NN O O +obtained NN O O +from NN O O +both NN O O +models NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +experimental NN O O +data NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +same NN O O +comparison NN O O +is NN O O +performed NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +smooth NN O B-Material +walls NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +differences NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +hard NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +soft NN O I-Process +sphere NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +for NN O O +the NN O O +smooth NN O B-Material +walls NN O I-Material +are NN O O +almost NN O O +negligible NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +differences NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +hard NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +soft NN O I-Process +sphere NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +for NN O O +the NN O O +rough NN O B-Material +walls NN O I-Material +are NN O O +minor NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +because NN O O +the NN O O +rough NN O B-Task +wall NN O I-Task +treatment NN O I-Task +in NN O O +the NN O O +soft NN O B-Process +sphere NN O I-Process +implementation NN O I-Process +adds NN O O +extra NN O O +virtual NN O B-Material +walls NN O I-Material +during NN O O +the NN O O +collision NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +particle NN O B-Material +with NN O O +a NN O O +wall NN O B-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +more NN O O +realistic NN O O +representation NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +rough NN O B-Material +wall NN O I-Material +compared NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +hard NN O B-Task +sphere NN O I-Task +rough NN O I-Task +wall NN O I-Task +treatment NN O I-Task +where NN O O +one NN O O +random NN O B-Material +wall NN O I-Material +is NN O O +considered NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +because NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +soft NN O B-Process +sphere NN O I-Process +collision NN O I-Process +is NN O O +not NN O O +instantaneous NN O O +and NN O O +occurs NN O O +over NN O O +a NN O O +finite NN O O +amount NN O O +of NN O O +time NN O O +. NN O O +Similarly NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +effects NN O O +are NN O O +observed NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +fluid NN O B-Material +statistics NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +15 NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +compares NN O O +the NN O O +particle NN O B-Material +velocity NN O O +fluctuations NN O O +, NN O O +shows NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +differences NN O O +are NN O O +somewhat NN O O +larger NN O O +. NN O O +Additionally NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +differences NN O O +in NN O O +both NN O O +particle NN O B-Material +mean NN O O +and NN O O +RMS NN O O +velocity NN O O +profiles NN O O +are NN O O +because NN O O +the NN O O +hard NN O B-Process +sphere NN O I-Process +collisions NN O I-Process +are NN O O +unfortunately NN O O +heavily NN O O +dependent NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +tangential NN O O +coefficient NN O O +of NN O O +restitution NN O O +( NN O O +ψ NN O O +) NN O O +; NN O O +the NN O O +effects NN O O +by NN O O +varying NN O O +this NN O O +quantity NN O O +are NN O O +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Figs NN O O +. NN O O +16 NN O O +and NN O O +17 NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0301932213001985) + +In NN O O +the NN O O +current NN O O +CLSVOF NN O B-Process +method NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +normal NN O O +vector NN O O +is NN O O +calculated NN O O +directly NN O O +by NN O O +discretising NN O O +the NN O O +LS NN O B-Process +gradient NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +finite NN O B-Process +difference NN O I-Process +scheme NN O I-Process +. NN O O +By NN O O +appropriately NN O O +choosing NN O O +one NN O O +of NN O O +three NN O O +finite NN O B-Process +difference NN O I-Process +schemes NN O I-Process +( NN O O +central NN O B-Process +, NN O I-Process +forward NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +or NN O I-Process +backward NN O I-Process +differencing NN O I-Process +) NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +demonstrated NN O O +that NN O O +thin NN O B-Material +liquid NN O I-Material +ligaments NN O I-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +well NN O O +resolved NN O O +see NN O O +Xiao NN O O +( NN O O +2012 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Although NN O O +a NN O O +high NN O B-Process +order NN O I-Process +discretisation NN O I-Process +scheme NN O I-Process +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +5th NN O B-Process +order NN O I-Process +WENO NN O I-Process +) NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +found NN O O +necessary NN O O +for NN O O +LS NN O B-Process +evolution NN O O +in NN O O +pure NN O O +LS NN O B-Process +methods NN O I-Process +to NN O O +reduce NN O B-Task +mass NN O I-Task +error NN O I-Task +, NN O O +low NN O B-Process +order NN O I-Process +LS NN O I-Process +discretisation NN O I-Process +schemes NN O I-Process +( NN O O +2nd NN O O +order NN O O +is NN O O +used NN O O +here NN O O +) NN O O +can NN O O +produce NN O O +accurate NN O O +results NN O O +when NN O O +the NN O O +LS NN O B-Process +equation NN O O +is NN O O +solved NN O O +and NN O O +constrained NN O O +as NN O O +indicated NN O O +above NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +CLSVOF NN O B-Process +method NN O I-Process +( NN O O +see NN O O +Xiao NN O O +, NN O O +2012 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +VOF NN O B-Process +method NN O I-Process +maintains NN O O +2nd NN O O +order NN O O +accuracy NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +further NN O O +reason NN O O +to NN O O +adopt NN O O +the NN O O +CLSVOF NN O B-Process +method NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +all NN O O +the NN O O +following NN O O +simulations NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +liquid NN O I-Task +jet NN O I-Task +primary NN O I-Task +breakup NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0301932214001931) + +The NN O O +aim NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +investigate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +influence NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +particle NN O I-Task +shape NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +interacting NN O I-Task +particles NN O I-Task +flowing NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +horizontal NN O I-Task +turbulent NN O I-Task +channel NN O I-Task +flow NN O I-Task +, NN O O +for NN O O +particles NN O B-Material +with NN O O +a NN O O +significant NN O O +Stokes NN O O +number NN O O +. NN O O +To NN O O +achieve NN O O +this NN O O +, NN O O +large NN O B-Process +eddy NN O I-Process +simulations NN O I-Process +( NN O O +LES NN O B-Process +) NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +horizontal NN O B-Process +turbulent NN O I-Process +channel NN O I-Process +flow NN O I-Process +laden NN O O +with NN O O +five NN O O +different NN O O +particle NN O B-Material +shapes NN O O +, NN O O +incorporating NN O O +the NN O O +drag NN O B-Process +, NN O I-Process +lift NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +toque NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +derived NN O O +in NN O O +Zastawny NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +2012 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +are NN O O +performed NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +well NN O O +- NN O O +documented NN O O +horizontal NN O B-Process +channel NN O I-Process +flow NN O I-Process +case NN O O +described NN O O +in NN O O +Kussin NN O O +and NN O O +Sommerfeld NN O O +( NN O O +2002 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +who NN O O +study NN O O +spherical NN O B-Material +particles NN O I-Material +, NN O O +is NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +reference NN O O +case NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +measurements NN O O +in NN O O +their NN O O +work NN O O +was NN O O +done NN O O +with NN O O +phase NN O B-Process +Doppler NN O I-Process +anemometry NN O I-Process +( NN O O +PDA NN O B-Process +) NN O O +, NN O O +to NN O O +measure NN O O +the NN O O +fluid NN O B-Material +and NN O O +particle NN O B-Material +velocity NN O O +simultaneously NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +numerical NN O B-Process +framework NN O I-Process +applied NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +previously NN O O +validated NN O O +for NN O O +spherical NN O B-Material +particles NN O I-Material +in NN O O +Mallouppas NN O O +and NN O O +van NN O O +Wachem NN O O +( NN O O +2013 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +that NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +comprehensive NN O B-Process +discrete NN O I-Process +element NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +( NN O O +DEM NN O B-Process +) NN O O +is NN O O +more NN O O +accurate NN O O +in NN O O +determining NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +behaviour NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +particles NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +this NN O I-Task +horizontal NN O I-Task +gas NN O I-Task +– NN O I-Task +solid NN O I-Task +channel NN O I-Task +flow NN O I-Task +that NN O O +the NN O O +hard NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +sphere NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +showed NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +fluid NN O B-Material +mechanics NN O O +are NN O O +accurately NN O O +modelled NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +LES NN O B-Process +framework NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +current NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +framework NN O O +is NN O O +extended NN O O +to NN O O +account NN O O +for NN O O +non NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +spherical NN O I-Material +particles NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0378381215300297) + +The NN O O +Statistical NN O B-Process +Associating NN O I-Process +Fluid NN O I-Process +Theory NN O I-Process +( NN O O +SAFT NN O B-Process +) NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +well NN O O +- NN O O +developed NN O O +perturbation NN O B-Process +theory NN O I-Process +used NN O O +to NN O O +describe NN O O +quantitatively NN O O +the NN O O +volumetric NN O O +properties NN O O +of NN O O +fluids NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +reader NN O O +is NN O O +referred NN O O +to NN O O +several NN O O +reviews NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +topic NN O O +which NN O O +describe NN O O +the NN O O +various NN O O +stages NN O O +of NN O O +its NN O O +development NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +multiple NN O O +versions NN O O +available NN O O +[ NN O O +50–53 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +fundamental NN O O +difference NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +versions NN O O +is NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +underlying NN O O +intermolecular NN O B-Process +potential NN O I-Process +employed NN O O +to NN O O +describe NN O O +the NN O O +unbounded NN O B-Material +constituent NN O I-Material +particles NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Hard NN O B-Material +spheres NN O I-Material +, NN O O +square NN O B-Material +well NN O I-Material +fluids NN O I-Material +, NN O O +LJ NN O B-Material +fluids NN O I-Material +, NN O O +argon NN O B-Material +, NN O O +alkanes NN O B-Material +have NN O O +all NN O O +been NN O O +employed NN O O +as NN O O +reference NN O B-Material +fluids NN O I-Material +in NN O O +the NN O O +different NN O O +incarnations NN O O +of NN O O +SAFT NN O B-Process +. NN O O +For NN O O +the NN O O +purpose NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +work NN O O +we NN O O +will NN O O +center NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +particular NN O O +version NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +SAFT NN O B-Process +EoS NN O I-Process +, NN O O +i.e. NN O O +the NN O O +SAFT NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +VR NN O I-Process +Mie NN O I-Process +recently NN O O +proposed NN O O +by NN O O +Laffitte NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +54 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +expanded NN O O +into NN O O +a NN O O +group NN O B-Process +contribution NN O I-Process +approach NN O I-Process +, NN O O +SAFT-γ NN O B-Process +, NN O O +by NN O O +Papaioannou NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +55 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +particular NN O O +version NN O O +of NN O O +SAFT NN O B-Process +provides NN O O +a NN O O +closed NN O B-Process +form NN O I-Process +EoS NN O I-Process +that NN O O +describes NN O O +the NN O O +macroscopical NN O O +properties NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Mie NN O B-Process +potential NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +56 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +also NN O O +known NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +( NN O B-Process +m NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +n NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +potential NN O I-Process +; NN O O +a NN O O +generalized NN O O +form NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +LJ NN O B-Process +potential NN O I-Process +( NN O O +albeit NN O O +predating NN O O +it NN O O +by NN O O +decades NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +Mie NN O B-Process +potential NN O I-Process +has NN O O +the NN O O +form(1)ϕ(r)=Cεσrλr−σrλawhere NN O O +C NN O O +is NN O O +an NN O O +analytical NN O O +function NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +repulsive NN O O +and NN O O +attractive NN O O +exponents NN O O +, NN O O +λa NN O O +and NN O O +λr NN O O +, NN O O +respectively NN O O +, NN O O +σ NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +parameter NN O O +that NN O O +defines NN O O +the NN O O +length NN O O +scale NN O O +and NN O O +is NN O O +loosely NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +average NN O O +diameter NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +Mie NN O O +bead NN O B-Material +; NN O O +ɛ NN O O +defines NN O O +the NN O O +energy NN O O +scale NN O O +and NN O O +corresponds NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +minimum NN O O +potential NN O O +energy NN O O +between NN O O +two NN O O +isolated NN O O +beads NN O B-Material +; NN O O +expressed NN O O +here NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +ratio NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +Boltzmann NN O O +constant NN O O +, NN O O +kB. NN O O +The NN O O +Mie NN O O +function NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +written NN O O +above NN O O +, NN O O +deceivingly NN O O +suggests NN O O +that NN O O +four NN O O +parameters NN O O +are NN O O +needed NN O O +to NN O O +characterize NN O O +the NN O O +behaviour NN O O +of NN O O +an NN O O +isotropic NN O B-Material +molecule NN O I-Material +, NN O O +however NN O O +the NN O O +exponents NN O O +λa NN O O +and NN O O +λr NN O O +are NN O O +intimately NN O O +related NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +for NN O O +fluid NN O B-Material +phase NN O O +equilibria NN O O +, NN O O +one NN O O +needs NN O O +not NN O O +consider NN O O +them NN O O +as NN O O +independent NN O O +parameters NN O O +[ NN O O +57 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Accordingly NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +choose NN O O +herein NN O O +to NN O O +fix NN O O +the NN O O +attractive NN O O +exponent NN O O +to NN O O +λa=6 NN O O +which NN O O +would NN O O +be NN O O +expected NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +representative NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +dispersion NN O O +scaling NN O O +of NN O O +most NN O O +simple NN O B-Material +fluids NN O I-Material +and NN O O +refer NN O O +from NN O O +here NN O O +on NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +repulsive NN O O +parameter NN O O +as NN O O +λ=λr NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +potential NN O O +simplifies NN O O +to(2)ϕ(r)=λλ−6λ66/(λ−6)εσrλ−σr6 NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1359028614000989) + +The NN O O +data NN O B-Process +acquisition NN O I-Process +strategies NN O I-Process +must NN O O +balance NN O O +the NN O O +relevant NN O O +scales NN O O +and NN O O +volumes NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +datasets NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +physical NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +statistical NN O I-Task +modeling NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Approaches NN O O +for NN O O +extraction NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +necessary NN O I-Task +information NN O I-Task +must NN O O +be NN O O +able NN O O +to NN O O +disregard NN O O +spurious NN O O +information NN O O +, NN O O +so NN O O +as NN O O +to NN O O +develop NN O O +a NN O O +working NN O O +network NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +for NN O O +each NN O O +active NN O O +mechanism NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +each NN O O +degradation NN O O +pathway NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +mesoscopic NN O O +physical NN O O +level NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +data NN O O +- NN O O +driven NN O O +statistical NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +level NN O O +. NN O O +To NN O O +capture NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +temporal NN O I-Task +evolution NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +energy NN O B-Material +material NN O I-Material +over NN O O +long NN O O +time NN O O +frames NN O O +, NN O O +appropriate NN O B-Process +informatics NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +are NN O O +needed NN O O +to NN O O +balance NN O O +data NN O O +volume NN O O +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +, NN O O +simple NN O O +univariate NN O B-Material +time NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +series NN O I-Material +data NN O I-Material +streams NN O I-Material +with NN O O +high NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +dimensional NN O I-Material +volumetric NN O I-Material +imaging NN O I-Material +datasets NN O I-Material +) NN O O +while NN O O +considering NN O O +their NN O O +respective NN O O +information NN O O +contents NN O O +[ NN O O +68,69 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +raw NN O O +data NN O O +and NN O O +extracted NN O O +information NN O O +must NN O O +be NN O O +accessible NN O O +for NN O O +query NN O B-Task +and NN O O +modeling NN O B-Task +. NN O O +Similarly NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +modeling NN O B-Process +approaches NN O I-Process +used NN O O +to NN O O +understand NN O O +and NN O O +parameterize NN O O +active NN O O +mechanisms NN O O +and NN O O +phenomena NN O O +over NN O O +lifetime NN O O +fall NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +broad NN O O +categories NN O O +of NN O O +micro- NN O B-Process +, NN O I-Process +meso- NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +macroscopic NN O I-Process +approaches NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Laboratory NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +real NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +world NN O I-Task +experimentation NN O I-Task +, NN O O +informatics NN O B-Task +, NN O O +analytics NN O B-Task +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +development NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +network NN O I-Task +models NN O I-Task +for NN O O +mesoscopic NN O O +evolution NN O O +of NN O O +energy NN O B-Material +materials NN O I-Material +over NN O O +lifetime NN O O +together NN O O +constitute NN O O +the NN O O +field NN O O +of NN O O +degradation NN O B-Task +science NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1877750315000575) + +There NN O O +are NN O O +some NN O O +relevant NN O O +studies NN O O +on NN O O +information NN O B-Task +dissemination NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +transportation NN O I-Task +systems NN O I-Task +using NN O O +simulations NN O B-Process +. NN O O +One NN O O +category NN O O +of NN O O +studies NN O O +look NN O O +at NN O O +how NN O O +either NN O O +local NN O O +information NN O O +( NN O O +only NN O O +about NN O O +the NN O O +neighbours NN O O +) NN O O +or NN O O +global NN O O +information NN O O +( NN O O +about NN O O +the NN O O +entire NN O O +network NN O O +) NN O O +affects NN O O +the NN O O +global NN O O +network NN O O +performance NN O O +. NN O O +Our NN O O +approach NN O O +is NN O O +different NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +sense NN O O +that NN O O +we NN O O +investigate NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +impact NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +information NN O I-Process +on NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +global NN O I-Process +network NN O I-Process +performance NN O I-Process +depending NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +fraction NN O O +of NN O O +people NN O O +that NN O O +receive NN O O +information NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +analyse NN O B-Task +what NN O I-Task +is NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +effect NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +real NN O I-Task +time NN O I-Task +information NN O I-Task +dissemination NN O I-Task +and NN O O +explain NN O O +why NN O O +this NN O O +effect NN O O +appears NN O O +. NN O O +Information NN O O +is NN O O +disseminated NN O O +in NN O O +real NN O O +time NN O O +and NN O O +contains NN O O +global NN O O +details NN O O +about NN O O +how NN O O +congested NN O O +the NN O O +roads NN O O +are NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +approach NN O O +is NN O O +important NN O O +as NN O O +it NN O O +gives NN O O +insights NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +impact NN O O +that NN O O +massive NN O B-Process +use NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +real NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +time NN O I-Process +information NN O I-Process +can NN O O +have NN O O +on NN O O +traffic NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +useful NN O O +for NN O O +building NN O B-Task +more NN O I-Task +intelligent NN O I-Task +traffic NN O I-Task +control NN O I-Task +mechanisms NN O I-Task +where NN O O +information NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +steering NN O O +tool NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1877750315300119) + +Generalized NN O B-Process +polynomial NN O I-Process +chaos NN O I-Process +expansions NN O I-Process +. NN O O +One NN O O +approach NN O O +to NN O O +model NN O B-Task +densities NN O I-Task +with NN O O +stochastically NN O O +dependent NN O O +components NN O O +numerically NN O O +, NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +reformulate NN O O +the NN O O +uncertainty NN O B-Task +problem NN O I-Task +as NN O O +a NN O O +set NN O O +of NN O O +independent NN O O +components NN O O +through NN O O +generalised NN O B-Process +polynomial NN O I-Process +chaos NN O I-Process +expansion NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +34 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +described NN O O +in NN O O +detail NN O O +in NN O O +Section NN O O +3.1 NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +Rosenblatt NN O B-Process +transformation NN O I-Process +allows NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +mapping NN O O +between NN O O +any NN O O +domain NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +unit NN O O +hypercube NN O O +[ NN O O +0 NN O O +, NN O O +1]D. NN O O +With NN O O +a NN O O +double NN O O +transformation NN O O +we NN O O +can NN O O +reformulate NN O O +the NN O O +response NN O O +function NN O O +f NN O O +asf(x NN O O +, NN O O +t NN O O +, NN O O +Q)=f(x NN O O +, NN O O +t NN O O +, NN O O +TQ−1(TR(R)))≈fˆ(x NN O O +, NN O O +t NN O O +, NN O O +R)=∑n∈INcn(x NN O O +, NN O O +t)Φn(R),where NN O O +R NN O O +is NN O O +any NN O O +random NN O O +variable NN O O +drawn NN O O +from NN O O +pR NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +for NN O O +simplicity NN O O +is NN O O +chosen NN O O +to NN O O +consists NN O O +of NN O O +independent NN O O +components NN O O +. NN O O +Also NN O O +, NN O O +{ NN O O +Φn}n∈IN NN O O +is NN O O +constructed NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +orthogonal NN O O +with NN O O +respect NN O O +to NN O O +LR NN O O +, NN O O +not NN O O +LQ NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +any NN O O +case NN O O +, NN O O +R NN O O +is NN O O +either NN O O +selected NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +Askey NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +Wilson NN O I-Process +scheme NN O I-Process +, NN O O +or NN O O +calculated NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +discretized NN O B-Process +Stieltjes NN O I-Process +procedure NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +remark NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +accuracy NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +approximation NN O O +deteriorate NN O O +if NN O O +the NN O O +transformation NN O O +composition NN O O +TQ−1∘TR NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +smooth NN O O +[ NN O O +34 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Dakota NN O O +, NN O O +Turns NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +Chaospy NN O O +all NN O O +support NN O O +generalized NN O B-Process +polynomial NN O I-Process +chaos NN O I-Process +expansions NN O I-Process +for NN O O +independent NN O O +stochastic NN O O +variables NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +Normal NN O O +/ NN O O +Nataf NN O O +copula NN O O +listed NN O O +in NN O O +Table NN O O +2 NN O O +. NN O O +Since NN O O +Chaospy NN O O +has NN O O +the NN O O +Rosenblatt NN O B-Process +transformation NN O I-Process +underlying NN O O +the NN O O +computational NN O B-Material +framework NN O I-Material +, NN O O +generalized NN O B-Process +polynomial NN O I-Process +chaos NN O I-Process +expansions NN O I-Process +are NN O O +in NN O O +fact NN O O +available NN O O +for NN O O +all NN O O +densities NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2352179115300041) + +The NN O O +main NN O O +drawback NN O O +of NN O O +thermo NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +oxidation NN O I-Process +in NN O O +most NN O O +actual NN O O +devices NN O O +and NN O O +ITER NN O B-Material +is NN O O +its NN O O +limitation NN O O +to NN O O +maintenance NN O O +periods NN O O +, NN O O +when NN O O +the NN O O +vessel NN O B-Material +walls NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +heated NN O O +up NN O O +around NN O O +300–400 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +by NN O O +hot NN O O +helium NN O B-Material +injection NN O O +through NN O O +the NN O O +cooling NN O B-Material +system NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +19,20 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +also NN O O +because NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +required NN O O +reconditioning NN O B-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +walls NN O O +before NN O O +plasma NN O B-Task +operation NN O I-Task +to NN O O +remove NN O O +the NN O O +absorbed NN O O +oxygen NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +10 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +temperature NN O O +achieved NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +homogeneous NN O O +over NN O O +the NN O O +vessel NN O B-Material +, NN O O +as NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +limited NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +distance NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +cooling NN O B-Material +tubes NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +thus NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +device NN O O +design NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +analysis NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +study NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +continuation NN O O +of NN O O +previous NN O O +works NN O O +done NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +treatment NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +ITER NN O I-Task +carbon NN O I-Task +co NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +deposits NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +1–3 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +so NN O O +the NN O O +temperatures NN O O +studied NN O O +are NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +350 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +for NN O O +divertor NN O B-Material +and NN O O +200–275 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +for NN O O +main NN O B-Material +wall NN O I-Material +and NN O O +remote NN O B-Material +parts NN O I-Material +. NN O O +At NN O O +present NN O O +, NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +budget NN O O +restrains NN O O +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +tritium NN O B-Material +trapped NN O O +in NN O O +co NN O O +- NN O O +deposited NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +layers NN O I-Material +, NN O O +ITER NN O B-Material +will NN O O +not NN O O +use NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +materials NN O I-Material +at NN O O +the NN O O +divertor NN O B-Material +strike NN O O +points NN O O +in NN O O +spite NN O O +of NN O O +their NN O O +excellent NN O O +resilience NN O O +against NN O O +large NN O O +heat NN O O +loads NN O O +. NN O O +Nevertheless NN O O +, NN O O +many NN O O +present NN O O +experimental NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Material +fusion NN O I-Material +devices NN O I-Material +( NN O O +DIII NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +D NN O I-Material +, NN O O +TCV NN O B-Material +, NN O O +etc NN O O +. NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +new NN O O +ones NN O O +( NN O O +JT-60SA NN O B-Material +, NN O O +KSTAR NN O B-Material +, NN O O +Wenderstein-7X NN O B-Material +) NN O O +use NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +elements NN O I-Material +, NN O O +so NN O O +the NN O O +removal NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +carbon NN O I-Task +co NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +deposits NN O I-Task +is NN O O +still NN O O +necessary NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +better NN O O +device NN O O +operation NN O O +— NN O O +plasma NN O B-Task +density NN O I-Task +control NN O I-Task +, NN O O +dust NN O B-Material +events NN O O +, NN O O +etc NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +temperatures NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +work NN O O +are NN O O +not NN O O +very NN O O +different NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +ones NN O O +achievable NN O O +in NN O O +present NN O O +devices NN O O +, NN O O +such NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +results NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +extrapolated NN O O +to NN O O +them NN O O +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +even NN O O +for NN O O +ITER NN O B-Material +this NN O O +study NN O O +could NN O O +be NN O O +useful NN O O +if NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +materials NN O I-Material +have NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +eventually NN O O +installed NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +that NN O O +operation NN O O +with NN O O +tungsten NN O B-Material +tiles NN O I-Material +at NN O O +the NN O O +strike NN O O +points NN O O +is NN O O +precluded NN O O +by NN O O +unexpected NN O O +reasons NN O O +. NN O O + diff --git a/data/ner/semeval2017/test.txt b/data/ner/semeval2017/test.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..678e7de --- /dev/null +++ b/data/ner/semeval2017/test.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22516 @@ +-DOCSTART- (S0010482516301810) + +Three NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +dimensional NN O I-Process +digital NN O I-Process +subtraction NN O I-Process +angiographic NN O I-Process +( NN O O +3D NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +DSA NN O I-Process +) NN O O +images NN O O +from NN O O +diagnostic NN O O +cerebral NN O B-Process +angiography NN O I-Process +were NN O O +obtained NN O O +at NN O O +least NN O O +one NN O O +day NN O O +prior NN O O +to NN O O +embolization NN O B-Process +in NN O O +all NN O O +patients NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +raw NN O O +data NN O O +of NN O O +3D NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +DSA NN O I-Process +in NN O O +a NN O O +DICOM NN O B-Material +file NN O I-Material +were NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +creating NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +3D NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +target NN O I-Task +vessel NN O I-Task +segment NN O I-Task +. NN O O +These NN O O +data NN O O +were NN O O +converted NN O O +to NN O O +standard NN O B-Process +triangulation NN O I-Process +language NN O I-Process +( NN O O +STL NN O B-Process +) NN O O +surface NN O O +data NN O O +as NN O O +an NN O O +aggregation NN O O +of NN O O +fine NN O O +triangular NN O B-Material +meshes NN O I-Material +using NN O O +3D NN O B-Material +visualization NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +measurement NN O I-Material +software NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Amira NN O B-Material +version NN O I-Material +X NN O I-Material +, NN O O +FEI NN O O +, NN O O +Burlington NN O O +, NN O O +MA NN O O +, NN O O +USA NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +An NN O O +unstructured NN O O +computational NN O B-Material +volumetric NN O I-Material +mesh NN O I-Material +was NN O O +constructed NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +triangulated NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Smoothing NN O B-Process +and NN O O +remeshing NN O B-Process +followed NN O O +as NN O O +next NN O O +steps NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +STL NN O B-Material +file NN O I-Material +was NN O O +then NN O O +transferred NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +3D NN O B-Material +printer NN O I-Material +( NN O O +OBJET30 NN O B-Material +Pro NN O I-Material +; NN O O +Stratasys NN O O +Ltd. NN O O +, NN O O +Eden NN O O +Prairie NN O O +, NN O O +MN NN O O +, NN O O +USA NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +resolution NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +build NN O O +layer NN O O +was NN O O +0.028 NN O O +mm NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +3D NN O O +printed NN O O +vessel NN O O +model NN O O +was NN O O +produced NN O O +using NN O O +acrylic NN O B-Material +resin NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Vero NN O B-Material +) NN O O +. NN O O +Following NN O O +immersion NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +water NN O I-Process +for NN O O +a NN O O +few NN O O +hours NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +3D NN O B-Material +printed NN O I-Material +model NN O I-Material +was NN O O +smoothed NN O B-Process +by NN O O +manually NN O O +removing NN O B-Process +spicule NN O I-Process +. NN O I-Process + +-DOCSTART- (S0010938X15301268) + +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +9 NN O O +displays NN O O +the NN O O +growth NN O O +of NN O O +two NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +main NN O O +corrosion NN O B-Material +products NN O I-Material +that NN O O +develop NN O O +or NN O O +form NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +of NN O O +Cu40Zn NN O B-Material +with NN O O +time NN O O +, NN O O +hydrozincite NN O B-Material +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +9a NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +Cu2O NN O B-Material +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +9b NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +should NN O O +be NN O O +remembered NN O O +that NN O O +both NN O O +phases NN O O +were NN O O +present NN O O +already NN O O +from NN O O +start NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +exposure NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +data NN O O +is NN O O +presented NN O O +in NN O O +absorbance NN O B-Process +units NN O I-Process +and NN O O +allows NN O O +comparisons NN O B-Task +to NN O I-Task +be NN O I-Task +made NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +amounts NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +each NN O I-Task +species NN O I-Task +between NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +two NN O I-Task +Cu40Zn NN O I-Task +surfaces NN O I-Task +investigated NN O I-Task +, NN O O +DP NN O B-Material +and NN O O +HZ7 NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +tendency NN O O +is NN O O +very NN O O +clear NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +formation NN O B-Process +rates NN O I-Process +of NN O O +both NN O O +hydrozincite NN O B-Material +and NN O O +cuprite NN O B-Material +are NN O O +quite NN O O +suppressed NN O O +for NN O O +Cu40Zn NN O B-Material +with NN O O +preformed NN O O +hydrozincite NN O B-Material +( NN O O +HZ7 NN O B-Material +) NN O O +compared NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +diamond NN O B-Material +polished NN O I-Material +surface NN O I-Material +( NN O O +DP NN O B-Material +) NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +summary NN O O +, NN O O +without NN O O +being NN O O +able NN O O +to NN O O +consider NN O O +the NN O O +formation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +simonkolleite NN O I-Process +, NN O O +it NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +concluded NN O O +that NN O O +an NN O O +increased NN O O +surface NN O O +coverage NN O O +of NN O O +hydrozincite NN O B-Material +reduces NN O O +the NN O O +initial NN O B-Process +spreading NN O I-Process +ability NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +NaCl NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +containing NN O I-Material +droplets NN O I-Material +and NN O O +thereby NN O O +lowers NN O O +the NN O O +overall NN O O +formation NN O B-Process +rate NN O I-Process +of NN O O +hydrozincite NN O B-Material +and NN O O +cuprite NN O B-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0010938X15301554) + +AA NN O B-Material +2024-T3 NN O I-Material +aluminium NN O I-Material +alloy NN O I-Material +is NN O O +widely NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +aerospace NN O B-Task +applications NN O I-Task +due NN O O +to NN O O +its NN O O +high NN O O +strength NN O O +to NN O O +weight NN O O +ratio NN O O +and NN O O +high NN O O +damage NN O O +tolerance NN O O +that NN O O +result NN O O +from NN O O +copper NN O B-Material +and NN O O +magnesium NN O B-Material +as NN O O +the NN O O +principal NN O O +alloying NN O B-Material +elements NN O I-Material +and NN O O +appropriate NN O O +thermomechanical NN O B-Process +processing NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +microstructure NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +alloy NN O B-Material +is NN O O +relatively NN O O +complex NN O O +and NN O O +a NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +compositionally NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +distinct NN O I-Process +phases NN O I-Process +have NN O O +been NN O O +identified NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Although NN O O +possessing NN O O +favourable NN O O +mechanical NN O O +properties NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +alloy NN O B-Material +is NN O O +relatively NN O O +susceptible NN O O +to NN O O +corrosion NN O B-Process +and NN O O +generally NN O O +requires NN O O +surface NN O B-Process +treatment NN O I-Process +in NN O O +practical NN O O +applications NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +corrosion NN O B-Process +behaviour NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +alloy NN O B-Material +is NN O O +particularly NN O O +affected NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +presence NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +intermetallic NN O B-Material +particles NN O I-Material +due NN O O +to NN O O +their NN O O +differing NN O O +potentials NN O O +with NN O O +respect NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +alloy NN O B-Material +matrix NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +2–9 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Copper NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +containing NN O I-Material +second NN O I-Material +phase NN O I-Material +particles NN O I-Material +at NN O O +the NN O O +alloy NN O B-Material +surface NN O O +are NN O O +particularly NN O O +detrimental NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +corrosion NN O B-Process +resistance NN O I-Process +as NN O O +they NN O O +provide NN O O +preferential NN O O +cathodic NN O O +sites NN O O +[ NN O O +2,10 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +One NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +principle NN O O +types NN O O +of NN O O +second NN O B-Material +phase NN O I-Material +particle NN O I-Material +that NN O O +is NN O O +important NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +corrosion NN O B-Process +behaviour NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +alloy NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +S NN O B-Material +phase NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Al2CuMg NN O B-Material +) NN O O +particle NN O O +[ NN O O +1,11 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Dealloying NN O O +of NN O O +S NN O B-Material +phase NN O I-Material +particles NN O I-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +may NN O O +account NN O O +for NN O O +∼60 NN O O +% NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +constituent NN O B-Material +particles NN O I-Material +in NN O O +AA2024 NN O B-Material +alloys NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +11 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +is NN O O +commonly NN O O +observed NN O O +when NN O O +the NN O O +alloy NN O B-Material +is NN O O +exposed NN O O +to NN O O +an NN O O +aggressive NN O O +environment NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +particles NN O B-Material +are NN O O +considered NN O O +as NN O O +important NN O O +initiation NN O O +sites NN O O +for NN O O +severe NN O O +localized NN O O +corrosion NN O B-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +alloy NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +11–22 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +dealloying NN O B-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +S NN O B-Material +phase NN O I-Material +particles NN O I-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +resulting NN O O +enrichment NN O B-Process +of NN O O +copper NN O B-Material +result NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +decrease NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +Volta NN O I-Process +potential NN O I-Process +with NN O O +respect NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +matrix NN O O +and NN O O +hence NN O O +the NN O O +dealloyed NN O B-Material +particles NN O I-Material +become NN O O +active NN O O +cathodic NN O B-Material +sites NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +23–25 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0011227514002136) + +Measuring NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +analysing NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +hold NN O I-Task +time NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +CPA NN O I-Task +pill NN O I-Task +allows NN O O +the NN O O +thermal NN O B-Process +boundary NN O I-Process +resistance NN O I-Process +within NN O O +the NN O O +pill NN O B-Material +to NN O O +be NN O O +assessed NN O O +; NN O O +the NN O O +thermal NN O B-Process +boundary NN O I-Process +dictates NN O O +the NN O O +actual NN O O +temperature NN O B-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +CPA NN O B-Material +crystals NN O I-Material +in NN O O +comparison NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +temperature NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +cold NN O B-Material +finger NN O I-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +maintained NN O O +at NN O O +a NN O O +constant NN O O +temperature NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +servo NN O B-Process +control NN O I-Process +program NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +17 NN O O +shows NN O O +the NN O O +temperature NN O O +profile NN O O +during NN O O +the NN O O +recycling NN O B-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +CPA NN O B-Material +pill NN O I-Material +and NN O O +subsequent NN O O +operation NN O B-Process +at NN O I-Process +200mK. NN O I-Process +During NN O O +the NN O O +hold NN O O +time NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +servo NN O B-Process +control NN O I-Process +program NN O I-Process +maintained NN O O +the NN O O +CPA NN O B-Material +pill NN O I-Material +temperature NN O O +to NN O O +within NN O O +a NN O O +millikelvin NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +expected NN O O +that NN O O +microkelvin NN O B-Process +stability NN O I-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +achieved NN O O +with NN O O +fast NN O B-Process +read NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +out NN O I-Process +thermometry NN O I-Process +( NN O O +which NN O O +was NN O O +not NN O O +available NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +time NN O O +of NN O O +testing NN O O +but NN O O +which NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +mKCC NN O B-Task +) NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +this NN O O +would NN O O +allow NN O O +for NN O O +temperature NN O O +control NN O O +on NN O O +much NN O O +faster NN O O +( NN O O +millisecond NN O O +) NN O O +timescales NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +current NN O O +( NN O O +approximately NN O O +1s NN O O +) NN O O +thermometry NN O O +readout NN O O +used NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0011227515000648) + +The NN O O +product NN O B-Process +change NN O I-Process +between NN O O +batches NN O B-Material +# NN O I-Material +1/#2 NN O I-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +others NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +influential NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +test NN O O +results NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +redesign NN O O +and NN O O +upgrade NN O O +to NN O O +110-nm NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +technology NN O I-Process +reduces NN O O +the NN O O +pass NN O O +rate NN O O +at NN O O +LNT NN O B-Material +by NN O O +approximately NN O O +half NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +mainly NN O O +caused NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +increased NN O O +incidence NN O O +of NN O O +erase NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +program NN O I-Process +timeouts NN O I-Process +with NN O O +some NN O O +contribution NN O O +from NN O O +long NN O B-Process +erase NN O I-Process +and NN O O +program NN O B-Process +times NN O I-Process +and NN O O +bit NN O B-Process +errors NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +difference NN O O +in NN O O +pass NN O B-Process +rates NN O I-Process +at NN O O +88 NN O O +K NN O O +between NN O O +batches NN O B-Material +# NN O I-Material +3/#4 NN O I-Material +and NN O O +# NN O B-Material +5/#6 NN O I-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +use NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +process NN O B-Process +technology NN O I-Process +with NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +dimensions NN O O +, NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +explained NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +fabrication NN O O +in NN O O +different NN O O +assembly NN O B-Process +lines NN O I-Process +, NN O O +where NN O O +other NN O O +processes NN O O +or NN O O +base NN O O +materials NN O O +may NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +changed NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +means NN O O +different NN O O +tolerances NN O B-Process +in NN O O +base NN O O +materials NN O O +and NN O O +production NN O O +process NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +are NN O O +more NN O O +pronounced NN O O +the NN O O +lower NN O O +the NN O O +temperature NN O O +. NN O O +Some NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +differences NN O O +of NN O O +technology NN O O +scale NN O O +may NN O O +reflect NN O O +shifts NN O O +in NN O O +transistor NN O B-Process +parameters NN O I-Process +such NN O O +as NN O O +transconductance NN O B-Process +/ NN O I-Process +gain NN O I-Process +, NN O O +threshold NN O B-Process +voltage NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +threshold NN O B-Process +slope NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0011227515001216) + +Prior NN O O +to NN O O +assembling NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +miniature NN O I-Task +ADR NN O I-Task +, NN O O +the NN O O +mKCC NN O B-Material +MR NN O I-Material +heat NN O I-Material +switch NN O I-Material +could NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +fully NN O O +thermally NN O B-Process +characterised NN O I-Process +due NN O O +to NN O O +cryostat NN O B-Material +constraints NN O I-Material +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +experiments NN O O +and NN O O +research NN O O +conducted NN O O +at NN O O +MSSL NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +tungsten NN O B-Material +heat NN O I-Material +switches NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +thermal NN O B-Process +conductivity NN O I-Process +has NN O O +been NN O O +estimated NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +Hills NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +an NN O O +equation NN O O +is NN O O +derived NN O O +which NN O O +allows NN O O +the NN O O +thermal NN O B-Process +conductivity NN O I-Process +( NN O O +κ NN O B-Process +) NN O O +below NN O O +6 NN O O +K NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +calculated NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +function NN O O +of NN O O +magnetic NN O B-Process +field NN O I-Process +( NN O O +B NN O B-Process +) NN O O +and NN O O +temperature NN O O +( NN O O +T NN O O +) NN O O +( NN O O +see NN O O +Eq NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +1 NN O O +) NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +To NN O O +estimate NN O O +the NN O O +performance NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +mKCC NN O B-Material +heat NN O I-Material +switch NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +parameters NN O O +in NN O O +Eq NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +1 NN O O +) NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +taken NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +measured NN O O +thermal NN O B-Process +conductivity NN O I-Process +of NN O O +another NN O O +MSSL NN O B-Material +heat NN O I-Material +switch NN O I-Material +with NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +1.5 NN O O +mm NN O O +square NN O O +cross NN O O +section NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +free NN O O +path NN O O +length NN O O +of NN O O +43 NN O O +cm NN O O +and NN O O +a NN O O +RRR NN O O +of NN O O +20,000 NN O O +; NN O O +it NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +observed NN O O +from NN O O +experiments NN O O +conducted NN O O +at NN O O +MSSL NN O O +that NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +little NN O O +change NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +thermal NN O B-Process +performance NN O I-Process +for NN O O +tungsten NN O B-Material +heat NN O I-Material +switches NN O I-Material +with NN O O +a NN O O +RRR NN O O +between NN O O +20,000 NN O O +and NN O O +32,000 NN O O +( NN O O +subject NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +future NN O O +publication NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +therefore NN O O +the NN O O +performance NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +20,000 NN O B-Material +RRR NN O I-Material +heat NN O I-Material +switch NN O I-Material +has NN O O +been NN O O +assumed NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +a NN O O +good NN O O +approximation NN O O +. NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +5 NN O O +gives NN O O +the NN O O +calculated NN O O +thermal NN O B-Process +conductivity NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +mKCC NN O B-Material +switch NN O I-Material +at NN O O +0 NN O O +, NN O O +1 NN O O +, NN O O +2 NN O O +and NN O O +3 NN O O +T NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +Eq NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +1 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +constants NN O O +b0 NN O O +, NN O O +a1 NN O O +, NN O O +a2 NN O O +, NN O O +a3 NN O O +, NN O O +a4 NN O O +and NN O O +n NN O O +have NN O O +the NN O O +values NN O O +0.0328 NN O O +, NN O O +1.19×10−4 NN O O +, NN O O +3.57×10−6 NN O O +, NN O O +1.36 NN O O +, NN O O +0.000968 NN O O +and NN O O +1.7 NN O O +respectively NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +should NN O O +be NN O O +noted NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +calculated NN O O +thermal NN O B-Process +conductivity NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +mKCC NN O B-Material +switch NN O I-Material +presented NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +5 NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +validated NN O O +by NN O O +comparing NN O O +the NN O O +experimental NN O O +results NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +miniature NN O B-Material +ADR NN O I-Material +with NN O O +modelled NN O O +predictions NN O O +( NN O O +this NN O O +is NN O O +discussed NN O O +in NN O O +Section NN O O +3.3).(1)κ(T)=b0T2 NN O O ++ NN O O +1a1+a2T2T+Bna3T+a4T4 NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S002002551630384X) + +An NN O O +early NN O O +attempt NN O O +to NN O O +combine NN O B-Task +sets NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +networks NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +single NN O I-Task +visualization NN O I-Task +relied NN O O +on NN O O +first NN O O +drawing NN O O +an NN O O +Euler NN O B-Process +diagram NN O I-Process +then NN O O +placing NN O O +a NN O O +graph NN O O +inside NN O O +it NN O O +[ NN O O +30 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +however NN O O +the NN O O +sets NN O O +were NN O O +often NN O O +visualized NN O O +with NN O O +convoluted NN O O +, NN O O +difficult NN O O +to NN O O +follow NN O O +curves NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +, NN O O +only NN O O +limited NN O O +kinds NN O O +of NN O O +set NN O O +data NN O O +could NN O O +be NN O O +shown NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +system NN O O +was NN O O +limited NN O O +to NN O O +well NN O O +- NN O O +formed NN O O +Euler NN O B-Process +diagrams NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Compound NN O B-Material +graphs NN O I-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +represent NN O O +restricted NN O O +kinds NN O O +of NN O O +grouped NN O O +network NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Graph NN O B-Material +clusters NN O I-Material +are NN O O +visualized NN O O +with NN O O +transparent NN O B-Process +hulls NN O I-Process +by NN O O +Santamaria NN O O +and NN O O +Theron NN O O +[ NN O O +39 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +technique NN O O +removes NN O O +edges NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +graph NN O O +and NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +sufficiently NN O O +sophisticated NN O O +for NN O O +arbitrary NN O O +overlapping NN O O +sets NN O O +. NN O O +Itoh NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +24 NN O O +] NN O O +proposed NN O O +to NN O O +overlay NN O O +pie NN O O +- NN O O +like NN O O +glyphs NN O B-Material +over NN O O +the NN O O +nodes NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +graph NN O O +to NN O O +encode NN O O +multiple NN O O +categories NN O O +. NN O O +Each NN O O +set NN O O +is NN O O +hence NN O O +represented NN O O +using NN O O +disconnected NN O O +regions NN O O +that NN O O +are NN O O +linked NN O O +by NN O O +having NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +colour NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +causes NN O O +difficulties NN O O +with NN O O +tasks NN O O +that NN O O +involve NN O O +finding NN O B-Task +relations NN O I-Task +between NN O I-Task +sets NN O I-Task +such NN O O +as NN O O +T1 NN O B-Process +, NN O I-Process +T3 NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +T4 NN O I-Process +in NN O O +Section NN O O +5.3 NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +related NN O O +class NN O O +of NN O O +techniques NN O O +visualize NN O B-Process +grouping NN O I-Process +information NN O I-Process +over NN O I-Process +graphs NN O I-Process +using NN O O +convex NN O B-Process +hulls NN O I-Process +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +Vizster NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +22 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +they NN O O +do NN O O +not NN O O +support NN O O +visualizing NN O O +set NN O O +overlaps NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021961414003255) + +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +one NN O O +observes NN O O +segregation NN O B-Process +effects NN O I-Process +by NN O O +the NN O O +XRD NN O B-Task +analysis NN O I-Task +, NN O O +which NN O O +probably NN O O +took NN O O +place NN O O +at NN O O +high NN O O +temperature NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +were NN O O +partially NN O O +quenched NN O B-Process +to NN O O +room NN O O +temperature NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +phase NN O O +analysis NN O O +showed NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +three NN O O +distinct NN O O +phases NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +should NN O O +have NN O O +hence NN O O +a NN O O +distinct NN O O +measurable NN O O +phase NN O O +transition NN O O +temperature NN O O +, NN O O +if NN O O +they NN O O +crystallise NN O B-Process +from NN O O +the NN O O +liquid NN O B-Material +on NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O B-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +thermograms NN O B-Process +these NN O O +effects NN O O +are NN O O +not NN O O +observable NN O O +as NN O O +different NN O O +solidification NN O B-Process +arrest NN O I-Process +or NN O O +clear NN O B-Process +inflections NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +proportion NN O O +of NN O O +new NN O O +appearing NN O O +phases NN O O +is NN O O +small NN O O +and NN O O +therefore NN O O +the NN O O +latent NN O B-Process +heat NN O I-Process +released NN O O +by NN O O +this NN O O +new NN O O +phase NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +also NN O O +small NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +reflected NN O B-Process +light NN O I-Process +signal NN O I-Process +technique NN O I-Process +only NN O O +showed NN O O +one NN O O +phase NN O B-Process +change NN O I-Process +during NN O O +cooling NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +well NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +location NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +segregation NN O B-Process +can NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +determined NN O O +exactly NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +molten NN O B-Material +pool NN O I-Material +or NN O O +later NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +re NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +solidified NN O I-Material +material NN O I-Material +. NN O O +At NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +temperature NN O O +is NN O O +measured NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +material NN O B-Task +analysis NN O I-Task +by NN O I-Task +Raman NN O I-Task +spectroscopy NN O I-Task +has NN O O +not NN O O +shown NN O O +signs NN O O +of NN O O +segregation NN O B-Process +, NN O O +so NN O O +that NN O O +also NN O O +the NN O O +uncertainties NN O O +in NN O O +composition NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +phase NN O B-Process +transition NN O I-Process +are NN O O +taken NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +uncertainties NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +XRD NN O B-Task +analysis NN O I-Task +for NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +abundant NN O O +phase NN O O +at NN O O +each NN O O +composition NN O O +in NN O O +re NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +solidified NN O I-Material +material NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S002199911200068X) + +Myocardial NN O B-Process +electrical NN O I-Process +propagation NN O I-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +simulated NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +monodomain NN O B-Material +or NN O I-Material +bidomain NN O I-Material +PDEs NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +5,6 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Due NN O O +to NN O O +its NN O O +capacity NN O O +to NN O O +represent NN O O +complex NN O O +geometries NN O B-Material +with NN O O +ease NN O O +, NN O O +approximations NN O O +are NN O O +often NN O O +obtained NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +finite NN O B-Process +element NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +( NN O O +FEM NN O B-Process +) NN O O +to NN O O +discretise NN O O +the NN O O +PDEs NN O B-Material +in NN O O +space NN O O +on NN O O +realistic NN O O +cardiac NN O B-Material +geometry NN O I-Material +meshes NN O I-Material +; NN O O +this NN O O +results NN O O +in NN O O +very NN O O +large NN O O +( NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +forty NN O O +- NN O O +million NN O O +degrees NN O O +of NN O O +freedom NN O O +( NN O O +DOF NN O O +) NN O O +for NN O O +human NN O B-Task +heart NN O I-Task +geometries NN O I-Task +) NN O O +systems NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +linear NN O I-Process +equations NN O I-Process +which NN O O +must NN O O +be NN O O +solved NN O O +many NN O O +thousands NN O O +of NN O O +times NN O O +over NN O O +the NN O O +course NN O O +of NN O O +even NN O O +a NN O O +short NN O O +simulation NN O B-Process +. NN O O +Thus NN O O +, NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +extremely NN O O +computationally NN O O +demanding NN O O +, NN O O +presenting NN O O +taxing NN O O +problems NN O O +even NN O O +to NN O O +high NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +end NN O I-Process +supercomputing NN O I-Process +resources NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +computational NN O O +demand NN O O +means NN O O +that NN O O +effort NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +invested NN O O +in NN O O +developing NN O B-Task +efficient NN O I-Task +solution NN O I-Task +techniques NN O I-Task +, NN O O +including NN O O +work NN O O +on NN O O +preconditioning NN O B-Task +, NN O O +parallelisation NN O B-Task +and NN O O +adaptivity NN O B-Task +in NN O I-Task +space NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +time NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +7–12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +study NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +investigate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +potential NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +reducing NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +number NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +DOF NN O I-Task +by NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +high NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +order NN O I-Process +polynomial NN O I-Process +FEM NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +13–15 NN O O +] NN O O +to NN O O +approximate NN O O +the NN O O +monodomain NN O B-Material +PDE NN O I-Material +in NN O O +space NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +goal NN O O +of NN O O +significantly NN O B-Task +improving NN O I-Task +simulation NN O I-Task +efficiency NN O I-Task +over NN O O +the NN O O +piecewise NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +linear NN O I-Process +FEM NN O I-Process +approach NN O O +commonly NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +field NN O O +[ NN O O +16–19 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +schemes NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +polynomial NN O O +degree NN O O +p NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +elements NN O O +is NN O O +adjusted NN O O +according NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +error NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +approximation NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +is NN O O +known NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +finite NN O B-Process +element NN O I-Process +p NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +version NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +work NN O O +presented NN O O +here NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +work NN O O +with NN O O +schemes NN O O +which NN O O +keep NN O O +p NN O O +fixed NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999112002847) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +work NN O O +we NN O O +develop NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +new NN O I-Task +approach NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +DEA NN O I-Task +suitable NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +modelling NN O I-Task +three NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +dimensional NN O I-Task +problems NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +present NN O O +DEA NN O B-Process +methods NN O I-Process +rely NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +fact NN O O +that NN O O +one NN O O +can NN O O +easily NN O O +parametrise NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +boundary NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +region NN O I-Process +being NN O O +modelled NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +then NN O O +apply NN O O +an NN O O +orthonormal NN O B-Process +basis NN O I-Process +approximation NN O I-Process +over NN O O +the NN O O +resulting NN O O +boundary NN O B-Material +phase NN O I-Material +space NN O I-Material +coordinate NN O I-Material +system NN O I-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +two NN O O +dimensions NN O O +this NN O O +is NN O O +simple NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +boundary NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +parametrised NN O O +along NN O O +its NN O O +arc NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +length NN O I-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +associated NN O O +momentum NN O B-Material +( NN O I-Material +or NN O I-Material +direction NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +coordinate NN O I-Material +taken NN O O +tangential NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +boundary NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +basis NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +any NN O O +suitable NN O O +( NN O O +scaled NN O O +) NN O O +univariate NN O B-Material +basis NN O I-Material +in NN O O +both NN O O +position NN O O +and NN O O +momentum NN O O +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +Fourier NN O B-Material +basis NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +or NN O O +Chebyshev NN O B-Material +polynomials NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +9 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Defining NN O O +a NN O O +suitable NN O O +parametrisation NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +spatial NN O O +coordinate NN O O +in NN O O +three NN O O +- NN O O +dimensions NN O O +becomes NN O O +much NN O O +more NN O O +difficult NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +momentum NN O O +space NN O O +spherical NN O B-Process +polar NN O I-Process +coordinates NN O I-Process +may NN O O +be NN O O +employed NN O O +and NN O O +so NN O O +these NN O O +problems NN O O +do NN O O +not NN O O +arise NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999112003579) + +We NN O O +order NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +discrete NN O I-Task +unknowns NN O I-Task +so NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +vector NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +unknowns NN O I-Material +, NN O O +xPS=[X NN O B-Material +, NN O I-Material +L NN O I-Material +] NN O I-Material +, NN O O +contains NN O O +the NN O O +nx NN O O +unknown NN O O +nodal NN O B-Material +coordinates NN O I-Material +, NN O O +followed NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +nb NN O O +unknown NN O O +discrete NN O O +Lagrange NN O B-Material +multipliers NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +linear NN O O +systems NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +solved NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +course NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Newton NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +solution NN O I-Process +of NN O O +Eq NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +10 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +subject NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +displacement NN O B-Material +constraint NN O I-Material +( NN O O +9 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +then NN O O +have NN O O +saddle NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +point NN O I-Process +structure,(15)where NN O I-Process +E NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +tangent NN O B-Process +stiffness NN O I-Process +matrix NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +unconstrained NN O B-Material +pseudo NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +solid NN O I-Material +problem NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O B-Material +off NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +diagonal NN O I-Material +blocks NN O I-Material +Cxl NN O B-Material +and NN O O +Clx NN O B-Material += NN O I-Material +CxlT NN O I-Material +arise NN O O +through NN O O +the NN O O +imposition NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +displacement NN O O +constraint NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +Lagrange NN O B-Material +multipliers NN O I-Material +. NN O O +We NN O O +refer NN O O +to NN O O +[ NN O O +34 NN O O +] NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +proof NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +LBB NN O B-Material +stability NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +discretisation NN O B-Process +; NN O O +see NN O O +also NN O O +[ NN O O +35,36 NN O O +] NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +discussion NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +LBB NN O B-Material +stability NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Lagrange NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +multiplier NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +imposition NN O I-Process +of NN O O +Dirichlet NN O B-Process +boundary NN O I-Process +conditions NN O I-Process +in NN O O +related NN O O +problems NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +note NN O O +that NN O O +during NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +step NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Newton NN O B-Process +iteration NN O I-Process +, NN O O +E NN O O +is NN O O +symmetric NN O O +positive NN O O +definite NN O O +since NN O O +it NN O O +represents NN O O +the NN O O +tangent NN O B-Material +stiffness NN O I-Material +matrix NN O I-Material +relative NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +system NN O O +’s NN O O +equilibrium NN O B-Process +configuration NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999113002945) + +Inequality NN O B-Process +( NN O O +22 NN O O +) NN O O +indicates NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +maximum NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +norm NN O I-Material +is NN O O +the NN O O +loosest NN O O +among NN O O +all NN O O +p NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +norms NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Fortunately NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +loosest NN O O +constraint NN O O +would NN O O +not NN O O +seriously NN O O +affect NN O O +the NN O O +accuracy NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +value NN O O +of NN O O +||y||∞ NN O B-Material +is NN O O +comparable NN O O +to NN O O +that NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +2-norm NN O B-Material +and NN O O +1-norm NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +maximum NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +norm NN O I-Material +provides NN O O +us NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +largest NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +possible NN O O +solutions NN O O +under NN O O +a NN O O +given NN O O +error NN O O +limitation NN O O +[ NN O O +24 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +would NN O O +greatly NN O O +enhance NN O O +the NN O O +possibility NN O O +of NN O O +finding NN O O +a NN O O +group NN O O +of NN O O +optimized NN O B-Material +coefficients NN O I-Material +when NN O O +scanning NN O O +a NN O O +vast NN O B-Process +solution NN O I-Process +set NN O I-Process +. NN O O +On NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +hand NN O O +, NN O O +checking NN O O +the NN O O +maximum NN O B-Material +deviation NN O I-Material +sounds NN O O +more NN O O +reasonable NN O O +than NN O O +checking NN O O +the NN O O +“ NN O O +distance NN O O +” NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +accurate NN O O +and NN O O +approximated NN O O +wave NN O O +numbers NN O O +since NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +working NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +space NN O O +domain NN O O +. NN O O +Therefore NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +chose NN O O +the NN O O +maximum NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +norm NN O I-Material +as NN O O +our NN O O +criterion NN O O +for NN O O +designing NN O O +the NN O O +objective NN O B-Material +functions NN O I-Material +to NN O O +extend NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +accurate NN O I-Task +wave NN O I-Task +number NN O I-Task +coverage NN O I-Task +as NN O O +widely NN O O +as NN O O +possible NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999113003422) + +Similar NN O O +numerical NN O B-Material +oscillations NN O I-Material +to NN O O +those NN O O +described NN O O +above NN O O +also NN O O +emerge NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +ISPM NN O B-Material +when NN O O +utilising NN O O +classical NN O O +IBM NN O B-Process +kernels NN O I-Process +due NN O O +to NN O O +their NN O O +lack NN O O +of NN O O +regularity NN O O +( NN O O +with NN O O +discontinuous NN O O +second NN O O +derivatives NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Furthermore NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +important NN O O +to NN O O +remark NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +immersed NN O O +structure NN O O +stresses NN O O +are NN O O +captured NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +Lagrangian NN O B-Process +description NN O I-Process +and NN O O +hence NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +compute NN O O +them NN O O +accurately NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +important NN O O +to NN O O +ensure NN O O +that NN O O +these NN O O +spurious NN O O +oscillations NN O B-Material +are NN O O +not NN O O +introduced NN O O +via NN O O +the NN O O +kernel NN O B-Process +interpolation NN O I-Process +functions NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +authors NN O O +have NN O O +specifically NN O O +designed NN O O +a NN O B-Task +new NN O I-Task +family NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +kernel NN O I-Task +functions NN O I-Task +which NN O I-Task +do NN O I-Task +not NN O I-Task +introduce NN O I-Task +these NN O I-Task +spurious NN O I-Task +oscillations NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +kernel NN O B-Process +functions NN O I-Process +are NN O O +obtained NN O O +by NN O O +taking NN O O +into NN O O +account NN O O +discrete NN O O +reproducibility NN O O +conditions NN O O +as NN O O +originally NN O O +introduced NN O O +by NN O O +Peskin NN O O +[ NN O O +14 NN O O +] NN O O +( NN O O +in NN O O +our NN O O +case NN O O +, NN O O +tailor NN O O +- NN O O +made NN O O +for NN O O +Cartesian NN O B-Process +staggered NN O I-Process +grids NN O I-Process +) NN O O +and NN O O +regularity NN O O +requirements NN O O +to NN O O +prevent NN O O +the NN O O +appearance NN O O +of NN O O +spurious NN O O +oscillations NN O B-Material +when NN O O +computing NN O B-Process +derivatives NN O I-Process +. NN O O +A NN O O +Maple NN O B-Task +computer NN O I-Task +program NN O I-Task +has NN O O +been NN O O +developed NN O O +to NN O O +obtain NN O B-Task +explicit NN O I-Task +expressions NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +new NN O I-Task +kernels NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S002199911300346X) + +Contact NN O B-Process +methods NN O I-Process +have NN O O +been NN O O +developed NN O O +and NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +Lagrangian NN O O +staggered NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +grid NN O I-Material +hydrodynamic NN O I-Material +( NN O O +SGH NN O B-Material +) NN O O +calculations NN O O +for NN O O +many NN O O +years NN O O +. NN O O +Early NN O O +examples NN O O +of NN O O +contact NN O B-Process +methods NN O I-Process +are NN O O +discussed NN O O +in NN O O +Wilkins NN O O +[ NN O O +37 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +Cherry NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Hallquist NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +provides NN O O +an NN O O +overview NN O O +of NN O O +multiple NN O O +contact NN O B-Process +algorithms NN O I-Process +used NN O O +in NN O O +various NN O O +Lagrangian NN O B-Process +SGH NN O I-Process +codes NN O O +dating NN O O +back NN O O +to NN O O +HEMP NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +37 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Of NN O O +particular NN O O +interest NN O O +, NN O O +Hallquist NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +describes NN O O +the NN O O +contact NN O B-Process +surface NN O I-Process +scheme NN O I-Process +used NN O O +in NN O O +TOODY NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +31 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +later NN O O +implemented NN O O +in NN O O +DYNA2D NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +36 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +contact NN O B-Process +method NN O I-Process +of NN O O +TOODY NN O B-Process +uses NN O O +a NN O O +master NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +slave NN O I-Process +approach NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +goal NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +approach NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +treat NN O O +the NN O O +nodes NN O B-Material +on NN O O +the NN O O +contact NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +in NN O O +a NN O O +manner NN O O +similar NN O O +to NN O O +an NN O O +internal NN O B-Material +node NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +physical NN O O +properties NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +slave NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +are NN O O +interpolated NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +ghost NN O B-Material +mesh NN O I-Material +( NN O O +termed NN O O +phony NN O B-Material +elements NN O I-Material +in NN O O +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +that NN O O +overlays NN O O +the NN O O +slave NN O B-Material +zones NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +physical NN O O +properties NN O O +are NN O O +interpolated NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +slave NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +to NN O O +the NN O O +ghost NN O B-Material +zones NN O I-Material +using NN O O +surface NN O O +area NN O O +weights NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +surface NN O O +area NN O O +weights NN O O +are NN O O +equal NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +ratio NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +ghost NN O B-Material +zone NN O I-Material +surface NN O I-Material +area NN O I-Material +to NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O B-Material +area NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +master NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +contact NN O B-Task +surface NN O I-Task +method NN O I-Task +for NN O O +nodal NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +Lagrangian NN O I-Process +cell NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +centered NN O I-Process +hydrodynamics NN O I-Process +( NN O O +CCH NN O B-Material +) NN O O +presented NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +will NN O O +use NN O O +surface NN O O +area NN O O +weights NN O O +similar NN O O +in NN O O +concept NN O O +to NN O O +those NN O O +in NN O O +TOODY NN O B-Process +. NN O O +Following NN O O +the NN O O +area NN O B-Process +fraction NN O I-Process +approach NN O I-Process +of NN O O +TOODY NN O B-Process +may NN O O +seem NN O O +retrospective NN O O +; NN O O +however NN O O +, NN O O +using NN O O +surface NN O O +area NN O O +weights NN O O +naturally NN O O +extends NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +new NN O O +CCH NN O B-Process +methods NN O I-Process +that NN O O +solve NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +Riemann NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +like NN O I-Task +problem NN O I-Task +at NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +node NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +zone NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +10,24,25,3 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999113004555) + +Three NN O O +Runge NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +Kutta NN O I-Process +IMEX NN O I-Process +schemes NN O I-Process +were NN O O +tested NN O O +by NN O O +Ullrich NN O O +and NN O O +Jablonowski NN O O +[ NN O O +23 NN O O +] NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +HEVI NN O B-Process +solution NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +equations NN O O +governing NN O O +atmospheric NN O B-Process +motion NN O I-Process +. NN O O +They NN O O +tested NN O O +the NN O O +ARS(2,3,2 NN O B-Process +) NN O I-Process +scheme NN O I-Process +of NN O O +Ascher NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +also NN O O +suggested NN O O +the NN O O +less NN O O +computationally NN O O +expensive NN O O +but NN O O +nearly NN O O +as NN O O +accurate NN O O +Strang NN O B-Process +carryover NN O I-Process +scheme NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +involves NN O O +Strang NN O B-Process +splitting NN O I-Process +but NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +implicit NN O O +stage NN O O +is NN O O +cleverly NN O O +re NN O O +- NN O O +used NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +final NN O O +implicit NN O O +stage NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +previous NN O O +time NN O O +- NN O O +step NN O O +and NN O O +so NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +only NN O O +one NN O O +implicit NN O O +solution NN O O +per NN O O +time NN O O +- NN O O +step NN O O +. NN O O +Another NN O O +novel NN O O +approach NN O O +taken NN O O +by NN O O +Ullrich NN O O +and NN O O +Jablonowski NN O O +[ NN O O +23 NN O O +] NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +use NN O O +a NN O O +Rosenbrock NN O B-Process +solution NN O I-Process +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +treat NN O O +all NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +vertical NN O O +terms NN O O +implicitly NN O O +rather NN O O +than NN O O +just NN O O +the NN O O +terms NN O O +involved NN O O +in NN O O +wave NN O B-Process +propagation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +A NN O O +Rosenbrock NN O B-Process +solution NN O I-Process +is NN O O +one NN O B-Process +iteration NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +Newton NN O I-Process +solver NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +circumvents NN O O +the NN O O +time NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +step NN O I-Process +restriction NN O I-Process +associated NN O O +with NN O O +vertical NN O B-Process +advection NN O I-Process +at NN O O +the NN O O +cost NN O O +of NN O O +slowing NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +vertical NN O I-Process +advection NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999113005603) + +After NN O O +all NN O O +micro NN O O +elements NN O O +reach NN O O +a NN O O +relaxed NN O O +steady NN O O +- NN O O +state NN O O +, NN O O +measurements NN O O +are NN O O +obtained NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +cumulative NN O B-Process +averaging NN O I-Process +technique NN O I-Process +to NN O O +reduce NN O B-Task +noise NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Each NN O O +micro NN O O +element NN O O +is NN O O +divided NN O B-Process +into NN O I-Process +spatially NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +oriented NN O I-Process +bins NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +y NN O O +- NN O O +direction NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +resolve NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +velocity NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +shear NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +stress NN O I-Process +profiles NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Velocity NN O O +in NN O O +each NN O O +bin NN O O +is NN O O +measured NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +Cumulative NN O B-Process +Averaging NN O I-Process +Method NN O I-Process +( NN O O +CAM NN O B-Process +) NN O O +[ NN O O +24 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +the NN O O +stress NN O B-Process +tensor NN O I-Process +field NN O I-Process +is NN O O +measured NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +Irving NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +Kirkwood NN O I-Process +relationship NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +25 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +least NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +squares NN O I-Process +polynomial NN O I-Process +fit NN O I-Process +to NN O O +the NN O O +data NN O O +is NN O O +performed NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +helps NN O O +reduce NN O B-Task +noise NN O I-Task +further NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +fit NN O O +produces NN O O +a NN O O +continuous NN O B-Process +function NN O I-Process +that NN O O +avoids NN O O +stability NN O B-Process +issues NN O I-Process +arising NN O O +from NN O O +supplying NN O B-Process +highly NN O I-Process +fluctuating NN O I-Process +data NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +macro NN O I-Process +solver NN O I-Process +. NN O O +A NN O O +least NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +squares NN O I-Process +fit NN O I-Process +is NN O O +applied NN O O +to NN O O +an NN O O +Nth NN O B-Material +order NN O I-Material +polynomial NN O I-Material +for NN O O +the NN O O +velocity NN O O +profile NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +core NN O O +region NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +an NN O O +Mth NN O B-Material +order NN O I-Material +polynomial NN O I-Material +for NN O O +the NN O O +velocity NN O O +profile NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +constrained NN O O +region:(16)〈ui NN O O +, NN O O +core〉=∑k=1Nbk NN O O +, NN O O +iyi′(N−k),for NN O O +0⩽yi′⩽hcore NN O O +, NN O O +and(17)〈ui NN O O +, NN O O +cs〉=∑k=1Mck NN O O +, NN O O +iyi″(M−k),for NN O O +0⩽yi″⩽hcs NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +bk NN O O +, NN O O +i NN O O +and NN O O +ck NN O O +, NN O O +i NN O O +are NN O O +the NN O O +coefficients NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +polynomials NN O B-Material +used NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +core NN O O +micro NN O O +region NN O O +and NN O O +constrained NN O O +region NN O O +respectively NN O O +. NN O O +An NN O O +estimate NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +new NN O B-Material +slip NN O I-Material +velocity NN O I-Material +uB NN O O +for NN O O +input NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +macro NN O B-Material +solution NN O I-Material +( NN O O +6 NN O O +) NN O O +is NN O O +taken NN O O +directly NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +compressed NN O B-Material +wall NN O I-Material +micro NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +element NN O I-Material +solution NN O I-Material +( NN O O +16 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +at NN O O +yi′=0 NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999113005652) + +It NN O O +is NN O O +interesting NN O O +to NN O O +quantify NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +effects NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +Schmidt NN O I-Task +number NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +chemical NN O I-Task +reaction NN O I-Task +rate NN O I-Task +on NN O O +the NN O O +bulk NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +mean NN O I-Material +concentration NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +B NN O I-Material +in NN O O +water NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +data NN O O +could NN O O +present NN O O +important NN O O +information NN O O +on NN O O +evaluating NN O O +the NN O O +environmental NN O O +impacts NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +degradation NN O B-Material +product NN O I-Material +of NN O O +B NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +acidification NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +water NN O I-Process +by NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Here NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +bulk NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +mean NN O I-Material +concentration NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +B NN O I-Material +is NN O O +defined NN O O +by(24)CB⁎¯=∫01〈CB⁎〉(z⁎)dz⁎ NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +15 NN O O +depicts NN O O +the NN O O +effect NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Schmidt NN O B-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +rate NN O I-Process +on NN O O +the NN O O +bulk NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +mean NN O I-Material +concentration NN O I-Material +CB⁎¯. NN O I-Material +It NN O O +is NN O O +worth NN O O +to NN O O +mention NN O O +here NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +bulk NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +mean NN O I-Material +concentration NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +B NN O I-Material +reaches NN O O +approximately NN O O +0.6 NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +rate NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +Schmidt NN O B-Material +number NN O I-Material +increase NN O O +to NN O O +infinite NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +concentration NN O O +is NN O O +smaller NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +equilibrium NN O B-Material +concentration NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +A NN O I-Material +at NN O O +the NN O O +interface NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +figure NN O O +indicates NN O O +that NN O O +progress NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +is NN O O +somewhat NN O O +interfered NN O O +by NN O O +turbulent NN O B-Process +mixing NN O I-Process +in NN O O +water NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +efficiency NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O O +reaction NN O O +is NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +approximately NN O O +60 NN O O +% NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +efficiency NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +in NN O O +water NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +a NN O O +function NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Reynolds NN O B-Material +number NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +water NN O O +flow NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +efficiency NN O O +could NN O O +increase NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +Reynolds NN O B-Material +number NN O I-Material +increases NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +need NN O O +an NN O O +extensive NN O O +investigation NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +efficiency NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +aquarium NN O B-Process +chemical NN O I-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +near NN O O +future NN O O +to NN O O +extend NN O O +the NN O O +results NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +study NN O O +further NN O O +to NN O O +establish NN O O +practical NN O B-Process +modelling NN O I-Process +for NN O O +the NN O O +gas NN O B-Process +exchange NN O I-Process +between NN O O +air NN O O +and NN O O +water NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999113005718) + +Numerical NN O B-Task +simulation NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +gas NN O B-Process +flow NN O I-Process +through NN O O +such NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +trivial NN O O +internal NN O O +geometries NN O O +is NN O O +, NN O O +however NN O O +, NN O O +extremely NN O O +challenging NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +because NN O O +conventional NN O B-Process +continuum NN O I-Process +fluid NN O I-Process +dynamics NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +assumes NN O O +that NN O O +locally NN O O +a NN O O +gas NN O O +is NN O O +close NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +state NN O O +of NN O O +thermodynamic NN O B-Process +equilibrium NN O I-Process +, NN O O +becomes NN O O +invalid NN O O +or NN O O +inaccurate NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +smallest NN O O +characteristic NN O O +scale NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +geometry NN O O +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +the NN O O +channel NN O B-Material +height NN O I-Material +) NN O O +approaches NN O O +the NN O O +mean NN O O +distance NN O O +between NN O O +molecular NN O B-Process +collisions NN O I-Process +, NN O O +λ NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +An NN O O +accurate NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +flexible NN O I-Process +modelling NN O I-Process +alternative NN O I-Process +for NN O O +these NN O O +cases NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +direct NN O B-Process +simulation NN O I-Process +Monte NN O I-Process +Carlo NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +( NN O O +DSMC NN O B-Process +) NN O O +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +DSMC NN O B-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +prohibitively NN O O +expensive NN O O +for NN O O +internal NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +flow NN O I-Process +applications NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +typically NN O O +have NN O O +a NN O O +geometry NN O O +of NN O O +high NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +aspect NN O I-Material +ratio NN O I-Material +( NN O O +i.e. NN O O +are NN O O +extremely NN O O +long NN O O +, NN O O +relative NN O O +to NN O O +their NN O O +cross NN O O +- NN O O +section NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +high NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +aspect NN O I-Material +ratio NN O I-Material +creates NN O O +a NN O O +formidable NN O O +multiscale NN O B-Task +problem NN O I-Task +: NN O O +processes NN O O +need NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +resolved NN O O +occurring NN O O +over NN O O +the NN O O +smallest NN O O +characteristic NN O O +scale NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +geometry NN O O +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +a NN O O +channelʼs NN O O +height NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +over NN O O +the NN O O +largest NN O O +characteristic NN O O +scale NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +geometry NN O O +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +the NN O O +length NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +long NN O B-Process +channel NN O I-Process +network NN O I-Process +) NN O O +, NN O O +simultaneously NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999113006955) + +The NN O O +test NN O O +cases NN O O +confirm NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +high NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +order NN O I-Process +discretisation NN O I-Process +retains NN O O +exponential NN O B-Process +convergence NN O I-Process +properties NN O I-Process +with NN O O +increasing NN O O +geometric NN O O +and NN O O +expansion NN O O +polynomial NN O O +order NN O O +if NN O O +both NN O O +the NN O O +solution NN O B-Material +and NN O O +true NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +are NN O O +smooth NN O O +. NN O O +Errors NN O O +are NN O O +found NN O O +to NN O O +saturate NN O O +when NN O O +the NN O O +geometric NN O O +errors NN O O +, NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +parametrisation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +surface NN O I-Process +elements NN O I-Process +, NN O O +begin NN O O +to NN O O +dominate NN O O +the NN O O +temporal NN O O +and NN O O +spatial NN O O +discretisation NN O O +errors NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +the NN O O +smooth NN O B-Material +solutions NN O I-Material +considered NN O O +as NN O O +test NN O O +cases NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +results NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +this NN O O +dominance NN O O +of NN O O +geometric NN O O +errors NN O O +quickly NN O O +limits NN O O +the NN O O +effectiveness NN O O +of NN O O +further NN O O +increases NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +degrees NN O O +of NN O O +freedom NN O O +, NN O O +either NN O O +through NN O O +mesh NN O B-Process +refinement NN O I-Process +or NN O O +higher NN O B-Process +solution NN O I-Process +polynomial NN O I-Process +orders NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Increasing NN O O +the NN O O +order NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +geometry NN O B-Process +parametrisation NN O I-Process +reduces NN O O +the NN O O +geometric NN O B-Process +error NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +analytic NN O B-Task +test NN O I-Task +cases NN O I-Task +presented NN O O +here NN O O +use NN O O +a NN O O +coarse NN O B-Material +curvilinear NN O I-Material +mesh NN O I-Material +; NN O O +for NN O O +applications NN O O +, NN O O +meshes NN O B-Material +are NN O O +typically NN O O +more NN O O +refined NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +capture NN O B-Process +features NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +solution NN O I-Process +and NN O O +so NN O O +will NN O O +better NN O O +capture NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +geometry NN O I-Process +and NN O O +consequently NN O O +reduce NN O B-Process +this NN O I-Process +lower NN O I-Process +bound NN O I-Process +on NN O O +the NN O O +solution NN O B-Material +error NN O O +. NN O O +If NN O O +the NN O O +solution NN O B-Material +is NN O O +not NN O O +smooth NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +do NN O O +not NN O O +expect NN O O +to NN O O +see NN O O +rapid NN O O +convergence NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +solution NN O B-Material +is NN O O +smooth NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +the NN O O +true NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +is NN O O +not NN O O +, NN O O +then NN O O +exponential NN O B-Process +convergence NN O I-Process +with NN O O +P NN O B-Material +and NN O O +Pg NN O B-Material +can NN O O +only NN O O +be NN O O +achieved NN O O +if NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +only NN O O +if NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +discontinuities NN O B-Process +are NN O I-Process +aligned NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +element NN O I-Process +boundaries NN O I-Process +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +if NN O O +discontinuities NN O O +lie NN O O +within NN O O +an NN O O +element NN O B-Material +, NN O O +convergence NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +limited NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +geometric NN O B-Process +approximation NN O I-Process +, NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +true NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +can NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +captured NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +cardiac NN O B-Task +problem NN O I-Task +, NN O O +we NN O O +consider NN O O +both NN O O +the NN O O +true NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +and NN O O +solution NN O B-Material +to NN O O +be NN O O +smooth NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999116303291) + +DPD NN O B-Process +was NN O O +first NN O O +proposed NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +recover NN O O +the NN O O +properties NN O O +of NN O O +isotropy NN O B-Process +( NN O O +and NN O O +Galilean NN O B-Process +invariance NN O I-Process +) NN O O +that NN O O +were NN O O +broken NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +so NN O O +- NN O O +called NN O O +lattice NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +gas NN O I-Process +automata NN O I-Process +method NN O O +[ NN O O +5 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +DPD NN O B-Process +, NN O O +each NN O O +body NN O O +is NN O O +regarded NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +coarse NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +grained NN O I-Material +particle NN O I-Material +. NN O O +These NN O O +particles NN O B-Material +interact NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +soft NN O O +( NN O O +and NN O O +short NN O O +- NN O O +ranged NN O O +) NN O O +potential NN O O +, NN O O +allowing NN O O +larger NN O O +integration NN O O +timesteps NN O O +than NN O O +would NN O O +be NN O O +possible NN O O +in NN O O +MD NN O B-Process +, NN O O +while NN O O +simultaneously NN O O +decreasing NN O O +the NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +degrees NN O O +of NN O O +freedom NN O O +required NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +in NN O O +Langevin NN O B-Process +dynamics NN O I-Process +, NN O O +a NN O O +thermostat NN O B-Process +consisting NN O O +of NN O O +well NN O O +- NN O O +balanced NN O O +damping NN O O +and NN O O +stochastic NN O O +terms NN O O +is NN O O +applied NN O O +to NN O O +each NN O O +particle NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +unlike NN O O +in NN O O +Langevin NN O B-Process +dynamics NN O I-Process +, NN O O +both NN O O +terms NN O O +are NN O O +pairwise NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +damping NN O O +term NN O O +is NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +relative NN O O +velocities NN O O +, NN O O +leading NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +conservation NN O O +of NN O O +both NN O O +the NN O O +angular NN O B-Process +momentum NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +linear NN O B-Process +momentum NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +property NN O O +of NN O O +Galilean NN O B-Process +invariance NN O I-Process +( NN O O +i.e. NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +dependence NN O B-Process +on NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +relative NN O I-Process +velocity NN O I-Process +) NN O O +makes NN O O +DPD NN O B-Process +a NN O O +profile NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +unbiased NN O I-Process +thermostat NN O I-Process +( NN O O +PUT NN O B-Process +) NN O O +[ NN O O +6,7 NN O O +] NN O O +by NN O O +construction NN O O +and NN O O +thus NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +an NN O O +ideal NN O O +thermostat NN O O +for NN O O +nonequilibrium NN O B-Task +molecular NN O I-Task +dynamics NN O I-Task +( NN O I-Task +NEMD NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +momentum NN O O +is NN O O +expected NN O O +to NN O O +propagate NN O O +locally NN O O +( NN O O +while NN O O +global NN O O +momentum NN O O +is NN O O +conserved NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +thus NN O O +the NN O O +correct NN O O +hydrodynamics NN O O +is NN O O +expected NN O O +in NN O O +DPD NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +demonstrated NN O O +previously NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +9 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +aforementioned NN O O +properties NN O O +, NN O O +DPD NN O B-Process +has NN O O +been NN O O +widely NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +recover NN O B-Task +thermodynamic NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +dynamical NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +rheological NN O I-Task +properties NN O I-Task +of NN O O +complex NN O B-Material +fluids NN O I-Material +, NN O O +with NN O O +applications NN O O +in NN O O +polymer NN O B-Material +solutions NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +10 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +colloidal NN O B-Material +suspensions NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +11 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +multiphase NN O B-Material +flows NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +12 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +biological NN O B-Material +systems NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +DPD NN O B-Process +has NN O O +been NN O O +compared NN O O +with NN O O +Langevin NN O B-Process +dynamics NN O I-Process +for NN O O +out NN O O +- NN O O +of NN O O +- NN O O +equilibrium NN O O +simulations NN O O +of NN O O +polymeric NN O B-Process +systems NN O I-Process +in NN O O +[ NN O O +14 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +as NN O O +expected NN O O +the NN O O +correct NN O O +dynamic NN O B-Process +fluctuations NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +polymers NN O B-Material +were NN O O +obtained NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +former NN O O +but NN O O +not NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +latter NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0032386107010518) + +Copper NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +catalyzed NN O I-Material +Huisgen NN O I-Material +cycloadditions NN O I-Material +have NN O O +been NN O O +recently NN O O +extensively NN O O +studied NN O O +by NN O O +polymer NN O O +chemists NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +synthesis NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +functional NN O I-Task +polymers NN O I-Task +( NN O O +either NN O O +end NN O O +- NN O O +functional NN O O +or NN O O +side NN O O +- NN O O +functional NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +post NN O O +- NN O O +functionalization NN O O +of NN O O +synthetic NN O B-Material +polymers NN O I-Material +is NN O O +an NN O O +important NN O O +feature NN O O +of NN O O +macromolecular NN O B-Task +engineering NN O I-Task +as NN O O +many NN O O +polymerization NN O B-Process +mechanisms NN O O +are NN O O +rather NN O O +sensitive NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +presence NN O O +of NN O O +bulky NN O O +or NN O O +functional NN O O +groups NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +example NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +wide NN O O +variety NN O O +of NN O O +telechelic NN O B-Material +polymers NN O I-Material +( NN O O +i.e. NN O O +polymers NN O B-Material +with NN O I-Material +defined NN O I-Material +chain NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +ends NN O I-Material +) NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +efficiently NN O O +prepared NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +combination NN O O +of NN O O +atom NN O B-Process +transfer NN O I-Process +radical NN O I-Process +polymerization NN O I-Process +( NN O O +ATRP NN O B-Process +) NN O O +and NN O O +CuAAC NN O B-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +strategy NN O O +was NN O O +independently NN O O +reported NN O O +in NN O O +early NN O O +2005 NN O O +by NN O O +van NN O O +Hest NN O O +and NN O O +Opsteen NN O O +[ NN O O +31 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +Lutz NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +32 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +Matyjaszewski NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +33 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Such NN O O +step NN O O +was NN O O +important NN O O +since NN O O +ATRP NN O B-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +very NN O O +popular NN O O +polymerization NN O B-Process +method NN O O +in NN O O +modern NN O O +materials NN O O +science NN O O +[ NN O O +34,35 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Indeed NN O O +, NN O O +ATRP NN O B-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +facile NN O O +technique NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +allows NN O O +the NN O O +preparation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +well NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +defined NN O I-Process +polymers NN O I-Process +with NN O O +narrow NN O O +molecular NN O O +weight NN O O +distribution NN O O +, NN O O +predictable NN O O +chain NN O O +length NN O O +, NN O O +controlled NN O O +microstructure NN O O +, NN O O +defined NN O O +chain NN O O +- NN O O +ends NN O O +and NN O O +controlled NN O O +architecture NN O O +[ NN O O +36–41 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +possibilities NN O O +of NN O O +ATRP NN O B-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +further NN O O +broadened NN O O +by NN O O +CuAAC NN O B-Process +. NN O O +For NN O O +instance NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +ω-bromine NN O B-Material +chain NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +ends NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +polymers NN O I-Material +prepared NN O O +by NN O O +ATRP NN O B-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +transformed NN O O +into NN O O +azides NN O B-Material +by NN O O +nucleophilic NN O B-Process +substitution NN O I-Process +and NN O O +subsequently NN O O +reacted NN O O +with NN O O +functional NN O O +alkynes NN O B-Material +( NN O O +Scheme NN O O +3 NN O O +) NN O O +[ NN O O +32 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +very NN O O +high NN O O +chemoselectivity NN O O +of NN O O +CuAAC NN O B-Process +, NN O O +this NN O O +method NN O O +is NN O O +highly NN O O +modular NN O O +and NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +synthesize NN O O +a NN O O +wide NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +ω-functional NN O B-Material +polymers NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +formed NN O O +triazole NN O B-Material +rings NN O I-Material +are NN O O +not NN O O +“ NN O O +passive NN O O +” NN O O +spacers NN O O +but NN O O +interesting NN O O +functions NN O O +exhibiting NN O O +H NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +bonds NN O I-Process +capability NN O O +, NN O O +aromaticity NN O O +and NN O O +rigidity NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0032386108009397) + +The NN O O +viscoelastic NN O B-Process +behavior NN O I-Process +of NN O O +elastomers NN O B-Material +containing NN O O +small NN O O +amounts NN O O +of NN O O +unattached NN O O +chains NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +investigated NN O O +to NN O O +characterize NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +dynamics NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +polymer NN O I-Task +chains NN O I-Task +trapped NN O O +in NN O O +fixed NN O O +networks NN O O +[ NN O O +66–68 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Polymer NN O B-Material +chains NN O I-Material +trapped NN O O +in NN O O +fixed NN O O +networks NN O O +constitute NN O O +a NN O O +simpler NN O O +system NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +study NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +polymer NN O B-Material +chain NN O I-Material +dynamics NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +corresponding NN O O +uncrosslinked NN O O +polymer NN O B-Material +melts NN O I-Material +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +because NN O O +the NN O O +complicated NN O O +effect NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +motion NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +surrounding NN O O +chains NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +dynamics NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +probe NN O B-Material +chain NN O I-Material +– NN O O +called NN O O +“ NN O O +constraint NN O B-Process +release NN O I-Process +” NN O O +[ NN O O +69 NN O O +] NN O O +– NN O O +is NN O O +absent NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +fixed NN O O +network NN O O +systems NN O O +. NN O O +Most NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +earlier NN O O +studies NN O O +employed NN O O +randomly NN O O +crosslinked NN O B-Material +elastomers NN O I-Material +as NN O O +host NN O O +networks NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +case NN O O +, NN O O +precise NN O O +control NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +mesh NN O I-Task +size NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +host NN O O +networks NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +possible NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +mesh NN O B-Material +size NN O O +has NN O O +a NN O O +broad NN O O +distribution NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +end NN O O +- NN O O +linking NN O O +systems NN O O +give NN O O +the NN O O +host NN O O +networks NN O O +a NN O O +more NN O O +uniform NN O O +mesh NN O O +size NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +they NN O O +can NN O O +control NN O O +the NN O O +mesh NN O B-Material +size NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +size NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +precursor NN O B-Material +chains NN O I-Material +. NN O O +We NN O O +investigated NN O O +the NN O O +dynamic NN O O +viscoelasticity NN O O +of NN O O +end NN O O +- NN O O +linked NN O O +PDMS NN O B-Material +elastomers NN O I-Material +containing NN O O +unattached NN O O +linear NN O O +PDMS NN O B-Material +as NN O O +functions NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +size NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +unattached NN O B-Material +chains NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Mg NN O B-Material +) NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +network NN O B-Material +mesh NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Mx NN O B-Material +) NN O O +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +9a NN O O +) NN O O +[ NN O O +70 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +employed NN O O +two NN O O +types NN O O +of NN O O +host NN O O +networks NN O O +with NN O O +Mx NN O B-Process +> NN O I-Process +Me NN O I-Process +and NN O O +Mx NN O B-Process +< NN O I-Process +Me NN O I-Process +where NN O O +Me NN O O +( NN O O +≈10,000 NN O O +for NN O O +PDMS NN O B-Material +) NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +molecular NN O O +mass NN O O +between NN O O +adjacent NN O O +entanglements NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +molten NN O O +state NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +Mx NN O B-Process +> NN O I-Process +Me NN O I-Process +and NN O O +Mx NN O B-Process +< NN O I-Process +Me NN O I-Process +networks NN O O +( NN O O +designated NN O O +as NN O O +NL NN O B-Process +and NN O O +NS NN O B-Process +, NN O O +respectively NN O O +) NN O O +were NN O O +designed NN O O +by NN O O +end NN O O +- NN O O +linking NN O O +the NN O O +long NN O O +( NN O O +Mn=84,000 NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +short NN O O +precursor NN O O +chains NN O O +( NN O O +Mn=4,550 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +respectively NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +mesh NN O B-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +NL NN O O +networks NN O O +is NN O O +dominated NN O O +by NN O O +trapped NN O O +entanglements NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +that NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +NS NN O O +network NN O O +is NN O O +governed NN O O +by NN O O +chemical NN O B-Material +cross NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +links NN O I-Material +. NN O I-Material + +-DOCSTART- (S0032386109001463) + +When NN O O +incompatible NN O O +three NN O O +component NN O O +polymer NN O B-Material +chains NN O I-Material +are NN O O +tethered NN O O +at NN O O +a NN O O +junction NN O O +point NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +resultant NN O O +star NN O B-Material +molecules NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +ABC NN O O +type NN O O +are NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +very NN O O +frustrated NN O O +field NN O O +in NN O O +bulk NN O O +. NN O O +That NN O O +is NN O O +, NN O O +their NN O O +junction NN O O +points NN O O +can NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +aligned NN O O +on NN O O +two NN O O +- NN O O +dimensional NN O O +planes NN O O +but NN O O +on NN O O +one NN O O +- NN O O +dimensional NN O O +lines NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +schematically NN O O +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1 NN O O +. NN O O +Furthermore NN O O +, NN O O +when NN O O +the NN O O +chain NN O O +length NN O O +difference NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +so NN O O +large NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +array NN O O +of NN O O +junction NN O O +points NN O O +tends NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +straight NN O O +and NN O O +long NN O O +one NN O O +. NN O O +Consequently NN O O +each NN O O +domain NN O O +with NN O O +mesoscopic NN O O +sizes NN O O +becomes NN O O +cylinders NN O B-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +their NN O O +cross NN O O +sections NN O O +could NN O O +be NN O O +conformed NN O O +by NN O O +polygons NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +28,29 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +because NN O O +three NN O B-Material +interfaces NN O I-Material +, NN O I-Material +A NN O I-Material +/ NN O I-Material +B NN O I-Material +, NN O I-Material +B NN O I-Material +/ NN O I-Material +C NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +C NN O I-Material +/ NN O I-Material +A NN O I-Material +are NN O O +likely NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +flat NN O O +since NN O O +there NN O O +exist NN O O +no NN O O +junction NN O O +points NN O O +at NN O O +interfaces NN O O +and NN O O +therefore NN O O +chain NN O B-Process +entropy NN O I-Process +contribution NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +free NN O O +energy NN O O +of NN O O +structure NN O O +formation NN O O +is NN O O +considerably NN O O +small NN O O +comparing NN O O +with NN O O +regular NN O O +block NN O O +and NN O O +graft NN O O +copolymer NN O O +systems NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +a NN O O +matter NN O O +of NN O O +fact NN O O +, NN O O +Dotera NN O O +predicted NN O O +several NN O O +tiling NN O O +patterns NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +diagonal NN O B-Process +bond NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +, NN O O +a NN O O +new NN O O +Monte NN O B-Process +Carlo NN O I-Process +Simulation NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +30 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +Gemma NN O O +and NN O O +Dotera NN O O +pointed NN O O +out NN O O +that NN O O +only NN O O +three NN O O +regular NN O O +tilings NN O O +, NN O O +i.e. NN O O +, NN O O +( NN O O +6.6.6 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +( NN O O +4.8.8 NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +( NN O O +4.6.12 NN O O +) NN O O +are NN O O +permitted NN O O +for NN O O +three NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +branched NN O I-Material +molecules NN O I-Material +proposed NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +“ NN O O +even NN O B-Process +polygon NN O I-Process +theorem NN O I-Process +” NN O O +[ NN O O +31 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0032386109003991) + +A NN O O +living NN O O +polymerization NN O B-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +reaction NN O B-Process +without NN O O +transfer NN O O +and NN O O +termination NN O B-Process +reactions NN O O +that NN O O +can NN O O +proceed NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +complete NN O O +monomer NN O B-Process +conversion NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +, NN O O +when NN O O +initiation NN O O +is NN O O +quantitative NN O O +and NN O O +fast NN O O +compared NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +propagation NN O B-Process +reaction NN O O +, NN O O +polymers NN O B-Material +with NN O O +precisely NN O O +controlled NN O O +chain NN O O +length NN O O +and NN O O +narrow NN O O +molar NN O O +mass NN O O +distribution NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +obtained NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +an NN O O +industrial NN O B-Task +styrene NN O I-Task +polymerization NN O I-Task +this NN O O +would NN O O +permit NN O O +to NN O O +avoid NN O O +any NN O O +specific NN O O +washing NN O B-Process +or NN O O +degassing NN O B-Process +steps NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +are NN O O +necessary NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +radical NN O O +process NN O O +to NN O O +remove NN O O +residual NN O O +monomer NN O O +and NN O O +low NN O B-Material +molar NN O I-Material +mass NN O I-Material +oligomers NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Since NN O O +head NN O O +- NN O O +to NN O O +- NN O O +head NN O O +defects NN O O +along NN O O +the NN O O +chains NN O O +are NN O O +absent NN O O +, NN O O +anionic NN O B-Material +polystyrene NN O I-Material +would NN O O +exhibit NN O O +also NN O O +a NN O O +better NN O O +thermal NN O O +stability NN O O +than NN O O +radical NN O O +one NN O O +. NN O O +Therefore NN O O +, NN O O +production NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +anionic NN O I-Task +polystyrene NN O I-Task +( NN O I-Task +PS NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +would NN O O +be NN O O +of NN O O +interest NN O O +if NN O O +the NN O O +conditions NN O O +required NN O O +to NN O O +control NN O O +the NN O O +polymerization NN O B-Process +could NN O O +be NN O O +adapted NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +market NN O O +and NN O O +be NN O O +able NN O O +to NN O O +compete NN O O +economically NN O O +with NN O O +industrial NN O O +radical NN O O +processes NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +organic NN O B-Material +solvents NN O I-Material +and NN O O +of NN O O +expensive NN O O +alkyllithium NN O B-Process +initiators NN O I-Process +, NN O O +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +relatively NN O O +low NN O O +reaction NN O O +temperatures NN O O +required NN O O +, NN O O +was NN O O +some NN O O +important NN O O +limitation NN O O +to NN O O +overcome NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +possibilities NN O O +to NN O O +achieve NN O O +a NN O O +quantitative NN O O +living NN O O +- NN O O +like NN O O +anionic NN O B-Process +polymerization NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +styrene NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +absence NN O O +of NN O O +solvent NN O B-Material +and NN O O +at NN O O +elevated NN O O +temperature NN O O +, NN O O +using NN O O +inexpensive NN O O +initiating NN O O +systems NN O O +, NN O O +were NN O O +the NN O O +main NN O O +targets NN O O +identified NN O O +to NN O O +tremendously NN O O +decrease NN O O +the NN O O +cost NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +anionic NN O O +process NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +implied NN O O +at NN O O +first NN O O +to NN O O +control NN O O +the NN O O +reactivity NN O O +and NN O O +stability NN O O +of NN O O +initiating NN O O +and NN O O +propagating NN O B-Process +active NN O I-Process +species NN O I-Process +in NN O O +such NN O O +unusual NN O O +operating NN O O +conditions NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0032386109005357) + +A NN O O +hydroxyl NN O O +- NN O O +functionalized NN O O +poly(butylene NN O O +succinate NN O O +) NN O O +based NN O O +polyester NN O B-Material +was NN O O +prepared NN O O +by NN O O +conventional NN O O +polycondensation NN O B-Process +of NN O O +benzyl NN O O +- NN O O +protected NN O O +dimethyl NN O B-Material +malonate NN O I-Material +and NN O O +1,4-butanediol NN O B-Material +( NN O O +Scheme NN O O +2(a NN O O +) NN O O +) NN O O +[ NN O O +24a NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Yao NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +reported NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +direct NN O O +polycondensation NN O B-Process +of NN O O +l NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +lactic NN O I-Material +acid NN O I-Material +and NN O O +citric NN O B-Material +acid NN O I-Material +with NN O O +the NN O O +formation NN O O +of NN O O +poly[(l NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +lactic NN O I-Material +acid)-co-(citric NN O I-Material +acid NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +] NN O I-Material +, NN O O +obtaining NN O O +a NN O O +polyester NN O B-Material +oligomer NN O I-Material +with NN O O +both NN O O +pendant NN O O +carboxylic NN O O +and NN O O +hydroxyl NN O O +groups NN O O +[ NN O O +24b NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +PLCA NN O B-Material +oligomer NN O I-Material +was NN O O +reacted NN O O +with NN O O +dihydroxylated NN O B-Material +PLLA NN O I-Material +as NN O O +a NN O O +macromonomer NN O O +, NN O O +yielding NN O O +a NN O O +PLCA NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +PLLA NN O I-Material +multiblock NN O I-Material +copolymer NN O I-Material +as NN O O +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Scheme NN O O +2(b NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +While NN O O +lipases NN O B-Material +have NN O O +been NN O O +investigated NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +ring NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +opening NN O I-Process +polymerization NN O I-Process +( NN O O +ROP NN O B-Process +) NN O O +of NN O O +cyclic NN O B-Material +ester NN O I-Material +monomers NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +25,26 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +they NN O O +have NN O O +also NN O O +been NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +preparation NN O O +of NN O O +polyesters NN O B-Material +by NN O O +polycondensation NN O B-Process +reactions NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +advantage NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +technique NN O O +is NN O O +that NN O O +these NN O O +enzyme NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +catalyzed NN O I-Process +reactions NN O O +proceed NN O O +without NN O O +protection NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +pendant NN O O +functional NN O O +groups NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +field NN O O +, NN O O +hydroxyl NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +bearing NN O I-Material +polyesters NN O I-Material +have NN O O +been NN O O +synthesized NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +copolymerization NN O B-Process +of NN O O +divinyl NN O B-Material +adipate NN O I-Material +with NN O O +various NN O O +triols NN O B-Material +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +glycerol NN O B-Material +, NN O O +1,2,4-butanetriol NN O B-Material +) NN O O +as NN O O +represented NN O O +in NN O O +Scheme NN O O +2(c NN O O +) NN O O +[ NN O O +27 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +by NN O O +copolymerizations NN O B-Process +of NN O O +1,8-octanediol NN O B-Material +with NN O O +adipic NN O B-Material +acid NN O I-Material +and NN O O +several NN O O +alditols NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +28 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Very NN O O +recently NN O O +, NN O O +several NN O O +α-hydroxy NN O B-Material +acids NN O I-Material +derived NN O O +from NN O O +amino NN O B-Material +acids NN O I-Material +were NN O O +homo- NN O O +and NN O O +copolymerized NN O O +with NN O O +lactic NN O B-Material +acid NN O I-Material +by NN O O +polycondensation NN O B-Process +in NN O O +bulk NN O O +without NN O O +protected NN O O +monomers NN O B-Material +( NN O O +Scheme NN O O +2(d NN O O +) NN O O +) NN O O +[ NN O O +29 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Biodegradable NN O B-Material +polyesters NN O I-Material +with NN O O +various NN O O +pendant NN O O +groups NN O O +were NN O O +obtained NN O O +, NN O O +although NN O O +the NN O O +molecular NN O O +weights NN O O +remained NN O O +low NN O O +( NN O O +1000–3000gmol−1 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0032386110001254) + +Despite NN O O +the NN O O +loss NN O O +of NN O O +directed NN O O +, NN O O +self NN O O +- NN O O +complementary NN O O +hydrogen NN O B-Process +bonding NN O I-Process +through NN O O +alkylation NN O B-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +imidazole NN O O +ring NN O O +, NN O O +electrostatic NN O B-Process +aggregation NN O I-Process +of NN O O +imidazolium NN O B-Material +salts NN O I-Material +is NN O O +a NN O O +tunable NN O O +, NN O O +self NN O O +- NN O O +assembly NN O O +process NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +instrumental NN O O +to NN O O +several NN O O +applications NN O O +. NN O O +Imidazolium NN O B-Material +salts NN O I-Material +are NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +extract NN O O +metal NN O B-Material +ions NN O I-Material +from NN O O +aqueous NN O B-Material +solutions NN O I-Material +and NN O O +coat NN O O +metal NN O B-Material +nanoparticles NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +15 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +dissolve NN O O +carbohydrates NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +16 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +create NN O O +polyelectrolyte NN O B-Process +brushes NN O I-Process +on NN O O +surfaces NN O O +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +example NN O O +, NN O O +atom NN O B-Process +transfer NN O I-Process +radical NN O I-Process +polymerization NN O I-Process +( NN O O +ATRP NN O B-Process +) NN O O +was NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +graft NN O O +poly(1-ethyl NN O B-Material +3-(2-methacryloyloxy NN O I-Material +ethyl NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +imidazolium NN O I-Material +chloride NN O I-Material +) NN O O +brushes NN O O +onto NN O O +gold NN O B-Material +surfaces NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +One NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +imidazolium NN O B-Material +salt NN O I-Material +’s NN O O +most NN O O +promising NN O O +attributes NN O O +is NN O O +its NN O O +antimicrobial NN O B-Process +action NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +12,18 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +molecular NN O O +self NN O O +- NN O O +assembly NN O O +into NN O O +liquid NN O B-Material +crystals NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +19,20 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium NN O B-Material +chlorides NN O I-Material +and NN O O +bromides NN O B-Material +, NN O O +1-alkyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxyethylimidazolium NN O B-Material +chlorides NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +N NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +alkyl NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +N NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +hydroxyethylpyrrolidinonium NN O I-Material +, NN O O +for NN O O +example NN O O +, NN O O +all NN O O +exhibit NN O O +strong NN O O +biocidal NN O B-Process +activity NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +18 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Hydrogels NN O B-Material +form NN O I-Material +from NN O O +polymerized NN O B-Material +methylimidazolium NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +based NN O I-Material +ionic NN O I-Material +liquids NN O I-Material +with NN O O +acryloyl NN O B-Material +groups NN O I-Material +; NN O O +the NN O O +polymer NN O B-Material +self NN O O +- NN O O +assembles NN O O +into NN O O +organized NN O B-Material +lamellae NN O I-Material +with NN O O +unique NN O O +swelling NN O O +properties NN O O +, NN O O +leading NN O O +to NN O O +bioactive NN O B-Task +applications NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +19 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Other NN O O +bioactive NN O B-Task +applications NN O I-Task +for NN O O +imidazolium NN O B-Material +salts NN O I-Material +include NN O O +antiarrhythmics NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +21 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +anti NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +metastic NN O I-Material +agents NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +22,23 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +imidazolium NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +based NN O I-Material +steroids NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +24 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Separation NN O B-Process +applications NN O I-Process +include NN O O +efficient NN O B-Process +absorption NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +CO2 NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +25 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Imidazolium NN O B-Material +salts NN O I-Material +enhance NN O O +vesicle NN O B-Process +formation NN O I-Process +as NN O O +imidazolium NN O B-Material +surfactants NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +26 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +they NN O O +also NN O O +find NN O O +application NN O O +in NN O O +polymeric NN O B-Process +actuators NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +27 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0039602899010493) + +Although NN O O +the NN O O +basic NN O O +mechanisms NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +AD NN O B-Process +process NN O O +are NN O O +reasonably NN O O +well NN O O +understood NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +has NN O O +not NN O O +proved NN O O +simple NN O O +to NN O O +apply NN O O +existing NN O O +theories NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +interpretation NN O O +of NN O O +experimental NN O O +data NN O O +. NN O O +What NN O O +is NN O O +needed NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +combination NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +AD NN O B-Process +theory NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +electronic NN O O +structure NN O O +of NN O O +realistic NN O O +systems NN O O +, NN O O +including NN O O +surface NN O B-Material +defects NN O I-Material +and NN O O +adsorbed NN O B-Material +species NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Such NN O O +electronic NN O O +structure NN O O +calculations NN O O +are NN O O +still NN O O +complex NN O O +and NN O O +time NN O O +- NN O O +consuming NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +many NN O O +cases NN O O +, NN O O +especially NN O O +for NN O O +insulating NN O O +surfaces NN O O +, NN O O +attempts NN O O +to NN O O +model NN O O +MIES NN O B-Material +spectra NN O I-Material +use NN O O +simple NN O O +or NN O O +intuitive NN O O +models NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +Refs NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +4,6,23 NN O O +] NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +assumed NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +main NN O O +transition NN O O +mechanism NN O O +is NN O O +Auger NN O B-Process +de NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +excitation NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +MIES NN O B-Material +spectra NN O I-Material +have NN O O +been NN O O +simulated NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +density NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +states NN O I-Process +( NN O O +DOS NN O B-Process +) NN O O +projected NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O B-Material +oxygen NN O I-Material +ions NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +uppermost NN O O +surface NN O O +layer NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +Hartree NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +Fock NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +( NN O O +the NN O O +crystal NN O B-Process +code NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +24,25 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +a NN O O +density NN O B-Process +functional NN O I-Process +theory NN O I-Process +( NN O O +DFT NN O B-Process +) NN O O +method NN O O +( NN O O +the NN O O +cetep NN O B-Process +code NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +26 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +effect NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +overlap NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +and NN O O +He(1s NN O O +) NN O O +wavefunctions NN O O +was NN O O +taken NN O O +into NN O O +account NN O O +only NN O O +approximately NN O O +by NN O O +applying NN O O +an NN O O +additional NN O O +z NN O O +- NN O O +dependent NN O O +exponential NN O O +factor NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +DOS NN O B-Process +. NN O O +Other NN O O +workers NN O O +[ NN O O +5,6 NN O O +] NN O O +estimated NN O O +the NN O O +AD NN O B-Process +transition NN O I-Process +probability NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +DOS NN O B-Process +projected NN O O +on NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +projectile NN O O +1s NN O O +atomic NN O O +orbital NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +they NN O O +were NN O O +not NN O O +able NN O O +to NN O O +use NN O O +state NN O O +- NN O O +of NN O O +- NN O O +the NN O O +- NN O O +art NN O O +methods NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +electronic NN O O +structure NN O O +. NN O O +Yet NN O O +the NN O O +success NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +simplified NN O O +treatments NN O O +[ NN O O +4–6 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +especially NN O O +for NN O O +MIES NN O B-Material +features NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +relative NN O O +energies NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +different NN O O +peaks NN O O +, NN O O +suggests NN O O +that NN O O +real NN O O +spectra NN O O +are NN O O +indeed NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +projection NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +DOS NN O B-Process +on NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +projectile NN O O +orbital NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0098300413002124) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +section NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +use NN O O +the NN O O +terrain NN O B-Process +data NN O I-Process +processing NN O I-Process +as NN O O +an NN O O +example NN O O +to NN O O +describe NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +geodetic NN O I-Task +data NN O I-Task +transformation NN O I-Task +method NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Since NN O O +Google NN O O +Maps NN O O +/ NN O O +Earth NN O O +server NN O O +only NN O O +gives NN O O +the NN O O +terrain NN O O +data NN O O +in NN O O +graphical NN O O +display NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +to NN O O +get NN O O +terrain NN O B-Material +digital NN O I-Material +data NN O I-Material +from NN O O +other NN O O +sources NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +fine NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +resolution NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +3″ NN O I-Process +or NN O I-Process +finer NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +terrain NN O I-Process +data NN O I-Process +bases NN O I-Process +such NN O O +as NN O O +SRTM NN O B-Process +( NN O O +Shuttle NN O B-Process +Radar NN O I-Process +Topographical NN O I-Process +Mission NN O I-Process +) NN O O +or NN O O +USGS NN O O +'s NN O O +DEM NN O B-Process +( NN O O +Digital NN O B-Process +Elevation NN O I-Process +Model NN O I-Process +) NN O O +data NN O O +are NN O O +necessary NN O O +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +since NN O O +3DWF NN O O +is NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +model NN O O +the NN O O +fine NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +scale NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +meters NN O I-Process +up NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +100 NN O I-Process +m NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +atmospheric NN O I-Process +flow NN O I-Process +, NN O O +it NN O O +needs NN O O +fine NN O O +resolution NN O O +terrain NN O O +data NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +project NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +use NN O O +the NN O O +terrain NN O O +elevation NN O O +data NN O O +set NN O O +from NN O O +SRTM NN O B-Process +( NN O O +Farr NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +2007 NN O O +) NN O O +with NN O O +3-arcsecond NN O O +( NN O O +~90 NN O O +m NN O O +resolution NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +equator NN O O +) NN O O +resolution NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +data NN O O +covers NN O O +the NN O O +land NN O O +area NN O O +, NN O O +nearly NN O O +global NN O O +from NN O O +56S NN O O +to NN O O +60N NN O O +latitudes NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +use NN O O +the NN O O +processed NN O O +version NN O O +4 NN O O +SRTM NN O B-Process +data NN O O +set NN O O +as NN O O +described NN O O +in NN O O +Gamache NN O O +( NN O O +2005 NN O O +) NN O O +in NN O O +which NN O O +some NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +missing NN O O +data NN O O +holes NN O O +were NN O O +filled NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +original NN O O +data NN O O +is NN O O +organized NN O O +in NN O O +WGS84 NN O B-Material +( NN O O +World NN O B-Material +Geodetic NN O I-Material +System NN O I-Material +84 NN O I-Material +) NN O O +geodetic NN O O +coordinate NN O O +system NN O O +. NN O O +When NN O O +the NN O O +data NN O O +are NN O O +applied NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +3DWF NN O B-Process +model NN O O +, NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +transformed NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +local NN O O +East NN O B-Material +, NN O I-Material +North NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +Up NN O I-Material +( NN O O +ENU NN O B-Material +) NN O O +coordinate NN O O +( NN O O +see NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +3 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Since NN O O +the NN O O +3DWF NN O B-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +fine NN O O +scale NN O O +wind NN O O +model NN O O +and NN O O +its NN O O +entire NN O O +model NN O O +domain NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +intended NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +larger NN O O +than NN O O +20×20 NN O O +km NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +Cartesian NN O B-Material +coordinate NN O I-Material +system NN O I-Material +is NN O O +a NN O O +good NN O O +choice NN O O +with NN O O +very NN O O +little NN O O +distortion NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +curvature NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Earth NN O O +'s NN O O +surface NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +transformation NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +WGS84 NN O O +data NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +ENU NN O O +coordinate NN O O +is NN O O +performed NN O O +as NN O O +follows NN O O +( NN O O +Fukushima NN O O +, NN O O +2006 NN O O +; NN O O +Featherstone NN O O +and NN O O +Claessens NN O O +, NN O O +2008 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0098300414000259) + +Apache NN O B-Process +Pig NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +platform NN O O +for NN O O +creating NN O O +MapReduce NN O B-Process +workflows NN O I-Process +with NN O O +Hadoop NN O B-Material +. NN O O +These NN O O +workflows NN O O +are NN O O +expressed NN O O +as NN O O +directed NN O B-Material +acyclic NN O I-Material +graphs NN O I-Material +( NN O O +DAGs NN O B-Material +) NN O O +of NN O O +tasks NN O O +that NN O O +exist NN O O +at NN O O +a NN O O +conceptually NN O O +higher NN O O +level NN O O +than NN O O +their NN O O +implementations NN O O +as NN O O +series NN O O +of NN O O +MapReduce NN O B-Process +jobs NN O O +. NN O O +Pig NN O B-Process +Latin NN O I-Process +is NN O O +the NN O O +procedural NN O O +language NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +building NN O O +these NN O O +workflows NN O O +, NN O O +providing NN O O +syntax NN O O +similar NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +declarative NN O O +SQL NN O B-Process +commonly NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +relational NN O O +database NN O O +systems NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +to NN O O +standard NN O O +SQL NN O B-Process +operations NN O I-Process +, NN O O +Pig NN O B-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +extended NN O O +with NN O O +user NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +defined NN O I-Process +functions NN O I-Process +( NN O O +UDFs NN O B-Process +) NN O O +commonly NN O O +written NN O O +in NN O O +Java NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +adopted NN O O +Pig NN O B-Process +for NN O O +our NN O O +implementation NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +correlator NN O O +to NN O O +speed NN O O +up NN O O +development NN O O +time NN O O +, NN O O +allow NN O O +for NN O O +ad NN O O +hoc NN O O +workflow NN O O +changes NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +to NN O O +embrace NN O O +the NN O O +Hadoop NN O B-Material +community׳s NN O O +migration NN O O +away NN O O +from NN O O +MapReduce NN O B-Process +towards NN O O +more NN O O +generalized NN O O +DAG NN O B-Task +processing NN O I-Task +( NN O O +Mayer NN O O +, NN O O +2013 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Specifically NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +event NN O O +that NN O O +future NN O O +versions NN O O +of NN O O +Hadoop NN O B-Material +are NN O O +optimized NN O O +to NN O O +support NN O O +paradigms NN O O +other NN O O +than NN O O +MapReduce NN O B-Process +, NN O O +Pig NN O B-Material +scripts NN O I-Material +could NN O O +take NN O O +advantage NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O O +advances NN O O +without NN O O +recoding NN O O +, NN O O +whereas NN O O +explicit NN O O +Java NN O B-Process +MapReduce NN O I-Process +jobs NN O O +would NN O O +need NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +rewritten NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0098300414002532) + +The NN O B-Task +threshold NN O I-Task +values NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +removing NN O I-Task +large NN O I-Task +caters NN O I-Task +were NN O I-Task +determined NN O I-Task +by NN O O +examining NN O O +the NN O O +craters NN O O +within NN O O +the NN O O +study NN O O +area NN O O +, NN O O +referencing NN O O +previous NN O O +studies NN O O +( NN O O +Molloy NN O O +and NN O O +Stepinski NN O O +, NN O O +2007 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +some NN O O +trial NN O O +and NN O O +error NN O O +. NN O O +After NN O O +the NN O O +parameter NN O O +values NN O O +are NN O O +determined NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +rest NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +process NN O O +is NN O O +automated NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +do NN O O +anticipate NN O O +some NN O O +minimum NN O O +manual NN O B-Process +editing NN O I-Process +may NN O O +be NN O O +needed NN O O +in NN O O +some NN O O +complicated NN O O +terrains NN O O +when NN O O +apply NN O O +it NN O O +to NN O O +all NN O O +of NN O O +Mars NN O O +. NN O O +To NN O O +minimize NN O O +the NN O O +distortion NN O O +resulted NN O O +from NN O O +map NN O O +projection NN O O +on NN O O +global NN O O +datasets NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +will NN O O +choose NN O O +an NN O O +equal NN O O +area NN O O +projection NN O O +by NN O O +evaluating NN O O +the NN O O +options NN O O +suggested NN O O +in NN O O +Steinwand NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +1995 NN O O +) NN O O +or NN O O +conduct NN O O +geodesic NN O O +area NN O O +calculation NN O O +using NN O O +software NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +“ NN O O +Tools NN O B-Process +for NN O I-Process +Graphics NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +Shapes NN O I-Process +” NN O O +( NN O O +http://www.jennessent.com/arcgis/shapes_graphics.htm)Although NN O O +post NN O O +- NN O O +formational NN O O +modification NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +valleys NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +minimum NN O O +( NN O O +Williams NN O O +and NN O O +Phillips NN O O +, NN O O +2001 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +may NN O O +nonetheless NN O O +be NN O O +modifications NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +eolian NN O O +fill NN O O +and NN O O +mass NN O O +wasting NN O O +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +, NN O O +Grant NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2008 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Thus NN O O +the NN O O +volume NN O O +estimates NN O O +derived NN O O +with NN O O +PBTH NN O B-Process +method NN O I-Process +represents NN O O +a NN O O +lower NN O O +bound NN O O +. NN O O +Comparing NN O O +the NN O O +estimates NN O O +from NN O O +MOLA NN O B-Material +and NN O O +HRSC NN O B-Material +data NN O O +reveals NN O O +that NN O O +MOLA NN O B-Material +estimate NN O O +is NN O O +about NN O O +91 NN O O +% NN O O +of NN O O +HRSC NN O B-Material +value NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +MOLA NN O B-Material +has NN O O +global NN O O +coverage NN O O +whereas NN O O +HRSC NN O B-Material +does NN O O +not NN O O +. NN O O +Therefore NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +areas NN O O +where NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +only NN O O +MOLA NN O B-Material +coverage NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +estimate NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +scaled NN O O +upward NN O O +by NN O O +1.1 NN O O +times NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +algorithm NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +tested NN O O +on NN O O +DEMs NN O B-Material +with NN O O +various NN O O +resolutions NN O O +( NN O O +2 NN O O +m NN O O +for NN O O +simulated NN O O +DEM NN O B-Material +, NN O O +75 NN O O +m NN O O +for NN O O +HRSC NN O B-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +463 NN O O +m NN O O +for NN O O +MOLA NN O B-Material +) NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +can NN O O +certainly NN O O +be NN O O +applied NN O O +to NN O O +higher NN O O +resolution NN O O +DEMs NN O B-Material +for NN O O +Mars NN O O +when NN O O +they NN O O +become NN O O +available NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +the NN O O +threshold NN O O +values NN O O +will NN O O +need NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +adjusted NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0166361516300926) + +This NN O O +research NN O O +traces NN O O +the NN O O +implementation NN O O +of NN O O +an NN O O +information NN O O +system NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +form NN O O +of NN O O +ERP NN O B-Material +modules NN O I-Material +covering NN O O +tenant NN O O +and NN O O +contract NN O O +management NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +Chinese NN O O +service NN O O +company NN O O +. NN O O +Misalignments NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +ERP NN O B-Process +system NN O I-Process +specification NN O O +and NN O O +user NN O O +needs NN O O +led NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +adoption NN O O +of NN O O +informal NN O O +processes NN O O +within NN O O +the NN O O +organisation NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +processes NN O O +are NN O O +facilitated NN O O +within NN O O +an NN O O +informal NN O O +organisational NN O O +structure NN O O +and NN O O +are NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +human NN O O +interactions NN O O +undertaken NN O O +within NN O O +the NN O O +formal NN O O +organisation NN O O +. NN O O +Rather NN O O +than NN O O +to NN O O +attempt NN O O +to NN O O +suppress NN O O +the NN O O +emergence NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +informal NN O O +organisation NN O O +the NN O O +company NN O O +decided NN O O +to NN O O +channel NN O O +the NN O O +energies NN O O +of NN O O +staff NN O O +involved NN O O +in NN O O +informal NN O O +processes NN O O +towards NN O O +organisational NN O O +goals NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +company NN O O +achieved NN O O +this NN O O +by NN O O +harnessing NN O O +the NN O O +capabilities NN O O +of NN O O +what NN O O +we NN O O +term NN O O +a NN O O +hybrid NN O B-Process +ERP NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +, NN O O +combining NN O O +the NN O O +functionality NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +traditional NN O O +( NN O O +formal NN O O +) NN O O +ERP NN O B-Process +installation NN O I-Process +with NN O O +the NN O O +capabilities NN O O +of NN O O +Enterprise NN O B-Process +Social NN O I-Process +Software NN O I-Process +( NN O O +ESS NN O B-Process +) NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +the NN O O +company NN O O +recognised NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +successful NN O O +operation NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +hybrid NN O O +ERP NN O B-Process +system NN O I-Process +would NN O O +require NN O O +a NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +changes NN O O +in NN O O +organisational NN O O +design NN O O +in NN O O +areas NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +reporting NN O O +structures NN O O +and NN O O +communication NN O O +channels NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +narrative NN O O +provided NN O O +by NN O O +interviews NN O O +with NN O O +company NN O O +personnel NN O O +is NN O O +thematised NN O O +around NN O O +the NN O O +formal NN O O +and NN O O +informal NN O O +characteristics NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +organisation NN O O +as NN O O +defined NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +literature NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +leads NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +definition NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +characteristics NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +hybrid NN O O +organisation NN O O +and NN O O +strategies NN O O +for NN O O +enabling NN O O +a NN O O +hybrid NN O O +organisation NN O O +, NN O O +facilitated NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +hybrid NN O B-Process +ERP NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +directs NN O O +formal NN O O +and NN O O +informal NN O O +behaviour NN O O +towards NN O O +organisational NN O O +goals NN O O +and NN O O +provides NN O O +a NN O O +template NN O O +for NN O O +future NN O O +hybrid NN O O +implementations NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0168365912007560) + +We NN O O +addressed NN O O +the NN O O +question NN O O +whether NN O B-Task +carbohydrate NN O I-Task +coupling NN O I-Task +increased NN O I-Task +antigen NN O I-Task +uptake NN O I-Task +by NN O O +DCs NN O O +via NN O O +C NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +type NN O I-Process +lectin NN O I-Process +receptor NN O I-Process +targeting NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Therefore NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +antigens NN O B-Material +were NN O O +labeled NN O O +with NN O O +pHrodo NN O B-Material +Red NN O I-Material +dye NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Invitrogen NN O B-Material +) NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +dye NN O O +that NN O O +specifically NN O O +fluoresces NN O B-Process +as NN O O +pH NN O O +decreases NN O O +from NN O O +neutral NN O O +to NN O O +acidic NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +provided NN O O +in NN O O +endosomes NN O B-Material +/ NN O O +lysosomes NN O B-Material +of NN O O +cells NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +vitro NN O O +characterization NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +cellular NN O O +uptake NN O O +of NN O O +neoglycocomplexes NN O B-Material +using NN O O +bone NN O B-Material +marrow NN O I-Material +derived NN O I-Material +dendritic NN O I-Material +cells NN O I-Material +( NN O O +BMDCs NN O B-Material +) NN O O +demonstrated NN O O +superior NN O O +ingestion NN O B-Process +of NN O O +mannan NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +conjugates NN O I-Material +MN NN O I-Material +– NN O I-Material +Ova NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +MN NN O I-Material +– NN O I-Material +Pap NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Supplementary NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +S4A NN O O +- NN O O +D NN O O +, NN O O +F NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +was NN O O +confirmed NN O O +in NN O O +vivo NN O O +by NN O O +intradermal NN O B-Task +needle NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +injection NN O I-Task +of NN O O +labeled NN O O +antigen NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +ear NN O O +pinnae NN O O +of NN O O +mice NN O O +. NN O O +Antigen NN O B-Material +uptake NN O O +and NN O O +transport NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +ear NN O O +dLNs NN O O +were NN O O +measured NN O O +after NN O O +24h NN O O +by NN O O +FACS NN O B-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +. NN O O +DCs NN O O +in NN O O +cervical NN O O +LNs NN O O +were NN O O +identified NN O O +according NN O O +to NN O O +their NN O O +high NN O O +expression NN O O +of NN O O +MHC NN O O +class NN O O +II NN O O +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +3A NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +additionally NN O O +characterized NN O O +by NN O O +CD8α NN O B-Material +, NN O O +CD11b NN O B-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +CD11c NN O B-Material +expression NN O O +and NN O O +uptake NN O O +of NN O O +pHrodo NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +labeled NN O I-Material +antigen NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +3B NN O O +, NN O O +D NN O O +– NN O O +F NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +results NN O O +showed NN O O +significantly NN O O +elevated NN O O +numbers NN O O +of NN O O +pHrodo+MHCIIhigh NN O B-Material +DCs NN O I-Material +for NN O O +mannan NN O O +conjugates NN O O +MN NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +Ova NN O I-Material +and NN O O +MN NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +Pap NN O I-Material +( NN O O +and NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +lesser NN O O +degree NN O O +for NN O O +MD NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +Pap NN O I-Material +) NN O O +in NN O O +comparison NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +unmodified NN O O +antigens NN O B-Material +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +3C NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Both NN O O +carbohydrates NN O B-Material +targeted NN O O +antigen NN O B-Material +preferentially NN O O +to NN O O +CD8α− NN O B-Material +DCs NN O I-Material +, NN O O +as NN O O +indicated NN O O +by NN O O +an NN O O +increase NN O O +in NN O O +CD8α−/pHrodo+ NN O B-Material +DCs NN O I-Material +compared NN O O +to NN O O +unmodified NN O O +antigens NN O B-Material +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +3E NN O O +and NN O O +F NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Nevertheless NN O O +, NN O O +whether NN O O +the NN O O +antigens NN O B-Material +were NN O O +taken NN O O +up NN O O +in NN O O +situ NN O O +by NN O O +dermal NN O O +DCs NN O O +or NN O O +by NN O O +LN NN O O +resident NN O O +APCs NN O O +via NN O O +the NN O O +afferent NN O O +lymphatics NN O O +could NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +fully NN O O +elucidated NN O O +. NN O O +Histology NN O O +revealed NN O O +that NN O O +antigen NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +loaded NN O I-Material +cells NN O I-Material +in NN O O +the NN O O +dLNs NN O O +were NN O O +already NN O O +present NN O O +30min NN O O +after NN O O +intradermal NN O B-Process +injection NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Supplementary NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +S4 NN O O +G NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +suggesting NN O O +both NN O O +mechanisms NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0168365913001521) + +The NN O O +mesoporous NN O B-Material +silica NN O I-Material +particles NN O O +were NN O O +prepared NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +surfactant NN O B-Process +self NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +assembly NN O I-Process +method NN O O +described NN O O +previously NN O O +[ NN O O +18,24 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Briefly NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +homogeneous NN O B-Material +solution NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +soluble NN O B-Material +silica NN O I-Material +precursor NN O I-Material +, NN O O +tetraethylorthosilicate NN O B-Material +( NN O O +TEOS NN O B-Material +; NN O O +Sigma NN O O +- NN O O +Aldrich NN O O +Corp. NN O O +, NN O O +St. NN O O +Louis NN O O +, NN O O +MO NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +hydrochloric NN O B-Material +acid NN O I-Material +was NN O O +mixed NN O O +in NN O O +ethanol NN O B-Material +and NN O O +water NN O B-Material +. NN O I-Material +A NN O O +surfactant NN O B-Material +, NN O O +cetyltrimethylammonium NN O B-Material +bromide NN O I-Material +( NN O O +CTAB NN O B-Material +; NN O O +Sigma NN O O +- NN O O +Aldrich NN O O +Corp. NN O O +, NN O O +St. NN O O +Louis NN O O +, NN O O +MO NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +an NN O O +initial NN O O +concentration NN O O +much NN O O +less NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +critical NN O O +micelle NN O O +concentration NN O O +was NN O O +added NN O O +to NN O O +lower NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +tension NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +liquid NN O O +mixture NN O O +and NN O O +act NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +mesoporous NN O B-Material +structure NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +directing NN O I-Material +template NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Aerosol NN O B-Material +solutions NN O I-Material +of NN O O +soluble NN O B-Material +silica NN O I-Material +plus NN O O +surfactant NN O B-Material +were NN O O +then NN O O +generated NN O O +with NN O O +nitrogen NN O B-Process +as NN O O +a NN O O +carrier NN O O +atomizing NN O B-Material +gas NN O I-Material +using NN O O +a NN O O +commercially NN O O +available NN O O +atomizer NN O B-Process +( NN O O +Model NN O O +9392A NN O O +, NN O O +TSI NN O O +, NN O O +Inc. NN O O +, NN O O +St. NN O O +Paul NN O O +, NN O O +MN NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +aerosol NN O B-Material +droplets NN O I-Material +were NN O O +solidified NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +tube NN O B-Process +furnace NN O I-Process +at NN O O +400 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +until NN O O +dry NN O O +. NN O O +Once NN O O +dried NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +durapore NN O B-Material +membrane NN O I-Material +filter NN O I-Material +, NN O O +kept NN O O +at NN O O +80 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +, NN O O +was NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +collect NN O O +the NN O O +particles NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +a NN O O +final NN O O +step NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +surfactant NN O B-Material +was NN O O +removed NN O O +at NN O O +400 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +for NN O O +5h NN O O +via NN O O +calcination NN O B-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +surface NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +mesoporous NN O B-Material +silica NN O I-Material +core NN O I-Material +in NN O O +these NN O O +studies NN O O +was NN O O +chemically NN O O +modified NN O O +with NN O O +10wt.% NN O O +or NN O O +15wt.% NN O O +by NN O O +aminopropyltriethoxysilane NN O B-Material +( NN O O +APTES NN O B-Material +; NN O O +Sigma NN O O +- NN O O +Aldrich NN O O +Corp. NN O O +, NN O O +St. NN O O +Louis NN O O +, NN O O +MO NN O O +) NN O O +conducted NN O O +identically NN O O +as NN O O +previously NN O O +described NN O O +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +to NN O O +create NN O O +a NN O O +positive NN O O +surface NN O O +charge NN O O +to NN O O +increase NN O O +loading NN O O +efficiency NN O O +of NN O O +negatively NN O O +charged NN O O +cargo NN O O +. NN O O +Further NN O O +, NN O O +Liu NN O O +and NN O O +colleagues NN O O +report NN O O +the NN O O +colloidal NN O O +stability NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O O +protocells NN O B-Material +with NN O O +lipid NN O O +bilayers NN O O +, NN O O +excess NN O O +amount NN O O +of NN O O +liposomes NN O B-Material +( NN O O +50μg NN O O +liposomes NN O O +per NN O O +0.5 NN O O +mg NN O O +silica NN O O +were NN O O +used NN O O +[ NN O O +18 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0168365913009589) + +Ultrasound NN O B-Process +( NN O O +US NN O B-Process +) NN O O +can NN O O +initiate NN O O +the NN O O +release NN O O +of NN O O +drugs NN O O +from NN O O +liposomes NN O B-Material +via NN O O +an NN O O +event NN O O +called NN O O +inertial NN O B-Task +cavitation NN O I-Task +, NN O O +whereby NN O O +the NN O O +rarefactional NN O O +phase NN O O +of NN O O +an NN O O +ultrasound NN O O +wave NN O O +causes NN O O +the NN O O +expansion NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +gas NN O B-Material +bubble NN O I-Material +followed NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +violent NN O O +collapse NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +inertia NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +surrounding NN O O +media NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +collapse NN O O +creates NN O O +shock NN O O +waves NN O O +which NN O O +can NN O O +disrupt NN O O +the NN O O +stability NN O O +of NN O O +co NN O O +- NN O O +localised NN O O +liposomal NN O O +drug NN O O +carriers NN O O +. NN O O +To NN O O +date NN O O +, NN O O +studies NN O O +have NN O O +concentrated NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +low NN O O +frequency NN O O +or NN O O +high NN O O +intensity NN O O +US NN O B-Process +to NN O O +generate NN O O +gas NN O B-Material +bubbles NN O I-Material +in NN O O +situ NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +most NN O O +recently NN O O +such NN O O +parameters NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +achieve NN O O +a NN O O +variable NN O O +level NN O O +of NN O O +triggered NN O O +drug NN O O +release NN O O +following NN O O +an NN O O +intratumoral NN O B-Process +injection NN O I-Process +of NN O O +liposomes NN O O +[ NN O O +14 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +concerns NN O O +persist NN O O +over NN O O +the NN O O +damage NN O O +to NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +target NN O O +tissue NN O O +that NN O O +such NN O O +US NN O B-Process +exposure NN O O +parameters NN O O +may NN O O +cause NN O O +and NN O O +whether NN O O +ultimately NN O O +they NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +widely NN O O +clinically NN O O +applicable NN O O +. NN O O +An NN O O +alternative NN O O +strategy NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +utilise NN O O +high NN O O +- NN O O +frequency NN O O +US NN O B-Process +pulses NN O O +at NN O O +pressures NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +diagnostic NN O O +range NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +presence NN O O +of NN O O +pre NN O O +- NN O O +existing NN O O +gas NN O O +bubbles NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +provides NN O O +an NN O O +inertial NN O B-Task +cavitation NN O I-Task +stimulus NN O O +for NN O O +drug NN O O +release NN O O +using NN O O +safe NN O O +, NN O O +clinically NN O O +achievable NN O O +US NN O B-Process +exposure NN O O +conditions NN O O +and NN O O +approved NN O O +US NN O B-Material +contrast NN O I-Material +agents NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +15 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Indeed NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +context NN O O +of NN O O +improving NN O O +the NN O O +delivery NN O O +of NN O O +therapeutics NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +oncolytic NN O B-Material +viruses NN O I-Material +, NN O O +this NN O O +approach NN O O +has NN O O +already NN O O +shown NN O O +great NN O O +promise NN O O +[ NN O O +16 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +further NN O O +advantage NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +approach NN O O +is NN O O +that NN O O +US NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +induced NN O I-Process +cavitation NN O I-Process +events NN O O +produce NN O O +distinct NN O O +acoustic NN O O +emissions NN O O +that NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +recorded NN O O +and NN O O +characterised NN O O +providing NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +invasive NN O O +feedback NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +feature NN O O +which NN O O +has NN O O +proven NN O O +useful NN O O +in NN O O +ablative NN O O +US NN O B-Process +applications NN O O +[ NN O O +17–19 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0168583X14003929) + +The NN O O +most NN O O +widely NN O O +used NN O O +ion NN O O +source NN O O +in NN O O +FIB NN O B-Process +instruments NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +gallium NN O B-Material +( NN O O +Ga NN O B-Material +) NN O O +liquid NN O O +metal NN O O +ion NN O O +source NN O O +( NN O O +LMIS NN O O +) NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Gallium NN O B-Material +is NN O O +attractive NN O O +as NN O O +an NN O O +ion NN O O +source NN O O +because NN O O +of NN O O +its NN O O +low NN O O +melting NN O O +temperature NN O O +( NN O O +29.8 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +at NN O O +standard NN O O +atmospheric NN O O +pressure NN O O +[ NN O O +4 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +its NN O O +low NN O O +volatility NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +some NN O O +materials NN O O +show NN O O +sensitivity NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +Ga NN O B-Process +ion NN O I-Process +beam NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +sensitivity NN O O +is NN O O +manifested NN O O +as NN O O +changes NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +structure NN O O +and NN O O +chemical NN O O +composition NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +starting NN O O +material NN O O +upon NN O O +exposure NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +Ga NN O B-Process +ion NN O I-Process +beam NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +5 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Group NN O O +III NN O O +– NN O O +V NN O O +compound NN O O +semiconductors NN O B-Process +are NN O O +one NN O O +class NN O O +of NN O O +materials NN O O +that NN O O +show NN O O +such NN O O +sensitivity NN O O +. NN O O +Cryo NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +FIB NN O I-Task +milling NN O I-Task +has NN O O +recently NN O O +been NN O O +reported NN O O +to NN O O +suppress NN O O +the NN O O +reactions NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +Ga NN O B-Process +ion NN O I-Process +beam NN O I-Process +and NN O O +III NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +V NN O I-Material +materials NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +suggested NN O O +advantage NN O O +of NN O O +cryo NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +FIB NN O I-Task +milling NN O I-Task +over NN O O +room NN O O +temperature NN O O +milling NN O O +of NN O O +Group NN O B-Material +III NN O I-Material +– NN O I-Material +V NN O I-Material +materials NN O I-Material +is NN O O +appealing NN O O +, NN O O +given NN O O +the NN O O +variety NN O O +of NN O O +present NN O O +and NN O O +potential NN O O +future NN O O +applications NN O O +for NN O O +these NN O O +materials NN O O +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +electronic NN O B-Process +or NN O I-Process +photonic NN O I-Process +devices NN O I-Process +given NN O O +the NN O O +favorable NN O O +electron NN O O +transport NN O O +and NN O O +direct NN O O +band NN O O +gap NN O O +properties NN O O +associated NN O O +with NN O O +several NN O O +III NN O O +– NN O O +V NN O O +semiconductor NN O B-Process +systems NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0257897213003563) + +According NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +ellipsometric NN O B-Process +spectra NN O I-Process +, NN O O +optical NN O B-Process +constants NN O I-Process +and NN O O +other NN O O +physical NN O O +parameters NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +extracted NN O O +by NN O O +an NN O O +appropriate NN O O +fitting NN O O +model NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +estimate NN O O +the NN O O +optical NN O B-Process +constants NN O I-Process +/ NN O I-Process +dielectric NN O I-Process +functions NN O O +of NN O O +Ni NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +doped NN O I-Material +TiO2 NN O I-Material +films NN O I-Material +, NN O O +a NN O O +three NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +phase NN O I-Process +layered NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +( NN O O +air NN O B-Process +/ NN O I-Process +film NN O I-Process +/ NN O I-Process +substrate NN O I-Process +) NN O O +[ NN O O +15 NN O O +] NN O O +was NN O O +utilized NN O O +to NN O O +study NN O O +the NN O O +ellipsometric NN O O +spectra NN O O +. NN O O +TiO2 NN O O +belongs NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +wide NN O O +band NN O O +gap NN O O +semiconductors NN O B-Process +. NN O O +Considering NN O O +the NN O O +contribution NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +M0 NN O O +type NN O O +critical NN O O +point NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +lowest NN O O +three NN O O +dimensions NN O O +, NN O O +its NN O O +dielectric NN O O +function NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +calculated NN O O +by NN O O +Adachi NN O B-Process +'s NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +15,22,23 NN O O +] NN O O +: NN O O +ε(Ε)=ε∞+{A0[2−(1+χ0)1/2−(1−χ0)1/2]}/(EOBG2/3χ02 NN O B-Process +) NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +model NN O O +, NN O O +E NN O B-Process +is NN O O +the NN O O +incident NN O B-Process +photon NN O I-Process +energy NN O I-Process +, NN O O +ε∞ NN O B-Process +is NN O O +the NN O O +high NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +frequency NN O I-Process +dielectric NN O I-Process +constant NN O I-Process +, NN O O +χ0=(E+iΓ NN O B-Process +) NN O I-Process +, NN O O +EOBG NN O B-Process +is NN O O +the NN O O +optical NN O O +gap NN O O +energy NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +A0 NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +Γ NN O I-Process +are NN O O +the NN O O +strength NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +broadening NN O I-Process +parameters NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +EOBG NN O B-Process +transition NN O O +, NN O O +respectively NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +an NN O O +example NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +experimental NN O O +SE NN O B-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +film NN O O +TN1 NN O O +at NN O O +an NN O O +incident NN O O +angle NN O O +70 NN O O +° NN O O +by NN O O +dot NN O O +scatter NN O O +is NN O O +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +4 NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +Fabry NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +Pérot NN O I-Material +interference NN O I-Material +oscillations NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +multiple NN O O +reflections NN O O +within NN O O +the NN O O +film NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +found NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +photon NN O O +energy NN O O +from NN O O +1.5eV NN O O +to NN O O +3.5eV NN O O +( NN O O +354nm–826 NN O O +nm NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +indicates NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +films NN O O +are NN O O +transparent NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +region NN O O +. NN O O +Note NN O O +that NN O O +a NN O O +good NN O O +agreement NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +experimental NN O O +and NN O O +calculated NN O O +spectra NN O O +is NN O O +attained NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +whole NN O O +measured NN O O +photon NN O O +energy NN O O +range NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +fitting NN O O +thickness NN O O +for NN O O +film NN O O +TN2 NN O O +is NN O O +159 NN O O +nm NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +very NN O O +near NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +value NN O O +obtained NN O O +by NN O O +SEM NN O B-Process +( NN O O +see NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1(b NN O O +) NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0257897213004131) + +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +7 NN O O +shows NN O O +the NN O O +relationship NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +testing NN O B-Process +time NN O I-Process +and NN O O +friction NN O B-Process +coefficients NN O I-Process +of NN O O +various NN O O +samples NN O O +under NN O O +dry NN O O +conditions NN O O +. NN O O +There NN O O +exist NN O O +running NN O O +in NN O O +and NN O O +steady NN O O +wear NN O O +period NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +wear NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +of NN O O +uncoated NN O B-Material +AZ31 NN O I-Material +and NN O O +anodizing NN O B-Material +coating NN O I-Material +without NN O I-Material +Al2O3 NN O I-Material +nanoparticles NN O I-Material +while NN O O +there NN O O +has NN O O +a NN O O +steady NN O O +wear NN O O +period NN O O +only NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +wear NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +of NN O O +composite NN O B-Material +anodizing NN O I-Material +coating NN O I-Material +with NN O O +Al2O3 NN O B-Material +nanoparticles NN O I-Material +. NN O O +At NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +time NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +addition NN O O +of NN O O +nano NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +particles NN O I-Material +to NN O O +electrolyte NN O B-Material +led NN O O +to NN O O +reduction NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +friction NN O I-Process +coefficient NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +friction NN O O +coefficient NN O O +of NN O O +composite NN O B-Process +coating NN O I-Process +is NN O O +relatively NN O O +lower NN O O +and NN O O +more NN O O +stable NN O O +than NN O O +what NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +reported NN O O +in NN O O +literature NN O O +[ NN O O +24,25 NN O O +] NN O O +for NN O O +anodizing NN O B-Material +coatings NN O I-Material +. NN O O +This NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +caused NN O O +by NN O O +“ NN O B-Process +rolling NN O I-Process +effect NN O I-Process +” NN O I-Process +made NN O O +by NN O O +Al2O3 NN O B-Material +nanoparticles NN O I-Material +on NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +of NN O O +oxide NN O O +coating NN O O +. NN O O +Spherical NN O B-Material +nanoparticles NN O I-Material +change NN O O +sliding NN O O +into NN O O +rolling NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +reduce NN O B-Process +friction NN O I-Process +, NN O O +making NN O O +the NN O O +friction NN O B-Process +coefficient NN O I-Process +becomes NN O O +more NN O O +stable NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +friction NN O O +coefficient NN O O +of NN O O +anodizing NN O B-Material +coating NN O I-Material +without NN O I-Material +Al2O3 NN O I-Material +nanoparticles NN O I-Material +has NN O O +large NN O O +fluctuation NN O O +maybe NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +damage NN O O +of NN O O +coating NN O B-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +contrast NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +uncoated NN O B-Material +AZ31 NN O I-Material +magnesium NN O I-Material +alloy NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +anodizing NN O B-Material +coatings NN O I-Material +show NN O O +slightly NN O O +lower NN O O +friction NN O B-Process +coefficient NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +attributed NN O O +to NN O O +their NN O O +higher NN O O +load NN O O +- NN O O +bearing NN O O +capacity NN O O +for NN O O +high NN O O +hardness NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0263822312000657) + +Functionally NN O B-Material +Graded NN O I-Material +Materials NN O I-Material +( NN O O +FGMs NN O B-Material +) NN O O +, NN O O +described NN O O +in NN O O +detail NN O O +by NN O O +Suresh NN O O +and NN O O +Mortensen NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +are NN O O +a NN O O +type NN O O +of NN O O +heterogeneous NN O B-Material +composite NN O I-Material +materials NN O I-Material +exhibiting NN O O +gradual NN O O +variation NN O O +in NN O O +volume NN O O +fraction NN O O +of NN O O +their NN O O +constituents NN O O +from NN O O +one NN O O +surface NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +material NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +, NN O O +resulting NN O O +in NN O O +properties NN O O +which NN O O +vary NN O O +continuously NN O O +across NN O O +the NN O O +material NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +idea NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +Functionally NN O B-Material +Graded NN O I-Material +Material NN O I-Material +is NN O O +not NN O O +a NN O O +new NN O O +one NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +are NN O O +in NN O O +fact NN O O +many NN O O +natural NN O O +materials NN O O +which NN O O +exhibit NN O O +this NN O O +property NN O O +. NN O O +Study NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +bone NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +shell NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +balsawood NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +bamboo NN O I-Task +shows NN O O +that NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +all NN O O +graded NN O O +with NN O O +their NN O O +greatest NN O O +strength NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +outside NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +areas NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +greatest NN O O +protection NN O O +is NN O O +required NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +it NN O O +was NN O O +not NN O O +until NN O O +the NN O O +1980s NN O O +in NN O O +Japan NN O O +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +idea NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +Functionally NN O B-Material +Graded NN O I-Material +Material NN O I-Material +was NN O O +actively NN O O +researched NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +gain NN O O +advances NN O O +in NN O O +heat NN O B-Material +resistant NN O I-Material +materials NN O I-Material +for NN O O +use NN O O +in NN O O +aerospace NN O B-Task +and NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Task +fission NN O I-Task +reactors NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0263822312001468) + +Recently NN O O +together NN O O +with NN O O +structural NN O B-Process +efficiency NN O I-Process +, NN O O +passenger NN O B-Task +safety NN O I-Task +is NN O O +also NN O O +an NN O O +important NN O O +issue NN O O +in NN O O +application NN O O +of NN O O +material NN O O +to NN O O +transportation NN O B-Process +industries NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Hence NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +crashworthiness NN O B-Material +parameters NN O I-Material +are NN O O +introducing NN O O +to NN O O +predict NN O O +the NN O O +capability NN O O +of NN O O +structure NN O O +to NN O O +prevent NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +massive NN O I-Task +damage NN O I-Task +and NN O O +protect NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +passenger NN O I-Task +in NN O O +the NN O O +event NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +crash NN O O +. NN O O +Crashworthiness NN O B-Task +parameters NN O I-Task +for NN O O +various NN O O +thin NN O O +- NN O O +walled NN O O +tubes NN O O +made NN O O +from NN O O +metal NN O B-Material +or NN O O +fibre NN O B-Material +/ NN O I-Material +resin NN O I-Material +composites NN O I-Material +in NN O O +different NN O O +geometries NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +studied NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +critical NN O O +difference NN O O +of NN O O +tubular NN O B-Process +composites NN O I-Process +failure NN O I-Process +modes NN O O +compared NN O O +with NN O O +metallic NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +brittle NN O B-Process +collapse NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +composites NN O B-Material +, NN O O +tubular NN O B-Material +failure NN O I-Material +modes NN O I-Material +are NN O O +involved NN O O +with NN O O +micro NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +cracking NN O I-Process +development NN O I-Process +, NN O O +delamination NN O B-Process +, NN O O +fibre NN O B-Process +breakage NN O I-Process +, NN O O +etc NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +instead NN O O +of NN O O +plastic NN O B-Process +deformation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Implementation NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +composite NN O I-Task +materials NN O I-Task +in NN O O +the NN O O +field NN O O +of NN O O +crashworthiness NN O O +is NN O O +attributed NN O O +to NN O O +Hull NN O O +, NN O O +who NN O O +in NN O O +80s NN O O +and NN O O +90s NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +last NN O O +century NN O O +studied NN O O +extensively NN O O +the NN O O +crushing NN O B-Process +behaviour NN O I-Process +of NN O O +fibre NN O B-Material +reinforced NN O I-Material +composite NN O I-Material +material NN O I-Material +. NN O O +He NN O O +found NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +composite NN O B-Material +materials NN O I-Material +absorbed NN O O +high NN O O +energy NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +face NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +fracture NN O B-Process +surface NN O I-Process +energy NN O I-Process +mechanism NN O O +rather NN O O +than NN O O +plastic NN O B-Process +deformation NN O I-Process +as NN O O +observed NN O O +for NN O O +metals NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +observation NN O O +has NN O O +inspired NN O O +others NN O O +to NN O O +further NN O O +investigation NN O O +about NN O O +crashworthiness NN O B-Process +characteristics NN O I-Process +of NN O O +composite NN O B-Material +materials NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Studies NN O O +have NN O O +examined NN O O +the NN O O +axial NN O B-Process +crushing NN O I-Process +behaviour NN O I-Process +of NN O O +fibre NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +reinforced NN O I-Material +tubes NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +fibreglass NN O B-Material +tubes NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +3,4 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +PVC NN O B-Material +tubes NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +5 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +fibre NN O I-Material +reinforced NN O I-Material +plastic NN O I-Material +( NN O I-Material +CFRP NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +tubes NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0301679X13003289) + +Nanoparticle NN O B-Process +Tracking NN O I-Process +Analysis NN O I-Process +( NN O O +NTA NN O B-Process +) NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +applied NN O O +to NN O O +characterising NN O O +soot NN O B-Material +agglomerates NN O I-Material +of NN O O +particles NN O O +and NN O O +compared NN O O +with NN O O +Transmission NN O B-Process +Electron NN O I-Process +Microscoscopy NN O I-Process +( NN O O +TEM NN O B-Process +) NN O O +. NN O O +Soot NN O B-Material +nanoparticles NN O I-Material +were NN O O +extracted NN O O +from NN O O +used NN O O +oil NN O O +drawn NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +sump NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +light NN O O +duty NN O O +automotive NN O O +diesel NN O O +engine NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +samples NN O O +were NN O O +prepared NN O O +for NN O O +analysis NN O O +by NN O O +diluting NN O O +with NN O O +heptane NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Individual NN O O +tracking NN O O +of NN O O +soot NN O B-Material +agglomerates NN O I-Material +allows NN O O +for NN O O +size NN O B-Process +distribution NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +size NN O O +of NN O O +soot NN O O +was NN O O +compared NN O O +with NN O O +length NN O O +measurements NN O O +of NN O O +projected NN O O +two NN O O +- NN O O +dimensional NN O O +TEM NN O B-Process +images NN O O +of NN O O +agglomerates NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Both NN O O +the NN O O +techniques NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +soot NN O O +- NN O O +in NN O O +- NN O O +oil NN O O +exists NN O O +as NN O O +agglomerates NN O B-Material +with NN O O +average NN O O +size NN O O +of NN O O +120 NN O O +nm NN O O +. NN O O +NTA NN O B-Process +is NN O O +able NN O O +to NN O O +measure NN O O +particles NN O O +in NN O O +polydisperse NN O B-Material +solutions NN O I-Material +and NN O O +reports NN O O +the NN O O +size NN O O +and NN O O +volume NN O O +distribution NN O O +of NN O O +soot NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +in NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +oil NN O I-Material +aggregates NN O I-Material +; NN O O +it NN O O +has NN O O +the NN O O +advantages NN O O +of NN O O +being NN O O +fast NN O O +and NN O O +relatively NN O O +low NN O O +cost NN O O +if NN O O +compared NN O O +with NN O O +TEM.Nanoparticle NN O B-Process +Tracking NN O I-Process +Analysis NN O I-Process +( NN O O +NTA NN O B-Process +) NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +applied NN O O +to NN O O +characterising NN O O +soot NN O O +agglomerates NN O O +of NN O O +particles NN O O +and NN O O +compared NN O O +with NN O O +Transmission NN O B-Process +Electron NN O I-Process +Microscoscopy NN O I-Process +( NN O O +TEM NN O B-Process +) NN O O +. NN O O +Soot NN O O +nanoparticles NN O O +were NN O O +extracted NN O O +from NN O O +used NN O O +oil NN O O +drawn NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +sump NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +light NN O O +duty NN O O +automotive NN O O +diesel NN O O +engine NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +samples NN O O +were NN O O +prepared NN O O +for NN O O +analysis NN O O +by NN O O +diluting NN O O +with NN O O +heptane NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Individual NN O O +tracking NN O O +of NN O O +soot NN O B-Material +agglomerates NN O I-Material +allows NN O O +for NN O O +size NN O B-Process +distribution NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +size NN O O +of NN O O +soot NN O O +was NN O O +compared NN O O +with NN O O +length NN O O +measurements NN O O +of NN O O +projected NN O O +two NN O O +- NN O O +dimensional NN O O +TEM NN O B-Process +images NN O O +of NN O O +agglomerates NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Both NN O O +the NN O O +techniques NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +soot NN O O +- NN O O +in NN O O +- NN O O +oil NN O O +exists NN O O +as NN O O +agglomerates NN O B-Material +with NN O O +average NN O O +size NN O O +of NN O O +120 NN O O +nm NN O O +. NN O O +NTA NN O B-Process +is NN O O +able NN O O +to NN O O +measure NN O O +particles NN O O +in NN O O +polydisperse NN O B-Material +solutions NN O I-Material +and NN O O +reports NN O O +the NN O O +size NN O O +and NN O O +volume NN O O +distribution NN O O +of NN O O +soot NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +in NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +oil NN O I-Material +aggregates NN O I-Material +; NN O O +it NN O O +has NN O O +the NN O O +advantages NN O O +of NN O O +being NN O O +fast NN O O +and NN O O +relatively NN O O +low NN O O +cost NN O O +if NN O O +compared NN O O +with NN O O +TEM NN O B-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0301679X14000449) + +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +11 NN O O +shows NN O O +the NN O O +wear NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +mode NN O I-Material +map NN O I-Material +of NN O O +RH NN O O +ceramics NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O O +early NN O O +- NN O O +stage NN O O +friction NN O O +coefficients NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +roughness NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +pure NN O O +surface NN O O +were NN O O +chosen NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +value NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +fracture NN O O +toughness NN O O +of NN O O +RH NN O O +ceramics NN O O +was NN O O +calculated NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +reference NN O O +data NN O O +in NN O O +other NN O O +literature NN O O +[ NN O O +22 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +Sc NN O O +of NN O O +RH NN O O +ceramics NN O O +was NN O O +smaller NN O O +than NN O O +Sc NN O O +, NN O O +critical NN O O +under NN O O +all NN O O +tested NN O O +conditions NN O O +during NN O O +the NN O O +initial NN O O +stage NN O O +of NN O O +friction NN O O +. NN O O +Thus NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +initial NN O O +wear NN O O +mode NN O O +of NN O O +RH NN O O +ceramics NN O O +was NN O O +powder NN O B-Process +formation NN O I-Process +or NN O O +plowing NN O B-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +, NN O O +powder NN O B-Process +formation NN O I-Process +and NN O O +plowing NN O B-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +distinguished NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +dimensionless NN O B-Material +parameter NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Sc⁎ NN O B-Material +) NN O O +and NN O O +a NN O O +critical NN O B-Material +parameter NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Sc NN O B-Material +, NN O I-Material +critical⁎).(3)Sc⁎=HvRmaxKIc(4)Sc NN O I-Material +, NN O I-Process +critical⁎=51 NN O I-Process ++ NN O I-Process +10μwhere NN O I-Process +Hv NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +Vickers NN O B-Process +hardness NN O I-Process +of NN O O +RH NN O O +ceramics NN O O +[ NN O O +Pa NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +initial NN O O +wear NN O O +mode NN O O +of NN O O +RH NN O O +ceramics NN O O +was NN O O +determined NN O O +as NN O O +powder NN O B-Process +formation NN O I-Process +under NN O O +all NN O O +tested NN O O +conditions NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +demonstrated NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +12(a NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Furthermore NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +wear NN O O +- NN O O +mode NN O O +map NN O O +at NN O O +2×104 NN O O +cycles NN O O +was NN O O +constructed NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +12(b NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +map NN O O +, NN O O +all NN O O +plots NN O O +moved NN O O +near NN O O +the NN O O +transition NN O O +curve NN O O +to NN O O +plowing NN O B-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +particular NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +plots NN O O +for NN O O +RH NN O O +ceramics NN O O +sliding NN O O +against NN O O +stainless NN O B-Material +steel NN O I-Material +or NN O O +Al2O3 NN O B-Material +balls NN O I-Material +were NN O O +nearer NN O O +than NN O O +SiC NN O B-Material +or NN O I-Material +Si3N4 NN O I-Material +balls NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Therefore NN O O +, NN O O +RH NN O O +ceramics NN O O +sliding NN O O +against NN O O +SiC NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +Si3N4 NN O I-Material +balls NN O I-Material +showed NN O O +relatively NN O O +higher NN O O +wear NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +counterpart NN O O +materials NN O O +. NN O O +Nevertheless NN O O +, NN O O +these NN O O +results NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +wear NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +mode NN O I-Material +maps NN O I-Material +indicated NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +wear NN O O +mode NN O O +of NN O O +RH NN O O +ceramics NN O O +was NN O O +powder NN O B-Process +formation NN O I-Process +accompanied NN O O +with NN O O +microcracks NN O O +under NN O O +all NN O O +tested NN O O +conditions NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +study NN O O +, NN O O +resulting NN O O +in NN O O +low NN O O +wear NN O O +( NN O O +< NN O O +5×10−9mm2/N NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Indeed NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +observation NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +worn NN O O +surfaces NN O O +revealed NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +catastrophic NN O O +wear NN O O +of NN O O +RH NN O O +ceramics NN O O +accompanied NN O O +by NN O O +large NN O O +brittle NN O O +fracture NN O O +was NN O O +prevented NN O O +overall NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +13 NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0301679X14003272) + +The NN O O +lateral NN O B-Task +force NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +Q NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +is NN O I-Task +measured NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +recorded NN O I-Task +throughout NN O O +the NN O O +entire NN O O +test NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +piezoelectric NN O B-Process +load NN O I-Process +cell NN O I-Process +which NN O O +is NN O O +connected NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +quasi NN O O +- NN O O +stationary NN O O +LSMB NN O B-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +LSMB NN O B-Process +is NN O O +mounted NN O O +on NN O O +flexures NN O B-Material +which NN O O +provide NN O O +flexibility NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +horizontal NN O O +direction NN O O +so NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +majority NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +lateral NN O O +force NN O O +is NN O O +transmitted NN O O +though NN O O +the NN O O +much NN O O +stiffer NN O O +load NN O O +path NN O O +which NN O O +contains NN O O +the NN O O +load NN O B-Process +cell NN O I-Process +as NN O O +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +2 NN O O +. NN O O +Both NN O O +displacement NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +load NN O I-Process +sensors NN O I-Process +have NN O O +been NN O O +calibrated NN O O +( NN O O +both NN O O +externally NN O O +and NN O O +in NN O O +- NN O O +situ NN O O +) NN O O +in NN O O +static NN O O +conditions NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +load NN O O +and NN O O +displacement NN O O +signals NN O O +are NN O O +sampled NN O O +at NN O O +a NN O O +rate NN O O +of NN O O +two NN O O +hundred NN O O +measurements NN O O +per NN O O +fretting NN O O +cycle NN O O +at NN O O +all NN O O +fretting NN O O +frequencies NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +these NN O O +data NN O O +being NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +generate NN O O +fretting NN O B-Material +loops NN O I-Material +. NN O I-Material +The NN O O +loops NN O O +were NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +derive NN O O +the NN O O +contact NN O O +slip NN O O +amplitude NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +energy NN O O +coefficient NN O O +of NN O O +friction NN O O +in NN O O +each NN O O +cycle NN O O +according NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +method NN O O +suggested NN O O +by NN O O +Fouvry NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Average NN O O +values NN O O +for NN O O +these NN O O +were NN O O +calculated NN O O +for NN O O +each NN O O +test NN O O +( NN O O +the NN O O +average NN O O +coefficient NN O O +of NN O O +friction NN O O +included NN O O +values NN O O +associated NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +initial NN O O +transients NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +tests NN O O +as NN O O +suggested NN O O +by NN O O +Hirsch NN O O +and NN O O +Neu NN O O +[ NN O O +18 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0304399111001811) + +We NN O O +have NN O O +developed NN O O +the NN O O +theory NN O O +of NN O O +electrons NN O B-Process +carrying NN O I-Process +quantized NN O I-Process +orbital NN O I-Process +angular NN O I-Process +momentum NN O I-Process +. NN O I-Process +To NN O O +make NN O O +connection NN O O +to NN O O +realistic NN O O +situations NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +considered NN O O +a NN O O +plane NN O B-Material +wave NN O I-Material +moving NN O O +along NN O O +the NN O O +optic NN O O +axis NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +lens NN O B-Material +system NN O I-Material +, NN O O +intercepted NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +round NN O B-Material +, NN O I-Material +centered NN O I-Material +aperture.88In NN O I-Material +the NN O O +experiment NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +aperture NN O B-Material +carries NN O O +the NN O O +holographic NN O B-Material +mask NN O I-Material +. NN O O +It NN O O +turns NN O O +out NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +movement NN O O +along NN O O +the NN O O +optic NN O O +axis NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +separated NN O O +off NN O O +; NN O O +the NN O O +reduced NN O B-Process +Schrödinger NN O I-Process +equation NN O I-Process +operating NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +plane NN O B-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +aperture NN O B-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +mapped NN O O +onto NN O O +Bessel NN O O +'s NN O O +differential NN O O +equation NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +ensuing NN O O +eigenfunctions NN O O +fall NN O O +into NN O O +families NN O O +with NN O O +discrete NN O O +orbital NN O O +angular NN O O +momentum NN O O +ℏm NN O O +along NN O O +the NN O O +optic NN O O +axis NN O O +where NN O O +m NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +magnetic NN O O +quantum NN O O +number NN O O +. NN O O +Those NN O O +vortices NN O B-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +produced NN O O +by NN O O +matching NN O O +a NN O O +plane NN O B-Material +wave NN O I-Material +after NN O O +passage NN O O +through NN O O +a NN O O +holographic NN O B-Material +mask NN O I-Material +with NN O O +a NN O O +fork NN O O +dislocation NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +eigenfunctions NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +cylindrical NN O O +problem NN O O +. NN O O +Vortices NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +focussed NN O O +by NN O O +magnetic NN O B-Material +lenses NN O I-Material +into NN O O +volcano NN O O +- NN O O +like NN O O +charge NN O O +distributions NN O O +with NN O O +very NN O O +narrow NN O O +angular NN O B-Process +divergence NN O I-Process +, NN O O +resembling NN O O +loop NN O O +currents NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +diffraction NN O O +plane NN O O +. NN O O +Inclusion NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +spherical NN O I-Process +aberration NN O I-Process +changes NN O O +the NN O O +ringlike NN O O +shape NN O O +but NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +destroy NN O O +the NN O O +central NN O O +zero NN O O +intensity NN O O +of NN O O +vortices NN O O +with NN O O +m≠0 NN O O +. NN O O +Partial NN O B-Process +coherence NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +incident NN O B-Material +wave NN O I-Material +leads NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +rise NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +central NN O O +intensity NN O O +minimum NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +a NN O O +very NN O O +small NN O O +source NN O O +angle NN O O +( NN O O +i.e. NN O O +a NN O O +very NN O O +high NN O O +coherence NN O O +) NN O O +is NN O O +necessary NN O O +so NN O O +as NN O O +to NN O O +keep NN O O +the NN O O +volcano NN O O +structure NN O O +intact NN O O +. NN O O +Their NN O O +small NN O O +angular NN O O +width NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +far NN O O +field NN O O +may NN O O +allow NN O O +the NN O O +creation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +nm NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +sized NN O I-Process +or NN O I-Process +smaller NN O I-Process +electron NN O I-Process +vortices NN O I-Process +but NN O O +the NN O O +demand NN O O +for NN O O +extremely NN O O +high NN O O +coherence NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +source NN O O +poses NN O O +a NN O O +serious NN O O +difficulty NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S030439911200040X) + +Some NN O O +methods NN O O +use NN O O +1D NN O B-Material +radial NN O I-Material +profiles NN O I-Material +obtained NN O O +from NN O O +circular NN O B-Process +averaging NN O I-Process +of NN O O +2D NN O B-Process +experimental NN O I-Process +PSD NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +4,8,11 NN O O +] NN O O +or NN O O +by NN O O +elliptical NN O B-Process +averaging NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +An NN O O +inadequacy NN O O +of NN O O +circular NN O B-Process +averaging NN O I-Process +is NN O O +that NN O O +it NN O O +neglects NN O O +astigmatism NN O B-Process +. NN O O +Astigmatism NN O B-Process +distorts NN O O +the NN O O +circular NN O O +shape NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Thon NN O B-Material +rings NN O I-Material +and NN O O +thus NN O O +decreases NN O O +their NN O O +modulation NN O O +depth NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +obtained NN O O +1D NN O B-Material +profile NN O I-Material +. NN O O +A NN O O +few NN O O +algorithms NN O O +that NN O O +consider NN O O +astigmatism NN O O +involve NN O O +concepts NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +dividing NN O O +the NN O O +PSD NN O B-Process +into NN O O +sectors NN O O +where NN O O +Thon NN O B-Material +rings NN O I-Material +are NN O O +approximated NN O O +by NN O O +circular NN O O +arcs NN O O +[ NN O O +15,21 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +applying NN O O +Canny NN O B-Process +edge NN O I-Process +detection NN O I-Process +to NN O O +find NN O O +the NN O O +rings NN O O +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +prior NN O O +to NN O O +elliptical NN O B-Process +averaging NN O I-Process +, NN O O +determining NN O O +the NN O O +relationship NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +1D NN O O +circular NN O O +averages NN O O +with NN O O +and NN O O +without NN O O +astigmatism NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +22 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +or NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +brute NN O O +- NN O O +force NN O O +scan NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +database NN O O +containing NN O O +precalculated NN O O +patterns NN O O +as NN O O +in NN O O +ATLAS NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +23 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Some NN O O +other NN O O +approaches NN O O +for NN O O +estimating NN O O +CTF NN O B-Process +parameters NN O O +do NN O O +a NN O O +fully NN O O +2D NN O B-Process +PSD NN O I-Process +optimization NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +12,14,18,20 NN O O +] NN O O +but NN O O +they NN O O +usually NN O O +regulate NN O O +and NN O O +fit NN O O +numerous NN O O +parameters NN O O +by NN O O +an NN O O +extensive NN O O +search NN O O +that NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +guarantee NN O O +convergence NN O O +. NN O O +Furthermore NN O O +, NN O O +only NN O O +a NN O O +few NN O O +schemes NN O O +that NN O O +were NN O O +developed NN O O +for NN O O +defocus NN O O +estimation NN O O +provide NN O O +an NN O O +error NN O O +analysis NN O O +[ NN O O +23,24 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0305440314001927) + +Traditionally NN O O +, NN O O +archaeologists NN O O +have NN O O +recorded NN O B-Task +sites NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +artefacts NN O I-Task +via NN O O +a NN O O +combination NN O O +of NN O O +ordinary NN O B-Material +still NN O I-Material +photographs NN O I-Material +, NN O O +2D NN O B-Material +line NN O I-Material +drawings NN O I-Material +and NN O O +occasional NN O B-Material +cross NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +sections NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Given NN O O +these NN O O +constraints NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +attractions NN O O +of NN O O +3D NN O B-Process +models NN O I-Process +have NN O O +been NN O O +obvious NN O O +for NN O O +some NN O O +time NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +digital NN O B-Process +photogrammetry NN O I-Process +and NN O O +laser NN O B-Process +scanners NN O I-Process +offering NN O O +two NN O O +well NN O O +- NN O O +known NN O O +methods NN O O +for NN O O +data NN O B-Task +capture NN O I-Task +at NN O I-Task +close NN O I-Task +range NN O I-Task +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +Bates NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2010 NN O O +; NN O O +Hess NN O O +and NN O O +Robson NN O O +, NN O O +2010 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +highest NN O O +specification NN O O +laser NN O B-Process +scanners NN O I-Process +still NN O O +boast NN O O +better NN O O +positional NN O O +accuracy NN O O +and NN O O +greater NN O O +true NN O O +colour NN O O +fidelity NN O O +than NN O O +SfM NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +MVS NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +( NN O O +James NN O O +and NN O O +Robson NN O O +, NN O O +2012 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +the NN O O +latter NN O O +produce NN O O +very NN O O +good NN O O +quality NN O O +models NN O O +nonetheless NN O O +and NN O O +have NN O O +many NN O O +unique NN O O +selling NN O O +points NN O O +. NN O O +Unlike NN O O +traditional NN O B-Process +digital NN O I-Process +photogrammetry NN O I-Process +, NN O O +little NN O O +or NN O O +no NN O O +prior NN O O +control NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +camera NN O I-Process +position NN O I-Process +is NN O O +necessary NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +unlike NN O O +laser NN O B-Process +scanning NN O I-Process +, NN O O +no NN O O +major NN O O +equipment NN O O +costs NN O O +or NN O O +setup NN O O +are NN O O +involved NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +key NN O O +attraction NN O O +of NN O O +SfM NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +MVS NN O I-Process +is NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +required NN O O +input NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +taken NN O O +by NN O O +anyone NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +digital NN O B-Material +camera NN O I-Material +and NN O O +modest NN O O +prior NN O B-Process +training NN O I-Process +about NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +required NN O I-Process +number NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +overlap NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +photographs NN O I-Process +. NN O O +A NN O O +whole NN O O +series NN O O +of NN O O +traditional NN O O +bottlenecks NN O O +are NN O O +thereby NN O O +removed NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +recording NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +and NN O O +large NN O O +numbers NN O O +of NN O O +archaeological NN O B-Task +landscapes NN O I-Task +, NN O O +sites NN O B-Task +or NN O O +artefacts NN O B-Task +can NN O O +now NN O O +be NN O O +captured NN O O +rapidly NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +field NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +laboratory NN O O +or NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +museum NN O O +. NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +2a NN O O +– NN O O +c NN O O +shows NN O O +examples NN O O +of NN O O +terracotta NN O B-Process +warrior NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +for NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O O +level NN O O +of NN O O +surface NN O O +detail NN O O +is NN O O +considerable NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269301015222) + +Recent NN O O +astronomical NN O B-Task +observations NN O I-Task +of NN O O +high NN O B-Material +redshift NN O I-Material +type NN O I-Material +Ia NN O I-Material +supernovae NN O I-Material +performed NN O O +by NN O O +two NN O O +groups NN O O +[ NN O O +1–3 NN O O +] NN O O +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +power NN O B-Task +spectrum NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +cosmic NN O I-Task +microwave NN O I-Task +background NN O I-Task +radiation NN O I-Task +obtained NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +BOOMERANG NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +4 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +MAXIMA-1 NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +5 NN O O +] NN O O +experiments NN O O +seem NN O O +to NN O O +indicate NN O O +that NN O O +at NN O O +present NN O O +the NN O O +Universe NN O O +is NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +state NN O O +of NN O O +accelerated NN O O +expansion NN O O +. NN O O +If NN O O +one NN O O +analyzes NN O O +these NN O O +data NN O O +within NN O O +the NN O O +Friedmann NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +Robertson NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +Walker NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +FRW NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +standard NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +of NN O O +cosmology NN O B-Task +their NN O O +most NN O O +natural NN O O +interpretation NN O O +is NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +Universe NN O O +is NN O O +spatially NN O O +flat NN O O +and NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +( NN O O +baryonic NN O O +plus NN O O +dark NN O O +) NN O O +matter NN O B-Process +density NN O I-Process +ρ NN O B-Process +is NN O O +about NN O O +one NN O O +third NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +critical NN O B-Process +density NN O I-Process +ρcrit NN O B-Process +. NN O O +Most NN O O +interestingly NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +dominant NN O O +contribution NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +energy NN O O +density NN O O +is NN O O +provided NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +cosmological NN O B-Material +constant NN O I-Material +Λ. NN O B-Material +The NN O O +vacuum NN O B-Process +energy NN O I-Process +density NN O I-Process +( NN O O +1.1)ρΛ≡Λ/(8πG NN O B-Process +) NN O I-Process +is NN O O +about NN O O +twice NN O O +as NN O O +large NN O O +as NN O O +ρ NN O B-Process +, NN O O +i.e. NN O O +, NN O O +about NN O O +two NN O O +thirds NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +critical NN O B-Process +density NN O I-Process +. NN O O +With NN O O +ΩM≡ρ/ρcrit NN O O +, NN O O +ΩΛ≡ρΛ/ρcrit NN O O +and NN O O +Ωtot≡ΩM+ΩΛ NN O O +: NN O O +( NN O O +1.2)ΩM≈1/3,ΩΛ≈2/3,Ωtot≈1 NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +implies NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +deceleration NN O B-Process +parameter NN O I-Process +q NN O B-Process +is NN O O +approximately NN O O +−1/2 NN O O +. NN O O +While NN O O +originally NN O O +the NN O O +cosmological NN O B-Task +constant NN O I-Task +problem NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +was NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +question NN O B-Task +why NN O I-Task +Λ NN O I-Task +is NN O I-Task +so NN O I-Task +unnaturally NN O I-Task +small NN O I-Task +, NN O O +the NN O O +discovery NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +important NN O O +role NN O O +played NN O O +by NN O O +ρΛ NN O B-Material +has NN O O +shifted NN O O +the NN O O +emphasis NN O O +toward NN O O +the NN O O +“ NN O O +coincidence NN O B-Task +problem NN O I-Task +” NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +question NN O O +why NN O B-Task +ρ NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +ρΛ NN O I-Task +happen NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +be NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +same NN O I-Task +order NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +magnitude NN O I-Task +precisely NN O I-Task +at NN O I-Task +this NN O I-Task +very NN O I-Task +moment NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269302011838) + +First NN O O +results NN O O +from NN O O +RHIC NN O O +on NN O O +charged NN O B-Task +multiplicities NN O I-Task +, NN O O +evolution NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +multiplicities NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +centrality NN O I-Task +, NN O O +particle NN O B-Task +ratios NN O I-Task +and NN O O +transverse NN O B-Task +momentum NN O I-Task +distributions NN O I-Task +in NN O O +central NN O O +and NN O O +minimum NN O O +bias NN O O +collisions NN O O +, NN O O +are NN O O +analyzed NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +string NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +which NN O O +includes NN O O +hard NN O B-Material +collisions NN O I-Material +, NN O O +collectivity NN O B-Material +in NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +initial NN O I-Material +state NN O I-Material +considered NN O O +as NN O O +string NN O O +fusion NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +rescattering NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +produced NN O I-Material +secondaries NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Multiplicities NN O B-Task +and NN O O +their NN O B-Task +evolution NN O I-Task +with NN O O +centrality NN O O +are NN O O +successfully NN O O +reproduced NN O O +. NN O O +Transverse NN O B-Process +momentum NN O I-Process +distributions NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +model NN O O +show NN O O +a NN O O +larger NN O O +pT NN O O +- NN O O +tail NN O O +than NN O O +experimental NN O O +data NN O O +, NN O O +disagreement NN O O +which NN O O +grows NN O O +with NN O O +increasing NN O O +centrality NN O O +. NN O O +Discrepancies NN O B-Process +with NN O I-Process +particle NN O I-Process +ratios NN O I-Process +appear NN O O +and NN O O +are NN O O +examined NN O O +comparing NN O O +with NN O O +previous NN O O +features NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +model NN O O +at NN O O +SPS NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269302012492) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +section NN O O +we NN O O +wish NN O O +to NN O O +calculate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +cross NN O I-Task +section NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +absorption NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +massless NN O I-Task +scalars NN O I-Task +by NN O O +the NN O O +self NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +dual NN O I-Process +string NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +world NN O O +volume NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +M NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +theory NN O I-Material +five NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +brane NN O I-Material +. NN O O +We NN O O +will NN O O +adopt NN O O +an NN O O +entirely NN O B-Process +world NN O I-Process +volume NN O I-Process +approach NN O I-Process +similar NN O O +to NN O O +that NN O O +of NN O O +[ NN O O +21–23 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +begin NN O O +by NN O O +writing NN O O +the NN O O +equation NN O O +satisfied NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +s NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +wave NN O I-Material +with NN O O +energy NN O O +ω NN O O +, NN O O +φ(r NN O O +, NN O O +t)=φ(r)eiωt NN O O +, NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +linear NN O B-Process +fluctuations NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +four NN O O +overall NN O O +transverse NN O O +scalars NN O O +about NN O O +the NN O O +self NN O O +- NN O O +dual NN O O +string NN O O +, NN O O +( NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +known NN O O +that NN O O +there NN O O +are NN O O +problems NN O O +when NN O O +one NN O O +considers NN O O +higher NN O B-Process +angular NN O I-Process +momentum NN O I-Process +modes NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +23 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +one NN O O +must NN O O +take NN O O +care NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +validity NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +linearized NN O B-Process +approximation NN O I-Process +, NN O O +this NN O O +is NN O O +discussed NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +: NN O O +( NN O O +15)ρ−3ddρρ3ddρ+1+R6ω6ρ6φ(ρ)=0 NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +ρ=rω NN O O +, NN O O +R NN O O += NN O O +Q1/3ℓp NN O O +. NN O O +Note NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +pointed NN O O +out NN O O +by NN O O +[ NN O O +11 NN O O +] NN O O +world NN O B-Process +volume NN O I-Process +solitons NN O I-Process +have NN O O +a NN O O +much NN O O +sharper NN O O +potential NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +Coulomb NN O O +type NN O O +potential NN O O +typical NN O O +of NN O O +brane NN O B-Process +solutions NN O I-Process +in NN O O +supergravity NN O O +; NN O O +thus NN O O +this NN O O +scattering NN O O +is NN O O +different NN O O +to NN O O +that NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +string NN O O +in NN O O +six NN O O +- NN O O +dimensional NN O O +supergravity NN O O +. NN O O +Nevertheless NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +small NN O B-Task +ωR NN O I-Task +one NN O O +may NN O O +solve NN O O +this NN O O +problem NN O O +by NN O O +matching NN O O +an NN O O +approximate NN O B-Process +solution NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +inner NN O O +region NN O O +to NN O O +an NN O O +approximate NN O B-Process +solution NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +outer NN O O +region NN O O +; NN O O +this NN O O +follows NN O O +closely NN O O +the NN O O +supergravity NN O B-Process +calculation NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +24 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269302013412) + +We NN O O +consider NN O B-Task +cosmological NN O I-Task +consequences NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +conformal NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +invariant NN O I-Task +formulation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +Einstein NN O I-Task +'s NN O I-Task +General NN O I-Task +Relativity NN O I-Task +where NN O O +instead NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +scale NN O B-Material +factor NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +spatial NN O O +metrics NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +action NN O O +functional NN O O +a NN O O +massless NN O B-Material +scalar NN O I-Material +( NN O I-Material +dilaton NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +field NN O I-Material +occurs NN O O +which NN O O +scales NN O O +all NN O O +masses NN O B-Material +including NN O O +the NN O O +Planck NN O B-Material +mass NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Instead NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +expansion NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +universe NN O I-Process +we NN O O +obtain NN O O +the NN O O +Hoyle NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +Narlikar NN O I-Process +type NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +mass NN O I-Process +evolution NN O I-Process +, NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +temperature NN O B-Process +history NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +universe NN O I-Process +is NN O O +replaced NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +mass NN O B-Process +history NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +this NN O O +conformal NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +invariant NN O I-Process +cosmological NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +gives NN O O +a NN O O +satisfactory NN O O +description NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +new NN O O +supernova NN O B-Material +Ia NN O I-Material +data NN O I-Material +for NN O O +the NN O O +effective NN O B-Process +magnitude NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +redshift NN O I-Process +relation NN O I-Process +without NN O O +a NN O O +cosmological NN O B-Material +constant NN O I-Material +and NN O O +make NN O O +a NN O O +prediction NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +high NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +redshift NN O I-Process +behavior NN O I-Process +which NN O O +deviates NN O O +from NN O O +that NN O O +of NN O O +standard NN O B-Task +cosmology NN O I-Task +for NN O O +z>1.7 NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269302014880) + +Production NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +charmonium NN O I-Task +states NN O I-Task +J/ψ NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +ψ′ NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +nucleus NN O I-Task +– NN O I-Task +nucleus NN O I-Task +collisions NN O I-Task +has NN O O +been NN O O +studied NN O O +at NN O O +CERN NN O O +SPS NN O O +over NN O O +the NN O O +previous NN O O +15 NN O O +years NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +NA38 NN O O +and NN O O +NA50 NN O O +Collaborations NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +experimental NN O B-Task +program NN O I-Task +was NN O O +mainly NN O O +motivated NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +suggestion NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +to NN O O +use NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +J/ψ NN O I-Task +as NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +probe NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +state NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +matter NN O I-Task +created NN O I-Task +at NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +early NN O I-Task +stage NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +collision NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +original NN O B-Material +picture NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +( NN O O +see NN O O +also NN O O +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +modern NN O O +review NN O O +) NN O O +assumes NN O O +that NN O O +charmonia NN O B-Material +are NN O O +created NN O O +exclusively NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +initial NN O O +stage NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +reaction NN O O +in NN O O +primary NN O B-Process +nucleon NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +nucleon NN O I-Process +collisions NN O I-Process +. NN O O +During NN O O +the NN O O +subsequent NN O B-Process +evolution NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +the NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +hidden NN O B-Material +charm NN O I-Material +mesons NN O I-Material +is NN O O +reduced NN O O +because NN O O +of NN O O +: NN O O +( NN O O +a NN O O +) NN O O +absorption NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +pre NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +resonance NN O I-Process +charmonium NN O I-Process +states NN O I-Process +by NN O I-Process +nuclear NN O I-Process +nucleons NN O I-Process +( NN O O +normal NN O B-Process +nuclear NN O I-Process +suppression NN O I-Process +) NN O O +, NN O O +( NN O O +b NN O O +) NN O O +interactions NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +charmonia NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +secondary NN O I-Process +hadrons NN O I-Process +( NN O O +comovers NN O B-Process +) NN O O +, NN O O +( NN O O +c NN O O +) NN O O +dissociation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +cc̄ NN O I-Process +bound NN O I-Process +states NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +deconfined NN O I-Process +medium NN O I-Process +( NN O O +anomalous NN O B-Process +suppression NN O I-Process +) NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +was NN O O +found NN O O +[ NN O O +3 NN O O +] NN O O +that NN O O +J/ψ NN O B-Process +suppression NN O I-Process +with NN O O +respect NN O O +to NN O O +Drell NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +Yan NN O I-Material +muon NN O I-Material +pairs NN O I-Material +measured NN O O +in NN O O +proton NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +nucleus NN O I-Material +and NN O O +nucleus NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +nucleus NN O I-Process +collisions NN O I-Process +with NN O O +light NN O B-Material +projectiles NN O I-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +explained NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +so NN O O +- NN O O +called NN O O +“ NN O O +normal NN O O +” NN O O +( NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +sweeping NN O B-Material +nucleons NN O I-Material +) NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Process +suppression NN O I-Process +alone NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +contrast NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +NA50 NN O B-Task +experiment NN O I-Task +with NN O O +a NN O O +heavy NN O B-Material +projectile NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +target NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Pb+Pb NN O B-Material +) NN O O +revealed NN O O +essentially NN O O +stronger NN O O +J/ψ NN O B-Process +suppression NN O I-Process +for NN O O +central NN O B-Process +collisions NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +4–7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +anomalous NN O O +J/ψ NN O B-Process +suppression NN O I-Process +was NN O O +attributed NN O O +to NN O O +formation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +quark NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +gluon NN O I-Process +plasma NN O I-Process +( NN O O +QGP NN O B-Material +) NN O O +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +a NN O O +comover NN O B-Process +scenario NN O I-Process +can NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +excluded NN O O +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269302014892) + +Brodsky NN O O +and NN O O +Lepage NN O O +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +have NN O O +proposed NN O O +a NN O O +formula NN O B-Task +for NN O I-Task +meson NN O I-Task +pair NN O I-Task +production NN O I-Task +which NN O O +looks NN O O +similar NN O O +to NN O O +( NN O O +25 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +except NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +different NN O O +charge NN O O +factor NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +appearance NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +timelike NN O O +electromagnetic NN O B-Material +meson NN O I-Material +form NN O O +factor NN O O +instead NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +annihilation NN O O +form NN O O +factor NN O O +R(s NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +formula NN O B-Task +was NN O O +obtained NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +leading NN O O +- NN O O +twist NN O O +result NN O O +by NN O O +neglecting NN O B-Process +part NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +amplitudes NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +opposite NN O I-Process +photon NN O I-Process +helicities NN O I-Process +. NN O O +As NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +pointed NN O O +out NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +9 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +part NN O O +is NN O O +however NN O O +not NN O O +approximately NN O O +independent NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +pion NN O O +distribution NN O O +amplitude NN O O +and NN O O +not NN O O +generically NN O O +small NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +also NN O O +remark NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +appearance NN O O +of NN O O +Fπ(s NN O O +) NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +γγ→π+π− NN O O +amplitude NN O O +is NN O O +no NN O O +longer NN O O +observed NN O O +if NN O O +corrections NN O O +from NN O O +partonic NN O B-Process +transverse NN O I-Process +momentum NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +hard NN O B-Process +scattering NN O I-Process +process NN O I-Process +are NN O O +taken NN O O +into NN O O +account NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +that NN O O +these NN O O +corrections NN O O +are NN O O +not NN O O +numerically NN O O +small NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +values NN O O +of NN O O +s NN O O +we NN O O +are NN O O +dealing NN O O +with NN O O +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Notice NN O O +further NN O O +that NN O O +two NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +photon NN O I-Process +annihilation NN O I-Process +produces NN O O +two NN O O +pions NN O B-Material +in NN O O +a NN O O +C NN O O +- NN O O +even NN O O +state NN O O +, NN O O +whereas NN O O +the NN O O +electromagnetic NN O B-Process +form NN O I-Process +factor NN O I-Process +projects NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +C NN O O +- NN O O +odd NN O O +state NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +pion NN O B-Material +pair NN O I-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +contrast NN O O +, NN O O +our NN O O +annihilation NN O B-Material +form NN O I-Material +factor NN O I-Material +R2π(s NN O B-Material +) NN O I-Material +is NN O O +C NN O O +- NN O O +even NN O O +as NN O O +discussed NN O O +after NN O O +( NN O O +24 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Finally NN O O +, NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +particular NN O O +charge NN O O +factor NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +Brodsky NN O B-Task +– NN O I-Task +Lepage NN O I-Task +formula NN O I-Task +leads NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +vanishing NN O B-Process +cross NN O I-Process +section NN O I-Process +for NN O I-Process +γγ NN O I-Process +annihilation NN O I-Process +into NN O O +pairs NN O O +of NN O O +neutral NN O B-Material +pseudoscalars NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269303015478) + +Since NN O O +perturbative NN O B-Process +expansion NN O I-Process +is NN O O +used NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +impossible NN O O +to NN O O +find NN O O +the NN O O +exact NN O B-Process +bounds NN O I-Process +; NN O O +instead NN O O +, NN O O +one NN O O +can NN O O +derive NN O O +tree NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +level NN O I-Process +unitarity NN O I-Process +bounds NN O I-Process +or NN O O +loop NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +improved NN O I-Process +unitarity NN O I-Process +bounds NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +study NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +will NN O O +use NN O O +unitarity NN O B-Process +bounds NN O I-Process +coming NN O O +from NN O O +a NN O O +tree NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +level NN O I-Task +analysis NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +20 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +tree NN O B-Task +level NN O I-Task +analysis NN O I-Task +is NN O O +derived NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +help NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +equivalence NN O B-Process +theorem NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +21 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +itself NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +high NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +energy NN O I-Process +approximation NN O I-Process +where NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +assumed NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +energy NN O O +scale NN O O +is NN O O +much NN O O +larger NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +Z0 NN O O +and NN O O +W± NN O O +gauge NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +boson NN O I-Material +masses NN O I-Material +. NN O O +We NN O O +will NN O O +consider NN O O +here NN O O +this NN O O +“ NN O O +high NN O O +- NN O O +energy NN O O +” NN O O +hypothesis NN O O +that NN O O +both NN O O +the NN O O +equivalence NN O B-Process +theorem NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +decoupling NN O B-Process +regime NN O I-Process +are NN O O +well NN O O +settled NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +in NN O O +such NN O O +a NN O O +way NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +unitarity NN O B-Process +constraint NN O I-Process +is NN O O +also NN O O +fulfilled NN O O +. NN O O +Our NN O O +purpose NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +investigate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +quantum NN O I-Task +effects NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +decays NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +light NN O I-Task +CP NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +even NN O I-Task +Higgs NN O I-Task +boson NN O I-Task +h0 NN O I-Task +, NN O O +especially NN O O +looking NN O B-Task +for NN O I-Task +sizeable NN O I-Task +differences NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +respect NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +SM NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +decoupling NN O I-Task +regime NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269303017222) + +In NN O O +the NN O O +bag NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +and NN O O +in NN O O +linear NN O O +or NN O O +harmonic NN O O +oscillator NN O B-Process +confining NN O I-Process +potentials NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +excited NN O O +S NN O O +- NN O O +state NN O O +lies NN O O +above NN O O +the NN O O +lowest NN O O +P NN O O +- NN O O +state NN O O +, NN O O +making NN O O +the NN O O +predicted NN O O +Roper NN O O +mass NN O O +heavier NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +lightest NN O O +negative NN O O +parity NN O O +baryon NN O O +mass NN O O +. NN O O +Pairwise NN O B-Process +spin NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +dependent NN O I-Process +interactions NN O I-Process +must NN O O +reverse NN O O +the NN O O +level NN O B-Process +ordering NN O I-Process +. NN O O +As NN O O +mentioned NN O O +earlier NN O O +, NN O O +color NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +spin NN O I-Process +interactions NN O I-Process +fail NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +regard NN O O +[ NN O O +29 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +flavor NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +spin NN O I-Process +interactions NN O I-Process +produce NN O O +the NN O O +desired NN O O +effect NN O O +. NN O O +Since NN O O +the NN O O +q3 NN O B-Process +color NN O I-Process +wave NN O I-Process +function NN O I-Process +is NN O O +antisymmetric NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +flavor NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +spin NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +orbital NN O I-Process +wave NN O I-Process +function NN O I-Process +is NN O O +totally NN O O +symmetric NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +all NN O O +quarks NN O B-Material +in NN O O +an NN O O +S NN O O +- NN O O +state NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +flavor NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +spin NN O I-Process +wave NN O I-Process +function NN O I-Process +is NN O O +totally NN O O +symmetric NN O O +all NN O O +by NN O O +itself NN O O +and NN O O +leads NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +attractive NN O O +flavor NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +spin NN O I-Process +interaction NN O I-Process +. NN O O +If NN O O +one NN O O +quark NN O B-Material +is NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +P NN O O +- NN O O +state NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +orbital NN O B-Process +wave NN O I-Process +function NN O I-Process +is NN O O +mixed NN O O +symmetry NN O O +and NN O O +so NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +flavor NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +spin NN O I-Process +wave NN O I-Process +function NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +flavor NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +spin NN O I-Process +interaction NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +less NN O O +attractive NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +SU(3)F NN O O +symmetric NN O O +case NN O O +, NN O O +Eq NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +1 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +one NN O O +obtains NN O O +mass NN O B-Process +splittings NN O I-Process +( NN O O +2)ΔMχ=−14Cχ,N(939),N∗(1440),−4Cχ,Δ(1232),−2Cχ,N∗(1535 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Here NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +approximated NN O O +the NN O O +N∗(1535 NN O O +) NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +state NN O O +with NN O O +total NN O O +quark NN O B-Process +spin-1/2 NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S037026930301801X) + +The NN O O +measurements NN O O +presented NN O O +here NN O O +provide NN O O +evidence NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +existence NN O O +of NN O O +di NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +cluster NN O I-Material +structures NN O I-Material +in NN O O +10–12,14Be NN O O +. NN O O +Certainly NN O O +, NN O O +if NN O O +the NN O O +breakup NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +samples NN O O +the NN O O +overlap NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +wavefunctions NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +ground NN O I-Process +state NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +excited NN O I-Process +states NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +chance NN O I-Process +cluster NN O I-Process +breakup NN O I-Process +cross NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +sections NN O I-Process +, NN O O +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +4(a NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +indicate NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +xHe+A−xHe NN O B-Material +cluster NN O I-Material +structure NN O I-Material +does NN O O +not NN O O +decrease NN O O +over NN O O +the NN O O +mass NN O O +range NN O O +A=10 NN O O +, NN O O +12 NN O O +and NN O O +14 NN O O +. NN O O +Given NN O O +also NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +decay NN O B-Process +energy NN O I-Process +threshold NN O O +increases NN O O +with NN O O +mass NN O O +number NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +data NN O O +may NN O O +even NN O O +indicate NN O O +a NN O O +slight NN O O +increase NN O O +in NN O O +clustering NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +breakup NN O B-Process +cross NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +sections NN O I-Process +also NN O O +appear NN O O +to NN O O +demonstrate NN O O +that NN O O +these NN O O +nuclei NN O B-Material +possess NN O O +a NN O O +stronger NN O O +structural NN O O +overlap NN O O +with NN O O +an NN O O +α–Xn–α NN O O +configuration NN O O +, NN O O +although NN O O +the NN O O +reaction NN O B-Process +mechanics NN O I-Process +by NN O O +which NN O O +this NN O O +final NN O O +state NN O O +is NN O O +reached NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +complex NN O O +. NN O O +That NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +say NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +dominant NN O B-Process +structural NN O I-Process +mode NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +neutron NN O B-Material +rich NN O I-Material +isotopes NN O I-Material +may NN O O +be NN O O +identified NN O O +with NN O O +two NN O O +alpha NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +particles NN O I-Material +plus NN O O +valence NN O B-Material +neutrons NN O I-Material +. NN O O +These NN O O +comprehensive NN O B-Task +measurements NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +neutron NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +removal NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +cluster NN O I-Task +breakup NN O I-Task +for NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +time NN O O +provide NN O O +experimental NN O O +data NN O O +whereby NN O O +the NN O O +structure NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +neutron NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +rich NN O I-Material +Be NN O I-Material +isotopes NN O I-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +modeled NN O O +via NN O O +their NN O O +reactions NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304005829) + +Let NN O O +us NN O O +now NN O O +consider NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +beta NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +beam NN O I-Material +source NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Similarly NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +static NN O B-Material +tritium NN O I-Material +source NN O I-Material +, NN O O +an NN O O +advantage NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +beta NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +beams NN O I-Process +is NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +neutrino NN O B-Process +fluxes NN O I-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +very NN O O +accurately NN O O +calculated NN O O +. NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +3 NN O O +shows NN O O +the NN O O +electron NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +neutrino NN O I-Process +scattering NN O I-Process +events NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +0.1 NN O O +MeV NN O O +to NN O O +1 NN O O +MeV NN O O +and NN O O +1 NN O O +keV NN O O +to NN O O +10 NN O O +keV NN O O +, NN O O +respectively NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +In NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +3(b NN O O +) NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +rounded NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +nearest NN O O +integer NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +counts NN O O +. NN O O +) NN O O +The NN O O +shape NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +flux NN O O +- NN O O +averaged NN O O +cross NN O O +sections NN O O +is NN O O +very NN O O +similar NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +reactor NN O B-Material +case NN O I-Material +as NN O O +reflected NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +event NN O O +rates NN O O +shown NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +figures NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +seen NN O O +, NN O O +by NN O O +measuring NN O O +electron NN O B-Material +recoils NN O I-Material +in NN O O +the NN O O +keV NN O O +range NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +beta NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +beam NN O I-Material +source NN O I-Material +one NN O O +could NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +sufficiently NN O O +strong NN O O +source NN O O +, NN O O +have NN O O +a NN O O +very NN O O +clear NN O O +signature NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +neutrino NN O B-Process +magnetic NN O I-Process +moment NN O I-Process +of NN O O +5×10−11μB. NN O O +These NN O O +figures NN O O +are NN O O +for NN O O +Helium-6 NN O B-Material +ions NN O I-Material +, NN O O +however NN O O +, NN O O +similar NN O O +results NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +obtained NN O O +using NN O O +neutrinos NN O B-Material +from NN O O +18Ne NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +results NN O O +shown NN O O +are NN O O +obtained NN O O +for NN O O +an NN O O +intensity NN O O +of NN O O +1015 NN O O +ν/s NN O O +( NN O O +i.e. NN O O +, NN O O +1015 NN O O +ions NN O O +/ NN O O +s NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +If NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +no NN O O +magnetic NN O O +moment NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +intensity NN O O +will NN O O +produce NN O O +about NN O O +170 NN O O +events NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +0.1 NN O O +MeV NN O O +to NN O O +1 NN O O +MeV NN O O +range NN O O +per NN O O +year NN O O +and NN O O +3 NN O O +events NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +1 NN O O +keV NN O O +to NN O O +10 NN O O +keV NN O O +range NN O O +per NN O O +year NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +numbers NN O O +increase NN O O +to NN O O +210 NN O O +and NN O O +55 NN O O +, NN O O +respectively NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +magnetic NN O O +moment NN O O +of NN O O +5×10−11μB. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007567) + +Each NN O O +hit NN O O +position NN O O +inside NN O O +the NN O O +drift NN O B-Material +chambers NN O I-Material +was NN O O +calculated NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +drift NN O O +time NN O O +digitized NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +flash NN O B-Material +analog NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +to NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +digital NN O I-Material +converter NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +calculation NN O O +was NN O O +carried NN O O +out NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +relation NN O B-Process +between NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +hit NN O I-Process +position NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +drift NN O I-Process +time NN O I-Process +( NN O O +x NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +t NN O I-Process +relation NN O I-Process +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +x NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +t NN O I-Process +relation NN O I-Process +was NN O O +precisely NN O O +calculated NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +drift NN O B-Material +chamber NN O I-Material +simulation NN O I-Material +package NN O I-Material +, NN O O +GARFIELD NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +20 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +a NN O O +gas NN O B-Material +property NN O I-Material +simulation NN O I-Material +package NN O I-Material +, NN O O +MAGBOLTZ NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +21 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Although NN O O +the NN O O +chambers NN O B-Material +were NN O O +constructed NN O O +carefully NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +tolerance NN O O +of NN O O +100 NN O O +μm NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +was NN O O +a NN O O +small NN O O +position NN O O +deviation NN O O +of NN O O +wires NN O O +and NN O O +field NN O O +- NN O O +shaping NN O O +patterns NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +could NN O O +locally NN O O +modify NN O O +the NN O O +electric NN O O +field NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +take NN O O +account NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +limited NN O O +accuracy NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +chamber NN O O +manufacturing NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +correction NN O O +was NN O O +commonly NN O O +applied NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +calculated NN O O +x NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +t NN O I-Process +relation NN O I-Process +throughout NN O O +the NN O O +experiments NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +correction NN O O +was NN O O +obtained NN O O +to NN O O +minimize NN O O +the NN O O +χ2 NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +fitting NN O O +of NN O O +straight NN O O +tracks NN O O +of NN O O +clean NN O O +muon NN O O +events NN O O +observed NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +ground NN O O +without NN O O +magnetic NN O B-Process +field NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +correction NN O O +was NN O O +as NN O O +small NN O O +as NN O O +expected NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +accuracy NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +chamber NN O B-Process +manufacturing NN O I-Process +. NN O O +During NN O O +the NN O O +observations NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +x NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +t NN O I-Process +relation NN O I-Process +was NN O O +affected NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +variation NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +pressure NN O O +and NN O O +temperature NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +chamber NN O B-Material +gas NN O I-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +take NN O O +account NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O O +time NN O O +- NN O O +dependent NN O O +variations NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +x NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +t NN O I-Process +relation NN O I-Process +was NN O O +calibrated NN O O +for NN O O +each NN O O +data NN O O +- NN O O +taking NN O O +run NN O O +. NN O O +Especially NN O O +in NN O O +calibrating NN O O +the NN O O +x NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +t NN O I-Process +relation NN O I-Process +of NN O O +ODCs NN O B-Material +, NN O O +an NN O O +absolute NN O O +reference NN O O +positions NN O O +were NN O O +provided NN O O +by NN O O +SciFi NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +are NN O O +not NN O O +affected NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +variation NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +pressure NN O O +nor NN O O +temperature NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007816) + +We NN O O +define NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +new NN O I-Task +multispecies NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +Calogero NN O I-Task +type NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +D NN O I-Task +dimensions NN O I-Task +with NN O O +harmonic NN O B-Process +, NN O I-Process +two NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +body NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +three NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +body NN O I-Process +interactions NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Using NN O O +the NN O O +underlying NN O O +conformal NN O B-Process +SU(1,1 NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +algebra NN O I-Process +, NN O O +we NN O O +indicate NN O O +how NN O O +to NN O O +find NN O O +the NN O O +complete NN O O +set NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +states NN O O +in NN O O +Bargmann NN O O +– NN O O +Fock NN O O +space NN O O +. NN O O +There NN O O +are NN O O +towers NN O O +of NN O O +states NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +equidistant NN O B-Process +energy NN O I-Process +spectra NN O I-Process +in NN O O +each NN O O +tower NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +explicitely NN O O +construct NN O B-Process +all NN O I-Process +polynomial NN O I-Process +eigenstates NN O I-Process +, NN O O +namely NN O O +the NN O O +center NN O O +- NN O O +of NN O O +- NN O O +mass NN O O +states NN O O +and NN O O +global NN O O +dilatation NN O O +modes NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +find NN O B-Process +their NN O I-Process +corresponding NN O I-Process +eigenenergies NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +also NN O O +construct NN O B-Process +ladder NN O I-Process +operators NN O I-Process +for NN O O +these NN O O +global NN O O +collective NN O O +states NN O O +. NN O O +Analysing NN O B-Task +corresponding NN O I-Task +Fock NN O I-Task +space NN O I-Task +, NN O O +we NN O O +detect NN O O +the NN O O +universal NN O O +critical NN O O +point NN O O +at NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O O +model NN O O +exhibits NN O O +singular NN O O +behavior NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +above NN O O +results NN O O +are NN O O +universal NN O O +for NN O O +all NN O O +systems NN O O +with NN O O +underlying NN O O +conformal NN O O +SU(1,1 NN O O +) NN O O +symmetry NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008421) + +The NN O O +expression NN O O +for NN O O +Pc NN O B-Material +is NN O O +also NN O O +easily NN O O +found NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +basis NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +it NN O O +becomes NN O O +apparent NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +dynamics NN O O +of NN O O +conversion NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +matter NN O I-Process +depends NN O O +only NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +relative NN O B-Process +orientation NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +eigenstates NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +vacuum NN O B-Process +and NN O O +matter NN O B-Process +Hamiltonians NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +allows NN O O +to NN O O +directly NN O O +apply NN O O +the NN O O +known NN O O +analytical NN O B-Process +solutions NN O I-Process +for NN O I-Process +Pc NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +, NN O O +upon NN O O +rotating NN O O +back NN O O +, NN O O +obtain NN O O +a NN O O +generalization NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +these NN O I-Process +results NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +NSI NN O I-Process +case NN O I-Process +. NN O O +For NN O O +example NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +answer NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +infinite NN O O +exponential NN O O +profile NN O O +[ NN O O +18,19 NN O O +] NN O O +A∝exp(−r NN O O +/ NN O O +r0 NN O O +) NN O O +becomes NN O O +Pc NN O O += NN O O +exp[γ(1−cos2θrel)/2]−1exp(γ)−1 NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +γ≡4πr0Δ=πr0Δm2/Eν. NN O O +We NN O O +further NN O O +observe NN O O +that NN O O +since NN O O +γ⪢1 NN O O +the NN O O +adiabaticity NN O B-Process +violation NN O I-Process +occurs NN O O +only NN O O +when NN O O +|θ−α|⪡1 NN O O +and NN O O +φ≃π/2 NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +analogue NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +small NN O O +- NN O O +angle NN O O +MSW NN O O +[ NN O O +10,20 NN O O +] NN O O +effect NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +rotated NN O O +basis NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +“ NN O O +resonant NN O O +” NN O O +region NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +Sun NN O O +where NN O O +level NN O O +jumping NN O O +can NN O O +take NN O O +place NN O O +is NN O O +narrow NN O O +, NN O O +defined NN O O +by NN O O +A≃Δ NN O O +[ NN O O +21 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +neutrino NN O B-Material +produced NN O O +at NN O O +a NN O O +lower NN O O +density NN O O +evolves NN O O +adiabatically NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +a NN O O +neutrino NN O B-Material +produced NN O O +at NN O O +a NN O O +higher NN O O +density NN O O +may NN O O +undergo NN O O +level NN O O +crossing NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +probability NN O O +Pc NN O B-Material +in NN O O +the NN O O +latter NN O O +case NN O O +is NN O O +given NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +very NN O O +good NN O O +accuracy NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +formula NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +linear NN O O +profile NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +an NN O O +appropriate NN O O +gradient NN O O +taken NN O O +along NN O O +the NN O O +neutrino NN O B-Material +trajectory NN O O +, NN O O +( NN O O +12)Pc≃Θ(A−Δ)e−γ(cos2θrel+1)/2 NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +Θ(x NN O O +) NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +step NN O O +function NN O O +, NN O O +Θ(x)=1 NN O O +for NN O O +x>0 NN O O +and NN O O +Θ(x)=0 NN O O +otherwise NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +emphasize NN O O +that NN O O +our NN O O +results NN O O +differ NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +similar NN O O +ones NN O O +given NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +5,22 NN O O +] NN O O +in NN O O +three NN O O +important NN O O +respects NN O O +: NN O O +( NN O O +i NN O O +) NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +valid NN O O +for NN O O +all NN O O +, NN O O +not NN O O +just NN O O +small NN O O +values NN O O +of NN O O +α NN O O +( NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +essential NN O O +for NN O O +our NN O O +application NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +( NN O O +ii NN O O +) NN O O +they NN O O +include NN O O +the NN O O +angle NN O O +φ NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +( NN O O +iii NN O O +) NN O O +the NN O O +argument NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Θ NN O O +function NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +contain NN O O +cos2θ NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +follows NN O O +from NN O O +[ NN O O +21 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +stress NN O O +that NN O O +for NN O O +large NN O O +values NN O O +of NN O O +α NN O O +and NN O O +φ≃π/2 NN O O +adiabaticity NN O O +is NN O O +violated NN O O +for NN O O +large NN O O +values NN O O +of NN O O +θ. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008494) + +One NN O O +major NN O O +goal NN O O +of NN O O +current NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Task +physics NN O I-Task +is NN O O +the NN O O +observation NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +at NN O I-Task +least NN O I-Task +partial NN O I-Task +restoration NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +chiral NN O I-Task +symmetry NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Since NN O O +the NN O O +chiral NN O B-Material +order NN O I-Material +parameter NN O I-Material +〈 NN O O +q̄q NN O B-Material +〉 NN O O +is NN O O +expected NN O O +to NN O O +decrease NN O O +by NN O O +about NN O O +30 NN O O +% NN O O +already NN O O +at NN O O +normal NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Material +matter NN O I-Material +density NN O O +[ NN O O +1–4 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +any NN O O +in NN O O +- NN O O +medium NN O O +change NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +dropping NN O O +quark NN O B-Material +condensate NN O I-Material +should NN O O +in NN O O +principle NN O O +be NN O O +observable NN O O +in NN O O +photonuclear NN O B-Process +reactions NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +conjecture NN O O +that NN O O +such NN O O +a NN O O +partial NN O B-Process +restoration NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +chiral NN O I-Process +symmetry NN O I-Process +causes NN O O +a NN O O +softening NN O O +and NN O O +narrowing NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +σ NN O B-Material +meson NN O I-Material +as NN O O +the NN O O +chiral NN O B-Material +partner NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +pion NN O B-Material +in NN O O +the NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Material +medium NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +5,6 NN O O +] NN O O +has NN O O +led NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +idea NN O O +of NN O O +measuring NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +π0π0 NN O I-Process +invariant NN O I-Process +mass NN O I-Process +distribution NN O I-Process +near NN O O +the NN O O +2π NN O O +threshold NN O O +in NN O O +photon NN O B-Process +induced NN O I-Process +reactions NN O I-Process +on NN O O +nuclei NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +contrast NN O O +to NN O O +its NN O O +questionable NN O O +nature NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +proper NN O O +quasiparticle NN O B-Material +in NN O O +vacuum NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +σ NN O B-Material +meson NN O I-Material +might NN O O +develop NN O O +a NN O O +much NN O O +narrower NN O O +peak NN O O +at NN O O +finite NN O O +baryon NN O O +density NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +phase NN O O +- NN O O +space NN O O +suppression NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +σ→ππ NN O B-Process +decay NN O I-Process +, NN O O +hence NN O O +making NN O O +it NN O O +possible NN O O +to NN O O +explore NN O O +its NN O O +properties NN O O +when NN O O +embedded NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Process +many NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +body NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +8–11 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Measuring NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +threshold NN O I-Process +enhancement NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +π0π0 NN O I-Process +invariant NN O I-Process +mass NN O I-Process +spectrum NN O I-Process +might NN O O +serve NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +signal NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +partial NN O B-Task +restoration NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +chiral NN O I-Task +symmetry NN O I-Task +inside NN O O +nuclei NN O B-Material +and NN O O +, NN O O +therefore NN O O +, NN O O +give NN O O +information NN O O +about NN O O +one NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +fundamental NN O O +features NN O O +of NN O O +QCD NN O B-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009293) + +An NN O O +OPE NN O B-Material +of NN O O +VQCD(r NN O B-Material +) NN O I-Material +was NN O O +developed NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +3 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +next NN O O +paragraph NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +review NN O O +the NN O O +content NN O O +of NN O O +that NN O O +paper NN O O +relevant NN O O +to NN O O +our NN O O +analysis NN O O +. NN O O +Within NN O O +this NN O O +framework NN O O +, NN O O +short NN O O +- NN O O +distance NN O O +contributions NN O O +are NN O O +contained NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +potentials NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +are NN O O +in NN O O +fact NN O O +the NN O O +Wilson NN O O +coefficients NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +perturbative NN O O +contributions NN O O +are NN O O +contained NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +matrix NN O O +elements NN O O +that NN O O +are NN O O +organized NN O O +in NN O O +multipole NN O B-Process +expansion NN O I-Process +in NN O O +r→ NN O O +at NN O O +r≪ΛQCD−1 NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +following NN O O +relation NN O O +was NN O O +derived NN O O +: NN O O +( NN O O +16)VQCD(r)=VS(r)+δEUS(r),(17)δEUS=−ig2TFNC∫0∞dte−iΔV(r)t×〈r→⋅E→a(t)φadj(t,0)abr→⋅E→b(0)〉+O(r3 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +VS(r NN O O +) NN O O +denotes NN O O +the NN O O +singlet NN O O +potential NN O O +. NN O O +δEUS(r NN O O +) NN O O +denotes NN O O +the NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +perturbative NN O O +contribution NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +QCD NN O B-Material +potential NN O I-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +starts NN O O +at NN O O +O(ΛQCD3r2 NN O O +) NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +multipole NN O B-Process +expansion NN O I-Process +. NN O O +ΔV(r)=VO(r)−VS(r NN O O +) NN O O +denotes NN O O +the NN O O +difference NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +octet NN O O +and NN O O +singlet NN O O +potentials NN O O +; NN O O +see NN O O +[ NN O O +3 NN O O +] NN O O +for NN O O +details NN O O +. NN O O +Intuitively NN O O +VS(r NN O O +) NN O O +corresponds NN O O +to NN O O +VUV(r;μf NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +δEUS(r NN O O +) NN O O +to NN O O +VIR(r;μf NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +adopt NN O O +dimensional NN O B-Process +regularization NN O I-Process +in NN O O +our NN O O +analysis NN O O +; NN O O +we NN O O +also NN O O +refer NN O O +to NN O O +hard NN O B-Process +cutoff NN O I-Process +schemes NN O I-Process +when NN O O +discussing NN O O +conceptual NN O O +aspects NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304012638) + +It NN O O +has NN O O +recently NN O O +been NN O O +demonstrated NN O O +[ NN O O +15 NN O O +] NN O O +( NN O O +see NN O O +also NN O O +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +references NN O O +therein NN O O +) NN O O +that NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +self NN O O +- NN O O +dual NN O O +background NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +loop NN O I-Process +QED NN O I-Process +effective NN O I-Process +action NN O I-Process +takes NN O O +a NN O O +remarkably NN O O +simple NN O O +form NN O O +that NN O O +is NN O O +very NN O O +similar NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +one NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +loop NN O I-Process +action NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +background NN O O +. NN O O +There NN O O +are NN O O +expectations NN O O +that NN O O +this NN O O +similarity NN O O +persists NN O O +at NN O O +higher NN O B-Process +loops NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +therefore NN O O +there NN O O +should NN O O +be NN O O +some NN O O +remarkable NN O O +structure NN O O +encoded NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +all NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +loop NN O I-Process +effective NN O I-Process +action NN O I-Process +for NN O O +gauge NN O O +theories NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +supersymmetric NN O O +case NN O O +, NN O O +one NN O O +has NN O O +to NN O O +replace NN O O +the NN O O +requirement NN O O +of NN O O +self NN O O +- NN O O +duality NN O O +by NN O O +that NN O O +of NN O O +relaxed NN O O +super NN O O +self NN O O +- NN O O +duality NN O O +[ NN O O +16 NN O O +] NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +arrive NN O O +at NN O O +conclusions NN O O +similar NN O O +to NN O O +those NN O O +given NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +15 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Further NN O O +progress NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +direction NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +achieved NN O O +through NN O O +the NN O O +analysis NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +N=2 NN O I-Task +covariant NN O I-Task +supergraphs NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Finally NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +believe NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +results NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +Letter NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +helpful NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +context NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +conjectured NN O O +correspondence NN O O +[ NN O O +17–19 NN O O +] NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +D3-brane NN O B-Process +action NN O I-Process +in NN O O +AdS5×S5 NN O B-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +low NN O O +- NN O O +energy NN O O +action NN O O +for NN O O +N=4 NN O O +SU(N NN O B-Material +) NN O I-Material +SYM NN O I-Material +on NN O O +its NN O O +Coulomb NN O B-Material +branch NN O I-Material +, NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +gauge NN O B-Material +group NN O I-Material +SU(N NN O B-Material +) NN O I-Material +spontaneously NN O O +broken NN O O +to NN O O +SU(N−1)×U(1 NN O B-Material +) NN O I-Material +. NN O O +There NN O O +have NN O O +appeared NN O O +two NN O O +independent NN O O +F6 NN O B-Task +tests NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +this NN O I-Task +conjecture NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +19,20 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +conflicting NN O O +conclusions NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +approach NN O O +advocated NN O O +here NN O O +provides NN O O +the NN O O +opportunity NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +further NN O O +test NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S037877531001949X) + +The NN O O +Substrate NN O B-Task +Induced NN O I-Task +Coagulation NN O I-Task +( NN O O +SIC NN O B-Task +) NN O O +coating NN O B-Process +process NN O O +provides NN O O +a NN O O +self NN O O +assembled NN O O +and NN O O +almost NN O O +binder NN O O +free NN O O +coating NN O B-Process +with NN O O +small NN O O +particles NN O O +. NN O O +Most NN O O +research NN O O +so NN O O +far NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +coat NN O O +a NN O O +variety NN O O +of NN O O +surfaces NN O O +with NN O O +highly NN O O +conductive NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +blacks NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +34,35,36 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Layers NN O O +deposited NN O O +by NN O O +this NN O O +technique NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +electromagnetic NN O B-Process +wave NN O I-Process +shielding NN O I-Process +, NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +metallization NN O B-Process +process NN O O +of NN O O +through NN O O +- NN O O +holes NN O O +in NN O O +printed NN O B-Material +wiring NN O I-Material +boards NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +manufacture NN O O +of NN O O +conducting NN O B-Material +polymers NN O I-Material +( NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +Teflon NN O B-Material +) NN O O +[ NN O O +37,38,39 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +An NN O O +advantage NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +dip NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +coating NN O I-Process +process NN O O +is NN O O +that NN O O +it NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +any NN O O +kind NN O O +of NN O O +surface NN O O +, NN O O +provided NN O O +the NN O O +substrate NN O O +is NN O O +stable NN O O +in NN O O +water NN O O +and NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +particles NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +coating NN O O +form NN O O +a NN O O +meta NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +stable NN O I-Process +dispersion NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Recently NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +aqueous NN O O +SIC NN O B-Process +coating NN O I-Process +process NN O O +of NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +black NN O I-Material +was NN O O +developed NN O O +by NN O O +investigating NN O O +the NN O O +stabilities NN O O +of NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +aqueous NN O O +dispersions NN O O +[ NN O O +36 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +dispersions NN O O +were NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +prepare NN O O +LiCoO2-composite NN O B-Process +electrodes NN O I-Process +for NN O O +Li NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +ion NN O I-Process +batteries NN O I-Process +with NN O O +an NN O O +improved NN O O +conductivity NN O O +while NN O O +keeping NN O O +the NN O O +content NN O O +of NN O O +active NN O O +battery NN O O +material NN O O +high NN O O +[ NN O O +35 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0885230816301759) + +This NN O O +paper NN O O +proposes NN O O +a NN O O +sentence NN O B-Process +stress NN O I-Process +feedback NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +in NN O O +which NN O O +sentence NN O O +stress NN O O +prediction NN O O +, NN O O +detection NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +feedback NN O O +provision NN O O +models NN O O +are NN O O +combined NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +system NN O O +provides NN O B-Task +non NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +native NN O I-Task +learners NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +feedback NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +sentence NN O I-Task +stress NN O I-Task +errors NN O I-Task +so NN O O +that NN O O +they NN O O +can NN O O +improve NN O O +their NN O O +English NN O O +rhythm NN O O +and NN O O +fluency NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +self NN O O +- NN O O +study NN O O +setting NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +sentence NN O O +stress NN O O +feedback NN O O +system NN O O +was NN O O +devised NN O O +to NN O O +predict NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +detect NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +sentence NN O I-Task +stress NN O I-Task +of NN O O +any NN O O +practice NN O O +sentence NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +accuracy NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +prediction NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +detection NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +was NN O O +96.6 NN O O +% NN O O +and NN O O +84.1 NN O O +% NN O O +, NN O O +respectively NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +stress NN O B-Process +feedback NN O I-Process +provision NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +offers NN O O +positive NN O O +or NN O O +negative NN O O +stress NN O O +feedback NN O O +for NN O O +each NN O O +spoken NN O O +word NN O O +by NN O O +comparing NN O O +the NN O O +probability NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +predicted NN O O +stress NN O O +pattern NN O O +with NN O O +that NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +detected NN O O +stress NN O O +pattern NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +an NN O O +experiment NN O O +that NN O O +evaluated NN O O +the NN O O +educational NN O O +effect NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +proposed NN O O +system NN O O +incorporated NN O O +in NN O O +our NN O O +CALL NN O B-Material +system NN O I-Material +, NN O O +significant NN O O +improvements NN O O +in NN O O +accentedness NN O O +and NN O O +rhythm NN O O +were NN O O +seen NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +students NN O O +who NN O O +trained NN O O +with NN O O +our NN O O +system NN O O +but NN O O +not NN O O +with NN O O +those NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +control NN O O +group NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S092583881302834X) + +Plastically NN O O +deformed NN O O +MGs NN O B-Material +develop NN O O +inhomogeneity NN O O +and NN O O +show NN O O +harder NN O O +and NN O O +softer NN O O +regions NN O O +[ NN O O +16 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +While NN O O +this NN O O +could NN O O +in NN O O +principle NN O O +be NN O O +associated NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +BE NN O O +according NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +composite NN O O +model NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +MG NN O B-Material +provides NN O O +no NN O O +basis NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +dislocation NN O O +- NN O O +based NN O O +theory NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +search NN O B-Task +for NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +BE NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +plastic NN O I-Task +flow NN O I-Task +is NN O O +hindered NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +softening NN O O +of NN O O +MGs NN O B-Material +associated NN O O +with NN O O +shear NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +banding NN O I-Process +( NN O O +in NN O O +contrast NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +work NN O O +- NN O O +hardening NN O O +familiar NN O O +in NN O O +conventional NN O O +alloys NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Anelastic NN O B-Process +deformation NN O I-Process +is NN O O +, NN O O +however NN O O +, NN O O +of NN O O +interest NN O O +as NN O O +its NN O O +time NN O O +- NN O O +dependence NN O O +must NN O O +relate NN O O +to NN O O +relaxation NN O O +processes NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +MG NN O O +structure NN O O +that NN O O +in NN O O +turn NN O O +should NN O O +be NN O O +connected NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +onset NN O O +of NN O O +plasticity NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +particular NN O O +, NN O O +anelasticity NN O O +may NN O O +offer NN O O +a NN O O +way NN O O +to NN O O +study NN O O +the NN O O +operation NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +shear NN O B-Process +transformation NN O I-Process +zones NN O I-Process +( NN O O +STZs NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +often NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +interpret NN O O +the NN O O +deformation NN O O +of NN O O +MGs NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Fujita NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +have NN O O +used NN O O +torsion NN O O +tests NN O O +to NN O O +observe NN O B-Task +anelasticity NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +MGs NN O I-Task +loaded NN O O +( NN O O +at NN O O +maximum NN O O +, NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +cylindrical NN O O +sample NN O O +surface NN O O +) NN O O +to NN O O +30 NN O O +% NN O O +, NN O O +16 NN O O +% NN O O +and NN O O +just NN O O +4 NN O O +% NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +shear NN O O +yield NN O O +stress NN O O +τy NN O O +[ NN O O +18 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +work NN O O +we NN O O +apply NN O O +torsion NN O O +to NN O O +MG NN O B-Material +samples NN O O +to NN O O +reach NN O O +stresses NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +24 NN O O +% NN O O +of NN O O +τy NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +time NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +elastic NN O O +regime NN O O +investigate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +effects NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +torque NN O I-Task +reversal NN O I-Task +. NN O I-Task + +-DOCSTART- (S0925838814009669) + +SPS NN O B-Material +has NN O O +been NN O O +utilized NN O O +in NN O O +several NN O O +studies NN O O +to NN O O +retain NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +nanostructure NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +aluminum NN O I-Process +alloy NN O I-Process +powders NN O I-Process +during NN O I-Process +consolidation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Ye NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +investigated NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +effect NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +processing NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +cryomilled NN O I-Task +Al NN O I-Task +5083 NN O I-Task +powder NN O I-Task +via NN O O +SPS NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +X NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +ray NN O I-Process +Diffraction NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +XRD NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +grain NN O I-Process +size NN O I-Process +calculations NN O I-Process +before NN O O +and NN O O +after NN O O +SPS NN O B-Process +showed NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +average NN O O +grain NN O O +size NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +alloy NN O B-Material +only NN O O +increased NN O O +from NN O O +25 NN O O +nm NN O O +to NN O O +50 NN O O +nm NN O O +( NN O O +from NN O O +powder NN O O +to NN O O +bulk NN O O +state NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Subsequently NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +hardness NN O O +values NN O O +obtained NN O O +through NN O O +nanoindentation NN O B-Process +for NN O O +specimens NN O O +of NN O O +AA5083 NN O B-Material +produced NN O O +via NN O O +SPS NN O B-Material +were NN O O +highly NN O O +improved NN O O +in NN O O +comparison NN O O +to NN O O +conventional NN O O +sintering NN O O +methods NN O O +were NN O O +grain NN O O +coarsening NN O O +takes NN O O +place NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +larger NN O O +scale NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +another NN O O +study NN O O +the NN O O +combination NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +cryomilling NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +SPS NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +AA-5356/B4C NN O I-Process +nanocomposites NN O I-Process +powder NN O I-Process +was NN O O +found NN O O +to NN O O +largely NN O O +improve NN O O +the NN O O +microhardness NN O O +and NN O O +flexural NN O O +strengths NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +bulk NN O B-Material +nanocomposite NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Rana NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +14 NN O O +] NN O O +investigated NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +effect NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +SPS NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +mechanically NN O I-Task +milled NN O I-Task +AA6061 NN O I-Task +( NN O I-Task +Al NN O I-Task +– NN O I-Task +Mg NN O I-Task +– NN O I-Task +Si NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +micro NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +alloy NN O I-Task +powder NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +average NN O O +grain NN O O +size NN O O +after NN O O +20h NN O O +of NN O O +milling NN O O +was NN O O +∼35 NN O O +nm NN O O +and NN O O +increased NN O O +to NN O O +only NN O O +∼85 NN O O +nm NN O O +after NN O O +processing NN O O +with NN O O +SPS NN O B-Material +at NN O O +500 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +. NN O O +Microhardness NN O O +and NN O O +compressive NN O O +tests NN O O +were NN O O +carried NN O O +out NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +consolidated NN O O +near NN O O +full NN O O +density NN O O +specimens NN O O +of NN O O +both NN O O +unmilled NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +milled NN O I-Material +powders NN O I-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +results NN O O +showed NN O O +significant NN O O +increase NN O O +in NN O O +both NN O O +hardness NN O O +and NN O O +compressive NN O O +strengths NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +milled NN O B-Material +nanocrystalline NN O I-Material +powders NN O I-Material +as NN O O +a NN O O +result NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +very NN O O +fine NN O O +grain NN O O +size NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0927025614003322) + +A NN O O +principle NN O O +of NN O O +high NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +throughput NN O I-Task +materials NN O I-Task +science NN O I-Task +is NN O O +that NN O O +one NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +know NN O O +a NN O O +priori NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +value NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +data NN O O +lies NN O O +for NN O O +any NN O O +specific NN O O +application NN O O +. NN O O +Trends NN O O +and NN O O +insights NN O O +are NN O O +deduced NN O O +a NN O O +posteriori NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +requires NN O O +efficient NN O B-Task +interfaces NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +interrogate NN O I-Task +available NN O I-Task +data NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +various NN O I-Task +levels NN O I-Task +. NN O O +We NN O O +have NN O O +developed NN O O +a NN O O +simple NN O O +WEB NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +API NN O I-Process +to NN O O +greatly NN O O +improve NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +accessibility NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +utility NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +AFLOWLIB NN O I-Task +database NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +14 NN O O +] NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +scientific NN O O +community NN O O +. NN O O +Through NN O O +it NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +client NN O O +can NN O O +access NN O O +calculated NN O O +physical NN O B-Material +properties NN O I-Material +( NN O O +thermodynamic NN O B-Material +, NN O I-Material +crystallographic NN O I-Material +, NN O I-Material +or NN O I-Material +mechanical NN O I-Material +properties NN O I-Material +) NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +simulation NN O B-Material +provenance NN O I-Material +and NN O O +runtime NN O B-Material +properties NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +included NN O O +systems NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +data NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +directly NN O O +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +, NN O O +to NN O O +browse NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +class NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +materials NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +desired NN O I-Process +property NN O I-Process +) NN O O +or NN O O +integrated NN O O +into NN O O +higher NN O B-Process +level NN O I-Process +work NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +flows NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +interface NN O B-Process +also NN O O +allows NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +sharing NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +updates NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +data NN O I-Process +used NN O O +in NN O O +previous NN O O +published NN O O +works NN O O +, NN O O +e.g. NN O O +, NN O O +previously NN O O +calculated NN O O +alloy NN O B-Material +phase NN O I-Material +diagrams NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +19–31 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +thus NN O O +the NN O O +database NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +expanded NN O O +systematically NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0927025614006181) + +The NN O O +Discrete NN O B-Process +Element NN O I-Process +Method NN O I-Process +applied NN O O +to NN O O +spheres NN O B-Material +is NN O O +well NN O O +established NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +reasonably NN O O +realistic NN O O +tool NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +wide NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +engineering NN O O +disciplines NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +modelling NN O B-Task +packing NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +flow NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +granular NN O I-Task +materials NN O I-Task +; NN O O +Asmar NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +describes NN O O +the NN O O +fundamentals NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +method NN O O +as NN O O +applied NN O O +by NN O O +code NN O O +developed NN O O +in NN O O +- NN O O +house NN O O +at NN O O +Nottingham NN O O +; NN O O +since NN O O +these NN O O +are NN O O +widely NN O O +documented NN O O +the NN O O +details NN O O +are NN O O +not NN O O +reproduced NN O O +here NN O O +, NN O O +simply NN O O +a NN O O +summary NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +applies NN O O +an NN O O +explicit NN O B-Process +time NN O I-Process +stepping NN O I-Process +approach NN O I-Process +to NN O O +numerically NN O B-Process +integrate NN O I-Process +the NN O O +translational NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +rotational NN O I-Process +motion NN O I-Process +of NN O O +each NN O O +particle NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +resulting NN O O +forces NN O B-Process +and NN O O +moments NN O B-Process +acting NN O O +on NN O O +them NN O O +at NN O O +each NN O O +timestep NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +inter NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +particle NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +particle NN O I-Material +wall NN O I-Material +contacts NN O I-Material +are NN O O +modelled NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +linear NN O B-Process +spring NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +dashpot NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +slider NN O I-Process +analogy NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Contact NN O B-Process +forces NN O I-Process +are NN O O +modelled NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +normal NN O O +and NN O O +tangential NN O O +directions NN O O +with NN O O +respect NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +line NN O O +connecting NN O O +the NN O O +particles NN O B-Material +centres NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Particle NN O B-Process +elastic NN O I-Process +stiffness NN O I-Process +is NN O O +set NN O O +so NN O O +sphere NN O B-Process +“ NN O I-Process +overlap NN O I-Process +” NN O I-Process +is NN O O +not NN O O +significant NN O O +and NN O O +moderate NN O O +contact NN O B-Process +damping NN O I-Process +is NN O O +applied NN O O +. NN O O +Particle NN O B-Process +cohesion NN O I-Process +can NN O O +also NN O O +be NN O O +modelled NN O O +but NN O O +is NN O O +assumed NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +negligible NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +current NN O O +study NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +translational NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +rotational NN O I-Process +motion NN O I-Process +of NN O O +each NN O O +particle NN O B-Material +is NN O O +modelled NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +half NN O B-Process +step NN O I-Process +leap NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +frog NN O I-Process +Verlet NN O I-Process +numerical NN O I-Process +integration NN O I-Process +scheme NN O I-Process +to NN O O +update NN O O +particle NN O B-Material +positions NN O I-Material +and NN O O +velocities NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Near NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +neighbour NN O I-Process +lists NN O I-Process +are NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +increase NN O O +the NN O O +computational NN O O +efficiency NN O O +of NN O O +determining NN O O +particle NN O B-Material +contacts NN O I-Material +and NN O O +a NN O O +zoning NN O B-Process +method NN O I-Process +is NN O O +used NN O O +each NN O O +time NN O O +the NN O O +list NN O O +is NN O O +composed NN O O +; NN O O +that NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +system NN O O +is NN O O +divided NN O O +into NN O O +cubic NN O O +regions NN O O +, NN O O +each NN O O +particle NN O B-Material +centre NN O I-Material +is NN O O +within NN O O +one NN O O +zone NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +potential NN O O +contacting NN O B-Material +particles NN O I-Material +are NN O O +within NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +or NN O O +next NN O O +- NN O O +door NN O O +neighbour NN O O +zones NN O O +. NN O O +Full NN O O +details NN O O +are NN O O +given NN O O +in NN O O +Asmar NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0927025615006357) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +crystal NN O B-Process +plasticity NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +, NN O O +in NN O O +combination NN O O +with NN O O +XFEM NN O B-Process +, NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +applied NN O O +to NN O O +study NN O B-Task +cyclic NN O I-Task +deformation NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +fatigue NN O I-Task +crack NN O I-Task +growth NN O I-Task +in NN O O +a NN O O +nickel NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +based NN O I-Material +superalloy NN O I-Material +LSHR NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Low NN O B-Material +Solvus NN O I-Material +High NN O I-Material +Refractory NN O I-Material +) NN O O +at NN O O +high NN O O +temperature NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +first NN O O +objective NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +research NN O O +was NN O O +to NN O O +develop NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +evaluate NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +RVE NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +based NN O I-Task +finite NN O I-Task +element NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +with NN O O +the NN O O +incorporation NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +realistic NN O O +material NN O O +microstructure NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +second NN O O +objective NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +work NN O O +was NN O O +to NN O O +determine NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +parameters NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +crystal NN O I-Task +plasticity NN O I-Task +constitutive NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +to NN O O +describe NN O O +the NN O O +cyclic NN O B-Process +deformation NN O I-Process +behaviour NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +material NN O O +by NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +user NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +defined NN O I-Material +material NN O I-Material +subroutine NN O I-Material +( NN O O +UMAT NN O B-Material +) NN O O +interfaced NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +finite NN O O +element NN O O +package NN O O +ABAQUS NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +model NN O O +parameters NN O O +were NN O O +calibrated NN O O +from NN O O +extensive NN O O +finite NN O B-Process +element NN O I-Process +analyses NN O I-Process +to NN O O +fit NN O O +the NN O O +monotonic NN O B-Material +, NN O I-Material +stress NN O I-Material +relaxation NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +cyclic NN O I-Material +test NN O I-Material +data NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +third NN O O +objective NN O O +was NN O O +to NN O O +predict NN O B-Task +crack NN O I-Task +growth NN O I-Task +by NN O O +combining NN O O +the NN O O +XFEM NN O B-Process +technique NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +calibrated NN O B-Process +crystal NN O I-Process +plasticity NN O I-Process +UMAT NN O I-Process +, NN O O +for NN O O +which NN O O +accumulated NN O O +plastic NN O B-Process +strain NN O I-Process +was NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +fracture NN O B-Process +criterion NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S096386951400070X) + +This NN O O +paper NN O O +has NN O O +highlighted NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +band NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +frequencies NN O I-Task +, NN O O +outside NN O O +the NN O O +conventional NN O O +operation NN O O +range NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +close NN O O +to NN O O +electrical NN O B-Process +resonance NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +an NN O I-Process +eddy NN O I-Process +current NN O I-Process +probe NN O I-Process +, NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +magnitude NN O O +of NN O O +impedance NN O B-Material +SNR NN O I-Material +reaches NN O O +a NN O O +peak NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +SNR NN O B-Material +of NN O O +scans NN O O +of NN O O +three NN O O +slots NN O O +of NN O O +varying NN O O +depth NN O O +were NN O O +enhanced NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +factor NN O O +of NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +3.7 NN O O +, NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +SNR NN O B-Material +measured NN O O +at NN O O +1MHz NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +result NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +defect NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +decoupling NN O I-Process +resonance NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +shift NN O I-Process +effect NN O I-Process +and NN O O +is NN O O +referred NN O O +to NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +near NN O B-Process +electrical NN O I-Process +resonance NN O I-Process +signal NN O I-Process +enhancement NN O I-Process +( NN O O +NERSE NN O B-Process +) NN O O +phenomenon NN O O +. NN O O +NERSE NN O B-Process +frequency NN O O +operation NN O O +has NN O O +significant NN O O +potential NN O O +for NN O O +ECT NN O B-Process +inspection NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +opens NN O O +up NN O O +a NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +investigative NN O O +possibilities NN O O +. NN O O +Within NN O O +this NN O O +investigation NN O O +, NN O O +only NN O O +the NN O O +magnitude NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +electrical NN O B-Material +impedance NN O I-Material +has NN O O +been NN O O +analyzed NN O O +. NN O O +An NN O O +immediate NN O O +extension NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +investigation NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +to NN O O +consider NN O O +phase NN O O +information NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +determine NN O O +whether NN O O +a NN O O +similar NN O O +exploitable NN O O +NERSE NN O B-Process +effect NN O O +exists NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0963869514000875) + +There NN O O +are NN O O +a NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +avenues NN O O +to NN O O +explore NN O O +for NN O O +future NN O O +work NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +particular NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +other NN O I-Task +time NN O I-Task +– NN O I-Task +frequency NN O I-Task +analysis NN O I-Task +methods NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +STFT NN O B-Process +spectrogram NN O I-Process +was NN O O +utilised NN O O +here NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +simplest NN O O +to NN O O +implement NN O O +. NN O O +Whilst NN O O +all NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +echoes NN O O +could NN O O +be NN O O +clearly NN O O +resolved NN O O +in NN O O +both NN O O +time NN O O +and NN O O +frequency NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +spectrogram NN O B-Process +suffers NN O O +from NN O O +a NN O O +fixed NN O B-Material +resolution NN O I-Material +, NN O O +i.e. NN O O +an NN O O +increase NN O O +of NN O O +time NN O B-Material +resolution NN O I-Material +necessarily NN O O +leads NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +decrease NN O O +in NN O O +frequency NN O B-Material +resolution NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Other NN O O +methods NN O O +of NN O O +time NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +frequency NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +discrete NN O B-Process +wavelet NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +, NN O O +benefit NN O O +from NN O O +advantage NN O O +of NN O O +multi NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +resolution NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +offers NN O O +improved NN O O +temporal NN O B-Material +resolution NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +high NN O O +frequency NN O O +components NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +frequency NN O B-Material +resolution NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +low NN O B-Material +frequency NN O I-Material +components NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +25,18,19 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Also NN O O +, NN O O +whilst NN O O +the NN O O +current NN O O +work NN O O +has NN O O +utilised NN O O +SH NN O B-Material +waves NN O I-Material +that NN O O +are NN O O +generated NN O O +by NN O O +EMATs NN O B-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +physics NN O O +that NN O O +describes NN O O +the NN O O +pulsed NN O B-Material +array NN O I-Material +system NN O I-Material +is NN O O +universal NN O O +to NN O O +other NN O O +types NN O O +of NN O O +waves NN O O +. NN O O +Future NN O O +work NN O O +will NN O O +include NN O O +demonstrating NN O B-Task +this NN O I-Task +phenomenon NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +number NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +other NN O I-Task +systems NN O I-Task +, NN O O +for NN O O +example NN O O +using NN O O +longitudinal NN O B-Material +ultrasonic NN O I-Material +waves NN O I-Material +or NN O O +electromagnetic NN O B-Material +waves NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0963869514000954) + +Global NN O B-Process +optimisation NN O I-Process +algorithms NN O I-Process +are NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +study NN O O +to NN O O +solve NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +optimisation NN O I-Task +problem NN O I-Task +as NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +known NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +efficient NN O O +in NN O O +incorporating NN O B-Process +statistical NN O I-Process +information NN O I-Process +and NN O O +dealing NN O O +with NN O O +complicated NN O O +objective NN O B-Process +functions NN O I-Process +that NN O O +have NN O O +multiple NN O O +local NN O B-Material +minima NN O I-Material +/ NN O I-Material +maxima NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +genetic NN O B-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +( NN O O +GA NN O B-Process +) NN O O +is NN O O +such NN O O +a NN O O +global NN O B-Process +optimisation NN O I-Process +technique NN O I-Process +that NN O O +mimics NN O B-Process +biological NN O I-Process +evolution NN O I-Process +processes NN O I-Process +and NN O O +is NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +particular NN O O +study NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +algorithm NN O O +starts NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +random NN O B-Process +selection NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +population NN O I-Process +from NN O O +the NN O O +decision NN O B-Material +variable NN O I-Material +domain NN O I-Material +( NN O O +X NN O B-Material +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +genetic NN O B-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +repeatedly NN O O +modifies NN O O +this NN O O +population NN O O +. NN O O +At NN O O +each NN O O +step NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +algorithm NN O O +selects NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +group NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +individual NN O I-Process +values NN O I-Process +from NN O O +the NN O O +population NN O B-Material +( NN O O +parent NN O B-Material +) NN O O +which NN O O +are NN O O +evolved NN O O +through NN O O +crossover NN O B-Process +or NN O O +mutation NN O B-Process +to NN O O +produce NN O O +members NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +next NN O O +generation NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +process NN O O +is NN O O +repeated NN O O +for NN O O +several NN O O +generations NN O O +until NN O O +an NN O O +optimum NN O O +solution NN O O +is NN O O +reached NN O O +. NN O O +See NN O O +[ NN O O +19 NN O O +] NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +fuller NN O O +description NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +GA NN O B-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0963869514001066) + +In NN O O +the NN O O +Total NN O B-Process +Focusing NN O I-Process +Method NN O I-Process +( NN O O +TFM NN O B-Process +) NN O O +the NN O O +beam NN O O +is NN O O +synthetically NN O O +focused NN O O +at NN O O +every NN O O +point NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +target NN O O +region NN O O +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +as NN O O +follows NN O O +. NN O O +After NN O O +obtaining NN O O +the NN O O +FMC NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +target NN O O +region NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +x NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +z NN O I-Material +plane NN O I-Material +in NN O O +2D NN O O +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +is NN O O +discretized NN O B-Process +into NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +grid NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +signals NN O O +from NN O O +all NN O O +elements NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +array NN O O +are NN O O +then NN O O +summed NN O B-Process +to NN O O +synthesize NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +focus NN O I-Process +at NN O I-Process +every NN O I-Process +point NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +this NN O I-Process +grid NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Linear NN O B-Process +interpolation NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +time NN O O +domain NN O O +signals NN O O +is NN O O +necessary NN O O +since NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +discretely NN O B-Process +sampled NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +intensity NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +TFM NN O B-Process +image NN O I-Process +ITFM NN O I-Process +at NN O O +any NN O O +point NN O O +( NN O O +x NN O O +, NN O O +z NN O O +) NN O O +is NN O O +given NN O O +by:(10)ITFM(x NN O O +, NN O O +z)=|∑HTR(1c((xT−x)2+z2+(xR−x)2+z2))|forallT NN O O +, NN O O +Rwhere NN O O +HTR(t NN O O +) NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +Hilbert NN O B-Process +transform NN O I-Process +of NN O O +a NN O O +signal NN O O +uTR(t NN O O +) NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +FMC NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +, NN O O +xT NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +x NN O O +- NN O O +position NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +transmitting NN O B-Material +element NN O I-Material +( NN O O +T NN O B-Material +) NN O O +and NN O O +xR NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +x NN O O +- NN O O +position NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +receiving NN O B-Material +element NN O I-Material +( NN O O +R NN O B-Material +) NN O O +. NN O O +Note NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +z NN O O +- NN O O +position NN O O +of NN O O +all NN O O +elements NN O O +is NN O O +zero NN O O +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +3a NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +summation NN O B-Process +is NN O O +carried NN O O +out NN O O +for NN O O +all NN O O +possible NN O O +transmitter NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +receiver NN O I-Material +pairs NN O I-Material +and NN O O +therefore NN O O +uses NN O O +all NN O O +the NN O O +information NN O O +captured NN O O +with NN O O +FMC NN O B-Material +. NN O O +This NN O O +algorithm NN O O +is NN O O +referred NN O O +to NN O O +as NN O O +‘ NN O O +conventional NN O B-Process +TFM’ NN O I-Process +in NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0963869514001078) + +It NN O O +is NN O O +known NN O O +that NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +temperature NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +sample NN O O +rises NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +Lorentz NN O B-Process +mechanism NN O I-Process +remains NN O O +dominant NN O O +until NN O O +Tc NN O O +of NN O O +steel NN O B-Material +is NN O O +reached NN O O +( NN O O +770 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +low NN O B-Material +carbon NN O I-Material +steel NN O I-Material +) NN O O +, NN O O +when NN O O +the NN O O +magnetostrictive NN O B-Process +mechanism NN O I-Process +becomes NN O O +more NN O O +efficient NN O O +[ NN O O +15 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Previously NN O O +this NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +thought NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +thin NN O O +ferromagnetic NN O B-Material +oxide NN O I-Material +layer NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +sample NN O O +surface NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +being NN O O +cooler NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +bulk NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +material NN O O +[ NN O O +16,17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +layer NN O O +concentrates NN O O +the NN O O +magnetic NN O B-Material +field NN O I-Material +, NN O O +increasing NN O O +generation NN O B-Process +efficiency NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Recent NN O O +studies NN O O +also NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +rearrangement NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +magnetic NN O O +moments NN O O +from NN O O +ordered NN O O +domains NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +disordered NN O O +state NN O O +at NN O O +a NN O O +magnetic NN O B-Process +phase NN O I-Process +transition NN O I-Process +lowers NN O O +the NN O O +magnetostrictive NN O O +constant NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +ferromagnetic NN O B-Process +to NN O I-Process +paramagnetic NN O I-Process +transition NN O I-Process +is NN O O +accompanied NN O O +by NN O O +large NN O O +changes NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +efficiency NN O O +of NN O O +electromagnetic NN O B-Process +ultrasound NN O I-Process +generation NN O I-Process +leading NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +EMATs NN O B-Material +as NN O O +a NN O O +method NN O O +of NN O O +studying NN O B-Task +phase NN O I-Task +transitions NN O I-Task +in NN O O +magnetic NN O B-Material +alloys NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +18 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0963869515000572) + +Shear NN O B-Material +horizontal NN O I-Material +( NN O I-Material +SH NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +ultrasound NN O I-Material +waves NN O I-Material +are NN O O +guided NN O B-Material +waves NN O I-Material +( NN O O +they NN O O +have NN O O +propagation NN O O +properties NN O O +affected NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +geometry NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +propagation NN O B-Process +medium NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +symmetric NN O O +and NN O O +anti NN O O +- NN O O +symmetric NN O O +modes NN O O +; NN O O +phase NN O O +and NN O O +group NN O O +speeds NN O O +are NN O O +dependent NN O O +on NN O O +frequency NN O O +, NN O O +sample NN O O +thickness NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +bulk NN O B-Process +shear NN O I-Process +wave NN O I-Process +speed NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +11,12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +properties NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +different NN O O +modes NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +very NN O O +useful NN O O +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +in NN O O +thickness NN O O +measurement NN O O +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +case NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +a NN O O +complication NN O O +. NN O O +SH0 NN O B-Material +has NN O O +a NN O O +thickness NN O O +independent NN O O +speed NN O O +, NN O O +equal NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +shear NN O B-Process +wave NN O I-Process +speed NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +is NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +dispersive NN O O +( NN O O +the NN O O +phase NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +group NN O I-Process +speed NN O I-Process +are NN O O +equal NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +shear NN O B-Process +wave NN O I-Process +speed NN O I-Process +for NN O O +all NN O O +frequencies NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +oscillation NN O B-Process +direction NN O O +of NN O O +SH NN O B-Process +ultrasound NN O I-Process +is NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +plane NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +wave NN O B-Material +was NN O O +generated NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +perpendicular NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +propagation NN O B-Process +direction NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1 NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +respect NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +reference NN O O +interface NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +typically NN O O +a NN O O +sample NN O O +surface NN O O +. NN O O +Under NN O O +certain NN O O +conditions NN O O +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +over NN O O +short NN O O +propagation NN O B-Process +distances NN O O +, NN O O +SH NN O B-Material +waves NN O I-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +treated NN O O +as NN O O +bulk NN O B-Material +waves NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0968432814000250) + +Volume NN O B-Task +EM NN O I-Task +can NN O O +be NN O O +performed NN O O +using NN O O +transmission NN O B-Process +or NN O O +scanning NN O B-Material +electron NN O I-Material +microscopes NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Each NN O O +approach NN O O +has NN O O +its NN O O +own NN O O +strengths NN O O +and NN O O +weaknesses NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +choice NN O O +is NN O O +dependant NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +required NN O O +lateral NN O O +( NN O O +x NN O O +, NN O O +y NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +axial NN O O +( NN O O +z NN O O +) NN O O +resolution NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +size NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +structure NN O O +of NN O O +interest NN O O +. NN O O +Historically NN O O +, NN O O +transmission NN O B-Material +electron NN O I-Material +microscopy NN O I-Material +( NN O O +TEM NN O B-Material +) NN O O +was NN O O +the NN O O +tool NN O O +of NN O O +choice NN O O +for NN O O +ultrastructural NN O B-Task +examination NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +biomedical NN O I-Task +specimens NN O I-Task +at NN O O +sub NN O O +- NN O O +nanometer NN O O +resolution NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +many NN O O +cell NN O B-Task +biology NN O I-Task +studies NN O I-Task +structural NN O O +resolution NN O O +is NN O O +actually NN O O +limited NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +deposition NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +heavy NN O I-Process +metals NN O I-Process +onto NN O O +membranes NN O O +during NN O O +sample NN O O +preparation NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +, NN O O +voxel NN O O +dimensions NN O O +may NN O O +only NN O O +need NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +half NN O O +that NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +smallest NN O O +expected NN O O +feature NN O O +of NN O O +interest NN O O +( NN O O +Briggman NN O O +and NN O O +Bock NN O O +, NN O O +2012 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Advances NN O O +in NN O O +scanning NN O B-Process +electron NN O I-Process +microscopy NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +SEM NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +technology NN O I-Process +are NN O O +now NN O O +driving NN O O +a NN O O +paradigm NN O O +shift NN O O +in NN O O +electron NN O B-Task +imaging NN O I-Task +. NN O O +SEMs NN O B-Process +with NN O O +field NN O B-Material +emission NN O I-Material +electron NN O I-Material +sources NN O I-Material +and NN O O +high NN O B-Material +efficiency NN O I-Material +electron NN O I-Material +detectors NN O I-Material +can NN O O +achieve NN O O +lateral NN O O +resolutions NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +order NN O O +of NN O O +3 NN O O +nm NN O O +, NN O O +allowing NN O O +visualisation NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +structures NN O I-Task +such NN O O +as NN O O +synaptic NN O B-Material +vesicles NN O I-Material +and NN O O +membranes NN O B-Material +( NN O O +De NN O O +Winter NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2009 NN O O +; NN O O +Knott NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2008 NN O O +; NN O O +Vihinen NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2013 NN O O +; NN O O +Villinger NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2012 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +though NN O O +resolving NN O B-Task +individual NN O I-Task +leaflets NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +membrane NN O I-Task +bilayers NN O I-Task +remains NN O O +a NN O O +challenge NN O O +( NN O O +Vihinen NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2013 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +low NN O B-Material +beam NN O I-Material +energies NN O I-Material +also NN O O +limits NN O O +the NN O O +interaction NN O B-Process +volume NN O I-Process +, NN O O +enhancing NN O B-Process +axial NN O I-Process +resolution NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Hennig NN O O +and NN O O +Denk NN O O +, NN O O +2007 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +review NN O O +, NN O O +volume NN O B-Task +imaging NN O I-Task +in NN O O +both NN O O +transmission NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +scanning NN O I-Process +EMs NN O I-Process +will NN O O +be NN O O +explored NN O O +, NN O O +moving NN O O +from NN O O +traditional NN O B-Process +manual NN O I-Process +techniques NN O I-Process +, NN O O +through NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +latest NN O B-Process +systems NN O I-Process +where NN O O +aspects NN O O +of NN O O +both NN O O +sample NN O B-Task +preparation NN O I-Task +and NN O O +imaging NN O B-Task +have NN O O +been NN O O +automated NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1010603009002676) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +present NN O O +our NN O O +experimental NN O B-Task +observations NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +how NN O I-Task +solvents NN O I-Task +can NN O I-Task +vary NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +TPA NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +TPF NN O I-Task +properties NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +fluorescent NN O I-Task +rhodamine NN O I-Task +( NN O I-Task +Rh NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +dyes NN O I-Task +Rh6 NN O B-Material +G NN O I-Material +, NN O O +RhB NN O B-Material +and NN O O +Rh101 NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Rhodamines NN O B-Material +are NN O O +well NN O O +- NN O O +known NN O O +xanthenes NN O B-Material +dyes NN O I-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +extensively NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +many NN O O +widespread NN O O +applications NN O O +in NN O O +single NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +molecule NN O I-Process +detection NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +24 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +DNA NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +sequence NN O I-Process +determination NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +25 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +fluorescence NN O B-Process +labelling NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +26 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +etc NN O O +. NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +their NN O O +strong NN O O +fluorescence NN O B-Process +over NN O O +the NN O O +visible NN O O +spectral NN O O +region NN O O +. NN O O +Molecular NN O O +geometries NN O O +of NN O O +rhodamine NN O B-Material +dyes NN O I-Material +are NN O O +well NN O O +- NN O O +known NN O O +[ NN O O +27,28 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +indicate NN O O +that NN O O +all NN O O +the NN O O +structures NN O O +are NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +centrosymmetric NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +general NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +centrosymmetric NN O B-Material +molecules NN O I-Material +, NN O O +TPA NN O B-Process +is NN O O +forbidden NN O O +when NN O O +tuned NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +transitions NN O O +at NN O O +one NN O O +- NN O O +half NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +excitation NN O O +frequencies NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +non NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +centrosymmetric NN O I-Material +molecules NN O I-Material +due NN O O +to NN O O +symmetry NN O B-Process +relaxations NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +single NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +photon NN O I-Process +absorption NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +SPA NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +peaks NN O I-Process +and NN O O +TPA NN O B-Process +peaks NN O I-Process +may NN O O +coincide NN O O +. NN O O +So NN O O +we NN O O +set NN O O +our NN O O +primary NN O O +aim NN O O +to NN O O +find NN O O +the NN O O +effect NN O O +of NN O O +solvent NN O O +polarity NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +correlation NN O O +of NN O O +SPA NN O B-Process +and NN O O +TPA NN O B-Process +peaks NN O O +for NN O O +all NN O O +the NN O O +dyes NN O B-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1010603013001809) + +The NN O O +other NN O O +methods NN O O +for NN O O +enhancement NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +photocatalytic NN O I-Task +activity NN O I-Task +are NN O O +grafting NN O O +co NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +catalysts NN O I-Material +. NN O O +There NN O O +are NN O O +two NN O O +kinds NN O O +of NN O O +co NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +catalysts NN O I-Material +in NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +its NN O O +function NN O O +: NN O O +one NN O O +is NN O O +for NN O O +separation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +electrons NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +is NN O O +for NN O O +separation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +holes NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +former NN O O +representative NN O O +co NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +catalysts NN O I-Material +are NN O O +Pt NN O B-Material +, NN O O +Fe3 NN O B-Material ++ NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +Cu2 NN O B-Material ++ NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +9–12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +was NN O O +reported NN O O +that NN O O +Fe3 NN O B-Material ++ NN O I-Material +and NN O O +Cu2 NN O B-Material ++ NN O I-Material +were NN O O +grafted NN O O +as NN O O +amorphous NN O B-Material +oxide NN O I-Material +cluster NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +9,10 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +reduced NN O O +into NN O O +Fe2 NN O B-Material ++ NN O I-Material +and NN O O +Cu+ NN O B-Material +by NN O O +receiving NN O O +one NN O O +electron NN O B-Material +, NN O O +respectively NN O O +[ NN O O +11,12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +reduced NN O B-Material +metal NN O I-Material +oxide NN O I-Material +cluster NN O I-Material +with NN O O +reduced NN O B-Material +ions NN O I-Material +could NN O O +return NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +original NN O O +state NN O O +by NN O O +giving NN O O +more NN O O +than NN O O +one NN O O +electron NN O B-Material +to NN O O +molecular NN O O +oxygen NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +latter NN O O +ones NN O O +are NN O O +CoOx NN O B-Material +, NN O O +CoPi NN O B-Material +( NN O O +CoPOx NN O B-Material +) NN O O +, NN O O +IrOx NN O B-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +RuOx NN O B-Material +which NN O O +are NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +water NN O B-Process +oxidation NN O I-Process +, NN O O +among NN O O +which NN O O +CoPi NN O B-Material +is NN O O +reported NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +effective NN O O +co NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +catalyst NN O I-Material +for NN O O +water NN O B-Process +oxidation NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +were NN O O +few NN O O +reports NN O O +concerning NN O O +co NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +grafting NN O I-Process +effects NN O O +on NN O O +photocatalytic NN O B-Process +activity NN O I-Process +especially NN O O +in NN O O +gaseous NN O B-Process +phase NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +expected NN O O +that NN O O +by NN O O +co NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +grafting NN O I-Process +of NN O O +both NN O O +co NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +catalysts NN O I-Material +for NN O O +separations NN O O +of NN O O +electrons NN O B-Material +and NN O O +holes NN O B-Material +, NN O O +photocatalytic NN O B-Process +activity NN O I-Process +in NN O O +gaseous NN O B-Process +phase NN O I-Process +would NN O O +be NN O O +further NN O O +enhanced NN O O +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +complex NN O O +of NN O O +BiVO4 NN O B-Material +with NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +materials NN O O +of NN O O +p NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +type NN O I-Material +semiconductor NN O I-Material +is NN O O +also NN O O +effective NN O O +for NN O O +enhancing NN O O +photocatalytic NN O B-Process +activity NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S107158191630074X) + +An NN O O +obvious NN O O +metric NN O O +to NN O O +measure NN O O +the NN O O +monitoring NN O O +performance NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +different NN O O +conditions NN O O +would NN O O +be NN O O +to NN O O +compare NN O B-Task +how NN O I-Task +many NN O I-Task +clicks NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +users NN O I-Task +made NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +average NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +each NN O I-Task +condition NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Furthermore NN O O +of NN O O +interest NN O O +are NN O O +the NN O O +buffer NN O B-Material +values NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +respective NN O O +buffers NN O B-Material +at NN O O +the NN O O +time NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +user NN O O +'s NN O O +interaction NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +simulation NN O B-Process +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +input NN O B-Material +buffer NN O I-Material +of NN O O +a NN O O +certain NN O O +machine NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +time NN O O +of NN O O +refilling NN O O +it NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +relatively NN O O +high NN O O +average NN O O +buffer NN O O +value NN O O +can NN O O +e.g. NN O O +signify NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +users NN O O +do NN O O +not NN O O +trust NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +respective NN O O +mode NN O O +of NN O O +process NN O O +monitoring NN O O +conveys NN O O +the NN O O +need NN O O +for NN O O +interaction NN O O +in NN O O +time NN O O +, NN O O +leading NN O O +the NN O O +users NN O O +to NN O O +switching NN O O +their NN O O +attention NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +process NN O O +simulation NN O O +in NN O O +regular NN O O +intervals NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +performing NN O O +interactions NN O O +just NN O O +in NN O O +case NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +low NN O O +average NN O O +buffer NN O B-Material +can NN O O +, NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +hand NN O O +, NN O O +signify NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +users NN O O +rely NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +respective NN O O +conditions’ NN O O +ability NN O O +to NN O O +signal NN O O +interaction NN O O +needs NN O O +. NN O O +On NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +hand NN O O +, NN O O +if NN O O +e.g. NN O O +an NN O O +input NN O O +buffer NN O B-Material +had NN O O +already NN O O +been NN O O +completely NN O O +depleted NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +time NN O O +of NN O O +intervention NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +may NN O O +signify NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +respective NN O O +condition NN O O +has NN O O +failed NN O O +to NN O O +inform NN O O +the NN O O +users NN O O +in NN O O +time NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +many NN O O +cases NN O O +, NN O O +participants NN O O +used NN O O +double NN O O +clicks NN O O +for NN O O +their NN O O +interactions NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O O +click NN O O +would NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +sufficient NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +fact NN O O +that NN O O +was NN O O +perhaps NN O O +not NN O O +communicated NN O O +clearly NN O O +enough NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +participants NN O O +. NN O O +Therefore NN O O +, NN O O +if NN O O +several NN O O +clicks NN O O +were NN O O +performed NN O O +directly NN O O +one NN O O +after NN O O +another NN O O +, NN O O +only NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +click NN O O +was NN O O +taken NN O O +into NN O O +account NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1359646214000165) + +The NN O O +first NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +principles NN O I-Task +calculations NN O I-Task +are NN O O +performed NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +Cambridge NN O B-Material +Serial NN O I-Material +Total NN O I-Material +Energy NN O I-Material +Package NN O I-Material +( NN O O +CASTEP NN O B-Material +) NN O O +[ NN O O +21 NN O O +] NN O O +which NN O O +implements NN O O +the NN O O +plane NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +wave NN O I-Process +pseudopotential NN O I-Process +DFT NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +exchange NN O B-Process +correlation NN O I-Process +functional NN O I-Process +is NN O O +approximated NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +generalized NN O B-Process +gradient NN O I-Process +approximation NN O I-Process +( NN O O +PBE NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +GGA NN O I-Process +) NN O O +[ NN O O +22 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +electron NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +ion NN O I-Process +interactions NN O I-Process +are NN O O +described NN O O +by NN O O +Vanderbilt NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +type NN O I-Process +ultrasoft NN O I-Process +pseudopotentials NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +23 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +plane NN O B-Material +wave NN O I-Material +basis NN O O +set NN O O +is NN O O +truncated NN O O +at NN O O +a NN O O +cutoff NN O O +of NN O O +400eV NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +Brillouin NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +zone NN O I-Process +sampling NN O I-Process +was NN O O +performed NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +Monkhorst NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +Pack NN O I-Process +scheme NN O I-Process +with NN O O +a NN O O +k NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +point NN O I-Process +spacing NN O I-Process +in NN O O +reciprocal NN O O +space NN O O +of NN O O +0.04Å−1 NN O O +. NN O O +Tests NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +these NN O O +computational NN O O +parameters NN O O +give NN O O +results NN O O +that NN O O +are NN O O +sufficiently NN O O +accurate NN O O +for NN O O +present NN O O +purposes NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +ferromagnetism NN O B-Process +of NN O O +nickel NN O B-Material +is NN O O +accounted NN O O +for NN O O +by NN O O +performing NN O O +all NN O O +calculations NN O O +using NN O O +spin NN O B-Process +polarization NN O I-Process +, NN O O +starting NN O O +at NN O O +a NN O O +ferromagnetic NN O O +initial NN O O +configuration NN O O +and NN O O +relaxing NN O O +towards NN O O +its NN O O +ground NN O O +state NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +all NN O O +compositions NN O O +considered NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +ground NN O O +state NN O O +electronic NN O O +structure NN O O +of NN O O +each NN O O +alloy NN O B-Material +is NN O O +found NN O O +to NN O O +exhibit NN O O +only NN O O +very NN O O +weak NN O O +ferromagnetism NN O B-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +effect NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +thought NN O O +to NN O O +influence NN O O +their NN O O +phase NN O O +stability NN O O +. NN O O +Table NN O O +1 NN O O +shows NN O O +the NN O O +calculated NN O O +equilibrium NN O O +lattice NN O O +constants NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +η NN O O +phase NN O O +at NN O O +various NN O O +Ti NN O B-Material +concentrations NN O O +, NN O O +using NN O O +partially NN O O +ordered NN O O +ηP NN O B-Material +structures NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +change NN O O +in NN O O +lattice NN O O +constant NN O O +upon NN O O +Ti NN O B-Process +alloying NN O I-Process +is NN O O +relatively NN O O +small NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +∼10 NN O O +% NN O O +larger NN O O +covalent NN O O +radius NN O O +of NN O O +Ti NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +calculated NN O O +lattice NN O O +constants NN O O +are NN O O +in NN O O +good NN O O +agreement NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +experimental NN O O +values NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +relate NN O O +to NN O O +an NN O O +alloy NN O B-Material +with NN O O +a NN O O +Al NN O B-Material +/ NN O O +Ti NN O B-Material +ratio NN O O +of NN O O +∼2.75 NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1364815216302122) + +When NN O O +we NN O O +formulate NN O O +the NN O O +downscaling NN O O +problem NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +multi NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +objective NN O I-Process +optimization NN O I-Process +problem NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +face NN O O +, NN O O +however NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +following NN O O +problems NN O O +. NN O O +Minimizing NN O O +the NN O O +sum NN O O +of NN O O +different NN O O +objectives NN O O +is NN O O +problematic NN O O +, NN O O +since NN O O +they NN O O +may NN O O +have NN O O +different NN O O +units NN O O +and NN O O +ranges NN O O +. NN O O +Even NN O O +with NN O O +an NN O O +appropriate NN O O +scaling NN O B-Process +procedure NN O I-Process +there NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +risk NN O O +of NN O O +treating NN O O +the NN O O +objectives NN O O +unequally NN O O +or NN O O +getting NN O O +trapped NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +local NN O O +minimum NN O O +. NN O O +Firstly NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +can NN O O +never NN O O +know NN O O +, NN O O +what NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +minimum NN O O +value NN O O +of NN O O +each NN O O +objective NN O O +that NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +achieved NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +regression NN O B-Process +. NN O O +Thus NN O O +, NN O O +designing NN O O +an NN O O +appropriate NN O O +scaling NN O B-Process +procedure NN O I-Process +is NN O O +difficult NN O O +and NN O O +one NN O O +would NN O O +need NN O O +to NN O O +decide NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +relative NN O O +importance NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +different NN O O +objectives NN O O +in NN O O +advance NN O O +. NN O O +Secondly NN O O +, NN O O +adding NN O O +multiple NN O O +, NN O O +conflicting NN O O +objectives NN O O +very NN O O +likely NN O O +results NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +fitness NN O O +function NN O O +with NN O O +multiple NN O O +local NN O O +minima NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +makes NN O O +optimization NN O B-Process +more NN O O +difficult NN O O +. NN O O +To NN O O +avoid NN O O +these NN O O +problems NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +implemented NN O O +fitness NN O O +calculation NN O O +according NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +Strength NN O B-Process +Pareto NN O I-Process +Evolutionary NN O I-Process +Algorithm NN O I-Process +( NN O O +SPEA NN O B-Process +) NN O O +by NN O O +Zitzler NN O O +and NN O O +Thiele NN O O +( NN O O +1999 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +instead NN O O +of NN O O +using NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +single NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +weighted NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +fitness NN O I-Process +or NN O I-Process +cost NN O I-Process +function NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Approaches NN O O +for NN O O +multi NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +objective NN O I-Process +optimization NN O I-Process +like NN O O +SPEA NN O B-Process +are NN O O +widely NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +evolutionary NN O B-Task +computation NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +SPEA NN O B-Process +the NN O O +fitness NN O B-Process +calculation NN O I-Process +during NN O O +the NN O O +fitting NN O O +procedure NN O O +is NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +an NN O O +intercomparison NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +different NN O O +models NN O O +. NN O O +Further NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +finite NN O O +set NN O O +of NN O O +so NN O O +called NN O O +Pareto NN O B-Process +optimal NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +( NN O O +downscaling NN O B-Process +rules NN O I-Process +) NN O O +is NN O O +returned NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1364815216302705) + +The NN O O +main NN O O +objective NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +manuscript NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +present NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +discuss NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +application NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +SLAMM NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +New NN O I-Task +York NN O I-Task +coast NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Although NN O O +the NN O O +base NN O O +analysis NN O O +considers NN O O +a NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +different NN O O +possible NN O O +SLR NN O B-Process +scenarios NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +effects NN O O +of NN O O +various NN O O +sources NN O O +of NN O O +uncertainties NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +input NN O O +parameters NN O O +and NN O O +driving NN O O +data NN O O +are NN O O +not NN O O +accounted NN O O +for NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +, NN O O +refined NN O O +and NN O O +site NN O O +- NN O O +specific NN O O +data NN O O +are NN O O +often NN O O +not NN O O +available NN O O +requiring NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +regional NN O O +data NN O O +collected NN O O +from NN O O +literature NN O O +and NN O O +professional NN O O +judgement NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +run NN O O +the NN O O +model NN O O +. NN O O +To NN O O +ignore NN O O +the NN O O +effects NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O O +uncertainties NN O O +on NN O O +predictions NN O O +may NN O O +make NN O O +interpretation NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +results NN O O +and NN O O +subsequent NN O O +decision NN O O +making NN O O +misleading NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +likelihood NN O O +and NN O O +probabilities NN O O +of NN O O +predicted NN O O +outcomes NN O O +would NN O O +be NN O O +unknown NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +unique NN O O +capability NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +current NN O O +version NN O O +of NN O O +SLAMM NN O B-Process +is NN O O +the NN O O +ability NN O O +to NN O O +aggregate NN O O +multiple NN O O +types NN O O +of NN O O +input NN O O +- NN O O +data NN O O +uncertainty NN O O +to NN O O +create NN O O +outputs NN O O +accompanied NN O O +by NN O O +probability NN O O +statements NN O O +and NN O O +confidence NN O O +intervals NN O O +. NN O O +Uncertainty NN O O +in NN O O +elevation NN O O +data NN O O +layers NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +considered NN O O +by NN O O +several NN O O +modeling NN O O +groups NN O O +to NN O O +various NN O O +extents NN O O +( NN O O +Gesch NN O O +, NN O O +2009 NN O O +; NN O O +Gilmer NN O O +and NN O O +Ferdaña NN O O +, NN O O +2012 NN O O +; NN O O +Schmid NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2014 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +best NN O O +of NN O O +our NN O O +knowledge NN O O +, NN O O +no NN O O +other NN O O +marsh NN O B-Material +migration NN O I-Material +model NN O I-Material +simultaneously NN O O +accounts NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +combined NN O O +effects NN O O +of NN O O +uncertainty NN O O +in NN O O +spatial NN O B-Process +inputs NN O I-Process +( NN O O +DEM NN O B-Process +, NN O O +VDATUM NN O B-Process +, NN O O +etc NN O O +. NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +parameter NN O B-Process +choices NN O I-Process +( NN O O +accretion NN O B-Process +rates NN O I-Process +, NN O O +tide NN O B-Process +ranges NN O I-Process +, NN O O +etc NN O O +. NN O O +) NN O O +on NN O O +landcover NN O B-Process +projections NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +added NN O O +feature NN O O +of NN O O +SLAMM NN O B-Process +allows NN O O +results NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +evaluated NN O O +in NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +their NN O O +likelihood NN O O +of NN O O +occurrence NN O O +with NN O O +respect NN O O +to NN O O +input NN O O +- NN O O +data NN O O +and NN O O +parameter NN O O +uncertainties NN O O +. NN O O +Further NN O O +, NN O O +by NN O O +assigning NN O O +wide NN O O +ranges NN O O +of NN O O +uncertainty NN O O +when NN O O +appropriate NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +permits NN O O +the NN O O +production NN O O +of NN O O +meaningful NN O O +projections NN O O +in NN O O +areas NN O O +where NN O O +high NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +quality NN O I-Material +local NN O I-Material +data NN O I-Material +are NN O O +not NN O O +available NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S136481521630305X) + +Using NN O O +measured NN O O +data NN O O +from NN O O +two NN O O +arable NN O O +sites NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +UK NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +lags NN O O +can NN O O +have NN O O +significant NN O O +impact NN O O +on NN O O +model NN O B-Task +evaluation NN O I-Task +and NN O O +can NN O O +affect NN O O +both NN O O +the NN O O +level NN O O +of NN O O +correlation NN O O +between NN O O +measured NN O O +and NN O O +simulated NN O O +data NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +magnitude NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +sums NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +residuals NN O O +. NN O O +Also NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +used NN O O +the NN O O +division NN O O +of NN O O +MSE NN O B-Process +to NN O O +three NN O O +constituent NN O B-Process +statistics NN O I-Process +( NN O O +SB NN O B-Process +, NN O O +SDSD NN O B-Process +and NN O O +LCS NN O B-Process +) NN O O +to NN O O +show NN O O +how NN O O +the NN O O +level NN O O +of NN O O +correlation NN O O +can NN O O +affect NN O O +the NN O O +sum NN O O +of NN O O +residuals NN O O +. NN O O +By NN O O +dividing NN O O +the NN O O +algorithm NN O O +- NN O O +predicted NN O O +series NN O O +of NN O O +lag NN O O +values NN O O +into NN O O +monthly NN O O +sets NN O O +and NN O O +examining NN O O +the NN O O +frequency NN O O +distribution NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +lags NN O O +, NN O O +certain NN O O +patterns NN O O +in NN O O +these NN O O +temporally NN O O +patchy NN O O +series NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +identified NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +challenging NN O O +task NN O O +in NN O O +relation NN O O +to NN O O +time NN O O +lags NN O O +between NN O O +observed NN O O +and NN O O +simulated NN O O +daily NN O O +data NN O O +, NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +determine NN O O +their NN O O +cause NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +task NN O O +becomes NN O O +more NN O O +difficult NN O O +for NN O O +model NN O O +outputs NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +soil NN O O +N2O NN O B-Material +emissions NN O I-Material +that NN O O +are NN O O +driven NN O O +by NN O O +various NN O O +interacting NN O O +variables NN O O +. NN O O +Even NN O O +more NN O O +so NN O O +, NN O O +because NN O O +the NN O O +measured NN O O +N2O NN O B-Material +datasets NN O I-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +measured NN O O +datasets NN O O +of NN O O +their NN O O +drivers NN O O +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +soil NN O O +moisture NN O O +, NN O O +soil NN O O +N NN O O +content NN O O +) NN O O +cover NN O O +small NN O O +time NN O O +periods NN O O +, NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +not NN O O +continuous NN O O +and NN O O +can NN O O +vary NN O O +widely NN O O +in NN O O +size NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +study NN O O +we NN O O +implemented NN O O +the NN O O +algorithm NN O O +using NN O O +measured NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +simulated NN O I-Material +data NN O I-Material +for NN O I-Material +soil NN O I-Material +moisture NN O I-Material +( NN O O +first NN O O +and NN O O +second NN O O +example NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +soil NN O B-Material +mineral NN O I-Material +N NN O I-Material +( NN O O +second NN O O +example NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +compared NN O O +its NN O O +results NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +respective NN O O +results NN O O +for NN O O +N2O. NN O B-Material +In NN O O +our NN O O +first NN O O +example NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +showed NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +estimated NN O O +lags NN O O +in NN O O +N2O NN O B-Task +prediction NN O I-Task +are NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +lags NN O O +in NN O O +soil NN O B-Task +moisture NN O I-Task +prediction NN O I-Task +in NN O O +a NN O O +way NN O O +that NN O O +changes NN O O +gradually NN O O +through NN O O +time NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +our NN O O +second NN O O +example NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +lags NN O O +in NN O O +N2O NN O B-Task +prediction NN O I-Task +were NN O O +explained NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +lags NN O O +in NN O O +soil NN O B-Material +moisture NN O I-Material +and NN O O +soil NN O B-Task +mineral NN O I-Task +N NN O I-Task +prediction NN O I-Task +, NN O O +with NN O O +which NN O O +they NN O O +had NN O O +a NN O O +positive NN O O +relationship NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1364815216303061) + +In NN O O +representing NN O B-Task +wetland NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +river NN O I-Task +interactions NN O I-Task +involving NN O I-Task +GIWs NN O I-Task +, NN O O +many NN O O +models NN O O +assume NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +wetland NN O O +can NN O O +discharge NN O O +into NN O O +a NN O O +river NN O O +but NN O O +can NN O O +not NN O O +receive NN O O +overbank NN O O +flows NN O O +from NN O O +it NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +such NN O O +models NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +volume NN O O +of NN O O +water NN O O +( NN O O +or NN O O +water NN O O +level NN O O +elevation NN O O +) NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +wetland NN O O +and NN O O +its NN O O +corresponding NN O O +threshold NN O O +value NN O O +( NN O O +predominantly NN O O +controlled NN O O +by NN O O +outlet NN O B-Process +elevation NN O I-Process +) NN O O +are NN O O +the NN O O +prime NN O O +determinants NN O O +of NN O O +wetland NN O O +outflow NN O O +( NN O O +Feng NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2012 NN O O +; NN O O +Hammer NN O O +and NN O O +Kadlec NN O O +, NN O O +1986 NN O O +; NN O O +Johnson NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2010 NN O O +; NN O O +Kadlec NN O O +and NN O O +Wallace NN O O +, NN O O +2009 NN O O +; NN O O +Powell NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2008 NN O O +; NN O O +Voldseth NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2007 NN O O +; NN O O +Wen NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2013 NN O O +; NN O O +Zhang NN O O +and NN O O +Mitsch NN O O +, NN O O +2005 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +regions NN O O +characterised NN O O +by NN O O +widespread NN O O +riparian NN O O +wetlands NN O O +that NN O O +are NN O O +hydraulically NN O O +connected NN O O +with NN O O +adjacent NN O O +rivers NN O O +, NN O O +wetland NN O O +- NN O O +river NN O O +interaction NN O O +is NN O O +likely NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +bidirectional NN O O +. NN O O +Such NN O O +interactions NN O B-Task +should NN O I-Task +be NN O I-Task +quantified NN O I-Task +according NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +hydraulic NN O I-Task +principles NN O I-Task +involving NN O O +relative NN O B-Material +river NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +wetland NN O I-Material +water NN O I-Material +level NN O I-Material +elevations NN O I-Material +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +properties NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +connection NN O I-Material +between NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +two NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Kouwen NN O O +, NN O O +2013 NN O O +; NN O O +Liu NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2008 NN O O +; NN O O +Min NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2010 NN O O +; NN O O +Nyarko NN O O +, NN O O +2007 NN O O +; NN O O +Restrepo NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +1998 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +WATFLOOD NN O B-Process +model NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +instance NN O O +, NN O O +riparian NN O B-Task +wetland NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +river NN O I-Task +interaction NN O I-Task +is NN O I-Task +modelled NN O I-Task +using NN O O +the NN O O +principle NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +Dupuit NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +Forchheimer NN O I-Material +lateral NN O I-Material +/ NN O I-Material +radial NN O I-Material +groundwater NN O I-Material +flow NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Kouwen NN O O +, NN O O +2013 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Since NN O O +exchange NN O O +between NN O O +riparian NN O O +wetlands NN O O +and NN O O +rivers NN O O +can NN O O +occur NN O O +over NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +and/or NN O O +through NN O O +the NN O O +subsurface NN O O +, NN O O +Restrepo NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +1998 NN O O +) NN O O +incorporated NN O O +an NN O O +equivalent NN O B-Process +transmissivity NN O I-Process +expression NN O I-Process +, NN O O +obtained NN O O +for NN O O +wetland NN O B-Material +vegetation NN O I-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +subsurface NN O B-Material +soil NN O I-Material +, NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +Darcy NN O B-Process +flow NN O I-Process +equation NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +MODFLOW NN O B-Process +model NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1364815216303243) + +Typical NN O O +physically NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +2D NN O I-Process +flood NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +solve NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +Shallow NN O I-Task +Water NN O I-Task +Equations NN O I-Task +( NN O I-Task +SWEs NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +, NN O O +requiring NN O O +high NN O O +computational NN O O +resources NN O O +. NN O O +Many NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O O +models NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +developed NN O O +to NN O O +obtain NN O O +better NN O O +performance NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +maintaining NN O O +the NN O O +required NN O O +accuracy NN O O +, NN O O +by NN O O +reducing NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +complexity NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +SWEs NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +reduction NN O O +is NN O O +usually NN O O +achieved NN O O +by NN O O +approximating NN O O +or NN O O +neglecting NN O O +less NN O O +significant NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +equations NN O O +( NN O O +Hunter NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2007 NN O O +; NN O O +Yen NN O O +and NN O O +Tsai NN O O +, NN O O +2001 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +JFLOW NN O B-Process +model NN O O +( NN O O +Bradbrook NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2004 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +Urban NN O B-Process +Inundation NN O I-Process +Model NN O I-Process +( NN O O +UIM NN O B-Process +) NN O O +( NN O O +Chen NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2007 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +diffusive NN O O +version NN O O +of NN O O +LISFLOOD NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +FP NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Hunter NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2005 NN O O +) NN O O +solve NN O O +the NN O O +2D NN O B-Process +diffusion NN O I-Process +wave NN O I-Process +equations NN O I-Process +that NN O O +neglect NN O O +the NN O O +inertial NN O O +( NN O O +local NN O O +acceleration NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +advection NN O O +( NN O O +convective NN O O +acceleration NN O O +) NN O O +terms NN O O +( NN O O +Yen NN O O +and NN O O +Tsai NN O O +, NN O O +2001 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +inertial NN O O +version NN O O +of NN O O +LISFLOOD NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +FP NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Bates NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2010 NN O O +) NN O O +solves NN O O +the NN O O +SWEs NN O B-Process +without NN O O +the NN O O +advection NN O O +term NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +either NN O O +version NN O O +of NN O O +LISFLOOD NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +FP NN O I-Process +the NN O O +flow NN O O +is NN O O +decoupled NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +Cartesian NN O B-Process +directions NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Other NN O O +models NN O O +use NN O O +the NN O O +full NN O O +SWEs NN O B-Process +but NN O O +focus NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +multi NN O B-Material +resolution NN O I-Material +grids NN O I-Material +or NN O I-Material +irregular NN O I-Material +mesh NN O I-Material +, NN O O +like NN O O +InfoWorks NN O B-Material +ICM NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Innovyze NN O O +, NN O O +2012 NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +MIKE NN O B-Material +FLOOD NN O I-Material +( NN O O +DHI NN O O +Software NN O O +, NN O O +2014 NN O O +; NN O O +Hénonin NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2013 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +last NN O O +two NN O O +models NN O O +are NN O O +commercial NN O O +packages NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +code NN O O +applied NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +optimisation NN O O +techniques NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +public NN O O +domain NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1386505616301769) + +The NN O O +purported NN O O +advantages NN O O +of NN O O +EMR NN O B-Task +implementation NN O I-Task +in NN O O +urban NN O O +slums NN O O +are NN O O +widely NN O O +promoted NN O O +. NN O O +Increasingly NN O O +capable NN O O +health NN O B-Task +information NN O I-Task +systems NN O I-Task +could NN O O +facilitate NN O O +communication NN O O +, NN O O +help NN O O +coordinate NN O O +care NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +improve NN O O +the NN O O +continuity NN O O +of NN O O +care NN O O +in NN O O +disadvantaged NN O O +communities NN O O +like NN O O +Kibera NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +available NN O O +systems NN O O +may NN O O +not NN O O +have NN O O +the NN O O +ability NN O O +to NN O O +simplify NN O O +care NN O O +or NN O O +improve NN O O +efficiency NN O O +where NN O O +funding NN O O +and NN O O +human NN O O +resources NN O O +are NN O O +scarce NN O O +, NN O O +infrastructure NN O O +is NN O O +unreliable NN O O +and NN O O +health NN O O +data NN O O +demands NN O O +are NN O O +opportunistic NN O O +, NN O O +not NN O O +strategic NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +study NN O O +described NN O O +perceptions NN O O +of NN O O +local NN O O +EMR NN O B-Process +stakeholders NN O O +in NN O O +two NN O O +urban NN O O +slum NN O O +clinics NN O O +. NN O O +They NN O O +shared NN O O +many NN O O +observations NN O O +that NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +important NN O O +for NN O O +other NN O O +EMR NN O B-Process +initiatives NN O O +to NN O O +heed NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +worried NN O O +most NN O O +about NN O O +the NN O O +sustainability NN O O +of NN O O +EMR NN O B-Process +initiatives NN O O +in NN O O +like NN O O +communities NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +future NN O O +for NN O O +EMR NN O B-Process +use NN O O +in NN O O +urban NN O O +slums NN O O +is NN O O +promising NN O O +. NN O O +Innovative NN O O +new NN O O +technologies NN O O +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +mobile NN O B-Material +applications NN O I-Material +and NN O O +point NN O O +- NN O O +of NN O O +- NN O O +care NN O O +laboratory NN O O +tests NN O O +, NN O O +could NN O O +extend NN O O +the NN O O +reach NN O O +of NN O O +EMRs NN O B-Process +where NN O O +infrastructure NN O O +is NN O O +wanting NN O O +. NN O O +New NN O O +cloud NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +EMR NN O I-Process +ecosystems NN O I-Process +, NN O O +where NN O O +data NN O O +is NN O O +collected NN O O +and NN O O +stored NN O O +centrally NN O O +could NN O O +leverage NN O O +cell NN O O +phone NN O O +networks NN O O +to NN O O +promote NN O O +more NN O O +health NN O O +information NN O O +sharing NN O O +, NN O O +coordination NN O O +of NN O O +care NN O O +and NN O O +ultimately NN O O +better NN O O +outcomes NN O O +for NN O O +vulnerable NN O O +populations NN O O +. NN O O +Summary NN O O +pointsWhat NN O O +was NN O O +already NN O O +known NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +topic?•Rapid NN O O +urbanization NN O O +is NN O O +associated NN O O +with NN O O +growth NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +number NN O O +and NN O O +size NN O O +of NN O O +urban NN O O +slums NN O O +and NN O O +an NN O O +associated NN O O +rise NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +burden NN O O +of NN O O +disease NN O O +, NN O O +further NN O O +worsening NN O O +an NN O O +already NN O O +fragmented NN O O +and NN O O +inefficient NN O O +health NN O O +care NN O O +system NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1574119211001544) + +As NN O O +future NN O O +work NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +protocol NN O B-Task +, NN O O +we NN O O +would NN O O +promote NN O O +two NN O O +items NN O O +. NN O O +Firstly NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O O +mobility NN O B-Process +models NN O I-Process +that NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +considered NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +work NN O O +propose NN O O +possible NN O O +way NN O O +to NN O O +capture NN O O +social NN O O +context NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +way NN O O +nodes NN O B-Material +move NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +physical NN O B-Material +space NN O I-Material +, NN O O +yet NN O O +still NN O O +potentially NN O O +allowing NN O O +nodes NN O B-Material +to NN O O +explore NN O O +the NN O O +geographical NN O B-Material +regions NN O I-Material +considered NN O O +in NN O O +its NN O O +entirety NN O O +. NN O O +Further NN O O +insights NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +performance NN O B-Material +potential NN O I-Material +could NN O O +be NN O O +given NN O O +through NN O O +the NN O O +assessment NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +protocol NN O O +with NN O O +other NN O O +mobilities NN O O +that NN O O +can NN O O +extend NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +physical NN O I-Process +region NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +movement NN O I-Process +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +impose NN O B-Process +potential NN O I-Process +restrictions NN O I-Process +on NN O O +the NN O O +nodes NN O B-Process +mobility NN O I-Process +, NN O O +for NN O O +example NN O O +by NN O O +forcing NN O B-Process +similar NN O I-Process +nodes NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +move NN O I-Process +within NN O I-Process +specifically NN O I-Process +defined NN O I-Process +areas NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Secondly NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +different NN O O +forwarding NN O B-Process +modes NN O I-Process +introduced NN O O +in NN O O +Section NN O O +3.3 NN O O +express NN O O +different NN O O +levels NN O O +of NN O O +cooperation NN O O +across NN O O +the NN O O +network NN O B-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +push NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +community NN O I-Process +mode NN O I-Process +, NN O O +for NN O O +example NN O O +, NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +form NN O O +of NN O O +interest NN O O +- NN O O +community NN O O +selfishness NN O O +and NN O O +assumes NN O O +reciprocation NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +nodes’ NN O B-Material +behaviour NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +vulnerability NN O O +( NN O O +resp NN O O +. NN O O +resilience NN O O +) NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +protocol NN O O +to NN O O +different NN O O +instances NN O O +of NN O O +node NN O B-Material +misbehaviours NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +research NN O O +item NN O O +worth NN O O +exploring NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1574119215000796) + +The NN O O +proposed NN O O +multihop NN O B-Process +routing NN O I-Process +protocol NN O I-Process +, NN O O +PHASeR NN O B-Process +, NN O O +applies NN O O +the NN O O +technique NN O O +of NN O O +blind NN O O +forwarding NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +MWSN NN O B-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +increases NN O O +the NN O O +reliability NN O O +of NN O O +data NN O O +delivery NN O O +through NN O O +its NN O O +inherent NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +multiple NN O O +routes NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +approach NN O O +requires NN O O +a NN O O +gradient NN O B-Process +metric NN O I-Process +to NN O O +be NN O O +continuously NN O O +maintained NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +problematic NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +dynamic NN O O +topology NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +literature NN O O +commonly NN O O +uses NN O O +either NN O O +flooding NN O O +or NN O O +location NN O O +awareness NN O O +, NN O O +however NN O O +flooding NN O O +creates NN O O +large NN O O +amounts NN O O +of NN O O +overhead NN O O +and NN O O +location NN O O +determination NN O O +schemes NN O O +can NN O O +often NN O O +be NN O O +inaccurate NN O O +, NN O O +power NN O O +hungry NN O O +and NN O O +create NN O O +the NN O O +issue NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +dead NN O O +end NN O O +problem NN O O +. NN O O +PHASeR NN O B-Process +uses NN O O +a NN O O +novel NN O O +method NN O O +of NN O O +gradient NN O B-Process +maintenance NN O I-Process +in NN O O +a NN O O +mobile NN O B-Material +network NN O I-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +requires NN O O +the NN O O +proactive NN O O +sharing NN O O +of NN O O +only NN O O +local NN O O +topology NN O O +information NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +facilitated NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +global NN O O +TDMA NN O B-Process +( NN O O +time NN O B-Process +division NN O I-Process +multiple NN O I-Process +access NN O I-Process +) NN O O +MAC NN O B-Process +( NN O O +medium NN O B-Process +access NN O I-Process +control NN O I-Process +) NN O O +layer NN O O +and NN O O +further NN O O +reduces NN O O +the NN O O +amount NN O O +of NN O O +overhead NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +in NN O O +turn NN O O +will NN O O +decrease NN O O +packet NN O B-Material +latency NN O I-Material +. NN O O +PHASeR NN O B-Process +is NN O O +also NN O O +set NN O O +apart NN O O +by NN O O +its NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +encapsulation NN O B-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +allows NN O O +data NN O O +from NN O O +multiple NN O O +nodes NN O B-Material +to NN O O +be NN O O +transmitted NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +packet NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +handle NN O O +high NN O O +volumes NN O O +of NN O O +traffic NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +utilises NN O O +node NN O B-Process +cooperation NN O I-Process +to NN O O +create NN O O +a NN O O +robust NN O O +multipath NN O O +routing NN O O +solution NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +such NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +contribution NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +cross NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +layer NN O I-Task +routing NN O I-Task +protocol NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +MWSNs NN O I-Task +that NN O O +can NN O O +handle NN O O +the NN O O +constant NN O O +flow NN O O +of NN O O +data NN O O +from NN O O +sensors NN O B-Material +in NN O O +highly NN O O +mobile NN O O +situations NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1631070514000954) + +Superconductivity NN O B-Task +in NN O I-Task +actinides NN O I-Task +was NN O O +first NN O O +observed NN O O +in NN O O +thorium NN O B-Material +metal NN O I-Material +in NN O O +1929 NN O O +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +then NN O O +in NN O O +elemental NN O O +uranium NN O B-Material +in NN O O +1942 NN O O +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +in NN O O +uranium NN O B-Material +compounds NN O I-Material +in NN O O +1958 NN O O +[ NN O O +9 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +new NN O O +class NN O O +of NN O O +uranium NN O B-Material +superconductors NN O I-Material +emerged NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +1980 NN O O +'s NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +discovery NN O O +of NN O O +uranium NN O B-Material +heavy NN O I-Material +fermion NN O I-Material +superconductors NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +10 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Further NN O O +surprises NN O O +came NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +beginning NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +century NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +discovery NN O O +of NN O O +ferromagnetic NN O B-Material +superconductors NN O I-Material +in NN O O +uranium NN O B-Material +systems NN O O +[ NN O O +11 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +observation NN O O +of NN O O +superconductivity NN O B-Process +in NN O O +plutonium NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +12 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +neptunium NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +compounds NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +actinides NN O B-Material +( NN O O +or NN O O +actinoids NN O B-Material +) NN O O +are NN O O +located NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +end NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +periodic NN O B-Process +table NN O I-Process +( NN O O +N=89 NN O O +( NN O O +Ac NN O B-Material +) NN O O +or NN O O +90 NN O O +( NN O O +Th NN O B-Material +) NN O O +to NN O O +103 NN O O +( NN O O +Lr NN O B-Material +) NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Transuranium NN O B-Material +elements NN O I-Material +( NN O O +or NN O O +transuranics NN O B-Material +) NN O O +are NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O O +elements NN O O +with NN O O +atomic NN O O +number NN O O +( NN O O +Z NN O O +) NN O O +greater NN O O +than NN O O +92 NN O O +( NN O O +uranium NN O B-Material +) NN O O +and NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +their NN O O +short NN O O +half NN O O +- NN O O +life NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +geological NN O O +timescale NN O O +, NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +essentially NN O O +synthetic NN O B-Material +elements NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Above NN O O +Z=103 NN O O +( NN O O +Lr NN O B-Material +) NN O O +, NN O O +one NN O O +talks NN O O +about NN O O +transactinides NN O B-Material +( NN O O +or NN O O +superactinides NN O B-Material +) NN O O +elements NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +latter NN O O +elements NN O O +have NN O O +extremely NN O O +short NN O O +half NN O O +- NN O O +lives NN O O +and NN O O +no NN O O +macroscopic NN O O +quantity NN O O +is NN O O +available NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +study NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +condensed NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +matter NN O I-Task +properties NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S167420011300196X) + +PV NN O B-Task +cells NN O I-Task +are NN O O +one NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +promising NN O O +technologies NN O O +for NN O O +conversion NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +incident NN O I-Process +solar NN O I-Process +radiation NN O I-Process +into NN O I-Process +electric NN O I-Process +power NN O I-Process +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +technology NN O O +is NN O O +still NN O O +far NN O O +from NN O O +being NN O O +able NN O O +to NN O O +compete NN O O +with NN O O +fossil NN O B-Process +fuel NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +energy NN O I-Process +conversion NN O I-Process +technologies NN O O +because NN O O +of NN O O +its NN O O +relatively NN O O +low NN O O +efficiency NN O O +and NN O O +energy NN O O +density NN O O +. NN O O +Theoretically NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +are NN O O +three NN O O +unavoidable NN O O +losses NN O O +that NN O O +limit NN O O +the NN O O +solar NN O B-Process +conversion NN O I-Process +efficiency NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +device NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O O +absorption NN O B-Process +threshold NN O O +or NN O O +band NN O O +gap NN O O +Eg NN O O +: NN O O +( NN O O +1 NN O O +) NN O O +incomplete NN O B-Process +absorption NN O I-Process +, NN O O +where NN O O +photons NN O B-Material +with NN O O +energies NN O O +below NN O O +Eg NN O O +are NN O O +not NN O O +absorbed NN O O +; NN O O +( NN O O +2 NN O O +) NN O O +thermalization NN O B-Process +or NN O O +carrier NN O B-Process +cooling NN O I-Process +, NN O O +where NN O O +solar NN O B-Material +photons NN O I-Material +with NN O O +sufficient NN O O +energy NN O O +generate NN O O +electron NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +hole NN O I-Material +pairs NN O I-Material +and NN O O +then NN O O +immediately NN O O +lose NN O O +almost NN O O +all NN O O +energy NN O O +in NN O O +excess NN O O +of NN O O +Eg NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +form NN O O +of NN O O +heat NN O O +; NN O O +and NN O O +( NN O O +3 NN O O +) NN O O +radiative NN O B-Process +recombination NN O I-Process +, NN O O +where NN O O +a NN O O +small NN O O +fraction NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +excited NN O O +states NN O O +radioactively NN O O +recombine NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +ground NN O O +state NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +maximum NN O O +power NN O O +output NN O O +( NN O O +Hanna NN O O +& NN O O +Nozik NN O O +, NN O O +2006 NN O O +; NN O O +Henry NN O O +, NN O O +1980 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Taking NN O O +an NN O O +air NN O O +mass NN O O +of NN O O +1.5 NN O O +as NN O O +an NN O O +example NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +different NN O O +band NN O O +gap NN O O +Eg NN O O +these NN O O +three NN O O +losses NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +calculated NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +results NN O O +are NN O O +indicated NN O O +by NN O O +areas NN O O +S1 NN O O +, NN O O +S2 NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +S3 NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1 NN O O +. NN O O +Note NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +area NN O O +under NN O O +the NN O O +outer NN O O +curve NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +solar NN O B-Process +power NN O I-Process +per NN O O +unit NN O O +area NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +that NN O O +only NN O O +S4 NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +delivered NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +load NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1687850714000405) + +Xylanases NN O B-Material +have NN O O +potential NN O O +applications NN O O +in NN O O +various NN O O +fields NN O O +. NN O O +Some NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +important NN O O +applications NN O O +are NN O O +as NN O O +fallows NN O O +. NN O O +Xylanases NN O B-Material +are NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +bleaching NN O B-Material +agent NN O I-Material +in NN O O +the NN O O +pulp NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +paper NN O I-Task +industry NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Mostly NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +hydrolyzed NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +xylan NN O I-Process +component NN O I-Process +from NN O O +wood NN O B-Material +which NN O O +facilitate NN O O +in NN O O +removal NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +lignin NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Viikari NN O O +, NN O O +Kantelinen NN O O +, NN O O +Buchert NN O O +, NN O O +& NN O O +Puls NN O O +, NN O O +1994 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +also NN O O +helps NN O O +in NN O O +brightening NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +pulp NN O I-Process +to NN O O +avoid NN O O +the NN O O +chlorine NN O B-Process +free NN O I-Process +bleaching NN O I-Process +operations NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Paice NN O O +, NN O O +Jurasek NN O O +, NN O O +Ho NN O O +, NN O O +Bourbonnais NN O O +, NN O O +& NN O O +Archibald NN O O +, NN O O +1989 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +bakeries NN O O +the NN O O +xylanase NN O B-Material +act NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +gluten NN O O +fraction NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +dough NN O O +and NN O O +help NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +even NN O B-Process +redistribution NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +water NN O I-Process +content NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +bread NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Wong NN O O +& NN O O +Saddler NN O O +, NN O O +1992 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Xylanases NN O B-Material +also NN O O +have NN O O +potential NN O O +application NN O O +in NN O O +animal NN O B-Task +feed NN O I-Task +industry NN O I-Task +. NN O O +They NN O O +are NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +hydrolysis NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +non NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +starchy NN O I-Task +polysaccharides NN O I-Task +such NN O O +as NN O O +arabinoxylan NN O B-Material +in NN O O +monogastric NN O O +diets NN O O +( NN O O +Walsh NN O O +, NN O O +Power NN O O +, NN O O +& NN O O +Headon NN O O +, NN O O +1993 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Xylanases NN O B-Material +also NN O O +play NN O O +a NN O O +key NN O O +role NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +maceration NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +vegetable NN O I-Task +matter NN O I-Task +( NN O O +Beck NN O O +& NN O O +Scoot NN O O +, NN O O +1974 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +protoplastation NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +plant NN O I-Task +cells NN O I-Task +, NN O O +clarification NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +juices NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +wine NN O I-Task +( NN O O +Biely NN O O +, NN O O +1985 NN O O +) NN O O +liquefaction NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +coffee NN O I-Task +mucilage NN O I-Task +for NN O O +making NN O B-Task +liquid NN O I-Task +coffee NN O I-Task +, NN O O +recovery NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +oil NN O I-Task +from NN O I-Task +subterranian NN O I-Task +mines NN O I-Task +, NN O O +extraction NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +flavors NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +pigments NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +plant NN O I-Task +oils NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +starch NN O I-Task +( NN O O +McCleary NN O O +, NN O O +1986 NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +to NN O O +improve NN O O +the NN O O +efficiency NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +agricultural NN O I-Task +silage NN O I-Task +production NN O I-Task +( NN O O +Wong NN O O +& NN O O +Saddler NN O O +, NN O O +1992 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1746809416300933) + +ObjectiveElectrically NN O B-Material +evoked NN O I-Material +auditory NN O I-Material +steady NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +state NN O I-Material +responses NN O I-Material +( NN O O +EASSRs NN O B-Material +) NN O O +are NN O O +neural NN O B-Material +potentials NN O I-Material +measured NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +electroencephalogram NN O B-Process +( NN O O +EEG NN O B-Process +) NN O O +in NN O O +response NN O O +to NN O O +periodic NN O O +pulse NN O O +trains NN O O +presented NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +example NN O O +, NN O O +through NN O O +a NN O O +cochlear NN O B-Process +implant NN O I-Process +( NN O O +CI NN O B-Process +) NN O O +. NN O O +EASSRs NN O B-Material +could NN O O +potentially NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +objective NN O O +CI NN O B-Process +fitting NN O I-Process +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +EEG NN O B-Process +signals NN O I-Process +are NN O O +contaminated NN O O +with NN O O +electrical NN O O +CI NN O B-Process +artifacts NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +characterized NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +CI NN O I-Task +artifacts NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +monopolar NN O I-Task +mode NN O I-Task +stimulation NN O I-Task +and NN O O +evaluated NN O O +at NN O O +which NN O O +pulse NN O O +rate NN O O +, NN O O +linear NN O B-Task +interpolation NN O I-Task +over NN O O +the NN O O +signal NN O O +part NN O O +contaminated NN O O +with NN O O +CI NN O B-Process +artifact NN O I-Process +is NN O O +successful NN O O +. NN O O +MethodsCI NN O O +artifacts NN O O +were NN O O +characterized NN O O +by NN O O +means NN O O +of NN O O +their NN O O +amplitude NN O O +growth NN O O +functions NN O O +and NN O O +duration NN O O +. NN O O +ResultsCI NN O B-Process +artifact NN O I-Process +durations NN O O +were NN O O +between NN O O +0.7 NN O O +and NN O O +1.7ms NN O O +, NN O O +at NN O O +contralateral NN O B-Process +recording NN O I-Process +electrodes NN O I-Process +. NN O O +At NN O O +ipsilateral NN O B-Process +recording NN O I-Process +electrodes NN O I-Process +, NN O O +CI NN O B-Process +artifact NN O I-Process +durations NN O O +are NN O O +range NN O O +from NN O O +0.7 NN O O +to NN O O +larger NN O O +than NN O O +2ms NN O O +. NN O O +ConclusionAt NN O O +contralateral NN O B-Process +recording NN O I-Process +electrodes NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +artifact NN O O +was NN O O +shorter NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +interpulse NN O O +interval NN O O +across NN O O +subjects NN O O +for NN O O +500pps NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +was NN O O +not NN O O +always NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +for NN O O +900pps NN O O +. NN O O +SignificanceCI NN O B-Process +artifact NN O I-Process +- NN O O +free NN O O +EASSRs NN O B-Material +are NN O O +crucial NN O O +for NN O O +reliable NN O O +CI NN O B-Process +fitting NN O I-Process +and NN O O +neuroscience NN O B-Task +research NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +CI NN O B-Process +artifact NN O I-Process +has NN O O +been NN O O +characterized NN O O +and NN O O +linear NN O B-Task +interpolation NN O I-Task +allows NN O O +to NN O O +remove NN O O +it NN O O +at NN O O +contralateral NN O B-Process +recording NN O I-Process +electrodes NN O I-Process +for NN O O +stimulation NN O O +at NN O O +500pps NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1877750311000676) + +One NN O O +way NN O O +to NN O O +enforce NN O O +this NN O O +ratio NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +use NN O O +a NN O O +probabilistic NN O B-Process +, NN O I-Process +‘ NN O I-Process +roulette NN O I-Process +wheel’ NN O I-Process +style NN O I-Process +lane NN O B-Task +selection NN O I-Task +policy NN O I-Task +. NN O O +VISSIM NN O B-Process +, NN O O +along NN O O +with NN O O +most NN O O +simulation NN O B-Process +toolkits NN O I-Process +, NN O O +offers NN O O +methods NN O O +to NN O O +specify NN O O +probabilistic NN O B-Process +routing NN O I-Process +whereby NN O O +a NN O O +defined NN O O +percentage NN O O +of NN O O +vehicles NN O O +are NN O O +sent NN O O +down NN O O +unique NN O O +routes NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +piecewise NN O B-Process +technique NN O I-Process +that NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +reapplied NN O O +at NN O O +various NN O O +locations NN O O +around NN O O +a NN O O +simulation NN O B-Process +. NN O O +While NN O O +these NN O O +methods NN O O +are NN O O +attractive NN O O +from NN O O +a NN O O +calibration NN O O +perspective NN O O +as NN O O +exact NN O O +representations NN O O +of NN O O +existing NN O O +statistics NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +ensured NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +process NN O O +is NN O O +an NN O O +unrealistic NN O O +one NN O O +as NN O O +it NN O O +assumes NN O O +that NN O O +drivers NN O B-Material +make NN O O +probabilistic NN O O +decisions NN O O +at NN O O +precise NN O O +locations NN O O +. NN O O +So NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +case NN O O +when NN O O +a NN O O +vehicle NN O B-Material +arrives NN O O +at NN O O +a NN O O +point NN O O +prior NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +weighbridges NN O B-Material +it NN O O +is NN O O +allocated NN O O +one NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +lanes NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +respective NN O O +probabilities NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +turns NN O O +out NN O O +that NN O O +this NN O O +method NN O O +leads NN O O +to NN O O +significant NN O O +variations NN O O +in NN O O +trip NN O O +times NN O O +depending NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +initial NN O O +random NN O O +number NN O O +seed NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +seen NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +graphic NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +key NN O O +areas NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +simulation NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +2 NN O O +different NN O O +runs NN O O +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +7 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +One NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +benefits NN O O +of NN O O +graphical NN O B-Process +microsimulation NN O I-Process +is NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +2D NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +3D NN O I-Process +simulations NN O I-Process +help NN O O +the NN O O +researcher NN O O +to NN O O +visualise NN O O +a NN O O +new NN O O +scheme NN O O +and NN O O +its NN O O +potential NN O O +benefits NN O O +but NN O O +also NN O O +to NN O O +highlight NN O O +unrealistic NN O O +behaviour NN O O +. NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +7 NN O O +shows NN O O +the NN O O +congestion NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +decision NN O O +point NN O O +for NN O O +2 NN O O +different NN O O +runs NN O O +. NN O O +Using NN O O +probabilistic NN O B-Process +routing NN O I-Process +to NN O O +enforce NN O O +correct NN O O +routing NN O O +percentages NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +clear NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +overcalibration NN O O +affecting NN O O +simulation NN O B-Process +brittleness NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1877750313000240) + +A NN O O +few NN O O +studies NN O O +within NN O O +the NN O O +physiological NN O O +domain NN O O +are NN O O +of NN O O +special NN O O +relevance NN O O +to NN O O +this NN O O +work NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +include NN O O +a NN O O +performance NN O O +analysis NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +blood NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +flow NN O I-Process +LB NN O I-Process +solver NN O I-Process +using NN O O +a NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +sparse NN O O +and NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +sparse NN O O +geometries NN O O +[ NN O O +21 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +a NN O O +performance NN O B-Process +prediction NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +for NN O O +lattice NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +Boltzmann NN O I-Process +solvers NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +22,23 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +performance NN O B-Process +prediction NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +applied NN O O +largely NN O O +to NN O O +our NN O O +HemeLB NN O B-Process +application NN O I-Process +, NN O O +although NN O O +HemeLB NN O B-Process +uses NN O O +a NN O O +different NN O O +decomposition NN O O +technique NN O O +and NN O O +performs NN O O +real NN O O +- NN O O +time NN O O +rendering NN O O +and NN O O +visualisation NN O O +tasks NN O O +during NN O O +the NN O O +LB NN O B-Process +simulations NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Mazzeo NN O O +and NN O O +Coveney NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +studied NN O O +the NN O O +scalability NN O O +of NN O O +an NN O O +earlier NN O O +version NN O O +of NN O O +HemeLB NN O B-Process +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +current NN O O +performance NN O O +characteristics NN O O +of NN O O +HemeLB NN O B-Process +are NN O O +substantially NN O O +enhanced NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +numerous NN O O +subsequent NN O O +advances NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +code NN O O +, NN O O +amongst NN O O +others NN O O +: NN O O +an NN O O +improved NN O O +hierarchical NN O O +, NN O O +compressed NN O O +file NN O O +format NN O O +; NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +ParMETIS NN O B-Material +to NN O O +ensure NN O O +good NN O O +load NN O O +- NN O O +balance NN O O +; NN O O +the NN O O +coalesced NN O B-Process +communication NN O I-Process +patterns NN O I-Process +to NN O O +reduce NN O O +the NN O O +overhead NN O O +of NN O O +rendering NN O B-Process +; NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +compile NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +time NN O I-Process +polymorphism NN O I-Process +to NN O O +avoid NN O O +virtual NN O O +function NN O O +calls NN O O +in NN O O +inner NN O O +loops NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S187775031300077X) + +Although NN O O +mean NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +field NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +have NN O O +been NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +all NN O O +these NN O O +settings NN O O +, NN O O +little NN O O +analysis NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +done NN O O +on NN O O +their NN O O +behaviour NN O O +as NN O O +spatially NN O B-Task +extended NN O I-Task +dynamical NN O I-Task +systems NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +part NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +is NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +their NN O O +staggering NN O O +complexity NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +Liley NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +15 NN O O +] NN O O +considered NN O O +here NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +instance NN O O +, NN O O +consists NN O O +of NN O O +fourteen NN O O +coupled NN O O +Partial NN O B-Material +Differential NN O I-Material +Equations NN O I-Material +( NN O O +PDEs NN O B-Material +) NN O O +with NN O O +strong NN O O +nonlinearities NN O O +, NN O O +imposed NN O O +by NN O O +coupling NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +mean NN O O +membrane NN O B-Material +potentials NN O I-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +mean NN O O +synaptic NN O B-Material +inputs NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +model NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +reduced NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +system NN O O +of NN O O +Ordinary NN O B-Material +Differential NN O I-Material +Equations NN O I-Material +( NN O O +ODEs NN O B-Material +) NN O O +by NN O O +considering NN O O +only NN O O +spatially NN O O +homogeneous NN O O +solutions NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +resulting NN O O +system NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +examined NN O O +in NN O O +detail NN O O +using NN O O +numerical NN O B-Process +bifurcation NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +( NN O O +see NN O O +[ NN O O +16 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +references NN O O +therein NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +compute NN O O +equilibria NN O O +, NN O O +periodic NN O O +orbits NN O O +and NN O O +such NN O O +objects NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +PDE NN O B-Material +model NN O I-Material +, NN O O +we NN O O +need NN O O +a NN O O +flexible NN O O +, NN O O +stable NN O O +simulation NN O O +code NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +model NN O O +and NN O O +its NN O O +linearization NN O O +that NN O O +can NN O O +run NN O O +in NN O O +parallel NN O O +to NN O O +scale NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +domain NN O O +size NN O O +of NN O O +about NN O O +2500cm2 NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +size NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +full NN O O +- NN O O +grown NN O O +human NN O O +cortex NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +also NN O O +need NN O O +efficient NN O B-Task +, NN O I-Task +iterative NN O I-Task +solvers NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +linear NN O I-Task +problems NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +large NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +sparse NN O I-Task +matrices NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +will NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +all NN O O +this NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +accomplished NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +open NN O O +- NN O O +source NN O O +software NN O O +package NN O O +PETSc NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Our NN O O +implementation NN O O +consists NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +functions NN O O +in NN O O +C NN O O +that NN O O +are NN O O +available NN O O +publicly NN O O +[ NN O O +18 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1877750313001269) + +While NN O O +virtualization NN O B-Process +technologies NN O I-Process +certainly NN O O +reduce NN O O +the NN O O +complexity NN O O +of NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +system NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +especially NN O O +when NN O O +working NN O O +across NN O O +multiple NN O O +heterogeneous NN O O +computing NN O O +environments NN O O +, NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +not NN O O +widely NN O O +deployed NN O O +in NN O O +high NN O B-Task +performance NN O I-Task +computing NN O I-Task +scenarios NN O I-Task +. NN O O +As NN O O +its NN O O +name NN O O +suggest NN O O +, NN O O +HPC NN O B-Process +seeks NN O O +to NN O O +obtain NN O O +maximum NN O O +performance NN O O +from NN O O +computing NN O O +platforms NN O O +. NN O O +Extra NN O O +software NN O O +layers NN O O +impact NN O O +detrimentally NN O O +on NN O O +performance NN O O +, NN O O +meaning NN O O +that NN O O +in NN O O +HPC NN O B-Process +scenarios NN O O +users NN O O +typically NN O O +run NN O O +the NN O O +applications NN O B-Material +as NN O O +close NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +‘ NN O O +bare NN O O +metal’ NN O O +as NN O O +possible NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +performance NN O O +degradation NN O O +introduced NN O O +by NN O O +virtualization NN O B-Process +technologies NN O I-Process +, NN O O +choosing NN O O +what NN O O +details NN O O +to NN O O +abstract NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +virtualized NN O B-Material +interface NN O I-Material +is NN O O +itself NN O O +very NN O O +important NN O O +. NN O O +Grid NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +cloud NN O I-Process +computing NN O I-Process +support NN O O +different NN O O +interaction NN O B-Process +models NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +grid NN O B-Process +computing NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +user NN O O +interacts NN O O +with NN O O +an NN O O +individual NN O O +resource NN O O +( NN O O +or NN O O +sometimes NN O O +a NN O O +broker NN O B-Material +) NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +launch NN O O +jobs NN O O +into NN O O +a NN O O +queuing NN O B-Process +system NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +cloud NN O B-Process +computing NN O I-Process +, NN O O +users NN O O +interact NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +virtual NN O B-Material +server NN O I-Material +, NN O O +in NN O O +effect NN O O +putting NN O O +them NN O O +in NN O O +control NN O O +of NN O O +their NN O O +own NN O O +complete NN O O +operating NN O O +system NN O O +. NN O O +Both NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O O +interaction NN O B-Process +models NN O I-Process +put NN O O +the NN O O +onus NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +user NN O O +to NN O O +understand NN O O +very NN O O +specific NN O O +details NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +system NN O O +that NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +dealing NN O O +with NN O O +, NN O O +making NN O O +life NN O O +difficult NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +end NN O O +user NN O O +, NN O O +typically NN O O +a NN O O +scientist NN O O +who NN O O +wants NN O O +to NN O O +progress NN O O +his NN O O +or NN O O +her NN O O +scientific NN O O +investigations NN O O +without NN O O +any NN O O +specific NN O O +usability NN O O +hurdles NN O O +obstructing NN O O +the NN O O +pathway NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1877750315000460) + +FabHemeLB NN O B-Material +is NN O O +a NN O O +Python NN O B-Material +tool NN O I-Material +which NN O O +helps NN O O +automate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +construction NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +management NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +ensemble NN O I-Task +simulation NN O I-Task +workflows NN O I-Task +. NN O O +FabHemeLB NN O B-Material +is NN O O +an NN O O +extended NN O O +version NN O O +of NN O O +FabSim NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +27 NN O O +] NN O O +configured NN O O +to NN O O +handle NN O O +HemeLB NN O B-Material +operations NN O O +. NN O O +Both NN O O +FabSim NN O B-Material +and NN O O +FabHemeLB NN O B-Material +help NN O O +to NN O O +automate NN O B-Task +application NN O I-Task +deployment NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +execution NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +data NN O I-Task +analysis NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +remote NN O I-Task +resources NN O I-Task +. NN O O +FabHemeLB NN O B-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +compile NN O O +and NN O O +build NN O O +HemeLB NN O B-Material +on NN O O +any NN O O +remote NN O O +resource NN O O +, NN O O +to NN O O +reuse NN O O +machine NN O O +- NN O O +specific NN O O +configurations NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +to NN O O +organize NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +curate NN O I-Process +simulation NN O I-Process +data NN O I-Process +. NN O O +It NN O O +can NN O O +also NN O O +submit NN O O +HemeLB NN O B-Material +jobs NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +remote NN O O +resource NN O O +specifying NN O O +the NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +cores NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +wall NN O O +clock NN O O +time NN O O +limit NN O O +for NN O O +completing NN O O +a NN O O +simulation NN O B-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +tool NN O O +is NN O O +also NN O O +able NN O O +to NN O O +monitor NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +queue NN O I-Process +status NN O I-Process +on NN O I-Process +remote NN O I-Process +resources NN O I-Process +, NN O O +fetch NN O B-Process +results NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +completed NN O I-Process +jobs NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +can NN O O +conveniently NN O O +combine NN O B-Process +functionalities NN O I-Process +into NN O I-Process +single NN O I-Process +one NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +line NN O I-Process +commands NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +general NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +FabHemeLB NN O B-Material +commands NN O O +have NN O O +the NN O O +following NN O O +structure NN O O +: NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612000431) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +an NN O O +implementation NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +LBP NN O B-Material +( NN O O +local NN O B-Material +binary NN O I-Material +pattern NN O I-Material +) NN O O +based NN O O +fast NN O O +face NN O B-Material +recognition NN O I-Material +system NN O I-Material +on NN O O +symbian NN O B-Material +platform NN O I-Material +is NN O O +presented NN O O +. NN O O +First NN O O +, NN O O +face NN O O +in NN O O +picture NN O O +taken NN O O +from NN O O +camera NN O O +is NN O O +detected NN O O +using NN O O +AdaBoost NN O B-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Second NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +pre NN O O +- NN O O +processing NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +face NN O O +is NN O O +done NN O O +, NN O O +including NN O O +eye NN O B-Task +location NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +geometric NN O I-Task +normalization NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +illumination NN O I-Task +normalization NN O I-Task +. NN O O +During NN O O +the NN O O +face NN O B-Task +preprocessing NN O I-Task +, NN O O +a NN O O +rapid NN O O +eye NN O B-Process +location NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +named NN O O +ER NN O B-Process +( NN O O +Eyeball NN O B-Process +Search NN O I-Process +) NN O O +is NN O O +proposed NN O O +and NN O O +implemented NN O O +. NN O O +Last NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +improved NN O O +LBP NN O B-Material +is NN O O +adopted NN O O +for NN O O +recognition NN O B-Task +. NN O O +Although NN O O +the NN O O +computational NN O O +capability NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +symbian NN O B-Material +platform NN O I-Material +is NN O O +limited NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +experimental NN O O +results NN O O +show NN O O +good NN O O +performance NN O O +for NN O O +recognition NN O O +rate NN O O +and NN O O +time NN O O +. NN O O +in NN O O +pressIn NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +an NN O O +implementation NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +LBP NN O B-Material +( NN O O +local NN O B-Material +binary NN O I-Material +pattern NN O I-Material +) NN O O +based NN O O +fast NN O O +face NN O O +recognition NN O O +system NN O O +on NN O O +symbian NN O B-Material +platform NN O I-Material +is NN O O +presented NN O O +. NN O O +First NN O O +, NN O O +face NN O O +in NN O O +picture NN O O +taken NN O O +from NN O O +camera NN O O +is NN O O +detected NN O O +using NN O O +AdaBoost NN O B-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Second NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +pre NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +processing NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +face NN O I-Task +is NN O O +done NN O O +, NN O O +including NN O O +eye NN O B-Task +location NN O I-Task +, NN O O +geometric NN O B-Task +normalization NN O I-Task +, NN O O +illumination NN O B-Task +normalization NN O I-Task +. NN O O +During NN O O +the NN O O +face NN O O +preprocessing NN O B-Process +, NN O O +a NN O O +rapid NN O O +eye NN O B-Process +location NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +named NN O O +ER NN O B-Process +( NN O O +Eyeball NN O B-Process +Search NN O I-Process +) NN O O +is NN O O +proposed NN O O +and NN O O +implemented NN O O +. NN O O +Last NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +improved NN O O +LBP NN O B-Material +is NN O O +adopted NN O O +for NN O O +recognition NN O B-Process +. NN O O +Although NN O O +the NN O O +computational NN O O +capability NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +symbian NN O B-Material +platform NN O I-Material +is NN O O +limited NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +experimental NN O O +results NN O O +show NN O O +good NN O O +performance NN O O +for NN O O +recognition NN O B-Task +rate NN O O +and NN O O +time NN O O +. NN O O +in NN O O +press NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612000741) + +A NN O O +sentence NN O B-Task +alignment NN O I-Task +model NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +combined NN O O +clues NN O O +and NN O O +Kernel NN O B-Process +Extensional NN O I-Process +Matrix NN O I-Process +Matching NN O I-Process +( NN O O +KEMM NN O B-Process +) NN O O +method NN O O +is NN O O +proposed NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +model NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +similarity NN O B-Material +matrix NN O I-Material +for NN O O +sentence NN O B-Task +aligning NN O I-Task +is NN O O +formed NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +similarities NN O O +of NN O O +bilingual NN O O +sentences NN O O +calculated NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +combined NN O O +clues NN O O +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +lexicon NN O O +, NN O O +morphology NN O O +, NN O O +length NN O O +and NN O O +special NN O O +symbols NN O O +, NN O O +etc NN O O +. NN O O +; NN O O +then NN O O +this NN O O +similarity NN O B-Material +matrix NN O I-Material +is NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +construct NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +select NN O I-Process +matrix NN O I-Process +for NN O O +sentence NN O B-Task +aligning NN O I-Task +; NN O O +finally NN O O +, NN O O +obtains NN O O +the NN O O +sentence NN O O +alignments NN O O +by NN O O +KEMM NN O B-Process +. NN O O +Experimental NN O O +results NN O O +illustrated NN O O +that NN O O +our NN O O +model NN O O +outperforms NN O O +over NN O O +the NN O O +Gale NN O B-Process +'s NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +on NN O O +handling NN O O +any NN O O +types NN O O +of NN O O +sentence NN O O +alignments NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +30 NN O O +% NN O O +total NN O O +sentence NN O B-Task +alignment NN O I-Task +error NN O O +rate NN O O +decreasing NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S221267161400105X) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +a NN O O +comparison NN O B-Task +between NN O I-Task +two NN O I-Task +popular NN O I-Task +feature NN O I-Task +extraction NN O I-Task +methods NN O I-Task +is NN O O +presented NN O O +. NN O O +Scale NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +invariant NN O I-Process +feature NN O I-Process +transform NN O I-Process +( NN O O +or NN O O +SIFT NN O B-Process +) NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +method NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +Speeded NN O B-Process +up NN O I-Process +robust NN O I-Process +features NN O I-Process +( NN O O +or NN O O +SURF NN O B-Process +) NN O O +is NN O O +presented NN O O +as NN O O +second NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +two NN O O +methods NN O O +are NN O O +tested NN O O +on NN O O +set NN O O +of NN O O +depth NN O B-Material +maps NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Ten NN O O +defined NN O O +gestures NN O O +of NN O O +left NN O O +hand NN O O +are NN O O +in NN O O +these NN O O +depth NN O O +maps NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +Microsoft NN O B-Process +Kinect NN O I-Process +camera NN O I-Process +is NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +capturing NN O O +the NN O O +images NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +Support NN O B-Process +vector NN O I-Process +machine NN O I-Process +( NN O O +or NN O O +SVM NN O B-Process +) NN O O +is NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +classification NN O B-Process +method NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +results NN O O +are NN O O +accuracy NN O O +of NN O O +SVM NN O B-Process +prediction NN O O +on NN O O +selected NN O O +images NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S221450951400014X) + +This NN O O +figure NN O O +demonstrates NN O O +that NN O O +changes NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +measure NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +bitumen NN O I-Process +content NN O I-Process +create NN O O +sizable NN O O +differences NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +stiffness NN O I-Process +modulus NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +asphaltic NN O I-Process +samples NN O I-Process +that NN O O +include NN O O +waste NN O B-Material +glass NN O I-Material +cullet NN O I-Material +. NN O O +As NN O O +the NN O O +percentage NN O O +of NN O O +glass NN O B-Material +increases NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +measure NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +stiffness NN O B-Process +modulus NN O I-Process +of NN O O +modified NN O B-Material +asphalt NN O I-Material +increases NN O O +too NN O O +. NN O O +But NN O O +with NN O O +pass NN O O +of NN O O +optimum NN O O +measure NN O O +of NN O O +glass NN O B-Material +the NN O O +stiffness NN O B-Process +modulus NN O I-Process +of NN O O +asphaltic NN O B-Material +samples NN O I-Material +decrease NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +trend NN O O +in NN O O +total NN O O +of NN O O +percentages NN O O +of NN O O +bitumen NN O B-Material +content NN O O +is NN O O +existing NN O O +. NN O O +Due NN O O +to NN O O +that NN O O +waste NN O B-Material +glass NN O I-Material +cullet NN O I-Material +has NN O O +no NN O O +suction NN O O +; NN O O +the NN O O +trend NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +extend NN O O +to NN O O +measuring NN O O +the NN O O +stiffness NN O B-Process +modulus NN O I-Process +of NN O O +asphaltic NN O B-Material +samples NN O I-Material +including NN O O +waste NN O B-Material +glass NN O I-Material +cullet NN O I-Material +with NN O O +different NN O O +percentage NN O O +of NN O O +bitumen NN O B-Material +content NN O O +. NN O O +Glass NN O B-Material +particles NN O I-Material +do NN O O +not NN O O +absorb NN O O +any NN O O +bituminous NN O B-Material +material NN O I-Material +, NN O O +so NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +necessary NN O O +to NN O O +decrease NN O O +the NN O O +bitumen NN O B-Material +content NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +addition NN O O +of NN O O +glass NN O B-Material +cullet NN O I-Material +. NN O O +According NN O O +to NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +2 NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +results NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Marshall NN O B-Process +tests NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +optimum NN O O +bitumen NN O B-Material +measures NN O O +decrease NN O O +significantly NN O O +in NN O O +samples NN O O +that NN O O +include NN O O +higher NN O O +percentages NN O O +of NN O O +waste NN O B-Material +glass NN O I-Material +cullet NN O I-Material +. NN O O +As NN O O +the NN O O +percentage NN O O +of NN O O +optimum NN O O +bitumen NN O B-Material +content NN O O +is NN O O +1 NN O O +% NN O O +more NN O O +in NN O O +samples NN O O +without NN O O +waste NN O B-Material +glass NN O I-Material +cullet NN O I-Material +in NN O O +comparison NN O O +with NN O O +saphaltic NN O B-Material +samples NN O I-Material +that NN O O +include NN O O +20 NN O O +% NN O O +waste NN O B-Material +glass NN O I-Material +cullet NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +stiffness NN O B-Process +modulus NN O I-Process +of NN O O +asphaltic NN O B-Material +samples NN O I-Material +that NN O O +include NN O O +waste NN O B-Material +glass NN O I-Material +cullet NN O I-Material +increased NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +additional NN O O +interlocking NN O B-Process +between NN O O +the NN O O +aggregate NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +angularity NN O O +of NN O O +particles NN O O +of NN O O +glass NN O B-Material +cullet NN O I-Material +content NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +increase NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +intrusive NN O O +friction NN O O +angle NN O O +because NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +glass NN O B-Material +particles’ NN O I-Material +increased NN O O +angularity NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +main NN O O +reason NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +addition NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +stiffness NN O B-Process +modulus NN O I-Process +of NN O O +asphaltic NN O B-Material +samples NN O I-Material +that NN O O +include NN O O +waste NN O B-Material +glass NN O I-Material +cullet NN O I-Material +. NN O O +But NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +percentage NN O O +of NN O O +glass NN O B-Material +content NN O O +reaches NN O O +greater NN O O +than NN O O +15 NN O O +% NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +particles’ NN O B-Material +abundance NN O O +cause NN O O +slip NN O O +these NN O O +particles NN O O +on NN O O +together NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +stiffness NN O B-Process +modulus NN O I-Process +of NN O O +samples NN O O +decreases NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +percentage NN O O +of NN O O +glass NN O B-Material +cullet NN O I-Material +increases NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +variations NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +stiffness NN O B-Process +modulus NN O I-Process +of NN O O +asphaltic NN O B-Material +samples NN O I-Material +that NN O O +include NN O O +different NN O O +percentages NN O O +of NN O O +waste NN O B-Material +glass NN O I-Material +cullet NN O I-Material +at NN O O +different NN O O +temperature NN O O +are NN O O +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +3 NN O O +. NN O O + diff --git a/data/ner/semeval2017/train.txt b/data/ner/semeval2017/train.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9eac1ba --- /dev/null +++ b/data/ner/semeval2017/train.txt @@ -0,0 +1,67016 @@ +-DOCSTART- (S0003491615000433) + +Nuclear NN O B-Task +theory NN O I-Task +devoted NN O O +major NN O O +efforts NN O O +since NN O O +4 NN O O +decades NN O O +to NN O O +describe NN O O +thermalization NN O B-Task +in NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Process +reactions NN O I-Process +, NN O O +predominantly NN O O +using NN O O +semi NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +classical NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +13,14,10 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +line NN O O +with NN O O +similar NN O O +problems NN O O +in NN O O +quantum NN O B-Material +liquids NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +15,16 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +There NN O O +were NN O O +attempts NN O O +to NN O O +develop NN O O +improved NN O B-Process +molecular NN O I-Process +dynamics NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +combining NN O B-Task +quantum NN O I-Task +features NN O I-Task +with NN O O +a NN O O +semi NN O B-Process +classical NN O I-Process +treatment NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +dynamical NN O I-Process +correlations NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +17,18 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Still NN O O +, NN O O +no NN O O +clear NN O O +- NN O O +cut NN O O +quantum NN O B-Process +approach NN O I-Process +is NN O O +readily NN O O +available NN O O +yet NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +spite NN O O +of NN O O +numerous NN O O +formal NN O O +attempts NN O O +[ NN O O +19,20,10 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +field NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +clusters NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +nano NN O I-Task +structures NN O I-Task +is NN O O +far NN O O +younger NN O O +but NN O O +fast NN O O +developing NN O O +in NN O O +relation NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +ongoing NN O O +developments NN O O +of NN O O +lasers NN O B-Process +and NN O O +imaging NN O B-Process +techniques NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Semiclassical NN O O +approaches NN O O +were NN O O +also NN O O +considered NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +field NN O O +to NN O O +include NN O O +some NN O O +dynamical NN O O +corrections NN O O +[ NN O O +21,22 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +could NN O O +qualitatively NN O B-Process +describe NN O I-Process +dynamical NN O I-Process +processes NN O I-Process +. NN O I-Process +But NN O O +such NN O O +approaches NN O O +are NN O O +bound NN O O +to NN O O +simple NN O B-Material +metals NN O I-Material +with NN O I-Material +sufficiently NN O I-Material +delocalized NN O I-Material +wave NN O I-Material +functions NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +thus NN O O +smooth NN O O +potentials NN O O +justifying NN O O +semiclassical NN O O +approximations NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +organic NN O B-Task +systems NN O I-Task +, NN O O +in NN O O +particular NN O O +the NN O O +much NN O O +celebrated NN O O +C60 NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +4,23 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +can NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +treated NN O O +this NN O O +way NN O O +. NN O O +Semi NN O O +classical NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +even NN O O +classical NN O O +approaches NN O O +, NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +at NN O O +very NN O O +high NN O O +excitations NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +delivered NN O O +by NN O O +very NN O B-Process +intense NN O I-Process +laser NN O I-Process +pulses NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +such NN O O +cases NN O O +the NN O O +system NN O O +is NN O O +blown NN O O +up NN O O +and NN O O +details NN O O +of NN O O +its NN O O +quantum NN O B-Task +mechanical NN O I-Task +features NN O I-Task +do NN O O +not NN O O +matter NN O O +anymore NN O O +. NN O O +But NN O O +for NN O O +less NN O O +violent NN O O +scenarios NN O O +, NN O O +quantum NN O B-Process +shell NN O I-Process +effects NN O I-Process +can NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +ignored NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0003491615001505) + +The NN O O +next NN O O +important NN O O +step NN O O +might NN O O +be NN O O +the NN O O +derivation NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Dirac NN O B-Process +equation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O B-Process +Creutz NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +32 NN O O +] NN O O +suggests NN O O +that NN O O +we NN O O +should NN O O +consider NN O O +incorporating NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +logical NN O O +inference NN O O +treatment NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +additional NN O O +knowledge NN O O +that NN O O +one NN O O +has NN O O +objects NN O B-Process +hopping NN O I-Process +on NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +lattice NN O I-Process +instead NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +particles NN O I-Process +moving NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +space NN O O +- NN O O +time NN O O +continuum NN O O +. NN O O +Recall NN O O +that NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +Section NN O O +2.4 NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +description NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +measurement NN O B-Task +scenario NN O I-Task +, NN O O +robustness NN O O +etc NN O O +. NN O O +is NN O O +explicitly NN O O +discrete NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +Section NN O O +2.4 NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +continuum NN O O +limit NN O O +was NN O O +taken NN O O +only NN O O +because NN O O +our NN O O +aim NN O O +was NN O O +to NN O O +derive NN O O +the NN O O +Pauli NN O B-Process +equation NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +formulated NN O O +in NN O O +continuum NN O B-Material +space NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +time NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Of NN O O +course NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +description NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +motion NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +particle NN O I-Task +in NN O O +Section NN O O +2.6 NN O O +is NN O O +entirely NN O O +within NN O O +a NN O O +continuum NN O O +description NN O O +but NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +no NN O O +fundamental NN O O +obstacle NN O O +to NN O O +replace NN O O +this NN O O +treatment NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +proper NN O O +treatment NN O O +of NN O O +objects NN O B-Material +hopping NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +lattice NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Therefore NN O O +it NN O O +seems NN O O +plausible NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +logical NN O O +inference NN O O +approach NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +extended NN O O +to NN O O +describe NN O O +massless NN O B-Material +spin-1/2 NN O I-Material +particles NN O I-Material +moving NN O O +in NN O O +continuum NN O O +space NN O O +- NN O O +time NN O O +by NN O O +considering NN O O +the NN O O +continuum NN O O +limit NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +corresponding NN O O +lattice NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +. NN O O +An NN O O +in NN O O +- NN O O +depth NN O O +, NN O O +general NN O O +treatment NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +problem NN O O +is NN O O +beyond NN O O +the NN O O +scope NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +paper NN O O +and NN O O +we NN O O +therefore NN O O +leave NN O O +this NN O O +interesting NN O O +problem NN O O +for NN O O +future NN O B-Task +research NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0003491615001955) + +A NN O O +fluctuating NN O B-Material +vacuum NN O I-Material +is NN O O +a NN O O +general NN O O +feature NN O O +of NN O O +quantum NN O B-Process +fields NN O I-Process +, NN O O +of NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O O +free NN O B-Process +Maxwell NN O I-Process +field NN O I-Process +considered NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +1–12 NN O O +] NN O O +is NN O O +but NN O O +one NN O O +example NN O O +. NN O O +Fermionic NN O B-Process +fields NN O I-Process +such NN O O +as NN O O +that NN O O +describing NN O O +the NN O O +electron NN O O +, NN O O +also NN O O +undergo NN O B-Process +vacuum NN O I-Process +fluctuations NN O I-Process +, NN O O +consequently NN O O +one NN O O +expects NN O O +to NN O O +find NN O O +Casimir NN O B-Process +effects NN O I-Process +associated NN O O +with NN O O +such NN O B-Process +fields NN O I-Process +whenever NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +confined NN O O +in NN O O +some NN O O +way NN O O +. NN O O +Such NN O O +effects NN O O +were NN O O +first NN O O +investigated NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +context NN O O +of NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Task +physics NN O I-Task +, NN O O +within NN O O +the NN O O +so NN O O +- NN O O +called NN O O +“ NN O B-Task +MIT NN O I-Task +bag NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +” NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +nucleon NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +bag NN O O +- NN O O +model NN O O +one NN O O +envisages NN O O +the NN O O +nucleon NN O B-Material +as NN O O +a NN O B-Task +collection NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +fermionic NN O I-Task +fields NN O I-Task +describing NN O I-Task +confined NN O I-Task +quarks NN O I-Task +. NN O O +These NN O O +quarks NN O O +are NN O O +subject NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +boundary NN O O +condition NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +‘ NN O O +bag’ NN O O +that NN O O +represents NN O O +the NN O O +nucleon NN O O +’s NN O O +surface NN O O +. NN O O +Just NN O O +as NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +electromagnetic NN O O +case NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O B-Process +bag NN O I-Process +boundary NN O I-Process +condition NN O I-Process +modifies NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +vacuum NN O I-Process +fluctuations NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +field NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +results NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +appearance NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +Casimir NN O B-Task +force NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +14–18 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +force NN O O +, NN O O +although NN O O +very NN O O +weak NN O O +at NN O O +a NN O O +macroscopic NN O O +scale NN O O +, NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +significant NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +small NN O O +length NN O O +scales NN O O +encountered NN O O +in NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Task +physics NN O I-Task +. NN O O +It NN O O +therefore NN O O +has NN O O +important NN O O +consequences NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +physics NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +bag NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +model NN O I-Material +nucleon NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +19 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0009261409006666) + +We NN O O +have NN O O +presented NN O O +spectrally NN O B-Process +resolved NN O I-Process +femtosecond NN O I-Process +three NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +pulse NN O I-Process +photon NN O I-Process +echo NN O I-Process +measurements NN O I-Process +on NN O O +Zn(II)–OEP NN O B-Material +, NN O O +Ni(II)–OEP NN O B-Material +and NN O O +Co(II)–OEP NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Increased NN O B-Task +degree NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +freedom NN O I-Task +in NN O O +scans NN O O +of NN O O +time NN O O +delays NN O O +allows NN O O +one NN O O +to NN O O +separate NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +extract NN O I-Process +specific NN O I-Process +type NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +spectroscopic NN O I-Process +information NN O I-Process +in NN O O +complex NN O B-Material +molecules NN O I-Material +by NN O O +studying NN O O +spectral NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +temporal NN O I-Process +evolution NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +photon NN O I-Process +echo NN O I-Process +signals NN O I-Process +. NN O O +By NN O O +varying NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +population NN O I-Process +times NN O I-Process +, NN O O +population NN O B-Task +relaxation NN O I-Task +dynamics NN O I-Task +and NN O O +inhomogeneous NN O B-Process +broadening NN O I-Process +is NN O O +revealed NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +photon NN O B-Material +echo NN O I-Material +spectra NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Time NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +integrated NN O I-Material +photon NN O I-Material +echo NN O I-Material +signals NN O I-Material +show NN O O +two NN O O +different NN O O +timescales NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +electronic NN O B-Material +relaxation NN O I-Material +timescale NN O I-Material +is NN O O +found NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +sub NN O B-Material +50fs NN O I-Material +whereas NN O O +the NN O O +timescale NN O B-Material +for NN O O +intramolecular NN O B-Process +vibrational NN O I-Process +relaxation NN O I-Process +, NN O O +occurring NN O O +in NN O O +Q00 NN O B-Material +band NN O I-Material +, NN O O +was NN O O +found NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +over NN O O +a NN O O +picosecond NN O O +for NN O O +Co(II)–OEP NN O B-Material +and NN O O +Ni(II)–OEP NN O B-Material +and NN O O +within NN O B-Material +a NN O I-Material +picosecond NN O I-Material +for NN O I-Material +Zn(II)–OEP NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0009261412006513) + +Water NN O B-Material +is NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +important NN O O +liquid NN O B-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +nature NN O O +of NN O O +its NN O O +structure NN O O +remains NN O O +a NN O O +topic NN O O +of NN O O +keen NN O O +debate NN O O +and NN O O +an NN O O +active NN O O +area NN O O +of NN O O +research NN O O +[ NN O O +1–9 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Much NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +debate NN O O +centers NN O O +around NN O O +whether NN O O +water NN O B-Material +has NN O O +a NN O O +mainly NN O O +tetrahedral NN O O +structure NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +continuum NN O O +of NN O O +distorted NN O B-Material +hydrogen NN O I-Material +bonds NN O I-Material +, NN O O +or NN O O +if NN O O +it NN O O +contains NN O O +a NN O O +mixture NN O O +of NN O O +two NN O O +distinct NN O O +components NN O O +. NN O O +One NN O O +major NN O O +development NN O O +in NN O O +recent NN O O +years NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +application NN O O +of NN O O +inner NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +shell NN O I-Process +spectroscopic NN O I-Process +techniques NN O I-Process +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +X NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +ray NN O I-Process +absorption NN O I-Process +spectroscopy NN O I-Process +( NN O O +XAS NN O B-Process +) NN O O +and NN O O +X NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +ray NN O I-Process +emission NN O I-Process +spectroscopy NN O I-Process +( NN O O +XES NN O B-Process +) NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +oxygen NN O B-Material +K NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +edge NN O I-Material +to NN O O +investigate NN O O +the NN O O +structure NN O O +of NN O O +water NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +2,10–12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +methods NN O O +can NN O O +provide NN O O +a NN O O +direct NN O B-Process +structural NN O I-Process +probe NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +water NN O I-Process +, NN O O +providing NN O O +insight NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +nature NN O O +of NN O O +its NN O O +hydrogen NN O B-Task +bonding NN O I-Task +network NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Theoretical NN O O +studies NN O O +play NN O O +a NN O O +critical NN O O +role NN O O +in NN O O +these NN O O +studies NN O O +, NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +analysis NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +experimental NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +requires NN O O +calculations NN O B-Material +to NN O O +provide NN O O +a NN O O +link NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +observed NN O B-Process +spectral NN O I-Process +features NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +underlying NN O B-Task +structure NN O I-Task +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +simulation NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +XAS NN O B-Process +or NN O O +XES NN O B-Process +for NN O O +liquid NN O B-Material +water NN O I-Material +presents NN O O +a NN O O +difficult NN O O +challenge NN O O +because NN O O +it NN O O +requires NN O O +accurate NN O B-Process +molecular NN O I-Process +dynamics NN O I-Process +simulations NN O I-Process +to NN O O +provide NN O O +a NN O O +correct NN O O +description NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +molecular NN O B-Task +structure NN O I-Task +coupled NN O O +with NN O O +accurate NN O O +calculations NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +spectral NN O B-Task +properties NN O I-Task +, NN O O +i.e. NN O O +excitation NN O B-Task +energies NN O I-Task +and NN O O +line NN O B-Task +intensities NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Furthermore NN O O +, NN O O +adequate NN O B-Material +sampling NN O I-Material +over NN O O +molecular NN O B-Process +configurations NN O I-Process +also NN O O +needs NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +accounted NN O O +for NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0009261412012365) + +Under NN O O +these NN O O +experimental NN O O +conditions NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +observed NN O B-Process +dynamics NN O I-Process +has NN O O +to NN O O +occur NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +probe NN O B-Process +laser NN O I-Process +induces NN O O +the NN O O +reactions NN O B-Task +resulting NN O O +in NN O O +further NN O B-Process +ionization NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +30 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +two NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +step NN O I-Process +decay NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +26 NN O O +] NN O O +was NN O O +applied NN O O +to NN O O +explain NN O O +the NN O O +above NN O O +- NN O O +mentioned NN O O +fragmentation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +DCPD NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +CPD NN O I-Process +, NN O O +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Figure NN O O +8a NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +fitting NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +rise NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +decay NN O I-Material +components NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +transients NN O B-Material +were NN O O +done NN O O +by NN O O +Matlab NN O B-Process +® NN O I-Process +programming NN O I-Process +using NN O O +the NN O O +curve NN O B-Process +fitting NN O I-Process +Levenberg NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +Marquardt NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +best NN O B-Process +fit NN O I-Process +decay NN O I-Process +constants NN O I-Process +for NN O O +the NN O O +biexponential NN O B-Material +decay NN O I-Material +components NN O I-Material +of NN O O +C10H12 NN O B-Material ++ NN O I-Material +ion NN O I-Material +signal NN O I-Material +is NN O O +τ1=35fs NN O B-Process +and NN O O +τ2=240fs NN O B-Process +, NN O O +while NN O O +that NN O O +for NN O O +C5H6 NN O B-Material ++ NN O I-Material +ion NN O I-Material +signal NN O I-Material +is NN O O +τ1=36fs NN O B-Process +and NN O O +τ2=280fs NN O B-Process +, NN O O +respectively NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +decay NN O B-Task +constants NN O I-Task +conform NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +previously NN O O +reported NN O O +time NN O O +constants NN O O +of NN O O +norbornene NN O B-Material +and NN O O +norbornadiene NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +22,23 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +transients NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +reaction NN O O +fragment NN O O +C5H6 NN O O ++ NN O O +are NN O O +sufficiently NN O O +different NN O O +from NN O O +that NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +parent NN O B-Material +ion NN O I-Material +C10H12 NN O B-Material ++ NN O I-Material +indicating NN O O +that NN O O +we NN O O +are NN O O +studying NN O O +the NN O O +distinct NN O B-Task +dynamics NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +neutrals NN O I-Task +and NN O O +not NN O O +that NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +parent NN O B-Task +ion NN O I-Task +fragmentation NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +24 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Applying NN O B-Process +laser NN O I-Process +control NN O I-Process +principles NN O I-Process +under NN O O +such NN O O +experimental NN O O +circumstances NN O O +also NN O O +confirms NN O O +that NN O O +we NN O O +are NN O O +controlling NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +product NN O I-Process +yield NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +C5H6 NN O I-Process ++ NN O I-Process +, NN O O +resulting NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +photochemical NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +DCPD NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0009261412013838) + +Experimental NN O O +studies NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +dynamics NN O O +of NN O O +individual NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +atoms NN O I-Material +in NN O O +graphene NN O B-Material +have NN O O +been NN O O +empowered NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +recent NN O O +progress NN O O +in NN O O +aberration NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +corrected NN O I-Process +transmission NN O I-Process +electron NN O I-Process +microscopy NN O I-Process +( NN O O +AC NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +TEM NN O I-Process +) NN O O +capable NN O O +of NN O O +sub NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +Ångstrom NN O I-Process +resolution NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +examples NN O O +include NN O O +AC NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +TEM NN O I-Process +observations NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +formation NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +annealing NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +Stone NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +Wales NN O I-Process +defects NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +edge NN O B-Process +reconstruction NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +2,3 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +formation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +large NN O I-Process +hole NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +graphene NN O I-Process +sheet NN O I-Process +from NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +single NN O I-Process +vacancy NN O I-Process +defect NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +3 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +AC NN O O +- NN O O +TEM NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +also NN O O +exploited NN O O +in NN O O +visualization NN O O +in NN O O +real NN O O +time NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +process NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +self NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +assembly NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +graphene NN O I-Process +nanoribbons NN O I-Process +from NN O O +molecular NN O B-Material +precursors NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +4,5 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +formation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +nanometre NN O I-Process +size NN O I-Process +hollow NN O I-Process +protrusion NN O I-Process +on NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +nanotube NN O I-Process +sidewall NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Based NN O O +on NN O O +AC NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +TEM NN O I-Process +observations NN O I-Process +of NN O O +transformation NN O O +of NN O O +small NN O B-Material +finite NN O I-Material +graphene NN O I-Material +flake NN O I-Material +into NN O O +fullerene NN O B-Material +, NN O O +a NN O O +new NN O O +‘ NN O B-Task +top NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +down’ NN O I-Task +mechanism NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +formation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +fullerene NN O I-Task +under NN O O +the NN O O +electron NN O O +beam NN O O +radiation NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +proposed NN O O +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +critical NN O O +step NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +proposed NN O B-Task +‘ NN O I-Task +top NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +down’ NN O I-Task +mechanism NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +fullerene NN O I-Task +formation NN O I-Task +is NN O O +creation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +vacancies NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +small NN O I-Process +graphene NN O I-Process +flake NN O I-Process +as NN O O +a NN O O +result NN O O +of NN O O +knock NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +on NN O I-Process +damage NN O I-Process +by NN O I-Process +electrons NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +imaging NN O I-Process +electron NN O I-Process +beam NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +e NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +beam NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +subsequent NN O B-Task +formation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +pentagons NN O I-Task +at NN O O +the NN O O +vacancy NN O O +sites NN O O +near NN O O +the NN O O +edge NN O O +reduces NN O O +the NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +dangling NN O O +bonds NN O O +and NN O O +triggers NN O O +the NN O O +curving NN O O +process NN O O +of NN O O +graphene NN O O +flake NN O O +into NN O O +a NN O O +closed NN O O +fullerene NN O O +structure NN O O +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Thus NN O O +, NN O O +dynamic NN O O +behaviour NN O O +of NN O O +vacancies NN O O +near NN O O +graphene NN O O +edge NN O O +plays NN O O +a NN O O +crucial NN O O +role NN O O +in NN O O +explaining NN O O +mechanisms NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +e NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +beam NN O I-Task +assisted NN O I-Task +self NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +assembly NN O I-Task +and NN O O +structural NN O B-Task +transformations NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +graphene NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +like NN O I-Task +structures NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0009261413006738) + +The NN O O +PESs NN O O +here NN O O +employed NN O O +have NN O O +already NN O O +been NN O O +tested NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +verify NN O B-Process +their NN O I-Process +validity NN O I-Process +for NN O I-Process +dynamical NN O I-Process +purposes NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Such NN O O +tests NN O O +include NN O O +studies NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +nitrogen NN O I-Task +exchange NN O I-Task +reaction NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +14 NN O O +] NN O O +both NN O O +adiabatic NN O O +by NN O O +running NN O O +trajectories NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +lowest NN O O +surfaces NN O O +and NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +adiabatic NN O O +by NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +trajectory NN O B-Process +surface NN O I-Process +hoping NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +TSH NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +22,23 NN O O +] NN O O +for NN O O +transitions NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +excited NN O O +state NN O O +of NN O O +same NN O O +symmetry NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +was NN O O +concluded NN O O +that NN O O +nonadiabatic NN O O +transitions NN O O +could NN O O +not NN O O +make NN O O +a NN O O +significant NN O O +impact NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +rate NN O B-Material +coefficients NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +therefore NN O O +all NN O O +trajectories NN O O +here NN O O +reported NN O O +are NN O O +independently NN O B-Process +integrated NN O I-Process +for NN O I-Process +each NN O I-Process +symmetry NN O I-Process +on NN O O +the NN O O +corresponding NN O O +lowest NN O O +adiabatic NN O O +PES NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +fact NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +tested NN O O +the NN O O +impact NN O O +of NN O O +running NN O O +the NN O O +trajectories NN O O +starting NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +upper NN O O +sheets NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +found NN O O +no NN O O +vibrational NN O B-Process +transition NN O I-Process +to NN O O +take NN O O +place NN O O +, NN O O +only NN O O +small NN O O +amounts NN O O +of NN O O +rotational NN O B-Task +energy NN O I-Task +is NN O O +exchanged NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +case NN O O +. NN O O +Also NN O O +neglected NN O O +are NN O O +electronic NN O B-Process +transitions NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +quartet NN O I-Process +state NN O I-Process +which NN O O +are NN O O +believed NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +far NN O O +less NN O O +probable NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +simple NN O O +vibrational NN O O +energy NN O O +transfer NN O O +here NN O O +studied NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +their NN O O +spin NN O O +- NN O O +forbidden NN O O +character NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +should NN O O +also NN O O +be NN O O +noted NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +quasiclassical NN O I-Process +trajectories NN O I-Process +is NN O O +justified NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +large NN O O +masses NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +atoms NN O B-Material +involved NN O O +[ NN O O +24 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0009261413011111) + +The NN O O +optical NN O O +properties NN O O +of NN O O +charged NN O O +excitations NN O O +are NN O O +important NN O O +for NN O O +understanding NN O O +organic NN O B-Task +semiconductor NN O I-Task +photophysics NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +injection NN O O +of NN O O +electric NN O B-Material +charge NN O I-Material +into NN O O +organic NN O B-Material +materials NN O I-Material +polarizes NN O O +the NN O O +surroundings NN O O +and NN O O +changes NN O O +the NN O O +bond NN O O +lengths NN O O +around NN O O +it NN O O +, NN O O +such NN O O +an NN O O +excitation NN O O +is NN O O +defined NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +charged NN O B-Material +polaron NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Absorption NN O O +of NN O O +light NN O O +and NN O O +fluorescence NN O O +quenching NN O O +by NN O O +polarons NN O O +are NN O O +important NN O O +issues NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +operation NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +organic NN O I-Task +optoelectronic NN O I-Task +devices NN O I-Task +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +particularly NN O O +relevant NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +development NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +electrically NN O I-Task +pumped NN O I-Task +lasers NN O I-Task +. NN O O +With NN O O +recent NN O O +advances NN O O +in NN O O +materials NN O O +properties NN O O +and NN O O +optical NN O O +design NN O O +the NN O O +lasing NN O B-Task +threshold NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +organic NN O I-Task +structures NN O I-Task +under NN O I-Task +optical NN O I-Task +pumping NN O I-Task +is NN O O +now NN O O +low NN O O +enough NN O O +to NN O O +enable NN O O +pumping NN O O +by NN O O +inorganic NN O B-Material +laser NN O I-Material +diodes NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +1–3 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +LEDs NN O O +[ NN O O +4 NN O O +] NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +promising NN O O +for NN O O +fabrication NN O O +of NN O O +very NN O B-Material +sensitive NN O I-Material +low NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +cost NN O I-Material +devices NN O I-Material +for NN O O +biosensing NN O B-Process +and NN O O +chemosensing NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +5,6 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +light NN O B-Process +absorption NN O I-Process +by NN O O +injected NN O O +charges NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +reported NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +the NN O O +major NN O O +obstacle NN O O +to NN O O +electrically NN O B-Process +pumped NN O I-Process +lasing NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Injected NN O O +charges NN O O +can NN O O +also NN O O +quench NN O O +luminescence NN O O +as NN O O +they NN O O +accept NN O B-Process +energy NN O I-Process +from NN O I-Process +excitons NN O I-Process +by NN O O +resonant NN O B-Task +dipole NN O I-Task +– NN O I-Task +dipole NN O I-Task +interactions NN O I-Task +and NN O O +this NN O O +is NN O O +an NN O O +important NN O O +loss NN O O +mechanism NN O O +in NN O O +organic NN O B-Material +LEDs NN O I-Material +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +in NN O O +lasers NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Absorption NN O O +cross NN O O +- NN O O +sections NN O O +of NN O O +polarons NN O O +are NN O O +not NN O O +known NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +desired NN O O +accuracy NN O O +because NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +difficulty NN O O +of NN O O +quantifying NN O O +the NN O O +charge NN O B-Process +density NN O I-Process +injected NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +film NN O O +. NN O O +Previous NN O O +studies NN O O +used NN O O +controlled NN O B-Process +electrical NN O I-Process +injection NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +charges NN O I-Process +in NN O O +unipolar NN O B-Material +devices NN O I-Material +through NN O O +contacting NN O B-Material +electrodes NN O I-Material +and NN O O +field NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +dependent NN O I-Material +charge NN O I-Material +mobility NN O I-Material +measurements NN O I-Material +to NN O O +estimate NN O O +the NN O O +charge NN O O +densities NN O O +which NN O O +were NN O O +compared NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +values NN O O +obtained NN O O +by NN O O +capacitance NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +voltage NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O O +results NN O O +differed NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +factor NN O O +of NN O O +three NN O O +[ NN O O +8,9 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S000926141301539X) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +Letter NN O O +we NN O O +revisit NN O O +the NN O O +Chesnavich NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +Hamiltonian NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +37 NN O O +] NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +light NN O O +of NN O O +recent NN O O +developments NN O O +in NN O O +TST NN O B-Material +. NN O O +For NN O O +barrierless NN O O +systems NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +ion NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +molecule NN O I-Process +reactions NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +concepts NN O O +of NN O O +OTS NN O B-Material +and NN O O +TTS NN O B-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +clearly NN O O +formulated NN O O +in NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +well NN O O +defined NN O O +phase NN O O +space NN O B-Material +geometrical NN O I-Material +objects NN O I-Material +. NN O O +( NN O O +For NN O O +work NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +phase NN O O +space NN O O +description NN O O +of NN O O +OTS NN O B-Material +, NN O O +see NN O O +Refs NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +38–40 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +) NN O O +The NN O O +first NN O O +goal NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +article NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +identification NN O B-Process +of NN O O +these NN O O +notions NN O O +with NN O O +well NN O B-Material +defined NN O I-Material +phase NN O I-Material +space NN O I-Material +dividing NN O I-Material +surfaces NN O I-Material +attached NN O I-Material +to NN O I-Material +NHIMs NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +second NN O O +and NN O O +main NN O O +goal NN O O +is NN O O +an NN O O +elucidation NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +roaming NN O O +phenomenon NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +context NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Chesnavich NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +Hamiltonian NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +associated NN O B-Process +potential NN O I-Process +function NN O I-Process +, NN O O +possessing NN O O +many NN O O +features NN O O +associated NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +realistic NN O O +molecular NN O O +PES NN O O +, NN O O +leads NN O O +to NN O O +dynamics NN O B-Task +which NN O I-Task +clearly NN O I-Task +reveal NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +origins NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +roaming NN O I-Task +effect NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Based NN O O +on NN O O +our NN O O +trajectory NN O B-Material +simulations NN O I-Material +, NN O O +we NN O O +show NN O O +how NN O O +the NN O O +identification NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +TTS NN O O +and NN O O +OTS NN O O +DSs NN O O +with NN O O +periodic NN O B-Material +orbit NN O I-Material +dividing NN O I-Material +surfaces NN O I-Material +( NN O O +PODS NN O B-Material +) NN O O +provides NN O O +the NN O O +natural NN O O +framework NN O O +for NN O O +analysis NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +roaming NN O O +mechanism NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0009261415000974) + +Within NN O O +the NN O O +range NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +temperatures NN O I-Material +chosen NN O I-Material +, NN O O +alanine NN O B-Material +dipeptide NN O I-Material +exhibits NN O O +very NN O O +simple NN O O +behaviour NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +result NN O O +is NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +relatively NN O O +small NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +physically NN O B-Process +relevant NN O I-Process +minima NN O I-Process +( NN O O +seven NN O O +were NN O O +characterised NN O O +using NN O O +this NN O O +force NN O B-Process +field NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +solvent NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +) NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +larger NN O B-Material +potential NN O I-Material +energy NN O I-Material +spacing NN O I-Material +between NN O O +the NN O O +global NN O O +minimum NN O O +and NN O O +higher NN O O +energy NN O O +minima NN O O +. NN O O +Indeed NN O O +, NN O O +cross NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +overs NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +approximate NN O I-Process +global NN O I-Process +free NN O I-Process +energy NN O I-Process +minimum NN O O +for NN O O +this NN O O +system NN O O +( NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +free NN O O +energy NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +second NN O O +- NN O O +lowest NN O O +potential NN O O +energy NN O O +minimum NN O O +becomes NN O O +lower NN O O +than NN O O +that NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +global NN O O +potential NN O O +energy NN O O +minimum NN O O +) NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +harmonic NN O O +approximation NN O O +would NN O O +occur NN O O +at NN O O +1170K. NN O O +In NN O O +general NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +harmonic NN O O +prediction NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +crossover NN O O +temperature NN O O +between NN O O +two NN O O +minima NN O O +is(4)kBTxo NN O O += NN O O +V1−V2ln((o2ν¯2κ)/(o1ν¯1κ)),from NN O O +Eq NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +3 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +clearly NN O O +illustrates NN O O +the NN O O +balance NN O B-Task +between NN O I-Task +potential NN O I-Task +energy NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +well NN O I-Task +entropy NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0009261415002730) + +Both NN O O +methods NN O O +of NN O O +structure NN O B-Process +solution NN O I-Process +reveal NN O O +a NN O O +bent NN O B-Process +conformation NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +central NN O B-Material +terthiophene NN O I-Material +units NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +DOTT NN O B-Material +molecule NN O I-Material +as NN O O +is NN O O +clearly NN O O +visible NN O O +in NN O O +all NN O O +three NN O O +cases NN O O +in NN O O +Figure NN O O +5 NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +fundamental NN O O +difference NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +conformation NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +octyl NN O B-Material +side NN O I-Material +chains NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Whilst NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +single NN O O +crystal NN O O +phase NN O O +at NN O O +T=100 NN O O +K NN O O +linearly NN O B-Material +extended NN O I-Material +chains NN O I-Material +are NN O O +observed NN O O +( NN O O +Figure NN O O +5B NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +defined NN O B-Process +rotation NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +octyl NN O I-Process +chains NN O I-Process +relative NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +terthiophene NN O B-Material +unit NN O I-Material +is NN O O +found NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +three NN O O +thin NN O B-Material +film NN O I-Material +phases NN O O +( NN O O +Figure NN O O +5A NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +rotation NN O O +angle NN O O +of NN O O +about NN O O +±70 NN O O +° NN O O +results NN O O +from NN O O +a NN O O +twist NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +first NN O I-Process +CC NN O I-Process +single NN O I-Process +bond NN O I-Process +at NN O O +the NN O O +link NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +terthiophene NN O B-Material +unit NN O I-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +octyl NN O B-Material +chain NN O I-Material +( NN O O +see NN O O +arrows NN O O +Figure NN O O +5A NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Two NN O O +features NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +rotated NN O O +conformation NN O O +are NN O O +interesting NN O O +. NN O O +First NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +molecule NN O O +with NN O O +rotated NN O B-Material +side NN O I-Material +chains NN O I-Material +represents NN O O +the NN O O +equilibrium NN O O +state NN O O +of NN O O +an NN O O +isolated NN O O +single NN O O +DOTT NN O B-Material +molecule NN O I-Material +as NN O O +obtained NN O O +by NN O O +combined NN O B-Process +MD NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +VASP NN O I-Process +calculations NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +33 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Second NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +rotated NN O O +conformation NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +octyl NN O B-Material +chains NN O I-Material +allows NN O O +a NN O O +dense NN O B-Process +packing NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +octyl NN O B-Material +side NN O I-Material +chains NN O I-Material +for NN O O +both NN O O +molecules NN O O +. NN O O +Interestingly NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +single NN O O +crystal NN O B-Material +structure NN O I-Material +at NN O O +room NN O O +temperature NN O O +shows NN O O +the NN O O +twisted NN O O +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +linear NN O O +conformation NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +octyl NN O B-Material +side NN O I-Material +chains NN O I-Material +within NN O O +one NN O O +molecule NN O O +( NN O O +Figure NN O O +5C NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S000926141500651X) + +Previous NN O O +studies NN O O +have NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +there NN O O +are NN O O +two NN O O +main NN O O +mechanisms NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +development NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +radiation NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +induced NN O I-Process +DSBs NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +16,17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +γ-ray NN O B-Process +radiation NN O I-Process +, NN O O +single NN O B-Process +step NN O I-Process +is NN O O +the NN O O +main NN O O +process NN O O +to NN O O +cause NN O O +DSBs NN O B-Process +( NN O O +see NN O O +Figure NN O O +3b NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +attributed NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +generation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +number NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +ROS NN O I-Process +upon NN O O +the NN O O +incident NN O O +of NN O O +individual NN O O +photon NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +γ-ray NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Whereas NN O O +photo NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +radiation NN O I-Process +causes NN O O +DSBs NN O B-Process +through NN O O +two NN O B-Process +step NN O I-Process +mechanism NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Figure NN O O +3a NN O O +) NN O O +by NN O O +reflecting NN O O +that NN O O +each NN O O +single NN O O +photon NN O B-Material +causes NN O O +mostly NN O O +single NN O O +ROS NN O B-Material +and NN O O +thus NN O O +induces NN O O +only NN O O +single NN O B-Process +strand NN O I-Process +break NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Then NN O O +, NN O O +when NN O O +a NN O O +second NN O O +single NN O B-Process +strand NN O I-Process +break NN O I-Process +occurs NN O O +where NN O O +near NN O O +the NN O O +existing NN O O +single NN O B-Process +strand NN O I-Process +break NN O I-Process +, NN O O +DBS NN O B-Process +is NN O O +caused NN O O +, NN O O +i.e. NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O B-Process +step NN O I-Process +mechanism NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Summarizing NN O O +the NN O O +results NN O O +and NN O O +discussion NN O O +we NN O O +may NN O O +conclude NN O O +as NN O O +that NN O O +: NN O O +( NN O O +1 NN O O +) NN O O +The NN O O +significant NN O O +protective NN O O +effect NN O O +of NN O O +AA NN O B-Material +against NN O O +photo NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +induced NN O I-Process +damage NN O I-Process +may NN O O +reflect NN O O +the NN O O +effective NN O O +diminish NN O O +of NN O O +ROS NN O B-Material +by NN O O +AA NN O B-Material +. NN O O +( NN O O +2 NN O O +) NN O O +For NN O O +the NN O O +γ-ray NN O B-Material +induced NN O I-Material +DSB NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +protective NN O O +effect NN O O +by NN O O +AA NN O B-Material +is NN O O +a NN O O +little NN O O +bit NN O O +weaker NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +photo NN O B-Process +irradiation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +generation NN O O +of NN O O +numbers NN O O +of NN O O +ROS NN O B-Material +by NN O O +single NN O B-Material +photon NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +γ-ray NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Surviving NN O O +oxygen NN O O +species NN O O +against NN O O +the NN O O +diminishment NN O O +effect NN O O +by NN O O +AA NN O B-Material +may NN O O +cause NN O O +DSBs NN O B-Material +. NN O O +( NN O O +3 NN O O +) NN O O +As NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +DSBs NN O B-Material +by NN O O +ultrasound NN O B-Process +, NN O O +damage NN O O +is NN O O +caused NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +shockwave NN O B-Process +through NN O O +the NN O O +generation NN O O +of NN O O +cavitations NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +18 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Thus NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O O +effect NN O O +of NN O O +AA NN O B-Material +to NN O O +diminish NN O B-Process +ROS NN O I-Process +is NN O O +considered NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +negligibly NN O O +small NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +protection NN O O +of NN O O +DSBs NN O B-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0010938X12001163) + +In NN O B-Process +situ NN O I-Process +oxidation NN O I-Process +, NN O O +experiments NN O O +were NN O O +carried NN O O +out NN O O +using NN O O +3 NN O B-Material +mm NN O I-Material +diameter NN O I-Material +discs NN O I-Material +with NN O O +one NN O O +surface NN O O +ground NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +polished NN O I-Process +to NN O O +a NN O O +1μm NN O O +diamond NN O O +finish NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +3 NN O O +mm NN O O +discs NN O O +were NN O O +then NN O O +oxidised NN O B-Process +in NN O O +a NN O O +Philips NN O B-Material +XL-30 NN O I-Material +FEG NN O I-Material +ESEM NN O I-Material +with NN O O +a NN O O +hot NN O B-Material +stage NN O I-Material +attachment NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +oxidising NN O O +atmosphere NN O O +used NN O O +was NN O O +laboratory NN O O +air NN O O +at NN O O +a NN O O +pressure NN O O +of NN O O +266 NN O O +Pa NN O O +. NN O O +During NN O O +the NN O O +experiment NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +sample NN O O +was NN O O +observed NN O O +and NN O O +imaged NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +primary NN O O +beam NN O O +energy NN O O +of NN O O +20kV NN O O +and NN O O +an NN O O +Everhart NN O O +– NN O O +Thornley NN O O +secondary NN O O +electron NN O O +detector NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +sample NN O O +was NN O O +heated NN O B-Process +at NN O O +a NN O O +rate NN O O +of NN O O +100 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +/ NN O O +min NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +temperature NN O O +of NN O O +700 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +and NN O O +held NN O O +at NN O O +this NN O O +temperature NN O O +for NN O O +8min NN O O +to NN O O +stabilise NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +stage NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +microscope NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +sample NN O O +was NN O O +then NN O O +heated NN O B-Process +to NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +final NN O I-Process +temperature NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +900 NN O I-Process +° NN O I-Process +C NN O I-Process +at NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +heating NN O O +rate NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +total NN O O +time NN O O +of NN O O +exposure NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +sample NN O O +was NN O O +120min NN O O +before NN O O +cooling NN O O +to NN O O +room NN O O +temperature NN O O +by NN O O +turning NN O O +off NN O O +the NN O O +heating NN O B-Material +coils NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +samples NN O O +were NN O O +then NN O O +examined NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +LEO NN O B-Material +1530VP NN O I-Material +FEGSEM NN O I-Material +with NN O O +chemical NN O O +information NN O O +gathered NN O O +using NN O O +EDS NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Cross NN O O +- NN O O +sections NN O O +and NN O O +Transmission NN O B-Material +Electron NN O I-Material +Microscope NN O I-Material +( NN O O +TEM NN O B-Material +) NN O O +samples NN O O +were NN O O +produced NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +dual NN O B-Material +beam NN O I-Material +FEI NN O I-Material +Nova NN O I-Material +Nanolab NN O I-Material +600 NN O I-Material +for NN O O +Focused NN O B-Material +Ion NN O I-Material +Beam NN O I-Material +( NN O O +FIB NN O B-Material +) NN O O +milling NN O O +perpendicular NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +phase NN O O +boundaries NN O O +to NN O O +determine NN O O +their NN O O +influence NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +oxide NN O B-Process +development NN O I-Process +and NN O O +imaged NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +Jeol NN O B-Material +2000FX NN O I-Material +W NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +filament NN O I-Material +TEM NN O I-Material +. NN O O +EDS NN O B-Material +maps NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +TEM NN O B-Material +samples NN O I-Material +were NN O O +collected NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +Nanolab NN O B-Material +600 NN O I-Material +with NN O O +a NN O O +Scanning NN O B-Material +TEM NN O I-Material +( NN O I-Material +STEM NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +detector NN O I-Material +and NN O O +an NN O O +EDAX NN O B-Material +Genesis NN O I-Material +EDS NN O I-Material +system NN O I-Material +at NN O O +an NN O O +accelerating NN O B-Process +voltage NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +30kV. NN O I-Process + +-DOCSTART- (S0010938X12002508) + +The NN O O +study NN O O +outlines NN O O +a NN O O +trial NN O O +of NN O O +transient NN O B-Task +response NN O I-Task +analysis NN O I-Task +on NN O O +full NN O O +- NN O O +scale NN O O +motorway NN O B-Material +bridge NN O I-Material +structures NN O I-Material +to NN O O +obtain NN O O +information NN O O +concerning NN O O +the NN O O +steel NN O B-Task +– NN O I-Task +concrete NN O I-Task +interface NN O I-Task +and NN O O +is NN O O +part NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +larger NN O O +study NN O O +to NN O O +assess NN O O +the NN O O +long NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +term NN O I-Process +sustained NN O I-Process +benefits NN O I-Process +offered NN O O +by NN O O +Impressed NN O B-Process +Current NN O I-Process +Cathodic NN O I-Process +Protection NN O I-Process +( NN O O +ICCP NN O B-Process +) NN O O +after NN O O +the NN O O +interruption NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +protective NN O I-Process +current NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +structures NN O O +had NN O O +previously NN O O +been NN O O +protected NN O O +for NN O O +5–16years NN O O +by NN O O +an NN O O +ICCP NN O B-Process +system NN O I-Process +prior NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +start NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +study NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +protective NN O B-Process +current NN O I-Process +was NN O I-Process +interrupted NN O I-Process +, NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +assess NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +long NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +term NN O I-Process +benefits NN O I-Process +provided NN O O +by NN O O +ICCP NN O B-Process +after NN O O +it NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +turned NN O O +off NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +paper NN O O +develops NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +examines NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +simplified NN O I-Task +approach NN O I-Task +for NN O O +the NN O O +on NN O O +- NN O O +site NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +transient NN O B-Process +response NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +and NN O O +discusses NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +potential NN O I-Process +advantages NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +technique NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +tool NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +assessment NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +corrosion NN O I-Task +condition NN O I-Task +of NN O O +steel NN O B-Material +in NN O O +reinforced NN O B-Material +concrete NN O I-Material +structures NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0010938X13002187) + +The NN O O +results NN O O +from NN O O +two NN O O +types NN O O +of NN O O +oxidation NN O B-Process +test NN O I-Process +are NN O O +combined NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +study NN O O +. NN O O +Table NN O O +1 NN O O +shows NN O O +the NN O O +test NN O B-Material +matrix NN O I-Material +with NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O O +approaches NN O O +included NN O O +. NN O O +All NN O O +the NN O O +100h NN O O +tests NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +test NN O O +conducted NN O O +at NN O O +650 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +were NN O O +performed NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +thermogravimetric NN O B-Process +balance NN O I-Process +( NN O O +TGA NN O B-Process +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +weight NN O B-Material +change NN O I-Material +during NN O I-Material +these NN O I-Material +tests NN O I-Material +was NN O I-Material +monitored NN O I-Material +continually NN O I-Material +and NN O O +adjusted NN O B-Process +to NN O I-Process +accommodate NN O I-Process +buoyancy NN O I-Process +effects NN O I-Process +. NN O O +All NN O O +other NN O O +tests NN O O +were NN O O +conducted NN O O +in NN O O +horizontal NN O B-Material +tube NN O I-Material +furnaces NN O I-Material +. NN O O +For NN O O +these NN O O +latter NN O O +tests NN O O +, NN O O +batches NN O O +of NN O O +specimens NN O O +were NN O O +placed NN O O +in NN O O +alumina NN O B-Material +boats NN O I-Material +and NN O O +inserted NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +furnaces NN O B-Material +at NN O O +temperature NN O O +. NN O O +Intermittent NN O O +weighing NN O O +at NN O O +room NN O O +temperature NN O O +was NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +determine NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +oxidation NN O I-Task +kinetics NN O I-Task +. NN O O +At NN O O +selected NN O O +time NN O O +intervals NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +specimen NN O O +was NN O O +removed NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +batch NN O O +for NN O O +examination NN O O +before NN O O +the NN O O +high NN O O +temperature NN O O +exposure NN O O +continued NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +remainder NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +batch NN O O +. NN O O +Table NN O B-Material +1 NN O I-Material +shows NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +time NN O I-Material +intervals NN O I-Material +chosen NN O I-Material +for NN O I-Material +examination NN O I-Material +. NN O O +At NN O O +600 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +one NN O O +isothermal NN O O +test NN O O +, NN O O +having NN O O +an NN O O +exposure NN O O +time NN O O +of NN O O +1000h NN O O +, NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +performed NN O O +to NN O O +date NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0010938X13005945) + +The NN O O +adhesion NN O B-Task +/ NN O I-Task +cohesion NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +coating NN O I-Task +was NN O O +evaluated NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +scratch NN O B-Process +test NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +, NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +Revetest NN O B-Material +system NN O I-Material +( NN O I-Material +CSM NN O I-Material +Instruments NN O I-Material +SA NN O I-Material +, NN O I-Material +Switzerland NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +equipped NN O I-Material +with NN O I-Material +a NN O I-Material +H-270 NN O I-Material +diamond NN O I-Material +indentor NN O I-Material +( NN O I-Material +200μm NN O I-Material +diameter NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Six NN O O +scratch NN O B-Process +indentations NN O I-Process +were NN O I-Process +carried NN O I-Process +out NN O I-Process +under NN O O +previously NN O O +optimized NN O O +conditions NN O O +( NN O O +linear NN O O +progressive NN O O +load NN O O +mode NN O O +1–4N NN O O +, NN O O +4Nmin−1 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +aid NN O O +in NN O O +determination NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +location NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +spallation NN O I-Task +/ NN O I-Task +delamination NN O I-Task +, NN O O +an NN O O +extended NN O O +scratch NN O O +length NN O O +of NN O O +6 NN O O +mm NN O O +was NN O O +employed NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +scratch NN O O +tracks NN O O +were NN O O +subsequently NN O O +observed NN O O +by NN O O +SEM NN O O +to NN O O +determine NN O O +the NN O O +locations NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +coating NN O O +failure NN O O +and NN O O +to NN O O +understand NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +nature NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +coating NN O I-Task +failure NN O I-Task +. NN O O +During NN O O +the NN O O +scratch NN O O +tests NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +loading NN O B-Process +force NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +penetration NN O I-Process +depth NN O I-Process +were NN O I-Process +recorded NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +their NN O I-Process +respective NN O I-Process +values NN O I-Process +were NN O I-Process +correlated NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +observed NN O I-Process +failure NN O I-Process +locations NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +surface NN O B-Task +roughness NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +coating NN O I-Task +was NN O I-Task +evaluated NN O I-Task +using NN O O +a NN O O +surface NN O B-Material +roughness NN O I-Material +tester NN O I-Material +( NN O O +TR200 NN O O +, NN O O +Timegroup NN O O +Inc. NN O O +) NN O O +according NN O O +to NN O O +ISO NN O O +standard NN O O +[ NN O O +29 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +presence NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +open NN O O +porosity NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +outer NN O B-Material +layer NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +coating NN O B-Process +, NN O O +a NN O O +measurement NN O O +length NN O O +for NN O O +determination NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +roughness NN O B-Process +( NN O O +Ra NN O B-Process +) NN O O +of NN O O +0.8 NN O O +mm NN O O +was NN O O +used NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +total NN O O +, NN O O +eight NN O B-Material +measurements NN O I-Material +were NN O O +carried NN O O +out NN O O +in NN O O +different NN O O +directions NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0010938X14000420) + +One NN O O +surface NN O O +was NN O O +then NN O O +polished NN O O +and NN O O +cleaned NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +protocol NN O O +designed NN O O +to NN O O +eliminate NN O O +as NN O O +much NN O O +preparation NN O O +- NN O O +related NN O O +contamination NN O O +as NN O O +possible NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +as NN O O +follows NN O O +: NN O O +The NN O O +lead NN O O +surface NN O O +was NN O O +polished NN O O +by NN O O +hand NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +damp NN O B-Material +abrasive NN O I-Material +disc NN O I-Material +( NN O O +BuehlerMet NN O O +II NN O O +® NN O O +) NN O O +to NN O O +remove NN O O +visible NN O O +surface NN O B-Material +defects NN O O +and NN O O +to NN O O +expose NN O O +a NN O O +fresh NN O O +metal NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Coupons NN O O +were NN O O +then NN O O +polished NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +sequence NN O O +of NN O O +diamond NN O B-Material +polishes NN O I-Material +with NN O O +decreasing NN O O +particle NN O O +sizes NN O O +( NN O O +6μm NN O O +, NN O O +3μm NN O O +, NN O O +1μm NN O O +Buehler NN O O +MetaDi NN O O +® NN O O +polycrystalline NN O B-Material +diamond NN O I-Material +suspension NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +polishing NN O B-Material +cloth NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Buehler NN O O +MicroCloth NN O O +® NN O O +) NN O O +was NN O O +saturated NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +appropriate NN O O +diamond NN O B-Material +suspension NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +custom NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +made NN O I-Material +jig NN O I-Material +fitted NN O O +to NN O O +an NN O O +automatic NN O O +polisher NN O B-Material +( NN O O +Buehler NN O O +Minimet NN O O +® NN O O +1000 NN O O +) NN O O +was NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +hold NN O O +the NN O O +coupons NN O B-Material +in NN O O +place NN O O +during NN O O +automated NN O B-Process +polishing NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Coupons NN O B-Material +were NN O O +polished NN O B-Process +for NN O O +15min NN O O +using NN O O +each NN O O +diamond NN O B-Process +suspension NN O I-Process +followed NN O O +by NN O O +rinsing NN O O +with NN O O +2-propanol NN O B-Material +( NN O O +99.5 NN O O +% NN O O +, NN O O +reagent NN O O +grade NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +cleaning NN O O +in NN O O +2-propanol NN O B-Material +for NN O O +5min NN O O +in NN O O +an NN O O +ultrasonic NN O B-Material +bath NN O I-Material +. NN O O +After NN O O +polishing NN O B-Process +with NN O O +the NN O O +1μm NN O O +diamond NN O B-Material +suspension NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +coupons NN O B-Material +were NN O O +ultrasonically NN O O +cleaned NN O O +in NN O O +2-propanol NN O B-Material +for NN O O +3×5min NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +fresh NN O O +propanol NN O B-Material +for NN O O +each NN O O +cleaning NN O B-Process +cycle NN O O +. NN O O +Polished NN O O +coupons NN O B-Material +were NN O O +stored NN O O +in NN O O +2-propanol NN O B-Material +until NN O O +required NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0010938X1500195X) + +Poor NN O O +oxidation NN O B-Process +behavior NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +major NN O O +barrier NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +increased NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +Ti NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +based NN O I-Material +alloys NN O I-Material +in NN O O +high NN O O +- NN O O +temperature NN O O +structural NN O O +applications NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +demand NN O O +to NN O O +increase NN O O +the NN O O +service NN O O +temperature NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O O +alloys NN O B-Material +beyond NN O O +550 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +( NN O O +the NN O O +typical NN O O +temperature NN O O +limit NN O O +) NN O O +requires NN O O +careful NN O O +study NN O O +to NN O O +understand NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +role NN O I-Task +that NN O I-Task +composition NN O I-Task +has NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +oxidation NN O I-Task +behavior NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +Ti NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +based NN O I-Task +alloys NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +1–3 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +attempt NN O O +to NN O O +overcome NN O O +this NN O O +limitation NN O O +in NN O O +Ti NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +based NN O I-Material +alloys NN O I-Material +has NN O O +led NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +production NN O O +of NN O O +alloys NN O B-Material +with NN O I-Material +substantially NN O I-Material +improved NN O I-Material +oxidation NN O I-Material +resistance NN O I-Material +such NN O O +as NN O O +β-21S NN O B-Material +and NN O O +also NN O O +development NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +coatings NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +pre NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +oxidation NN O I-Task +techniques NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +1,4–6 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +While NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +tempting NN O O +to NN O O +extrapolate NN O O +the NN O O +oxidation NN O B-Process +behavior NN O O +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +oxidation NN O O +rate NN O O +law NN O O +, NN O O +depth NN O O +of NN O O +oxygen NN O B-Material +ingress NN O O +and NN O O +scale NN O O +thickness NN O O +) NN O O +observed NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +limited NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +compositions NN O O +under NN O O +a NN O O +certain NN O O +oxidation NN O B-Process +condition NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +broader NN O O +compositional NN O O +range NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +are NN O O +numerous NN O O +examples NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +literature NN O O +where NN O O +deviations NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +expected NN O O +relations NN O O +are NN O O +observed NN O O +[ NN O O +7,8 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0010938X15002085) + +The NN O O +oxide NN O B-Process +thickness NN O O +is NN O O +calculated NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +weight NN O O +gain NN O O +and NN O O +surface NN O O +area NN O O +. NN O O +Artificially NN O O +changing NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O B-Material +profile NN O O +will NN O O +modify NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O B-Material +area NN O I-Material +and NN O O +calculated NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +thickness NN O O +. NN O O +SEM NN O B-Material +images NN O I-Material +of NN O O +samples NN O O +removed NN O O +after NN O O +111 NN O O +days NN O O +oxidation NN O B-Process +were NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +define NN O O +the NN O O +change NN O O +in NN O O +surface NN O B-Material +profile NN O I-Material +length NN O O +with NN O O +variation NN O O +in NN O O +applied NN O O +roughness NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +profile NN O B-Material +lengths NN O O +extracted NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +images NN O B-Material +were NN O O +then NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +modify NN O O +the NN O O +length NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +sample NN O B-Material +and NN O O +therefore NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O B-Material +area NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Table NN O O +1 NN O O +shows NN O O +the NN O O +original NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +thicknesses NN O O +after NN O O +111 NN O O +days NN O O +oxidation NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +modified NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +thicknesses NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O O +profile NN O O +length NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +percentage NN O O +difference NN O O +. NN O O +Results NN O O +show NN O O +a NN O O +maximum NN O O +decrease NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +thickness NN O O +of NN O O +4 NN O O +% NN O O +when NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +surface NN O B-Material +which NN O O +accounts NN O O +for NN O O +roughness NN O O +. NN O O +Comparing NN O O +the NN O O +change NN O O +in NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +thickness NN O O +between NN O O +different NN O O +surface NN O B-Material +finishes NN O O +indicates NN O O +a NN O O +variation NN O O +of NN O O +less NN O O +than NN O O +1 NN O O +% NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +such NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +impact NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +variation NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +profile NN O O +length NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +calculated NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +thickness NN O O +is NN O O +considered NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +insignificant NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +, NN O O +if NN O O +the NN O O +differences NN O O +in NN O O +weight NN O O +gain NN O O +were NN O O +only NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +differences NN O O +in NN O O +surface NN O B-Material +area NN O I-Material +, NN O O +rougher NN O O +samples NN O B-Material +would NN O O +be NN O O +expected NN O O +to NN O O +demonstrate NN O O +thicker NN O O +oxides NN O B-Material +at NN O O +the NN O O +earliest NN O O +stages NN O O +of NN O O +oxidation NN O B-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0010938X15002954) + +There NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +relatively NN O O +few NN O O +attempts NN O O +to NN O O +observe NN O O +and NN O O +in NN O O +some NN O O +cases NN O O +extract NN O O +the NN O O +average NN O O +current NN O O +density NN O O +from NN O O +video NN O B-Material +images NN O I-Material +taken NN O O +of NN O O +growing NN O O +2D NN O B-Material +pits NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Frankel NN O O +presented NN O O +a NN O O +method NN O O +to NN O O +directly NN O O +measure NN O O +the NN O O +average NN O O +anodic NN O B-Material +current NN O I-Material +density NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +growing NN O O +pit NN O B-Material +boundary NN O O +velocity NN O O +in NN O O +Al NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +33 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +an NN O O +Al NN O B-Material +alloy NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +34 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +Ni NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +Fe NN O I-Material +[ NN O I-Material +35 NN O I-Material +] NN O I-Material +thin NN O I-Material +films NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Subsequently NN O O +, NN O O +Ryan NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +27,36 NN O O +] NN O O +determined NN O O +the NN O O +anodic NN O O +current NN O O +density NN O O +in NN O O +pits NN O B-Material +propagating NN O O +as NN O O +2D NN O B-Material +disks NN O I-Material +in NN O O +stainless NN O B-Material +steel NN O I-Material +thin NN O I-Material +films NN O I-Material +by NN O O +measuring NN O O +the NN O O +pit NN O B-Material +edge NN O I-Material +movement NN O O +velocity NN O O +. NN O O +Ernst NN O O +and NN O O +Newman NN O O +[ NN O O +11,12,37 NN O O +] NN O O +studied NN O O +stability NN O O +of NN O O +pit NN O B-Process +growth NN O I-Process +in NN O O +detail NN O O +and NN O O +measured NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +kinetics NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +2D NN O I-Process +pit NN O I-Process +propagation NN O I-Process +in NN O O +depth NN O O +and NN O O +width NN O O +and NN O O +compared NN O O +the NN O O +results NN O O +with NN O O +kinetics NN O O +in NN O O +1D NN O B-Material +pencil NN O I-Material +electrodes NN O I-Material +. NN O O +They NN O O +developed NN O O +a NN O O +semi NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +quantitative NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +for NN O O +pit NN O B-Task +propagation NN O I-Task +which NN O O +explained NN O O +the NN O O +lacy NN O B-Process +pit NN O I-Process +cover NN O I-Process +formation NN O I-Process +during NN O O +the NN O O +pit NN O B-Process +growth NN O I-Process +, NN O O +although NN O O +they NN O O +did NN O O +not NN O O +measure NN O O +current NN O O +density NN O O +within NN O O +the NN O O +pit NN O B-Material +. NN O O +More NN O O +recently NN O O +, NN O O +Tang NN O O +and NN O O +Davenport NN O O +[ NN O O +38 NN O O +] NN O O +tracked NN O O +the NN O O +pit NN O B-Material +boundary NN O O +movement NN O O +and NN O O +computed NN O O +the NN O O +instantaneous NN O O +but NN O O +average NN O O +current NN O O +density NN O O +in NN O O +Fe NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +Co NN O I-Material +thin NN O I-Material +films NN O I-Material +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +no NN O O +previous NN O O +attempts NN O O +to NN O O +quantify NN O O +the NN O O +local NN O O +current NN O O +density NN O O +during NN O O +inhomogeneous NN O O +growth NN O O +of NN O O +pits NN O B-Material +, NN O O +although NN O O +such NN O O +local NN O O +variation NN O O +in NN O O +current NN O B-Process +density NN O O +has NN O O +long NN O O +been NN O O +recognised NN O O +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0010938X15300512) + +Anodizing NN O B-Process +processes NN O I-Process +are NN O O +widely NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +protecting NN O B-Task +aluminium NN O I-Task +alloys NN O I-Task +against NN O O +corrosion NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +resultant NN O B-Material +films NN O I-Material +are NN O O +composed NN O O +of NN O O +amorphous NN O B-Material +alumina NN O I-Material +and NN O O +consist NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +relatively NN O O +thick NN O O +, NN O O +porous NN O O +, NN O O +outer NN O O +region NN O O +and NN O O +a NN O O +thinner NN O O +, NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +porous NN O O +, NN O O +inner NN O O +region NN O O +[ NN O O +2,3 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +porous NN O O +region NN O O +contains NN O O +the NN O O +major NN O B-Material +pores NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +film NN O B-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +extend NN O B-Process +from NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +film NN O I-Process +surface NN O I-Process +to NN O O +the NN O O +barrier NN O B-Material +layer NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Near NN O O +the NN O O +film NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +, NN O O +shorter NN O O +, NN O O +incipient NN O B-Material +pores NN O I-Material +are NN O O +also NN O O +present NN O O +, NN O O +whose NN O O +growth NN O B-Process +stopped NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +early NN O I-Process +stages NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +anodizing NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +diameter NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +major NN O B-Material +pores NN O I-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +thickness NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +inner NN O O +, NN O O +barrier NN O O +region NN O O +are NN O O +dependent NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +potential NN O O +applied NN O O +during NN O O +anodizing NN O B-Process +, NN O O +with NN O O +typical NN O O +proportionalities NN O O +of NN O O +∼1nmV−1 NN O O +[ NN O O +3,4 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Studies NN O O +of NN O O +ionic NN O B-Task +migration NN O I-Task +in NN O O +barrier NN O O +- NN O O +type NN O O +and NN O O +porous NN O O +anodic NN O B-Material +alumina NN O I-Material +films NN O I-Material +have NN O O +usually NN O O +found NN O O +a NN O O +transport NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +O2− NN O B-Material +ions NN O I-Material +of NN O O +∼0.6 NN O O +[ NN O O +5,6 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +During NN O O +the NN O O +formation NN O O +of NN O O +porous NN O B-Material +films NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +outward NN O B-Material +migrating NN O I-Material +Al3 NN O I-Material ++ NN O I-Material +ions NN O I-Material +, NN O O +constituting NN O O +the NN O O +remainder NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +ionic NN O B-Material +current NN O I-Material +, NN O O +are NN O O +ejected NN O B-Process +to NN O O +the NN O O +electrolyte NN O B-Material +at NN O O +the NN O O +pore NN O B-Material +bases NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +electronic NN O O +current NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +barrier NN O O +region NN O O +is NN O O +generally NN O O +considered NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +negligible NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +thickness NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +barrier NN O B-Material +region NN O I-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +relatively NN O O +constant NN O O +during NN O O +the NN O O +growth NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +film NN O B-Material +under NN O O +either NN O O +a NN O O +constant NN O O +potential NN O O +or NN O O +constant NN O O +current NN O O +density NN O O +, NN O O +is NN O O +maintained NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +balance NN O O +between NN O O +growth NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +barrier NN O I-Process +layer NN O I-Process +by NN O I-Process +continued NN O I-Process +oxidation NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +aluminium NN O B-Material +substrate NN O I-Material +and NN O O +thinning NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +barrier NN O I-Process +layer NN O I-Process +by NN O I-Process +either NN O I-Process +field NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +assisted NN O I-Process +dissolution NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +alumina NN O B-Material +at NN O O +the NN O O +pore NN O B-Material +bases NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +or NN O O +field NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +assisted NN O I-Process +flow NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +alumina NN O I-Process +from NN O O +the NN O O +barrier NN O B-Material +layer NN O I-Material +to NN O O +the NN O O +pore NN O B-Material +walls NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +9–13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +pores NN O B-Material +may NN O O +be NN O O +widened NN O O +toward NN O O +the NN O O +film NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +by NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +dissolution NN O I-Process +to NN O O +an NN O O +extent NN O O +dependent NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +anodizing NN O O +conditions NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0010938X15301189) + +Failure NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +structural NN O I-Process +components NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +major NN O O +concern NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +nuclear NN O O +power NN O O +industry NN O O +and NN O O +represents NN O O +not NN O O +only NN O O +a NN O O +safety NN O O +issue NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +also NN O O +a NN O O +hazard NN O O +to NN O O +economic NN O O +performance NN O O +. NN O O +Stress NN O B-Process +corrosion NN O I-Process +cracking NN O I-Process +( NN O O +SCC NN O B-Process +) NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +especially NN O O +intergranular NN O B-Process +stress NN O I-Process +corrosion NN O I-Process +cracking NN O I-Process +( NN O O +IGSCC NN O B-Process +) NN O O +, NN O O +have NN O O +proved NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +a NN O O +significant NN O O +potential NN O O +cause NN O O +of NN O O +failures NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +nuclear NN O O +industry NN O O +in NN O O +materials NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +Alloy NN O B-Material +600 NN O I-Material +( NN O O +74 NN O B-Material +% NN O I-Material +Ni NN O I-Material +, NN O I-Material +16 NN O I-Material +% NN O I-Material +Cr NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +8 NN O I-Material +% NN O I-Material +Fe NN O I-Material +) NN O O +and NN O O +stainless NN O B-Material +steels NN O I-Material +, NN O O +especially NN O O +in NN O O +Pressurised NN O B-Material +Water NN O I-Material +Reactors NN O I-Material +( NN O O +PWR NN O B-Material +) NN O O +[ NN O O +1–5 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Stress NN O B-Process +corrosion NN O I-Process +cracking NN O I-Process +in NN O O +pressurized NN O B-Material +water NN O I-Material +reactors NN O I-Material +( NN O O +PWSCC NN O B-Material +) NN O O +occurs NN O O +in NN O O +Alloy NN O B-Material +600 NN O I-Material +in NN O O +safety NN O B-Material +critical NN O I-Material +components NN O I-Material +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +steam NN O B-Material +generator NN O I-Material +tubes NN O I-Material +, NN O O +heater NN O B-Material +sleeves NN O I-Material +, NN O O +pressurized NN O B-Material +instrument NN O I-Material +penetrations NN O I-Material +and NN O O +control NN O B-Material +rod NN O I-Material +drive NN O I-Material +mechanisms NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +2,6,7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Understanding NN O O +the NN O O +mechanisms NN O O +that NN O O +control NN O O +SCC NN O B-Material +in NN O O +this NN O O +alloy NN O B-Material +will NN O O +allow NN O O +for NN O O +continued NN O O +extensions NN O O +of NN O O +life NN O O +in NN O O +current NN O O +plant NN O B-Material +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +safer NN O B-Task +designs NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +future NN O I-Task +nuclear NN O I-Task +reactors NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0010938X1530161X) + +A NN O O +key NN O O +part NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +problem NN O O +is NN O O +that NN O O +an NN O O +inspector NN O O +only NN O O +has NN O O +access NN O O +to NN O O +data NN O O +from NN O O +a NN O O +small NN O O +inspected NN O O +area NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +area NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +only NN O O +one NN O O +minimum NN O O +thickness NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +provide NN O O +enough NN O O +information NN O O +to NN O O +build NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +smallest NN O I-Task +thicknesses NN O I-Task +. NN O O +An NN O O +inspector NN O O +can NN O O +generate NN O O +a NN O O +sample NN O B-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +smallest NN O O +thickness NN O O +measurements NN O O +by NN O O +partitioning NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +inspection NN O I-Process +data NN O I-Process +into NN O O +a NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +equally NN O B-Material +sized NN O I-Material +blocks NN O I-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +each NN O O +block NN O B-Material +the NN O O +minimum NN O O +thickness NN O O +is NN O O +recorded NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +set NN O O +forms NN O O +a NN O O +sample NN O B-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +smallest NN O O +thickness NN O O +measurements NN O O +. NN O O +From NN O O +this NN O O +sample NN O O +, NN O O +one NN O O +can NN O O +build NN O O +a NN O O +model NN O B-Process +which NN O I-Process +takes NN O I-Process +into NN O I-Process +account NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +variations NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +smallest NN O I-Process +thickness NN O I-Process +measurements NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Extreme NN O B-Process +value NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +( NN O O +EVA NN O B-Process +) NN O O +provides NN O O +a NN O O +limiting NN O O +form NN O O +for NN O O +this NN O O +model NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +states NN O O +that NN O O +, NN O O +if NN O O +the NN O O +underlying NN O O +thickness NN O O +measurements NN O O +in NN O O +each NN O O +block NN O O +are NN O O +taken NN O O +from NN O O +independent NN O O +and NN O O +identical NN O O +distributions NN O O +, NN O O +then NN O O +the NN O O +sample NN O O +of NN O O +minimum NN O O +thickness NN O O +measurements NN O O +will NN O O +follow NN O O +a NN O O +generalized NN O B-Process +extreme NN O I-Process +value NN O I-Process +distribution NN O I-Process +( NN O O +GEVD NN O B-Process +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021961413004321) + +The NN O O +thermodynamics NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +copper NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +zinc NN O I-Task +alloys NN O I-Task +( NN O I-Task +brass NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +was NN O O +subject NN O O +of NN O O +numerous NN O O +investigations NN O O +. NN O O +Brass NN O B-Material +is NN O O +characterised NN O O +by NN O O +an NN O O +excess NN O B-Process +enthalpy NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +excess NN O I-Process +entropy NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +mixing NN O I-Process +, NN O O +both NN O O +of NN O O +which NN O O +are NN O O +negative NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +enthalpic NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +were NN O O +measured NN O O +by NN O O +solution NN O B-Process +calorimetry NN O I-Process +e.g. NN O O +, NN O O +[ NN O O +1–3 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +chemical NN O B-Material +potential NN O I-Material +data NN O I-Material +calculated NN O O +from NN O O +phase NN O B-Process +equilibrium NN O I-Process +experiments NN O I-Process +e.g. NN O O +, NN O O +[ NN O O +4–6 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +excess NN O B-Task +entropy NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +mixing NN O I-Task +could NN O O +be NN O O +evaluated NN O O +e.g. NN O O +, NN O O +[ NN O O +7–9 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +excess NN O O +entropy NN O O +contains NN O O +both NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +vibrational NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +configurational NN O I-Task +parts NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +excess NN O O +vibrational NN O O +entropy NN O O +, NN O O +defined NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +deviation NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +entropy NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +mechanical NN O O +mixture NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +end NN O O +members NN O O +A NN O O +and NN O O +B NN O O +( NN O O +i.e. NN O O +, NN O O +Smmechmix NN O B-Material += NN O I-Material +XASmA+XBSmB NN O I-Material +) NN O O +, NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +determined NN O O +by NN O O +measuring NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +low NN O I-Process +temperature NN O I-Process +heat NN O I-Process +capacity NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +5 NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +300 NN O I-Process +K NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +versus NN O I-Process +composition NN O I-Process +behaviour NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +determination NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +excess NN O B-Task +configurational NN O I-Task +entropy NN O I-Task +, NN O O +i.e. NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +excess NN O O +entropy NN O O +coming NN O O +from NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +random NN O O +atomic NN O O +distributions NN O O +and NN O O +defects NN O O +, NN O O +is NN O O +much NN O O +more NN O O +difficult NN O O +. NN O O +Here NN O O +, NN O O +neutron NN O B-Process +scattering NN O I-Process +investigations NN O I-Process +together NN O O +with NN O O +computer NN O B-Process +simulations NN O I-Process +are NN O O +normally NN O O +used NN O O +. NN O O +If NN O O +, NN O O +however NN O O +, NN O O +reliable NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +total NN O I-Material +excess NN O I-Material +entropy NN O I-Material +( NN O O +from NN O O +enthalpic NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +chemical NN O I-Material +potential NN O I-Material +data NN O I-Material +) NN O O +are NN O O +available NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +measurement NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +excess NN O I-Process +vibrational NN O I-Process +entropy NN O I-Process +enables NN O O +the NN O O +determination NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +excess NN O I-Process +configurational NN O I-Process +entropy NN O I-Process +simply NN O O +by NN O O +subtraction NN O B-Process +. NN O O +Since NN O O +configurational NN O O +and NN O O +vibrational NN O O +entropies NN O O +may NN O O +have NN O O +different NN O O +temperature NN O O +dependencies NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +worthwhile NN O O +to NN O O +separate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +entropic NN O I-Task +effects NN O I-Task +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +one NN O O +aim NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +study NN O O +. NN O O +Another NN O O +aim NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +deliver NN O B-Task +experimental NN O I-Task +data NN O I-Task +so NN O O +that NN O O +first NN O O +principles NN O O +studies NN O O +can NN O O +test NN O O +their NN O O +models NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +disordered NN O B-Material +alloy NN O I-Material +, NN O O +whose NN O O +structural NN O O +details NN O O +( NN O O +short NN O O +- NN O O +range NN O O +order NN O O +) NN O O +depend NN O O +on NN O O +temperature NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999113002362) + +The NN O O +algorithm NN O O +allows NN O O +the NN O O +modelling NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +plasmas NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +arbitrary NN O I-Task +degeneracy NN O I-Task +under NN O O +the NN O O +binary NN O B-Process +collision NN O I-Process +approximation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +It NN O O +uses NN O O +a NN O O +numerical NN O B-Process +interpolation NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +inverse NN O O +cumulative NN O O +density NN O O +function NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Fermi NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +Dirac NN O I-Process +distribution NN O I-Process +to NN O O +initialise NN O O +simulation NN O B-Material +particles NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +collisions NN O B-Process +are NN O O +subject NN O O +to NN O O +Pauli NN O B-Process +blocking NN O I-Process +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +appropriate NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +limit NN O O +of NN O O +very NN O O +strong NN O O +coupling NN O B-Process +because NN O O +the NN O O +plasma NN O B-Task +theory NN O I-Task +which NN O O +the NN O O +Monte NN O B-Process +Carlo NN O I-Process +code NN O I-Process +is NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +breaks NN O O +down NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +strong NN O B-Task +coupling NN O I-Task +limit NN O I-Task +corresponds NN O O +to NN O O +lnΛ≲3 NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +lnΛ NN O O +the NN O O +Coulomb NN O B-Process +logarithm NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +10 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +code NN O O +is NN O O +designed NN O O +for NN O O +lnΛ>3 NN O O +in NN O O +collisional NN O B-Material +plasmas NN O I-Material +with NN O O +a NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +negligible NN O O +level NN O O +of NN O O +degeneracy NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +noted NN O O +that NN O O +Monte NN O B-Process +Carlo NN O I-Process +techniques NN O I-Process +with NN O O +degenerate NN O O +capabilities NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +developed NN O O +for NN O O +studying NN O O +transport NN O B-Task +in NN O I-Task +semi NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +conductors NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +11 NN O O +] NN O O +but NN O O +no NN O O +such NN O O +method NN O O +exists NN O O +for NN O O +fully NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +ionised NN O I-Material +plasmas NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Some NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +techniques NN O O +described NN O O +are NN O O +potentially NN O O +applicable NN O O +to NN O O +other NN O O +types NN O O +of NN O O +codes NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +example NN O O +, NN O O +Particle NN O O +- NN O O +In NN O O +- NN O O +Cell NN O O +( NN O O +PIC NN O O +) NN O O +codes NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999113003422) + +Similar NN O O +numerical NN O B-Process +oscillations NN O I-Process +to NN O O +those NN O O +described NN O O +above NN O O +also NN O O +emerge NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +ISPM NN O B-Process +when NN O O +utilising NN O O +classical NN O B-Process +IBM NN O I-Process +kernels NN O I-Process +due NN O O +to NN O O +their NN O O +lack NN O O +of NN O O +regularity NN O O +( NN O O +with NN O O +discontinuous NN O O +second NN O O +derivatives NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Furthermore NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +important NN O O +to NN O O +remark NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +immersed NN O O +structure NN O O +stresses NN O O +are NN O O +captured NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +Lagrangian NN O B-Process +description NN O I-Process +and NN O O +hence NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +compute NN O O +them NN O O +accurately NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +important NN O O +to NN O O +ensure NN O O +that NN O O +these NN O O +spurious NN O O +oscillations NN O B-Material +are NN O O +not NN O O +introduced NN O O +via NN O O +the NN O O +kernel NN O B-Process +interpolation NN O I-Process +functions NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +authors NN O O +have NN O O +specifically NN O O +designed NN O O +a NN O O +new NN O B-Task +family NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +kernel NN O I-Task +functions NN O I-Task +which NN O O +do NN O B-Task +not NN O I-Task +introduce NN O I-Task +these NN O I-Task +spurious NN O I-Task +oscillations NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +kernel NN O B-Process +functions NN O I-Process +are NN O O +obtained NN O O +by NN O O +taking NN O O +into NN O O +account NN O O +discrete NN O O +reproducibility NN O O +conditions NN O O +as NN O O +originally NN O O +introduced NN O O +by NN O O +Peskin NN O O +[ NN O O +14 NN O O +] NN O O +( NN O O +in NN O O +our NN O O +case NN O O +, NN O O +tailor NN O O +- NN O O +made NN O O +for NN O O +Cartesian NN O B-Process +staggered NN O I-Process +grids NN O I-Process +) NN O O +and NN O O +regularity NN O O +requirements NN O O +to NN O O +prevent NN O O +the NN O O +appearance NN O O +of NN O O +spurious NN O O +oscillations NN O B-Material +when NN O O +computing NN O O +derivatives NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +Maple NN O B-Material +computer NN O I-Material +program NN O I-Material +has NN O O +been NN O O +developed NN O O +to NN O O +obtain NN O B-Task +explicit NN O I-Task +expressions NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +new NN O I-Task +kernels NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999113005603) + +After NN O O +all NN O O +micro NN O O +elements NN O O +reach NN O O +a NN O O +relaxed NN O O +steady NN O O +- NN O O +state NN O O +, NN O O +measurements NN O O +are NN O O +obtained NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +cumulative NN O B-Process +averaging NN O I-Process +technique NN O I-Process +to NN O O +reduce NN O B-Task +noise NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Each NN O O +micro NN O B-Material +element NN O I-Material +is NN O O +divided NN O O +into NN O O +spatially NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +oriented NN O I-Material +bins NN O I-Material +in NN O O +the NN O O +y NN O O +- NN O O +direction NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +resolve NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +velocity NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +shear NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +stress NN O I-Task +profiles NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Velocity NN O O +in NN O O +each NN O O +bin NN O B-Material +is NN O O +measured NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +Cumulative NN O B-Process +Averaging NN O I-Process +Method NN O I-Process +( NN O O +CAM NN O B-Process +) NN O O +[ NN O O +24 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +the NN O O +stress NN O B-Process +tensor NN O I-Process +field NN O I-Process +is NN O O +measured NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +Irving NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +Kirkwood NN O I-Process +relationship NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +25 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +least NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +squares NN O I-Process +polynomial NN O I-Process +fit NN O I-Process +to NN O O +the NN O O +data NN O O +is NN O O +performed NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +helps NN O O +reduce NN O B-Process +noise NN O I-Process +further NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +fit NN O O +produces NN O O +a NN O O +continuous NN O B-Process +function NN O I-Process +that NN O O +avoids NN O B-Process +stability NN O I-Process +issues NN O I-Process +arising NN O O +from NN O O +supplying NN O O +highly NN O B-Material +fluctuating NN O I-Material +data NN O I-Material +to NN O O +the NN O O +macro NN O B-Material +solver NN O I-Material +. NN O O +A NN O O +least NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +squares NN O I-Process +fit NN O I-Process +is NN O O +applied NN O O +to NN O O +an NN O O +Nth NN O B-Material +order NN O I-Material +polynomial NN O I-Material +for NN O O +the NN O O +velocity NN O O +profile NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +core NN O B-Material +region NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +an NN O O +Mth NN O B-Material +order NN O I-Material +polynomial NN O I-Material +for NN O O +the NN O O +velocity NN O O +profile NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +constrained NN O O +region:(16)〈ui NN O O +, NN O O +core〉=∑k=1Nbk NN O O +, NN O O +iyi′(N−k),for NN O O +0⩽yi′⩽hcore NN O O +, NN O O +and(17)〈ui NN O O +, NN O O +cs〉=∑k=1Mck NN O O +, NN O O +iyi″(M−k),for NN O O +0⩽yi″⩽hcs NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +bk NN O O +, NN O O +i NN O O +and NN O O +ck NN O O +, NN O O +i NN O O +are NN O O +the NN O O +coefficients NN O B-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +polynomials NN O B-Material +used NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +core NN O B-Material +micro NN O I-Material +region NN O I-Material +and NN O O +constrained NN O B-Material +region NN O I-Material +respectively NN O O +. NN O O +An NN O O +estimate NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +new NN O O +slip NN O O +velocity NN O O +uB NN O O +for NN O O +input NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +macro NN O B-Material +solution NN O I-Material +( NN O O +6 NN O O +) NN O O +is NN O O +taken NN O O +directly NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +compressed NN O B-Material +wall NN O I-Material +micro NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +element NN O I-Material +solution NN O I-Material +( NN O O +16 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +at NN O O +yi′=0 NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999113005652) + +It NN O O +is NN O O +interesting NN O O +to NN O O +quantify NN O O +the NN O O +effects NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Schmidt NN O O +number NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +rate NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +bulk NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +mean NN O I-Process +concentration NN O I-Process +of NN O O +B NN O B-Material +in NN O O +water NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +data NN O O +could NN O O +present NN O O +important NN O O +information NN O O +on NN O O +evaluating NN O O +the NN O O +environmental NN O O +impacts NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +degradation NN O B-Process +product NN O O +of NN O O +B NN O B-Material +, NN O O +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +acidification NN O B-Process +of NN O O +water NN O B-Material +by NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Here NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +bulk NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +mean NN O I-Material +concentration NN O I-Material +of NN O O +B NN O B-Material +is NN O O +defined NN O O +by(24)CB⁎¯=∫01〈CB⁎〉(z⁎)dz⁎ NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +15 NN O O +depicts NN O O +the NN O O +effect NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Schmidt NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +rate NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +bulk NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +mean NN O I-Material +concentration NN O I-Material +CB⁎¯. NN O B-Material +It NN O O +is NN O O +worth NN O O +to NN O O +mention NN O O +here NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +bulk NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +mean NN O I-Process +concentration NN O I-Process +of NN O O +B NN O B-Material +reaches NN O O +approximately NN O O +0.6 NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +rate NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +Schmidt NN O O +number NN O O +increase NN O O +to NN O O +infinite NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +concentration NN O O +is NN O O +smaller NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +equilibrium NN O O +concentration NN O O +of NN O O +A NN O B-Material +at NN O O +the NN O O +interface NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +figure NN O O +indicates NN O O +that NN O O +progress NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +is NN O O +somewhat NN O O +interfered NN O O +by NN O O +turbulent NN O B-Process +mixing NN O I-Process +in NN O O +water NN O B-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +efficiency NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +is NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +approximately NN O O +60 NN O O +% NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +efficiency NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +in NN O O +water NN O B-Material +will NN O O +be NN O O +a NN O O +function NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Reynolds NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +water NN O B-Process +flow NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +efficiency NN O O +could NN O O +increase NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +Reynolds NN O O +number NN O O +increases NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +need NN O O +an NN O O +extensive NN O B-Task +investigation NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +efficiency NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +aquarium NN O I-Task +chemical NN O I-Task +reaction NN O I-Task +in NN O O +the NN O O +near NN O O +future NN O O +to NN O O +extend NN O O +the NN O O +results NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +study NN O O +further NN O O +to NN O O +establish NN O B-Task +practical NN O I-Task +modelling NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +gas NN O I-Task +exchange NN O I-Task +between NN O I-Task +air NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +water NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999113005718) + +Numerical NN O B-Process +simulation NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +gas NN O I-Process +flow NN O I-Process +through NN O O +such NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +trivial NN O O +internal NN O O +geometries NN O O +is NN O O +, NN O O +however NN O O +, NN O O +extremely NN O O +challenging NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +because NN O O +conventional NN O B-Task +continuum NN O I-Task +fluid NN O I-Task +dynamics NN O I-Task +, NN O O +which NN O O +assumes NN O O +that NN O O +locally NN O O +a NN O O +gas NN O B-Material +is NN O O +close NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +state NN O O +of NN O O +thermodynamic NN O B-Task +equilibrium NN O I-Task +, NN O O +becomes NN O O +invalid NN O O +or NN O O +inaccurate NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +smallest NN O O +characteristic NN O O +scale NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +geometry NN O O +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +the NN O O +channel NN O B-Material +height NN O I-Material +) NN O O +approaches NN O O +the NN O O +mean NN O O +distance NN O O +between NN O O +molecular NN O B-Process +collisions NN O I-Process +, NN O O +λ NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +An NN O O +accurate NN O O +and NN O O +flexible NN O O +modelling NN O O +alternative NN O O +for NN O O +these NN O O +cases NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +direct NN O B-Process +simulation NN O I-Process +Monte NN O I-Process +Carlo NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +( NN O O +DSMC NN O B-Process +) NN O O +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +DSMC NN O B-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +prohibitively NN O O +expensive NN O O +for NN O O +internal NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +flow NN O I-Task +applications NN O I-Task +, NN O O +which NN O O +typically NN O O +have NN O O +a NN O O +geometry NN O O +of NN O O +high NN O O +- NN O O +aspect NN O O +ratio NN O O +( NN O O +i.e. NN O O +are NN O O +extremely NN O O +long NN O O +, NN O O +relative NN O O +to NN O O +their NN O O +cross NN O O +- NN O O +section NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +high NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +aspect NN O I-Process +ratio NN O I-Process +creates NN O O +a NN O O +formidable NN O B-Task +multiscale NN O I-Task +problem NN O I-Task +: NN O O +processes NN O O +need NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +resolved NN O O +occurring NN O O +over NN O O +the NN O O +smallest NN O O +characteristic NN O O +scale NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +geometry NN O O +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +a NN O O +channelʼs NN O O +height NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +over NN O O +the NN O O +largest NN O O +characteristic NN O O +scale NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +geometry NN O O +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +the NN O O +length NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +long NN O O +channel NN O O +network NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +simultaneously NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999113006955) + +The NN O O +test NN O O +cases NN O O +confirm NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +high NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +order NN O I-Process +discretisation NN O I-Process +retains NN O O +exponential NN O O +convergence NN O O +properties NN O O +with NN O O +increasing NN O O +geometric NN O O +and NN O O +expansion NN O O +polynomial NN O O +order NN O O +if NN O O +both NN O O +the NN O O +solution NN O B-Material +and NN O O +true NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +are NN O O +smooth NN O O +. NN O O +Errors NN O O +are NN O O +found NN O O +to NN O O +saturate NN O O +when NN O O +the NN O O +geometric NN O O +errors NN O O +, NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +parametrisation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +surface NN O I-Process +elements NN O I-Process +, NN O O +begin NN O O +to NN O O +dominate NN O O +the NN O O +temporal NN O O +and NN O O +spatial NN O O +discretisation NN O O +errors NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +the NN O O +smooth NN O O +solutions NN O O +considered NN O O +as NN O O +test NN O O +cases NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +results NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +this NN O O +dominance NN O O +of NN O O +geometric NN O O +errors NN O O +quickly NN O O +limits NN O O +the NN O O +effectiveness NN O O +of NN O O +further NN O O +increases NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +degrees NN O O +of NN O O +freedom NN O O +, NN O O +either NN O O +through NN O O +mesh NN O B-Process +refinement NN O I-Process +or NN O O +higher NN O B-Task +solution NN O I-Task +polynomial NN O I-Task +orders NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Increasing NN O O +the NN O O +order NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +geometry NN O O +parametrisation NN O O +reduces NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +geometric NN O I-Task +error NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +analytic NN O O +test NN O O +cases NN O O +presented NN O O +here NN O O +use NN O O +a NN O O +coarse NN O B-Material +curvilinear NN O I-Material +mesh NN O I-Material +; NN O O +for NN O O +applications NN O O +, NN O O +meshes NN O B-Material +are NN O O +typically NN O O +more NN O O +refined NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +capture NN O O +features NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +solution NN O B-Material +and NN O O +so NN O O +will NN O O +better NN O O +capture NN O O +the NN O O +geometry NN O O +and NN O O +consequently NN O O +reduce NN O O +this NN O O +lower NN O O +bound NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +solution NN O O +error NN O O +. NN O O +If NN O O +the NN O O +solution NN O B-Material +is NN O O +not NN O O +smooth NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +do NN O O +not NN O O +expect NN O O +to NN O O +see NN O O +rapid NN O O +convergence NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +solution NN O O +is NN O O +smooth NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +the NN O O +true NN O O +surface NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +, NN O O +then NN O O +exponential NN O O +convergence NN O O +with NN O O +P NN O B-Material +and NN O O +Pg NN O B-Material +can NN O O +only NN O O +be NN O O +achieved NN O O +if NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +only NN O O +if NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +discontinuities NN O O +are NN O O +aligned NN O O +with NN O O +element NN O O +boundaries NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +if NN O O +discontinuities NN O O +lie NN O O +within NN O O +an NN O O +element NN O O +, NN O O +convergence NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +limited NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +geometric NN O B-Process +approximation NN O I-Process +, NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +true NN O O +surface NN O B-Material +can NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +captured NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +cardiac NN O B-Task +problem NN O I-Task +, NN O O +we NN O O +consider NN O O +both NN O O +the NN O O +true NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +and NN O O +solution NN O B-Material +to NN O O +be NN O O +smooth NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999114002587) + +Designers NN O O +of NN O O +microfluidic NN O B-Material +devices NN O I-Material +are NN O O +in NN O O +need NN O O +of NN O O +computational NN O O +tools NN O O +that NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +analyse NN O B-Task +problems NN O I-Task +that NN O I-Task +involve NN O I-Task +rarefied NN O I-Task +gas NN O I-Task +flows NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +complex NN O I-Task +micro NN O I-Task +geometries NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Numerical NN O B-Process +simulation NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +gas NN O B-Material +flow NN O I-Material +through NN O O +such NN O O +geometries NN O O +is NN O O +, NN O O +however NN O O +, NN O O +extremely NN O O +challenging NN O O +. NN O O +Conventional NN O B-Process +continuum NN O I-Process +fluid NN O I-Process +dynamics NN O I-Process +( NN O O +CFD NN O B-Process +) NN O O +becomes NN O O +invalid NN O O +or NN O O +inaccurate NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +characteristic NN O O +scale NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +geometry NN O O +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +the NN O O +channel NN O O +height NN O O +, NN O O +h NN O O +) NN O O +approaches NN O O +the NN O O +molecular NN O O +mean NN O O +free NN O O +path NN O O +, NN O O +λ NN O O +[ NN O O +1,2 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +When NN O O +λ/h≳0.1 NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +error NN O O +in NN O O +solutions NN O O +obtained NN O O +from NN O O +CFD NN O B-Process +may NN O O +be NN O O +significant NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +we NN O O +must NN O O +consider NN O O +the NN O O +fluid NN O O +for NN O O +what NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +: NN O O +a NN O O +collection NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +interacting NN O I-Material +particles NN O I-Material +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +computational NN O O +expense NN O O +of NN O O +simulating NN O O +the NN O O +flow NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +a NN O I-Material +rarefied NN O I-Material +gas NN O I-Material +in NN O O +high NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +aspect NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +ratio NN O I-Material +micro NN O I-Material +geometries NN O I-Material +( NN O O +i.e. NN O O +ones NN O O +that NN O O +are NN O O +long NN O B-Material +, NN O I-Material +relative NN O I-Material +to NN O I-Material +their NN O I-Material +cross NN O I-Material +section NN O I-Material +) NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +particle NN O B-Process +method NN O I-Process +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +direct NN O B-Process +simulation NN O I-Process +Monte NN O I-Process +Carlo NN O I-Process +( NN O O +DSMC NN O B-Process +) NN O O +method NN O O +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +prohibitively NN O O +high NN O O +[ NN O O +3,4 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +computational NN O O +intensity NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +particle NN O B-Process +method NN O I-Process +is NN O O +greater NN O O +still NN O O +when NN O O +simulating NN O O +low NN O O +- NN O O +speed NN O O +microfluidic NN O B-Material +devices NN O I-Material +where NN O O +there NN O O +are NN O O +only NN O O +small NN O B-Material +deviations NN O I-Material +from NN O I-Material +equilibrium NN O I-Material +, NN O O +characterised NN O O +by NN O O +extremely NN O B-Material +low NN O I-Material +Mach NN O I-Material +numbers NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +weak NN O I-Material +temperature NN O I-Material +gradients NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999114007396) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +work NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +developed NN O O +a NN O O +simple NN O O +numerical NN O B-Process +scheme NN O I-Process +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +Galerkin NN O B-Process +finite NN O I-Process +element NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +for NN O O +a NN O O +multi NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +term NN O I-Task +time NN O I-Task +fractional NN O I-Task +diffusion NN O I-Task +equation NN O I-Task +which NN O O +involves NN O O +multiple NN O B-Process +Caputo NN O I-Process +fractional NN O I-Process +derivatives NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +time NN O I-Process +. NN O O +A NN O O +complete NN O O +error NN O O +analysis NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +space NN O O +semidiscrete NN O O +Galerkin NN O B-Process +scheme NN O I-Process +is NN O O +provided NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +theory NN O O +covers NN O O +the NN O O +practically NN O O +very NN O O +important NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +nonsmooth NN O O +initial NN O O +data NN O O +and NN O O +right NN O O +hand NN O O +side NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +analysis NN O O +relies NN O O +essentially NN O O +on NN O O +some NN O O +new NN O B-Material +regularity NN O I-Material +results NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +multi NN O O +- NN O O +term NN O O +time NN O O +fractional NN O O +diffusion NN O O +equation NN O O +. NN O O +Further NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +developed NN O O +a NN O O +fully NN O B-Process +discrete NN O I-Process +scheme NN O I-Process +based NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +finite NN O B-Process +difference NN O I-Process +discretization NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +Caputo NN O I-Process +fractional NN O I-Process +derivatives NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +stability NN O O +and NN O O +error NN O O +estimate NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +fully NN O O +discrete NN O O +scheme NN O O +were NN O O +established NN O O +, NN O O +provided NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +solution NN O O +is NN O O +smooth NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +extensive NN O O +numerical NN O B-Process +experiments NN O I-Process +in NN O O +one- NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +two NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +dimension NN O I-Process +fully NN O O +confirmed NN O O +our NN O O +convergence NN O O +analysis NN O O +: NN O O +the NN O O +empirical NN O B-Material +convergence NN O I-Material +rates NN O I-Material +agree NN O O +well NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +theoretical NN O O +predictions NN O O +for NN O O +both NN O O +smooth NN O O +and NN O O +nonsmooth NN O O +data NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999114007876) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +work NN O O +, NN O O +light NN O B-Task +propagation NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +scattering NN O I-Task +medium NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +piece NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +wise NN O I-Task +constant NN O I-Task +refractive NN O I-Task +index NN O I-Task +using NN O O +the NN O O +radiative NN O B-Process +transport NN O I-Process +equation NN O I-Process +was NN O O +studied NN O O +. NN O O +Light NN O O +propagation NN O O +in NN O O +each NN O O +sub NN O O +- NN O O +domain NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +constant NN O O +refractive NN O O +index NN O O +was NN O O +modeled NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +RTE NN O B-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +equations NN O O +were NN O O +coupled NN O O +using NN O O +boundary NN O O +conditions NN O O +describing NN O O +Fresnel NN O B-Process +reflection NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +transmission NN O I-Process +phenomenas NN O I-Process +on NN O O +the NN O O +interfaces NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +sub NN O O +- NN O O +domains NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +resulting NN O O +coupled NN O B-Process +system NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +RTEs NN O I-Process +was NN O O +numerically NN O O +solved NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +FEM NN O B-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +proposed NN O O +model NN O O +was NN O O +tested NN O O +using NN O O +simulations NN O B-Process +and NN O O +was NN O O +compared NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +solution NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +Monte NN O I-Material +Carlo NN O I-Material +method NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +results NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +coupled NN O O +RTE NN O B-Process +model NN O O +describes NN O O +light NN O O +propagation NN O O +accurately NN O O +in NN O O +comparison NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +Monte NN O B-Material +Carlo NN O I-Material +method NN O I-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +, NN O O +results NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +neglecting NN O O +internal NN O O +refractive NN O O +index NN O O +changes NN O O +can NN O O +lead NN O O +to NN O O +erroneous NN O O +boundary NN O O +measurements NN O O +of NN O O +scattered NN O O +light NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +indicates NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +quality NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +DOT NN O B-Process +reconstructions NN O I-Process +could NN O O +possible NN O O +be NN O O +increased NN O O +by NN O O +incorporating NN O O +a NN O O +model NN O O +for NN O O +internal NN O O +refractive NN O B-Process +index NN O I-Process +changes NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +image NN O B-Process +reconstruction NN O I-Process +procedure NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999114008432) + +The NN O O +validity NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +semi NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +classical NN O I-Task +boundary NN O I-Task +conditions NN O I-Task +for NN O O +the NN O O +WTE NN O O +as NN O O +introduced NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +topic NN O O +under NN O O +vivid NN O O +debate NN O O +, NN O O +especially NN O O +after NN O O +recent NN O O +works NN O O +which NN O O +address NN O O +the NN O O +non NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +uniqueness NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +symmetry NN O I-Process +properties NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +Wigner NN O I-Process +function NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +27,28,46 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +numerical NN O B-Material +test NN O I-Material +cases NN O I-Material +presented NN O O +therein NN O O +are NN O O +for NN O O +symmetric NN O B-Material +potentials NN O I-Material +for NN O O +which NN O O +we NN O O +can NN O O +not NN O O +provide NN O O +reliable NN O O +, NN O O +i.e. NN O O +well NN O O +- NN O O +resolved NN O O +, NN O O +results NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +presence NN O O +of NN O O +singular NN O O +terms NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +steady NN O B-Process +state NN O I-Process +Wigner NN O I-Process +functions NN O I-Process +, NN O O +see NN O O +Section NN O O +4.3 NN O O +. NN O O +Other NN O B-Material +recent NN O I-Material +studies NN O I-Material +demonstrate NN O O +the NN O O +convergence NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +WTE NN O I-Task +calculations NN O I-Task +upon NN O O +increasing NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +size NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +simulation NN O I-Process +domain NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +44 NN O O +] NN O O +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +possible NN O O +improvements NN O O +by NN O O +adapting NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +boundary NN O I-Process +distribution NN O I-Process +to NN O O +the NN O O +physical NN O O +state NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +active NN O O +device NN O O +region NN O O +[ NN O O +47 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Despite NN O O +their NN O O +approximate NN O O +nature NN O O +we NN O O +employ NN O B-Process +inflow NN O I-Process +/ NN O I-Process +outflow NN O I-Process +boundary NN O I-Process +conditions NN O I-Process +here NN O O +as NN O O +well NN O O +and NN O O +demonstrate NN O O +that NN O O +accurate NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +physically NN O I-Task +valid NN O I-Task +results NN O I-Task +can NN O O +be NN O O +achieved NN O O +for NN O O +sufficiently NN O O +large NN O O +values NN O O +of NN O O +Lres NN O O +. NN O O +Due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +problematics NN O O +with NN O O +singular NN O O +terms NN O O +we NN O O +present NN O B-Task +simulations NN O I-Task +only NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +non NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +zero NN O I-Task +bias NN O I-Task +voltages NN O I-Task +VDS≠0 NN O O +V. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999114008523) + +A NN O O +multi NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +physics NN O I-Process +description NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +multiscale NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +is NN O O +often NN O O +referred NN O O +to NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +‘ NN O B-Process +hybrid’ NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +fluid NN O B-Task +dynamics NN O I-Task +, NN O O +a NN O O +typical NN O O +hybrid NN O B-Process +combines NN O O +a NN O O +molecular NN O B-Process +treatment NN O I-Process +( NN O O +a NN O O +‘ NN O B-Process +micro’ NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +) NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +continuum NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +fluid NN O I-Process +one NN O I-Process +( NN O O +a NN O O +‘ NN O O +macro’ NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +) NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +aim NN O O +of NN O O +obtaining NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +accuracy NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +former NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +efficiency NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +latter NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +1–4 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +micro NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +macro NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +generally NN O O +have NN O O +characteristic NN O O +timescales NN O O +that NN O O +are NN O O +very NN O O +different NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +means NN O O +that NN O O +time NN O O +- NN O O +accurate NN O O +simulations NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +extremely NN O O +challenging NN O O +: NN O O +the NN O O +size NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +timestep NN O O +required NN O O +to NN O O +make NN O O +the NN O O +micro NN O O +model NN O O +stable NN O O +and NN O O +accurate NN O O +is NN O O +so NN O O +small NN O O +that NN O O +simulations NN O O +over NN O O +significant NN O O +macro NN O O +- NN O O +scale NN O O +time NN O O +periods NN O O +are NN O O +intractable NN O O +. NN O O +If NN O O +the NN O O +system NN O O +is NN O O +‘ NN O O +scale NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +separated’ NN O I-Process +, NN O O +a NN O O +physical NN O B-Process +( NN O I-Process +as NN O I-Process +distinct NN O I-Process +from NN O I-Process +numerical NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +approximation NN O I-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +made NN O O +that NN O O +enables NN O O +the NN O O +coupled NN O B-Process +models NN O I-Process +to NN O O +advance NN O O +at NN O O +different NN O O +rates NN O O +( NN O O +asynchronously NN O O +) NN O O +with NN O O +negligible NN O O +penalty NN O O +on NN O O +macro NN O O +- NN O O +scale NN O O +accuracy NN O O +. NN O O +E NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +5 NN O O +] NN O O +were NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +to NN O O +introduce NN O O +and NN O O +implement NN O O +this NN O O +concept NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +time NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +stepping NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +for NN O I-Process +coupled NN O I-Process +systems NN O I-Process +, NN O O +referred NN O O +to NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +classification NN O O +of NN O O +Lockerby NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +continuous NN O B-Process +asynchronous NN O I-Process +( NN O O +CA NN O B-Process +) NN O O +scheme NN O O +( NN O O +‘ NN O O +continuous’ NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +micro NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +macro NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +advance NN O O +without NN O O +interruption NN O O +[ NN O O +5 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +we NN O O +extend NN O O +this NN O O +idea NN O O +to NN O O +multiscale NN O B-Task +systems NN O I-Task +comprising NN O I-Task +an NN O I-Task +arbitrary NN O I-Task +number NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +coupled NN O I-Task +models NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999115000546) + +The NN O O +particular NN O O +phase NN O B-Task +field NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +we NN O O +employ NN O O +is NN O O +an NN O O +extension NN O O +of NN O O +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +is NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +three NN O B-Process +dimensional NN O I-Process +thermal NN O I-Process +phase NN O I-Process +field NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +of NN O O +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +two NN O B-Process +dimensional NN O I-Process +thermal NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +solutal NN O I-Process +phase NN O I-Process +field NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +of NN O O +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +One NN O O +feature NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +physical NN O O +problem NN O O +is NN O O +that NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +purely NN O O +dissipative NN O O +, NN O O +or NN O O +entropy NN O O +increasing NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +all NN O O +natural NN O O +relaxational NN O O +phenomena NN O O +are NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +resulting NN O O +PDEs NN O B-Material +are NN O O +of NN O O +Allen NN O O +– NN O O +Cahn NN O O +[ NN O O +9 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +Carn NN O O +– NN O O +Hilliard NN O O +type NN O O +[ NN O O +10 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +That NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +say NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +model NN O O +involves NN O O +time NN O B-Process +derivatives NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +three NN O I-Process +fields NN O I-Process +coupled NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +forms NN O I-Process +involving NN O I-Process +variational NN O I-Process +derivatives NN O I-Process +of NN O O +some NN O O +functional NN O B-Process +– NN O O +typically NN O O +the NN O O +free NN O B-Process +energy NN O I-Process +functional NN O I-Process +. NN O O +As NN O O +the NN O O +dendrite NN O B-Material +grows NN O O +the NN O O +free NN O O +energy NN O O +reduces NN O O +monotonically NN O O +with NN O O +time NN O O +but NN O O +never NN O O +achieves NN O O +equilibrium NN O O +if NN O O +the NN O O +domain NN O O +boundary NN O O +is NN O O +far NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +dendrite NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Although NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +listed NN O O +some NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +difficult NN O O +aspects NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +model NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +relaxational NN O O +aspect NN O O +is NN O O +typically NN O O +an NN O O +asset NN O O +and NN O O +results NN O O +in NN O O +stable NN O O +numerical NN O B-Process +schemes NN O I-Process +: NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +no NN O O +convection NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +example NN O O +( NN O O +at NN O O +least NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +absence NN O O +of NN O O +flow NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +melt NN O B-Material +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999115001412) + +Inspired NN O O +by NN O O +energy NN O O +- NN O O +fueled NN O O +phenomena NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +cortical NN O B-Process +cytoskeleton NN O I-Process +flows NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +46,45,32 NN O O +] NN O O +during NN O O +biological NN O B-Process +morphogenesis NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +theory NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +active NN O I-Task +polar NN O I-Task +viscous NN O I-Task +gels NN O I-Task +has NN O O +been NN O O +developed NN O O +[ NN O O +37,33 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +theory NN O O +models NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +continuum NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +macroscopic NN O I-Process +mechanics NN O I-Process +of NN O O +a NN O O +collection NN O O +of NN O O +uniaxial NN O B-Material +active NN O I-Material +agents NN O I-Material +, NN O O +embedded NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +viscous NN O B-Material +bulk NN O I-Material +medium NN O I-Material +, NN O O +in NN O O +which NN O O +internal NN O O +stresses NN O O +are NN O O +induced NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +dissipation NN O O +of NN O O +energy NN O O +[ NN O O +41,58 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +energy NN O O +- NN O O +consuming NN O O +uniaxial NN O B-Material +polar NN O I-Material +agents NN O I-Material +constituting NN O O +the NN O O +gel NN O B-Material +are NN O O +modeled NN O O +as NN O O +unit NN O O +vectors NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +average NN O O +of NN O O +unit NN O O +vectors NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +small NN O O +local NN O O +volume NN O O +at NN O O +each NN O O +point NN O O +defines NN O O +the NN O O +macroscopic NN O O +directionality NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +agents NN O O +and NN O O +is NN O O +described NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +polarization NN O B-Process +field NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +polarization NN O B-Process +field NN O I-Process +is NN O O +governed NN O O +by NN O O +an NN O O +equation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +motion NN O I-Process +accounting NN O O +for NN O O +energy NN O O +consumption NN O O +and NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +strain NN O O +rate NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +fluid NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +relationship NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +strain NN O O +rate NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +stress NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +fluid NN O O +is NN O O +provided NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +constitutive NN O B-Process +equation NN O I-Process +that NN O O +accounts NN O O +for NN O O +anisotropic NN O O +, NN O O +polar NN O O +agents NN O O +and NN O O +consumption NN O O +of NN O O +energy NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O B-Process +equations NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +along NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +conservation NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +momentum NN O I-Process +, NN O O +provide NN O O +a NN O O +continuum NN O B-Process +hydrodynamic NN O I-Process +description NN O I-Process +modeling NN O O +active NN O O +polar NN O B-Material +viscous NN O I-Material +gels NN O I-Material +as NN O O +an NN O O +energy NN O B-Material +consuming NN O I-Material +, NN O I-Material +anisotropic NN O I-Material +, NN O I-Material +non NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +Newtonian NN O I-Material +fluid NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +37,33,32,41 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +resulting NN O O +partial NN O O +differential NN O O +equations NN O O +governing NN O O +the NN O O +hydrodynamics NN O O +of NN O O +active NN O B-Material +polar NN O I-Material +viscous NN O I-Material +gels NN O I-Material +are NN O O +, NN O O +however NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +general NN O O +analytically NN O O +intractable NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999115003459) + +The NN O O +boundary NN O B-Process +element NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +( NN O O +BEM NN O B-Process +) NN O O +has NN O O +clear NN O O +advantages NN O O +when NN O O +applied NN O O +to NN O O +shape NN O B-Task +optimisation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +high NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +voltage NN O I-Task +devices NN O I-Task +, NN O O +see NN O O +[ NN O O +4–8 NN O O +] NN O O +for NN O O +an NN O O +introduction NN O O +to NN O O +BEM NN O B-Process +. NN O O +First NN O O +of NN O O +all NN O O +, NN O O +BEM NN O B-Process +relies NN O O +only NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +surface NN O B-Process +discretisation NN O I-Process +so NN O O +that NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +no NN O O +need NN O O +to NN O O +maintain NN O O +an NN O O +analysis NN O O +- NN O O +suitable NN O O +volume NN O O +discretisation NN O O +during NN O O +the NN O O +shape NN O B-Process +optimisation NN O I-Process +process NN O O +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +BEM NN O B-Process +is NN O O +ideal NN O O +for NN O O +solving NN O B-Task +problems NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +unbounded NN O I-Task +domains NN O I-Task +that NN O O +occur NN O O +in NN O O +electrostatic NN O B-Process +field NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +gradient NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +based NN O I-Task +shape NN O I-Task +optimisation NN O I-Task +the NN O O +shape NN O B-Process +derivative NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +cost NN O O +functional NN O O +with NN O O +respect NN O O +to NN O O +geometry NN O O +perturbations NN O O +is NN O O +needed NN O O +[ NN O O +9–11 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +To NN O O +this NN O O +purpose NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +use NN O O +the NN O O +adjoint NN O B-Process +approach NN O I-Process +and NN O O +solve NN O O +the NN O O +primary NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +adjoint NN O I-Task +boundary NN O I-Task +value NN O I-Task +problems NN O I-Task +with NN O O +BEM NN O B-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +associated NN O O +linear NN O O +systems NN O O +of NN O O +equations NN O O +are NN O O +dense NN O O +and NN O O +an NN O O +acceleration NN O O +technique NN O O +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +fast NN O B-Process +multipole NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +12,13 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +is NN O O +necessary NN O O +for NN O O +their NN O O +efficient NN O O +solution NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +some NN O O +recent NN O O +applications NN O O +of NN O O +fast NN O B-Task +BEM NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +shape NN O I-Task +optimisation NN O I-Task +and NN O O +Bernoulli NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +type NN O I-Task +free NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +boundary NN O I-Task +problems NN O I-Task +we NN O O +refer NN O O +to NN O O +[ NN O O +14–16 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999115003939) + +The NN O O +extrapolation NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +upwind NN O I-Task +value NN O I-Task +required NN O O +for NN O O +TVD NN O B-Process +differencing NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +particular NN O O +hurdle NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +application NN O O +on NN O O +unstructured NN O B-Material +meshes NN O I-Material +. NN O O +As NN O O +discussed NN O O +in NN O O +Section NN O O +3.2 NN O O +, NN O O +two NN O O +methods NN O O +to NN O O +extrapolate NN O O +the NN O O +value NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +virtual NN O O +upwind NN O O +node NN O O +, NN O O +using NN O O +data NN O B-Material +readily NN O I-Material +available NN O I-Material +on NN O I-Material +unstructured NN O I-Material +meshes NN O I-Material +, NN O O +are NN O O +considered NN O O +. NN O O +Given NN O O +how NN O O +the NN O O +virtual NN O B-Process +upwind NN O I-Process +node NN O I-Process +is NN O I-Process +incorporated NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +gradient NN O I-Process +ratio NN O I-Process +rf NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +extrapolation NN O O +method NN O O +of NN O O +Darwish NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +Moukalled NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +is NN O O +referred NN O O +to NN O O +as NN O O +implicit NN O B-Process +extrapolation NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +method NN O B-Process +introduced NN O I-Process +by NN O I-Process +Ubbink NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +Issa NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +12 NN O O +] NN O O +as NN O O +explicit NN O B-Process +extrapolation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Both NN O O +methods NN O O +precisely NN O O +reconstruct NN O O +the NN O O +upwind NN O O +value NN O O +for NN O O +equidistant NN O B-Material +, NN O I-Material +rectilinear NN O I-Material +meshes NN O I-Material +but NN O O +fail NN O O +to NN O O +do NN O O +so NN O O +on NN O O +non NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +equidistant NN O I-Material +or NN O O +non NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +rectilinear NN O I-Material +meshes NN O I-Material +, NN O O +as NN O O +discussed NN O O +in NN O O +Section NN O O +3.2 NN O O +. NN O O +Using NN O O +the NN O O +explicit NN O B-Process +extrapolation NN O I-Process +method NN O O +this NN O O +issue NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +rectified NN O O +by NN O O +imposing NN O O +appropriate NN O O +limits NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +extrapolated NN O O +upwind NN O O +value NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999115004301) + +A NN O O +popular NN O O +choice NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +couple NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +set NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +quadrature NN O I-Process +points NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +an NN O I-Process +equal NN O I-Process +number NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +nodal NN O I-Process +Lagrange NN O I-Process +polynomials NN O I-Process +defined NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +points NN O O +, NN O O +leading NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +collocation NN O B-Process +method NN O I-Process +. NN O O +There NN O O +are NN O O +many NN O O +examples NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +throughout NN O O +the NN O O +literature NN O O +, NN O O +both NN O O +in NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +more NN O O +traditionally NN O O +utilised NN O O +continuous NN O O +Galerkin NN O B-Process +( NN O O +CG NN O B-Process +) NN O O +and NN O O +discontinuous NN O B-Process +Galerkin NN O I-Process +( NN O O +DG NN O B-Process +) NN O O +formulations NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +newer NN O B-Process +extensions NN O I-Process +such NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +flux NN O B-Process +reconstruction NN O I-Process +( NN O O +FR NN O B-Process +) NN O O +technique NN O O +as NN O O +presented NN O O +by NN O O +Huynh NN O O +[ NN O O +23 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +collocation NN O B-Process +methods NN O I-Process +, NN O O +while NN O O +most NN O O +linear NN O B-Material +operators NN O I-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +exactly NN O O +integrated NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +setting NN O O +depending NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +choice NN O O +of NN O O +quadrature NN O O +, NN O O +integrals NN O O +of NN O O +nonlinear NN O O +terms NN O O +typically NN O O +incur NN O O +numerical NN O O +error NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +computational NN O O +efficiencies NN O O +that NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +attained NN O O +through NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +collocation NN O B-Task +formulation NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +especially NN O I-Task +given NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +presence NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +diagonal NN O I-Task +mass NN O I-Task +matrix NN O I-Task +, NN O O +often NN O O +outweigh NN O O +the NN O O +numerical NN O O +error NN O O +that NN O O +is NN O O +incurred NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999115007238) + +An NN O O +inherent NN O O +problem NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +phase NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +space NN O I-Task +discretisation NN O I-Task +is NN O O +the NN O O +spurious NN O B-Process +separation NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +energy NN O I-Process +into NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +discretised NN O I-Process +bins NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +called NN O O +the NN O O +“ NN O O +Garden NN O B-Task +Sprinkler NN O I-Task +Effect NN O I-Task +” NN O O +and NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +extensively NN O O +studied NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +48,49,20 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +Boltzmann NN O O +transport NN O O +community NN O O +this NN O O +is NN O O +known NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +ray NN O B-Task +effect NN O I-Task +. NN O O +) NN O O +To NN O O +showcase NN O O +this NN O O +effect NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +angular NN O O +dimension NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +large NN O O +spatial NN O B-Process +domain NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +4000km×4000 NN O I-Process +km NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +is NN O I-Process +simulated NN O I-Process +, NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +monochromatic NN O B-Material +wave NN O I-Material +propagating NN O O +over NN O O +a NN O O +long NN O O +distance NN O O +in NN O O +deep NN O B-Material +water NN O I-Material +( NN O O +d=10000 NN O O +m NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +the NN O O +spatial NN O B-Process +discretisation NN O I-Process +a NN O O +structured NN O B-Process +triangle NN O I-Process +mesh NN O I-Process +is NN O O +used NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +an NN O O +element NN O O +edge NN O O +length NN O O +of NN O O +67 NN O O +km NN O O +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +11(a NN O O +) NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +initial NN O O +wave NN O B-Material +field NN O I-Material +, NN O O +located NN O O +500 NN O O +km NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +lower NN O O +and NN O O +left NN O O +side NN O O +has NN O O +a NN O O +Gaussian NN O B-Material +distribution NN O I-Material +in NN O I-Material +space NN O I-Material +, NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +significant NN O O +wave NN O B-Material +height NN O O +of NN O O +Hs=2.5 NN O O +m NN O O +and NN O O +a NN O O +standard NN O O +deviation NN O O +of NN O O +150 NN O O +km NN O O +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +11(b NN O O +) NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Its NN O O +mean NN O O +direction NN O O +is NN O O +30 NN O O +° NN O O +with NN O O +an NN O O +angular NN O O +distribution NN O O +of NN O O +cos2⁡(θ NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +a NN O O +frequency NN O O +of NN O O +0.1Hz NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +simulation NN O B-Process +is NN O O +time NN O O +- NN O O +dependent NN O O +and NN O O +runs NN O O +for NN O O +5 NN O O +days NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +time NN O O +- NN O O +step NN O O +of NN O O +600s NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999115008207) + +Multi NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +phase NN O I-Task +flows NN O I-Task +are NN O O +common NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +fact NN O O +quite NN O O +general NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +environmental NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +industrial NN O I-Process +processes NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Broadly NN O O +these NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +modelled NN O O +as NN O O +continuous NN O O +problems NN O O +where NN O O +phases NN O B-Process +are NN O I-Process +mixed NN O I-Process +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +oil NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +water NN O I-Process +homogenisation NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +36 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +sediment NN O B-Process +transport NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +18 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +or NN O O +interface NN O B-Process +problems NN O I-Process +where NN O O +phases NN O O +are NN O O +distinct NN O O +and NN O O +interact NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +interface NN O O +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +gas NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +assisted NN O I-Process +injection NN O I-Process +moulding NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +21 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +liquid NN O B-Process +jet NN O I-Process +breakup NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +40 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +some NN O O +cases NN O O +flows NN O O +start NN O O +as NN O O +interface NN O O +problems NN O O +but NN O O +as NN O O +mixing NN O B-Process +occurs NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +interface NN O O +they NN O O +become NN O O +effectively NN O O +continuous NN O O +, NN O O +at NN O O +least NN O O +locally NN O O +. NN O O +Air NN O B-Task +entrainment NN O I-Task +, NN O O +perhaps NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +wave NN O B-Process +breaking NN O I-Process +, NN O O +is NN O O +an NN O O +obvious NN O O +example NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +consider NN O O +here NN O O +two NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +phase NN O I-Task +interface NN O I-Task +problems NN O I-Task +where NN O O +the NN O O +interface NN O O +remains NN O O +distinct NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +density NN O O +difference NN O O +is NN O O +high NN O O +, NN O O +e.g. NN O O +air NN O B-Material +and NN O O +water NN O B-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +where NN O O +one NN O O +phase NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +considered NN O O +incompressible NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +interface NN O O +is NN O O +transient NN O O +and NN O O +may NN O O +become NN O O +highly NN O O +distorted NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +interconnected NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Such NN O O +problems NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +tackled NN O O +with NN O O +mesh NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +using NN O O +periodic NN O O +( NN O O +or NN O O +adaptive NN O O +) NN O O +re NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +meshing NN O I-Process +or NN O O +additional NN O O +phase NN O B-Process +tracking NN O I-Process +functions NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +40 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +these NN O O +approaches NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +time NN O O +- NN O O +consuming NN O O +to NN O O +implement NN O O +and NN O O +prone NN O O +to NN O O +errors NN O O +in NN O O +surface NN O O +representation NN O O +[ NN O O +50 NN O O +] NN O O +or NN O O +mass NN O O +conservation NN O O +[ NN O O +34 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0021999115008256) + +This NN O O +section NN O O +is NN O O +devoted NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +discretization NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +advection NN O I-Task +– NN O I-Task +diffusion NN O I-Task +equation NN O I-Task +and NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +analysis NN O O +of NN O O +dispersion NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +diffusion NN O I-Task +eigencurves NN O I-Task +for NN O O +different NN O O +polynomial NN O O +orders NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +spectral NN O O +/ NN O O +hp NN O O +continuous NN O O +Galerkin NN O B-Process +method NN O I-Process +considered NN O O +closely NN O O +resembles NN O O +the NN O O +formulation NN O O +presented NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Sec NN O O +. NN O O +2.1 NN O O +describes NN O O +in NN O O +detail NN O O +the NN O O +derivation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +semi NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +discrete NN O I-Process +advection NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +diffusion NN O I-Process +problem NN O I-Process +as NN O O +applied NN O O +to NN O O +wave NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +like NN O I-Material +solutions NN O I-Material +, NN O O +from NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O O +relevant NN O O +eigencurves NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +obtained NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +inviscid NN O B-Material +case NN O I-Material +( NN O O +linear NN O B-Material +advection NN O I-Material +) NN O O +is NN O O +then NN O O +addressed NN O O +in NN O O +Sec NN O O +. NN O O +2.2 NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +role NN O O +of NN O O +primary NN O O +and NN O O +secondary NN O O +eigencurves NN O O +is NN O O +discussed NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +perspective NN O O +introduced NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +9 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +viscous NN O B-Material +case NN O I-Material +is NN O O +subsequently NN O O +considered NN O O +in NN O O +Sec NN O O +. NN O O +2.3 NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +eigencurves NN O O +are NN O O +shown NN O O +to NN O O +feature NN O O +irregular NN O O +oscillations NN O O +for NN O O +problems NN O O +strongly NN O O +dominated NN O O +by NN O O +either NN O O +convection NN O O +or NN O O +diffusion NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311511010014) + +Discovering NN O O +that NN O O +both NN O O +the NN O O +vacancy NN O O +and NN O O +interstitial NN O O +defect NN O B-Task +migration NN O I-Task +pathways NN O I-Task +are NN O O +confined NN O O +to NN O O +Ga NN O B-Material +- NN O O +free NN O O +regions NN O O +suggests NN O O +changes NN O O +in NN O O +recombination NN O O +rates NN O O +of NN O O +isolated NN O O +vacancy NN O O +- NN O O +interstitial NN O O +pairs NN O O +in NN O O +comparison NN O O +to NN O O +pure NN O O +Pu NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +degree NN O O +to NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O O +rates NN O O +are NN O O +effected NN O O +depends NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +distribution NN O O +of NN O O +residual NN O O +defects NN O O +post NN O O +a NN O O +cascade NN O B-Process +event NN O I-Process +, NN O O +in NN O O +addition NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +concentration NN O O +and NN O O +ordering NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Ga NN O B-Material +atoms NN O I-Material +. NN O O +If NN O O +vacancies NN O O +and NN O O +interstitials NN O O +become NN O O +greatly NN O O +separated NN O O +after NN O O +the NN O O +collision NN O B-Process +cascade NN O I-Process +, NN O O +then NN O O +pathways NN O O +to NN O O +recombination NN O O +are NN O O +likely NN O O +to NN O O +become NN O O +restricted NN O O +and NN O O +recovery NN O O +times NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +extended NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +viable NN O O +for NN O O +cascades NN O O +that NN O O +created NN O O +a NN O O +vacancy NN O O +rich NN O O +core NN O O +surrounded NN O O +by NN O O +dispersed NN O O +interstitials NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +found NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +low NN O B-Material +energy NN O I-Material +cascades NN O I-Material +in NN O I-Material +Pu NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +PuGa NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +11,12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +may NN O O +also NN O O +be NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +for NN O O +channelling NN O B-Material +events NN O I-Material +, NN O O +where NN O O +energetic NN O B-Material +atoms NN O I-Material +travel NN O I-Material +deep NN O I-Material +into NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +lattice NN O I-Material +through NN O I-Material +channels NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +low NN O I-Material +atomic NN O I-Material +density NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311513001165) + +Our NN O O +simulations NN O B-Material +confirm NN O O +experimental NN O O +observations NN O O +that NN O O +W NN O B-Task +net NN O I-Task +erosion NN O I-Task +represents NN O O +only NN O O +tiny NN O O +fraction NN O O +( NN O O +in NN O O +our NN O O +simulation NN O O +∼1 NN O O +% NN O O +) NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +W NN O B-Task +gross NN O I-Task +erosion NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +estimated NN O B-Process +upstream NN O I-Process +W NN O I-Process +fluxes NN O I-Process +, NN O O +FWupstrem NN O B-Process +, NN O O +are NN O O +in NN O O +good NN O O +agreement NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +experimentally NN O B-Material +observed NN O I-Material +values NN O I-Material +⩽1019m-2s-1 NN O O +[ NN O O +16 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +value NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +very NN O O +sensitive NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +divertor NN O B-Material +plasma NN O O +temperature NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +low NN O O +temperatures NN O O +the NN O O +energy NN O O +of NN O O +D NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +C NN O I-Material +ions NN O I-Material +hitting NN O B-Process +to NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +divertor NN O I-Process +plates NN O I-Process +is NN O O +too NN O O +low NN O O +to NN O O +sputter NN O O +sufficient NN O O +amount NN O O +of NN O O +W. NN O B-Material +With NN O O +increasing NN O B-Process +energy NN O I-Process +the NN O O +W NN O B-Process +sputtering NN O I-Process +increases NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +the NN O O +potential NN O O +drop NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +divertor NN O B-Material +plasma NN O I-Material +increases NN O O +too NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +a NN O O +result NN O O +, NN O O +most NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +W NN O B-Material +atoms NN O I-Material +are NN O O +ionized NN O B-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +vicinity NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +divertor NN O B-Material +and NN O O +return NN O B-Process +back NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +plates NN O B-Material +. NN O O +There NN O O +are NN O O +two NN O O +effects NN O O +leading NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +observed NN O B-Task +prompt NN O I-Task +redeposition NN O I-Task +of NN O O +W NN O B-Material +ions NN O I-Material +: NN O O +first NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +“ NN O O +near NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +divertor NN O I-Process +” NN O I-Process +ionization NN O I-Process +of NN O O +W NN O B-Material +due NN O O +to NN O O +low NN O O +ionization NN O B-Process +potential NN O O +−7.86eV NN O O +( NN O O +for NN O O +comparison NN O O +the NN O O +ionization NN O B-Process +potentials NN O O +for NN O O +D NN O B-Material +and NN O O +C NN O B-Material +are NN O O +13,6 NN O O +and NN O O +10.6eV NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +second NN O O +, NN O O +W+n NN O B-Material +ions NN O I-Material +have NN O O +large NN O B-Process +Larmor NN O I-Process +radius NN O I-Process +∼2/nmm NN O O +, NN O O +so NN O O +that NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +redeposited NN O O +within NN O O +the NN O O +distance NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +Larmor NN O O +radius NN O O +. NN O O +Important NN O O +to NN O O +note NN O O +that NN O O +a NN O O +significant NN O O +fraction NN O O +of NN O O +W NN O B-Material +ions NN O I-Material +escaping NN O O +this NN O O +prompt NN O O +redeposition NN O O +are NN O O +returned NN O O +back NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +friction NN O B-Process +with NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +main NN O I-Process +ions NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311513011951) + +The NN O O +displacement NN O B-Task +cascade NN O I-Task +is NN O O +a NN O O +rapid NN O O +process NN O O +( NN O O +of NN O O +order NN O O +picoseconds NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Further NN O O +migration NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +vacancies NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +SIAs NN O I-Process +, NN O O +mainly NN O O +by NN O O +diffusion NN O B-Process +, NN O O +happens NN O O +over NN O O +a NN O O +timescale NN O O +of NN O O +order NN O O +nanoseconds NN O O +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +still NN O O +short NN O O +compared NN O O +to NN O O +operating NN O O +times NN O O +, NN O O +so NN O O +is NN O O +important NN O O +to NN O O +consider NN O O +the NN O O +equilibrium NN O O +result NN O O +of NN O O +such NN O O +processes NN O O +: NN O O +If NN O O +the NN O O +vacancies NN O O +and NN O O +SIAs NN O O +were NN O O +likely NN O O +to NN O O +find NN O O +their NN O O +Frenkel NN O O +partner NN O O +, NN O O +recombine NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +annihilate NN O O +, NN O O +then NN O O +the NN O O +metal NN O O +should NN O O +essentially NN O O +return NN O O +to NN O O +its NN O O +original NN O O +structure NN O B-Material +; NN O O +however NN O O +, NN O O +if NN O O +defects NN O B-Material +instead NN O O +formed NN O O +large NN O O +clusters NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O O +type NN O O +this NN O O +could NN O O +result NN O O +in NN O O +formation NN O O +of NN O O +voids NN O B-Material +, NN O O +dislocation NN O B-Material +loops NN O I-Material +or NN O O +swelling NN O B-Material +, NN O O +possibly NN O O +weakening NN O O +the NN O O +material NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +process NN O O +. NN O O +Defects NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +trapped NN O O +at NN O O +grain NN O B-Material +boundaries NN O O +or NN O O +surface NN O O +, NN O O +so NN O O +for NN O O +an NN O O +ODS NN O B-Material +particle NN O I-Material +to NN O O +effect NN O O +the NN O O +diffusion NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +concentration NN O O +must NN O O +be NN O O +such NN O O +that NN O O +there NN O O +are NN O O +many NN O O +such NN O O +particles NN O O +in NN O O +each NN O O +grain NN O B-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311514000919) + +The NN O O +dashed NN O O +curve NN O O +represents NN O O +the NN O O +PuO2 NN O B-Material +molar NN O O +fraction NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +sample NN O O +surface NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +shows NN O O +that NN O O +, NN O O +following NN O O +the NN O O +UO2–PuO2 NN O B-Task +phase NN O I-Task +boundaries NN O I-Task +, NN O O +rather NN O O +well NN O O +established NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +compositional NN O O +range NN O O +( NN O O +see NN O O +Section NN O O +4.3 NN O O +below NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +newly NN O O +formed NN O O +liquid NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +is NN O O +initially NN O O +enriched NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +plutonium NN O I-Process +dioxide NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Subsequently NN O O +, NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +fast NN O O +diffusion NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +liquid NN O B-Material +phase NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +initial NN O O +sample NN O O +composition NN O O +( NN O O +x(PuO2)=0.25 NN O B-Material +) NN O O +tends NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +rapidly NN O O +restored NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +however NN O O +clear NN O O +, NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +simulation NN O B-Process +, NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +fast NN O O +cooling NN O B-Process +occurring NN O O +after NN O O +the NN O O +end NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +laser NN O B-Process +pulse NN O I-Process +leads NN O O +to NN O O +onset NN O O +of NN O O +solidification NN O B-Process +before NN O O +the NN O O +initial NN O O +composition NN O O +is NN O O +fully NN O O +recovered NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +liquid NN O B-Material +. NN O O +A NN O O +surface NN O B-Material +solid NN O I-Material +crust NN O I-Material +forms NN O O +then NN O O +upon NN O O +freezing NN O B-Process +before NN O O +the NN O O +total NN O O +liquid NN O B-Material +mass NN O O +has NN O O +crystallised NN O O +( NN O O +see NN O O +insets NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +4 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +double NN O O +inflection NN O O +during NN O O +cooling NN O B-Process +in NN O O +this NN O O +case NN O O +corresponds NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +solidification NN O B-Process +onset NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +sample NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +( NN O O +first NN O O +inflection NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +disappearance NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +last NN O O +liquid NN O B-Material +inside NN O O +the NN O O +material NN O O +( NN O O +second NN O O +inflection NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +highest NN O O +recalescence NN O O +temperature NN O O +represents NN O O +the NN O O +solidification NN O B-Process +point NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +composition NN O O +very NN O O +close NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +initial NN O O +one NN O O +( NN O O +approximately NN O O +±0.01 NN O O +on NN O O +x(PuO2 NN O O +) NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +current NN O O +example NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +except NN O O +for NN O O +small NN O B-Task +segregation NN O I-Task +effects NN O I-Task +. NN O O +These NN O O +latter NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +studied NN O O +also NN O O +experimentally NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +research NN O O +, NN O O +by NN O O +post NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +melting NN O I-Process +material NN O I-Process +characterisation NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311514001640) + +The NN O O +vapour NN O B-Material +phase NN O I-Material +consists NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +number NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +different NN O I-Material +gases NN O I-Material +with NN O O +silicon NN O B-Material +exhibiting NN O O +a NN O O +far NN O O +higher NN O O +partial NN O O +pressure NN O O +than NN O O +all NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +containing NN O O +species NN O O +over NN O O +the NN O O +full NN O O +temperature NN O O +range NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +an NN O O +immediate NN O O +result NN O O +the NN O O +vapour NN O B-Material +contains NN O O +a NN O O +higher NN O O +amount NN O O +of NN O O +silicon NN O B-Material +leaving NN O O +the NN O O +solid NN O B-Process +phase NN O I-Process +with NN O O +excess NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +. NN O O +This NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +is NN O O +likely NN O O +to NN O O +precipitate NN O B-Process +on NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +surface NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +SiC NN O I-Process +grains NN O I-Process +, NN O O +a NN O O +process NN O O +that NN O O +becomes NN O O +very NN O O +rapid NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +temperature NN O O +approaches NN O O +2100 NN O O +K NN O O +[ NN O O +24 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Within NN O O +the NN O O +TRISO NN O B-Material +particle NN O I-Material +the NN O O +SiC NN O B-Material +layer NN O O +is NN O O +sandwiched NN O O +between NN O O +two NN O O +coatings NN O O +of NN O O +dense NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +partial NN O B-Material +pressure NN O I-Material +in NN O O +thermodynamic NN O O +equilibrium NN O O +of NN O O +gaseous NN O B-Material +carbon NN O I-Material +forming NN O O +above NN O O +graphite NN O B-Material +was NN O O +calculated NN O O +using NN O O +data NN O B-Material +taken NN O I-Material +from NN O I-Material +JANAF NN O I-Material +tables NN O I-Material +and NN O O +added NN O O +to NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1 NN O O +[ NN O O +25 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +showed NN O O +that NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +whole NN O O +temperature NN O O +range NN O O +relevant NN O O +for NN O O +this NN O O +study NN O O +the NN O O +vapour NN O B-Task +pressure NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +carbon NN O I-Task +is NN O O +several NN O O +magnitudes NN O O +smaller NN O O +than NN O O +that NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +dominant NN O O +gas NN O B-Material +phases NN O O +above NN O O +SiC. NN O B-Material + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311514005480) + +The NN O O +second NN O B-Task +stress NN O I-Task +state NN O I-Task +is NN O O +a NN O O +tri NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +axial NN O I-Task +tensile NN O I-Task +stress NN O I-Task +designed NN O O +to NN O O +represent NN O O +the NN O O +zone NN O O +ahead NN O O +of NN O O +an NN O O +advancing NN O B-Material +crack NN O I-Material +tip NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Micro NN O O +- NN O O +scale NN O O +lateral NN O O +cracks NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +observed NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +layer NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +appear NN O O +to NN O O +form NN O O +very NN O O +close NN O O +to NN O O +or NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +metal NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +oxide NN O I-Material +interface NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Finite NN O B-Process +element NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +by NN O O +Parise NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +indicated NN O O +that NN O O +these NN O O +cracks NN O B-Material +form NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +result NN O O +of NN O O +localised NN O B-Material +tensile NN O I-Material +stresses NN O I-Material +above NN O O +peaks NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +metal NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +oxide NN O I-Material +interface NN O I-Material +roughness NN O O +[ NN O O +31 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +cracks NN O O +are NN O O +considered NN O O +separate NN O O +to NN O O +any NN O O +nano NN O O +- NN O O +scale NN O O +cracks NN O O +that NN O O +might NN O O +result NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +tetragonal NN O B-Process +to NN O I-Process +monoclinic NN O I-Process +phase NN O I-Process +transformation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +An NN O O +assumption NN O O +is NN O O +made NN O O +here NN O O +that NN O O +whether NN O O +the NN O O +micro NN O O +- NN O O +scale NN O O +lateral NN O O +cracks NN O O +form NN O O +via NN O O +fracture NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +or NN O O +by NN O O +de NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +bonding NN O I-Process +at NN O O +the NN O O +interface NN O O +a NN O O +triaxial NN O B-Process +tensile NN O I-Process +stress NN O I-Process +state NN O O +will NN O O +still NN O O +be NN O O +present NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +manufactured NN O B-Material +partially NN O I-Material +stabilised NN O I-Material +zirconia NN O I-Material +cracks NN O O +would NN O O +be NN O O +expected NN O O +to NN O O +destabilise NN O O +the NN O O +tetragonal NN O B-Process +phase NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +simulated NN O B-Task +by NN O I-Task +applying NN O I-Task +tensile NN O I-Task +stress NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +direction NN O I-Task +1 NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +2 NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +3 NN O I-Task +. NN O O +As NN O O +this NN O O +the NN O O +maximum NN O B-Process +stress NN O I-Process +at NN O O +the NN O O +crack NN O O +tip NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +known NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +applied NN O B-Process +tensile NN O I-Process +stresses NN O I-Process +cover NN O O +a NN O O +range NN O O +from NN O O +0.1GPa NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +maximum NN O O +stress NN O O +value NN O O +of NN O O +2.2GPa NN O O +as NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +approximately NN O O +equal NN O O +to NN O O +three NN O O +times NN O O +the NN O O +fracture NN O B-Process +strength NN O O +of NN O O +bulk NN O O +fracture NN O O +strength NN O O +for NN O O +manufactured NN O B-Material +stabilized NN O I-Material +zirconia NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +34 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +the NN O O +biaxial NN O B-Task +compressive NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +triaxial NN O I-Task +tensile NN O I-Task +stress NN O I-Task +states NN O I-Task +it NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +trends NN O O +in NN O O +behaviour NN O O +rather NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +absolute NN O O +values NN O O +that NN O O +are NN O O +considered NN O O +of NN O O +greatest NN O O +importance NN O O +for NN O O +this NN O O +work NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311514006849) + +The NN O O +early NN O O +theoretical NN O O +work NN O O +of NN O O +Catlow NN O O +assessed NN O O +a NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +Willis NN O B-Material +type NN O I-Material +clusters NN O I-Material +and NN O O +found NN O O +them NN O O +all NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +stable NN O O +using NN O O +potential NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +More NN O O +recently NN O O +“ NN O O +split NN O B-Task +interstitial NN O I-Task +” NN O I-Task +type NN O I-Task +clusters NN O I-Task +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1 NN O O +) NN O O +have NN O O +emerged NN O O +from NN O O +computational NN O O +studies NN O O +as NN O O +stable NN O O +species NN O O +following NN O O +the NN O O +potential NN O B-Process +based NN O I-Process +investigation NN O I-Process +of NN O O +Govers NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +which NN O O +found NN O O +the NN O O +2:2:2 NN O O +cluster NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +UO2 NN O B-Material +supercell NN O I-Material +relaxed NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +split NN O O +di NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +interstitial NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1(b NN O O +) NN O O +) NN O O +; NN O O +a NN O B-Material +single NN O I-Material +VO NN O I-Material +with NN O I-Material +three NN O I-Material +Oi NN O I-Material +displaced NN O O +approximately NN O O +1.6Å NN O O +in NN O O +〈 NN O O +111 NN O O +〉 NN O O +directions NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +VO NN O B-Material +. NN O O +This NN O O +result NN O O +was NN O O +later NN O O +confirmed NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +LSDA+U NN O B-Process +calculations NN O O +of NN O O +Geng NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +family NN O O +of NN O O +split NN O B-Material +interstitial NN O I-Material +clusters NN O I-Material +was NN O O +extended NN O O +to NN O O +include NN O O +tri NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +interstitials NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +( NN O O +a NN O O +di NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +interstitial NN O I-Material +with NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +fourth NN O I-Material +Oi NN O I-Material +site NN O I-Material +occupied NN O I-Material +) NN O O +and NN O O +quad NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +interstitials NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +9 NN O O +] NN O O +( NN O O +two NN O B-Material +di NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +interstitials NN O I-Material +on NN O I-Material +adjacent NN O I-Material +sites NN O I-Material +, NN O O +giving NN O O +a NN O O +total NN O O +of NN O O +two NN O O +VO NN O B-Material +and NN O O +six NN O O +Oi NN O B-Material +) NN O O +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1(d NN O O +) NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Following NN O O +this NN O O +Andersson NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +postulated NN O O +a NN O O +model NN O B-Material +for NN O I-Material +U4O9 NN O I-Material +based NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +UO2 NN O B-Material +supercell NN O I-Material +containing NN O O +multiple NN O B-Material +split NN O I-Material +quad NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +interstitial NN O I-Material +clusters NN O I-Material +; NN O O +following NN O O +the NN O O +prediction NN O O +of NN O O +their NN O O +LSDA+U NN O B-Process +calculations NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +quad NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +interstitial NN O I-Material +is NN O O +more NN O O +stable NN O O +than NN O O +its NN O O +cuboctahedral NN O B-Material +counterpart NN O O +[ NN O O +12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311514007119) + +In NN O O +the NN O O +calculations NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +formation NN O B-Task +energy NN O I-Task +, NN O O +the NN O O +box NN O B-Material +size NN O O +is NN O O +set NN O O +to NN O O +30a0×30a0×30a0 NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +a0 NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +bcc NN O O +Fe NN O B-Material +lattice NN O I-Material +parameter NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +all NN O O +calculations NN O O +periodic NN O O +boundary NN O O +conditions NN O O +and NN O O +constant NN O O +volume NN O O +are NN O O +used NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +Monte NN O B-Process +Carlo NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +used NN O O +to NN O O +determine NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +lowest NN O I-Process +energy NN O I-Process +configuration NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +cluster NN O O +[ NN O O +28 NN O O +] NN O O +is NN O O +organised NN O O +as NN O O +follows NN O O +. NN O O +First NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +energetics NN O O +of NN O O +voids NN O B-Material +without NN O I-Material +helium NN O I-Material +are NN O O +investigated NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +vacancy NN O O +is NN O O +introduced NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +simulation NN O B-Material +cell NN O I-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +system NN O O +is NN O O +minimised NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +conjugate NN O B-Process +gradient NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +, NN O O +yielding NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O B-Material +vacancy NN O I-Material +formation NN O I-Material +energy NN O I-Material +Evac NN O B-Material +of NN O O +1.72eV. NN O O +Next NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +atom NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +highest NN O O +potential NN O O +energy NN O O +is NN O O +removed NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +system NN O O +and NN O O +again NN O O +the NN O O +system NN O O +is NN O O +minimised NN O B-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +scheme NN O O +is NN O O +iteratively NN O O +continued NN O O +to NN O O +create NN O O +voids NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +target NN O O +vacancies NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +formation NN O O +energy NN O O +of NN O O +each NN O O +is NN O O +calculated NN O O +. NN O O +Next NN O O +, NN O O +helium NN O B-Material +atoms NN O I-Material +are NN O O +introduced NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +vacancies NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +total NN O B-Material +system NN O I-Material +energy NN O I-Material +is NN O O +measured NN O O +and NN O O +recorded NN O O +. NN O O +At NN O O +this NN O O +point NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +Metropolis NN O B-Process +MC NN O I-Process +scheme NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +29 NN O O +] NN O O +is NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +find NN O O +the NN O O +low NN O B-Material +energy NN O I-Material +configurations NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Every NN O O +helium NN O B-Material +in NN O O +the NN O O +system NN O O +is NN O O +randomly NN O O +displaced NN O O +from NN O O +its NN O O +site NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +maximum NN O O +of NN O O +rmax NN O O +( NN O O +4.5Å NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +cut NN O O +off NN O O +distance NN O O +for NN O O +He NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +He NN O I-Process +interactions NN O I-Process +) NN O O +in NN O O +each NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +x NN O O +, NN O O +y NN O O +and NN O O +z NN O O +directions NN O O +and NN O O +then NN O O +minimised NN O B-Process +using NN O O +the NN O O +conjugate NN O B-Process +gradient NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Each NN O O +bubble NN O O +is NN O O +continued NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +minimum NN O O +of NN O O +10,000 NN O O +steps NN O O +. NN O O +After NN O O +that NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +searches NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +terminated NN O O +if NN O O +the NN O O +system NN O O +energy NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +drop NN O O +within NN O O +a NN O O +further NN O O +10 NN O O +steps NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +schematic NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +iterative NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +is NN O O +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1 NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311514008691) + +The NN O O +class NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +steels NN O I-Material +known NN O O +as NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +dispersion NN O I-Material +strengthened NN O I-Material +( NN O O +ODS NN O B-Material +) NN O O +ferritic NN O B-Material +alloys NN O I-Material +( NN O O +also NN O O +known NN O O +as NN O O +nanostructured NN O B-Material +ferritic NN O B-Material +alloys NN O I-Material +) NN O O +consist NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +dispersion NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +ultra NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +fine NN O I-Material +oxide NN O I-Material +particles NN O I-Material +throughout NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +matrix NN O I-Material +. NN O O +These NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +particles NN O I-Material +serve NN O O +to NN O O +improve NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +mechanical NN O I-Task +properties NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +system NN O I-Task +, NN O O +particularly NN O O +at NN O O +high NN O O +temperatures NN O O +, NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +system NN O O +through NN O O +inhibiting NN O O +dislocation NN O O +motion NN O O +and NN O O +grain NN O O +boundary NN O O +sliding NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +nuclear NN O O +applications NN O O +the NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +particles NN O I-Material +have NN O O +been NN O O +suggested NN O O +to NN O O +act NN O O +as NN O O +point NN O O +defect NN O O +sinks NN O O +[ NN O O +10,11 NN O O +] NN O O +to NN O O +improve NN O B-Task +radiation NN O I-Task +tolerance NN O I-Task +, NN O O +and NN O O +as NN O O +preferential NN O O +sites NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +formation NN O O +of NN O O +nano NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +scale NN O I-Material +He NN O I-Material +bubbles NN O I-Material +therefore NN O O +reducing NN O B-Task +swelling NN O I-Task +compared NN O O +to NN O O +non NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +ODS NN O I-Material +steels NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +12–15 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +ability NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +particles NN O I-Material +to NN O O +improve NN O O +these NN O O +properties NN O O +depends NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +structure NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +composition NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +particles NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +10,11,16,17 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +their NN O O +stability NN O O +under NN O O +irradiation NN O B-Process +. NN O O +Typical NN O O +compositions NN O O +of NN O O +ODS NN O B-Material +steels NN O I-Material +include NN O O +between NN O O +9 NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +14at.% NN O I-Material +Cr NN O I-Material +for NN O O +oxidation NN O B-Process +resistance NN O O +( NN O O +most NN O O +commonly NN O O +14at.% NN O O +) NN O O +; NN O O +W NN O B-Material +for NN O O +solid NN O O +solution NN O O +hardening NN O O +; NN O O +Y2O3 NN O B-Material +that NN O O +is NN O O +put NN O O +into NN O O +solid NN O B-Material +solution NN O I-Material +during NN O O +the NN O O +initial NN O O +, NN O O +mechanical NN O B-Process +alloying NN O I-Process +, NN O O +process NN O O +but NN O O +then NN O O +during NN O O +consolidation NN O B-Process +at NN O O +high NN O O +temperatures NN O O +forms NN O O +precipitates NN O B-Material +; NN O O +and NN O O +Ti NN O B-Material +to NN O O +inhibit NN O O +significant NN O O +growth NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +particles NN O I-Material +; NN O O +the NN O O +balance NN O B-Material +being NN O O +made NN O O +up NN O O +of NN O O +Fe NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +impurities NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +18 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +this NN O O +reason NN O O +these NN O O +steels NN O B-Material +are NN O O +often NN O O +referred NN O O +to NN O O +as NN O O +14YWT NN O B-Material +, NN O O +reflecting NN O O +the NN O O +constituent NN O B-Material +elements NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S002231151500032X) + +Zirconium NN O B-Material +alloys NN O I-Material +are NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +cladding NN O B-Material +to NN O O +encapsulate NN O O +fuel NN O B-Material +pellets NN O I-Material +in NN O O +pressurised NN O O +and NN O O +boiling NN O O +water NN O B-Material +nuclear NN O I-Material +reactors NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Research NN O O +into NN O O +oxidation NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +these NN O I-Task +alloys NN O I-Task +has NN O O +been NN O O +significant NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +introduction NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +material NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +microstructure NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +electro NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +chemical NN O I-Process +processes NN O I-Process +during NN O O +oxidation NN O B-Process +are NN O O +complex NN O O +and NN O O +many NN O O +questions NN O O +still NN O O +remain NN O O +unanswered NN O O +. NN O O +One NN O O +such NN O O +issue NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +formation NN O O +of NN O O +lateral NN O O +cracks NN O O +near NN O O +the NN O O +metal NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +oxide NN O I-Material +interface NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Small NN O O +cracks NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +seen NN O O +to NN O O +form NN O O +continuously NN O O +during NN O O +oxidation NN O B-Process +, NN O O +with NN O O +large NN O O +scale NN O O +networks NN O O +of NN O O +lateral NN O O +cracks NN O O +forming NN O O +cyclically NN O O +every NN O O +∼2μm NN O O +of NN O O +oxide NN O O +growth NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +networks NN O O +of NN O O +cracks NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +correlated NN O O +with NN O O +acceleration NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +corrosion NN O B-Material +kinetics NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +1–7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +lateral NN O O +cracks NN O O +might NN O O +enable NN O O +the NN O O +link NN O B-Material +up NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +nano NN O I-Material +pores NN O I-Material +along NN O O +grain NN O B-Material +boundaries NN O O +perpendicular NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +metal NN O B-Material +/ NN O I-Material +oxide NN O I-Material +interface NN O I-Material +as NN O O +reported NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +8,9 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Experiments NN O O +using NN O O +Synchrotron NN O B-Process +X NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +Ray NN O I-Process +Diffraction NN O I-Process +( NN O O +S NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +XRD NN O I-Process +) NN O O +by NN O O +both NN O O +Polatidis NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +and NN O O +Petigny NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +have NN O O +separately NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +oxides NN O B-Material +formed NN O O +on NN O O +Zircaloy-4 NN O B-Material +are NN O O +composed NN O O +of NN O O +monoclinic NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +stabilised NN O I-Material +tetragonal NN O I-Material +phases NN O I-Material +, NN O O +with NN O O +an NN O O +∼7 NN O B-Material +% NN O I-Material +reduction NN O I-Material +in NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +tetragonal NN O I-Material +phase NN O I-Material +fraction NN O O +from NN O O +1 NN O O +to NN O O +3μm NN O O +oxide NN O O +growth NN O O +[ NN O O +4,10 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +One NN O O +theory NN O O +is NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +lateral NN O O +cracks NN O O +may NN O O +destabilise NN O O +the NN O O +tetragonal NN O B-Process +phase NN O I-Process +close NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +metal NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +oxide NN O I-Material +interface NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +phase NN O B-Process +transformation NN O I-Process +has NN O O +an NN O O +∼6 NN O O +% NN O O +expansion NN O O +associated NN O O +with NN O O +it NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +could NN O O +lead NN O O +to NN O O +fracture NN O B-Process +perpendicular NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +metal NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +oxide NN O I-Material +interface NN O I-Material +, NN O O +thereby NN O O +generating NN O O +fast NN O O +ingress NN O B-Process +routes NN O O +for NN O O +oxygen NN O B-Material +containing NN O I-Material +species NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +11,12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311515002391) + +Spark NN O B-Process +plasma NN O I-Process +sintering NN O I-Process +( NN O O +SPS NN O B-Process +) NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +relatively NN O O +new NN O O +sintering NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +technique NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +in NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O O +powder NN O B-Material +to NN O O +be NN O O +consolidated NN O O +is NN O O +loaded NN O O +into NN O O +an NN O O +electrically NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +thermally NN O I-Process +conductive NN O I-Process +graphite NN O I-Process +mould NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +large NN O I-Process +DC NN O I-Process +pulsed NN O I-Process +current NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +1000–5000A NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +is NN O I-Process +applied NN O I-Process +under NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +uniaxial NN O I-Process +pressure NN O I-Process +. NN O O +When NN O O +current NN O O +passes NN O O +through NN O O +the NN O O +graphite NN O B-Material +mould NN O I-Material +( NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +powder NN O B-Material +if NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +electrically NN O O +conductive NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +powder NN O B-Material +is NN O O +heated NN O O +both NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +outside NN O O +( NN O O +the NN O O +mould NN O B-Material +acts NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +heating NN O B-Material +element NN O I-Material +) NN O O +and NN O O +inside NN O O +( NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +Joule NN O O +heating NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +intrinsic NN O O +electrical NN O O +resistance NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +powder NN O B-Material +material NN O I-Material +) NN O O +. NN O O +SPS NN O B-Process +is NN O O +characterised NN O O +by NN O O +very NN O O +fast NN O O +heating NN O O +( NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +2000 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +/ NN O O +min NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +cooling NN O O +rates NN O O +and NN O O +short NN O O +holding NN O O +times NN O O +( NN O O +minutes NN O O +) NN O O +to NN O O +achieve NN O O +near NN O O +theoretical NN O O +density NN O O +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Thus NN O O +SPS NN O B-Process +occupies NN O O +a NN O O +very NN O O +different NN O O +time NN O O +– NN O O +temperature NN O O +– NN O O +density NN O O +space NN O O +in NN O O +powder NN O B-Process +consolidation NN O I-Process +maps NN O I-Process +when NN O O +compared NN O O +with NN O O +conventional NN O B-Process +methods NN O I-Process +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +hot NN O B-Process +pressing NN O I-Process +sintering NN O I-Process +and NN O O +HIP NN O B-Process +with NN O O +ramp NN O O +rate NN O O +of NN O O +50–80 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +/ NN O O +min NN O O +and NN O O +a NN O O +few NN O O +hours NN O O +holding NN O O +time NN O O +. NN O O +Although NN O O +SPS NN O B-Process +has NN O O +been NN O O +studied NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +rapidly NN O O +growing NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +materials NN O O +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +are NN O O +only NN O O +a NN O O +small NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +studies NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +fabrication NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +microstructural NN O I-Task +characterisation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +ODS NN O I-Task +steels NN O I-Task +processed NN O I-Task +by NN O I-Task +SPS NN O I-Task +, NN O O +briefly NN O O +reviewed NN O O +below NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311515002470) + +To NN O O +conclude NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +electrochemical NN O B-Task +reduction NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +uranium NN O I-Task +dioxide NN O I-Task +to NN O O +uranium NN O B-Material +metal NN O I-Material +has NN O O +been NN O O +studied NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +lithium NN O B-Material +chloride NN O I-Material +– NN O I-Material +potassium NN O I-Material +chloride NN O I-Material +eutectic NN O I-Material +molten NN O I-Material +salt NN O I-Material +at NN O O +450 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +. NN O O +Both NN O O +electrochemical NN O B-Process +and NN O O +synchrotron NN O B-Process +X NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +ray NN O I-Process +techniques NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +utilised NN O O +to NN O O +deduce NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +electrochemical NN O I-Task +reduction NN O I-Task +potential NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +mechanism NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +reduction NN O I-Task +pathway NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +electrochemical NN O O +reduction NN O O +potential NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +UO2|U NN O B-Material +couple NN O I-Material +is NN O O +dependent NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +activity NN O O +of NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +ions NN O I-Material +existing NN O O +within NN O O +the NN O O +melt NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +electrochemical NN O B-Process +reduction NN O I-Process +of NN O O +uranium NN O B-Material +dioxide NN O I-Material +to NN O O +uranium NN O B-Material +metal NN O I-Material +seems NN O O +to NN O O +occur NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O O +, NN O O +4-electron NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +step NN O I-Process +, NN O O +process NN O O +; NN O O +indicated NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O O +reduction NN O O +peak NN O O +( NN O O +C1 NN O O +) NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +cyclic NN O B-Process +voltammograms NN O I-Process +and NN O O +also NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +exclusion NN O O +of NN O O +any NN O O +other NN O O +phases NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +EDXD NN O B-Process +data NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +electrochemical NN O B-Process +reduction NN O I-Process +may NN O O +be NN O O +impeded NN O O +by NN O O +an NN O O +increase NN O O +in NN O O +oxo NN O O +- NN O O +acidity NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +molten NN O B-Material +salt NN O I-Material +. NN O O +That NN O O +is NN O O +, NN O O +O2− NN O B-Material +ions NN O I-Material +that NN O O +are NN O O +liberated NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +electroreduction NN O B-Process +may NN O O +not NN O O +react NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +counter NN O B-Material +electrode NN O I-Material +and NN O O +, NN O O +thus NN O O +, NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +removed NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +molten NN O B-Material +salt NN O I-Material +. NN O O +This NN O O +could NN O O +be NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +electrode NN O B-Material +geometry NN O O +and/or NN O O +the NN O O +inherent NN O O +microstructure NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +working NN O O +electrode NN O B-Material +: NN O O +a NN O O +high NN O O +tortuosity NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +example NN O O +, NN O O +would NN O O +impede NN O O +the NN O O +diffusion NN O O +of NN O O +O2− NN O B-Material +ions NN O I-Material +out NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +working NN O O +electrode NN O B-Material +. NN O O +This NN O O +could NN O O +then NN O O +cause NN O O +an NN O O +increase NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +activity NN O O +of NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +ions NN O I-Material +existing NN O O +within NN O O +the NN O O +melt NN O B-Material +and NN O O +hence NN O O +inhibit NN O O +the NN O O +electrochemical NN O B-Process +reduction NN O I-Process +– NN O O +exploration NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +microstructure NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +working NN O I-Task +electrodes NN O I-Task +will NN O O +be NN O O +the NN O O +focus NN O O +of NN O O +future NN O O +work NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311515002664) + +The NN O O +primary NN O O +benefit NN O O +of NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +3D NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +is NN O O +that NN O O +it NN O O +allows NN O O +the NN O O +application NN O O +of NN O O +anisotropic NN O B-Task +material NN O I-Task +properties NN O I-Task +. NN O O +As NN O O +a NN O O +hexagonal NN O O +close NN O O +packed NN O O +lattice NN O O +structure NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O O +zirconium NN O B-Material +grain NN O I-Material +is NN O O +plastically NN O O +anisotropic NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +difficulty NN O O +of NN O O +activating NN O O +slip NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +〈 NN O O +c NN O O +〉 NN O O +component NN O O +[ NN O O +23–26 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Abaqus NN O B-Process +allows NN O O +this NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +represented NN O O +by NN O O +setting NN O O +plasticity NN O B-Process +potential NN O I-Process +ratios NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +anisotropic NN O B-Material +elastic NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +plastic NN O I-Material +constants NN O I-Material +are NN O O +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Table NN O O +1 NN O O +. NN O O +Zirconium NN O B-Material +alloys NN O O +can NN O O +often NN O O +have NN O O +a NN O O +bimodal NN O B-Process +basal NN O I-Process +pole NN O I-Process +distribution NN O I-Process +, NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +tilt NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +basal NN O O +normal NN O O +or NN O O +c NN O O +direction NN O O +of NN O O +±30 NN O O +° NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +normal NN O O +direction NN O O +being NN O O +quoted NN O O +for NN O O +recrystallized NN O B-Material +Zircaloy-4 NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +27,28 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +simplicity NN O O +the NN O O +basal NN O O +normal NN O O +or NN O O +c NN O O +direction NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +taken NN O O +as NN O O +being NN O O +parallel NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +normal NN O O +direction NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +such NN O O +the NN O O +1 NN O O +, NN O O +2 NN O O +and NN O O +3 NN O O +directions NN O O +in NN O O +Table NN O O +1 NN O O +correlate NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +X NN O O +, NN O O +Y NN O O +and NN O O +Z NN O O +global NN O O +coordinate NN O O +system NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +3D NN O B-Process +simulations NN O I-Process +, NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +3 NN O O +direction NN O O +correlating NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +c NN O O +direction NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +zirconium NN O B-Material +unit NN O I-Material +lattice NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Table NN O O +1 NN O O +also NN O O +shows NN O O +the NN O O +elastic NN O O +properties NN O O +incorporated NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +simulations NN O B-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +layer NN O I-Material +has NN O O +been NN O O +simulated NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +purely NN O B-Material +elastic NN O I-Material +material NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Although NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +known NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +is NN O O +strongly NN O O +textured NN O O +[ NN O O +29 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +still NN O O +simulated NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +homogenous NN O O +solid NN O O +therefore NN O O +isotropic NN O B-Task +material NN O I-Task +properties NN O I-Task +have NN O O +been NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +in NN O O +all NN O O +simulations NN O B-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311515300295) + +Zirconium NN O B-Material +alloys NN O I-Material +are NN O O +commonly NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +fuel NN O B-Material +cladding NN O I-Material +for NN O O +water NN O B-Material +cooled NN O I-Material +nuclear NN O I-Material +fission NN O I-Material +reactors NN O I-Material +, NN O O +mainly NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +their NN O O +low NN O O +neutron NN O O +cross NN O O +- NN O O +section NN O O +, NN O O +good NN O O +corrosion NN O O +resistance NN O O +during NN O O +normal NN O O +operating NN O O +conditions NN O O +and NN O O +sufficient NN O O +mechanical NN O O +strength NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Despite NN O O +high NN O O +corrosion NN O O +resistance NN O O +at NN O O +normal NN O O +operating NN O O +temperatures NN O O +( NN O O +around NN O O +300 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +) NN O O +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +Zr NN O B-Material +alloys NN O I-Material +oxidise NN O B-Process +very NN O O +rapidly NN O O +when NN O O +exposed NN O O +to NN O O +temperatures NN O O +a NN O O +few NN O O +hundred NN O O +degrees NN O O +higher NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +an NN O O +exothermic NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +can NN O O +further NN O O +accelerate NN O O +oxidation NN O B-Process +and NN O O +, NN O O +at NN O O +temperatures NN O O +beyond NN O O +1000 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +, NN O O +potentially NN O O +lead NN O O +to NN O O +disintegration NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +fuel NN O I-Process +rods NN O I-Process +, NN O O +as NN O O +highlighted NN O O +during NN O O +the NN O O +Fukushima NN O O +Daiichi NN O O +nuclear NN O O +accident NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +this NN O O +reason NN O O +new NN O O +research NN O O +activities NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +initiated NN O O +worldwide NN O O +to NN O O +develop NN O B-Task +accident NN O I-Task +tolerant NN O I-Task +fuels NN O I-Task +( NN O O +ATF NN O B-Material +) NN O O +. NN O O +Additionally NN O O +, NN O O +ATFs NN O B-Material +could NN O O +also NN O O +provide NN O O +further NN O O +enhancements NN O B-Task +in NN O I-Task +corrosion NN O I-Task +performance NN O I-Task +during NN O O +normal NN O O +operating NN O O +conditions NN O O +enabling NN O O +the NN O O +development NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +fuel NN O I-Task +assemblies NN O I-Task +for NN O O +very NN O O +high NN O O +burn NN O O +- NN O O +up NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311515300477) + +In NN O O +all NN O O +these NN O O +studies NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +association NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +transition NN O O +and NN O O +lateral NN O O +cracking NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +layer NN O I-Material +depicts NN O O +some NN O O +interaction NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +mechanical NN O O +behaviour NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +system NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +its NN O O +corrosion NN O O +kinetics NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +provide NN O O +a NN O O +clear NN O O +understanding NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +morphology NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +metal NN O I-Task +: NN O I-Task +oxide NN O I-Task +interface NN O I-Task +during NN O O +the NN O O +corrosion NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +, NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +nanometre NN O O +level NN O O +. NN O O +Understanding NN O B-Task +why NN O I-Task +this NN O I-Task +transition NN O I-Task +behaviour NN O I-Task +happens NN O I-Task +is NN O O +critical NN O O +when NN O O +modelling NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +rate NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +growth NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +oxide NN O I-Task +, NN O O +and NN O O +therefore NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +lifetime NN O O +prediction NN O O +of NN O O +Zr NN O B-Material +clads NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +ultimately NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +safety NN O O +of NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Material +power NN O I-Material +reactors NN O I-Material +. NN O O +No NN O O +model NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +complete NN O O +without NN O O +a NN O O +nanoscale NN O O +understanding NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +what NN O I-Task +is NN O I-Task +going NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +during NN O I-Task +oxidation NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Thus NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +essential NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +scale NN O I-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +top NN O B-Material +layers NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +metal NN O I-Material +are NN O O +studied NN O O +at NN O O +nanometre NN O O +resolution NN O O +to NN O O +reveal NN O O +the NN O O +detailed NN O O +structural NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +chemical NN O I-Process +changes NN O I-Process +associated NN O O +with NN O O +diffusion NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +oxygen NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +resulting NN O O +oxidation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +metal NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Whilst NN O O +a NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +techniques NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +employed NN O O +for NN O O +this NN O O +purpose NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +clear NN O O +that NN O O +various NN O O +techniques NN O O +within NN O O +transmission NN O B-Process +electron NN O I-Process +microscopy NN O I-Process +( NN O O +TEM NN O B-Process +) NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +among NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +versatile NN O O +and NN O O +informative NN O O +for NN O O +this NN O O +purpose NN O O +, NN O O +although NN O O +additional NN O O +information NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +added NN O O +by NN O O +techniques NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +atom NN O B-Process +probe NN O I-Process +tomography NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311515300830) + +Solid NN O B-Material +pieces NN O I-Material +of NN O O +23–114 NN O O +mg NN O O +were NN O O +further NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +measure NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +enthalpy NN O I-Process +increments NN O I-Process +using NN O O +a NN O O +Setaram NN O B-Process +Multi NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +detector NN O I-Process +High NN O I-Process +Temperature NN O I-Process +Calorimeter NN O I-Process +( NN O O +MDHTC-96 NN O B-Process +) NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +drop NN O B-Process +detector NN O I-Process +. NN O O +For NN O O +more NN O O +details NN O O +about NN O O +the NN O O +technique NN O O +we NN O O +refer NN O O +to NN O O +our NN O O +previous NN O O +studies NN O O +[ NN O O +9,10 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +measurements NN O O +were NN O O +carried NN O O +out NN O O +under NN O O +an NN O O +argon NN O B-Material +atmosphere NN O O +( NN O O +with NN O O +an NN O O +oxygen NN O B-Material +content NN O O +of NN O O +7 NN O O +ppm NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +using NN O O +pure NN O O +platinum NN O B-Material +ingots NN O I-Material +( NN O O +64–144 NN O O +mg NN O O +) NN O O +of NN O O +99.95 NN O O +at NN O O +% NN O O +purity NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +reference NN O B-Material +material NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +temperature NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +experiment NN O O +was NN O O +from NN O O +430.3 NN O O +K NN O O +to NN O O +1088.8 NN O O +K NN O O +using NN O O +steps NN O O +of NN O O +50 NN O O +K. NN O O +Each NN O O +isothermal NN O B-Process +run NN O I-Process +consisted NN O O +of NN O O +2–4 NN O B-Material +drops NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +Bi2UO6 NN O I-Material +samples NN O I-Material +, NN O O +each NN O O +surrounded NN O O +by NN O O +two NN O O +drops NN O O +of NN O O +platinum NN O B-Material +from NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O O +sensitivity NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +device NN O O +was NN O O +determined NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +drops NN O O +were NN O O +separated NN O O +by NN O O +time NN O O +intervals NN O O +of NN O O +20 NN O O +min NN O O +, NN O O +long NN O O +enough NN O O +to NN O O +re NN O O +- NN O O +stabilize NN O O +the NN O O +monitored NN O O +heat NN O B-Process +flow NN O I-Process +signal NN O O +. NN O O +Background NN O B-Process +subtraction NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +peak NN O I-Process +integration NN O I-Process +were NN O O +performed NN O O +using NN O O +commercially NN O B-Material +available NN O I-Material +software NN O I-Material +for NN O I-Material +data NN O I-Material +processing NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +reported NN O O +temperatures NN O O +were NN O O +corrected NN O B-Process +in NN O O +accordance NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +calibration NN O O +curve NN O O +obtained NN O O +prior NN O O +to NN O O +measurement NN O O +using NN O O +several NN O O +high NN O B-Material +purity NN O I-Material +standard NN O I-Material +metals NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Sn NN O B-Material +, NN O O +Pb NN O B-Material +, NN O O +Zn NN O B-Material +, NN O O +Al NN O B-Material +, NN O O +Ag NN O B-Material +, NN O O +Ni NN O B-Material +) NN O O +with NN O O +various NN O O +melting NN O O +temperatures NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +cover NN O O +the NN O O +whole NN O O +temperature NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +measurement NN O O +. NN O O +After NN O O +drop NN O O +calorimetric NN O B-Process +measurements NN O I-Process +at NN O O +the NN O O +maximum NN O O +considered NN O O +temperature NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +material NN O O +was NN O O +subjected NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +new NN O O +XRD NN O B-Process +measurement NN O O +, NN O O +confirming NN O O +the NN O O +stability NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +compound NN O B-Material +under NN O O +the NN O O +experimental NN O O +conditions NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311515301069) + +The NN O O +fluence NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +each NN O I-Task +capsule NN O I-Task +was NN O O +determined NN O O +by NN O O +using NN O O +activation NN O B-Material +monitor NN O I-Material +sets NN O I-Material +. NN O I-Material +These NN O O +monitor NN O B-Material +sets NN O I-Material +consist NN O O +of NN O O +different NN O O +metal NN O B-Material +wire NN O I-Material +pieces NN O I-Material +that NN O O +have NN O O +an NN O O +activation NN O O +reaction NN O O +at NN O O +a NN O O +specific NN O O +energy NN O O +range NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +different NN O O +activation NN O O +energies NN O O +are NN O O +chosen NN O O +in NN O O +such NN O O +a NN O O +way NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +spectrum NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +reconstructed NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +BODEX NN O O +, NN O O +each NN O O +capsule NN O B-Material +contained NN O O +a NN O O +flux NN O B-Material +monitor NN O I-Material +set NN O I-Material +on NN O O +the NN O O +‘ NN O O +back NN O O +side’ NN O O +( NN O O +as NN O O +seen NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +core NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +one NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +front NN O O +side NN O O +, NN O O +positioned NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +central NN O O +height NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +capsules NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Additionally NN O O +, NN O O +one NN O O +detector NN O B-Material +was NN O O +placed NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +top NN O O +and NN O O +one NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +bottom NN O O +, NN O O +resulting NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +total NN O O +of NN O O +6 NN O O +monitor NN O B-Material +sets NN O O +per NN O O +leg NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +fluence NN O O +in NN O O +each NN O O +capsule NN O B-Material +was NN O O +determined NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +average NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O O +flux NN O B-Material +monitor NN O I-Material +located NN O O +in NN O O +each NN O O +capsule NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +sets NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +analysed NN O O +by NN O O +determining NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +activation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +each NN O I-Task +wire NN O I-Task +piece NN O I-Task +, NN O O +which NN O O +indicates NN O O +the NN O O +fluence NN O B-Process +of NN O O +a NN O O +specific NN O O +energy NN O O +range NN O O +. NN O O +Table NN O O +3 NN O O +show NN O O +the NN O O +values NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +fluences NN O B-Process +for NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O O +capsules NN O B-Material +containing NN O O +molybdenum NN O B-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311515301963) + +Following NN O O +fission NN O B-Process +, NN O O +noble NN O B-Material +gas NN O I-Material +atoms NN O I-Material +will NN O O +be NN O O +distributed NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +fuel NN O B-Process +matrix NN O I-Process +initially NN O O +accommodated NN O O +at NN O O +point NN O B-Process +defects NN O I-Process +trap NN O I-Process +sites NN O I-Process +, NN O O +generally NN O O +thought NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +Schottky NN O B-Process +trivacancy NN O I-Process +defects NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +4,5,31 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Diffusion NN O B-Process +to NN O O +either NN O O +bubbles NN O B-Material +or NN O O +grain NN O B-Material +boundaries NN O I-Material +is NN O O +then NN O O +facilitated NN O O +by NN O O +associating NN O O +a NN O O +further NN O O +uranium NN O B-Material +vacancy NN O O +defect NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +gas NN O B-Material +atom NN O I-Material +to NN O O +‘ NN O B-Process +hop’ NN O I-Process +into NN O I-Process +, NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +original NN O O +vacancy NN O O +then NN O O +able NN O O +to NN O O +loop NN O B-Process +around NN O I-Process +to NN O O +ensure NN O O +continued NN O O +diffusion NN O B-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +rate NN O O +determining NN O O +step NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +process NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +the NN O O +migration NN O B-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +Xe NN O B-Material +itself NN O O +but NN O O +rather NN O O +the NN O O +rearrangement NN O B-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +VU NN O B-Process +defect NN O I-Process +to NN O O +facilitate NN O O +net NN O O +Xe NN O B-Process +diffusion NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +6–8 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Activation NN O B-Process +energies NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +overall NN O O +process NN O O +depend NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +availability NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +defect NN O B-Process +trap NN O I-Process +sites NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +in NN O O +turn NN O O +depends NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +crystal NN O B-Process +stoichiometry NN O I-Process +. NN O O +For NN O O +Xe NN O B-Process +diffusion NN O I-Process +in NN O O +UO2−x NN O B-Material +, NN O O +UO2 NN O B-Material +and NN O O +UO2+x NN O B-Material +the NN O O +activation NN O O +energies NN O O +calculated NN O O +using NN O O +DFT NN O B-Process +are NN O O +7.04–12.92 NN O O +eV NN O O +, NN O O +4.15–7.88 NN O O +eV NN O O +and NN O O +1.38–4.07 NN O O +eV NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +ranges NN O O +reflecting NN O O +the NN O O +way NN O O +the NN O O +calculations NN O O +were NN O O +performed NN O O +depending NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +charge NN O B-Process +states NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +defects NN O O +involved NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +presence NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +Jahn NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +Teller NN O I-Process +distortion NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Activation NN O O +energies NN O O +calculated NN O O +using NN O O +empirical NN O B-Process +pair NN O I-Process +potentials NN O I-Process +can NN O O +vary NN O O +strongly NN O O +depending NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +choice NN O O +of NN O O +potential NN O B-Process +. NN O O +Govers NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +examined NN O O +three NN O O +different NN O O +potentials NN O B-Process +for NN O O +UO2 NN O B-Material +( NN O O +those NN O O +of NN O O +Basak NN O O +[ NN O O +9 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +Jackson NN O O +[ NN O O +10 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +Morelon NN O O +[ NN O O +11 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +coupled NN O O +with NN O O +different NN O O +parameterisations NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +U NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +Xe NN O I-Material +and NN O O +O NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +Xe NN O I-Material +interactions NN O O +from NN O O +Geng NN O O +[ NN O O +12 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +Nicoll NN O O +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +recommend NN O O +values NN O O +of NN O O +6.5 NN O O +eV NN O O +, NN O O +4.5 NN O O +eV NN O O +and NN O O +2.4 NN O O +eV NN O O +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +different NN O O +stoichiometric NN O O +regimes NN O O +in NN O O +very NN O O +good NN O O +agreement NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +experimental NN O O +values NN O O +of NN O O +6.0 NN O O +eV NN O O +, NN O O +3.9 NN O O +eV NN O O +and NN O O +1.7 NN O O +eV NN O O +respectively NN O O +[ NN O O +14 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0022311515303640) + +Ferritic NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +martensitic NN O I-Material +steels NN O I-Material +are NN O O +candidate NN O O +materials NN O O +for NN O O +use NN O O +in NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Material +reactors NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +1,2 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +transmutation NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +created NN O I-Material +inert NN O I-Material +gas NN O I-Material +, NN O O +especially NN O O +He NN O B-Material +, NN O O +plays NN O O +an NN O O +important NN O O +role NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +microstructural NN O B-Task +evolution NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +these NN O I-Task +steels NN O I-Task +under NN O I-Task +neutron NN O I-Task +irradiation NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +a NN O O +previous NN O O +paper NN O O +[ NN O O +3 NN O O +] NN O O +the NN O O +mechanisms NN O B-Task +by NN O I-Task +which NN O I-Task +He NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +perfect NN O I-Task +body NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +centred NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +cubic NN O I-Task +( NN O I-Task +bcc NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +Fe NN O I-Task +lattice NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +can NN O I-Task +agglomerate NN O I-Task +into NN O I-Task +bubbles NN O I-Task +was NN O O +discussed NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +was NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +small NN O O +He NN O B-Material +interstitial NN O I-Material +clusters NN O I-Material +are NN O O +highly NN O O +mobile NN O O +but NN O O +become NN O O +effectively NN O O +pinned NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +emission NN O O +of NN O O +Fe NN O B-Material +interstitials NN O I-Material +when NN O O +the NN O O +clusters NN O O +contain NN O O +5 NN O O +or NN O O +more NN O O +He NN O B-Material +atoms NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Small NN O O +bubbles NN O B-Material +up NN O O +to NN O O +around NN O O +1.5 NN O O +nm NN O O +in NN O O +diameter NN O O +can NN O O +easily NN O O +form NN O O +at NN O O +room NN O O +temperature NN O O +from NN O O +such NN O O +seed NN O O +points NN O O +but NN O O +larger NN O O +bubbles NN O B-Material +are NN O O +more NN O O +difficult NN O O +to NN O O +form NN O O +by NN O O +diffusion NN O B-Process +alone NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +induced NN O B-Process +strain NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +bcc NN O B-Material +lattice NN O I-Material +which NN O O +increases NN O O +the NN O O +energy NN O O +barriers NN O O +for NN O O +diffusion NN O B-Material +towards NN O O +the NN O O +bubbles NN O B-Material +whilst NN O O +reducing NN O O +them NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +direction NN O O +away NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +bubbles NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Subsequent NN O O +bubble NN O B-Process +enlargement NN O I-Process +can NN O O +then NN O O +only NN O O +occur NN O O +either NN O O +through NN O O +increased NN O O +temperature NN O O +or NN O O +by NN O O +radiation NN O B-Process +induced NN O I-Process +mechanisms NN O I-Process +which NN O O +increase NN O O +the NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +vacancies NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +bubble NN O B-Material +and NN O O +reduce NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +lattice NN O I-Task +strain NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Emission NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +interracial NN O I-Process +loops NN O I-Process +from NN O O +such NN O O +a NN O O +bubble NN O B-Material +was NN O O +not NN O O +observed NN O O +in NN O O +molecular NN O B-Process +dynamics NN O I-Process +simulations NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0029549314001551) + +An NN O O +increase NN O O +of NN O O +neutron NN O B-Process +leakage NN O I-Process +from NN O O +the NN O O +core NN O B-Material +region NN O I-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +achieved NN O O +through NN O O +modifications NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +core NN O I-Process +geometry NN O I-Process +( NN O O +usually NN O O +by NN O O +adopting NN O O +a NN O O +pan NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +cake NN O I-Process +geometry NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +active NN O I-Process +core NN O I-Process +region NN O I-Process +at NN O O +the NN O O +expense NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +general NN O O +neutron NN O B-Material +economy NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Extensive NN O O +studies NN O O +determined NN O O +a NN O O +set NN O O +of NN O O +core NN O B-Task +design NN O I-Task +modifications NN O I-Task +that NN O I-Task +optimised NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +total NN O I-Task +sodium NN O I-Task +void NN O I-Task +reactivity NN O I-Task +( NN O O +becoming NN O O +less NN O O +positive NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Among NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +efficient NN O O +design NN O B-Process +solutions NN O I-Process +identified NN O O +is NN O O +an NN O O +enlarged NN O B-Process +sodium NN O I-Process +plenum NN O I-Process +above NN O O +the NN O O +active NN O O +core NN O B-Material +region NN O O +in NN O O +combination NN O O +with NN O O +an NN O O +absorber NN O B-Process +layer NN O I-Process +above NN O O +the NN O O +sodium NN O B-Material +plenum NN O I-Material +( NN O O +to NN O O +reduce NN O B-Task +neutron NN O I-Task +backscattering NN O I-Task +from NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +reflector NN O I-Task +region NN O I-Task +above NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +plenum NN O I-Task +) NN O O +. NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +19 NN O O +shows NN O O +the NN O O +combined NN O O +effect NN O O +of NN O O +different NN O O +upper NN O B-Material +plenum NN O I-Material +thicknesses NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +absorber NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +boron NN O I-Material +layers NN O I-Material +. NN O O +It NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +observed NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +sequential NN O O +increase NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +layer NN O I-Process +'s NN O I-Process +thickness NN O I-Process +converge NN O O +to NN O O +an NN O O +asymptotic NN O O +value NN O O +of NN O O +reactivity NN O B-Process +reduction NN O I-Process +slightly NN O O +over NN O O +800pcm NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +pair NN O O +of NN O O +values NN O O +selected NN O O +was NN O O +60 NN O O +cm NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +sodium NN O B-Material +plenum NN O I-Material +and NN O O +30 NN O O +cm NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +boron NN O B-Material +layer NN O I-Material +. NN O O +These NN O O +modifications NN O O +implied NN O O +a NN O O +considerable NN O O +increase NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +sub NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +assembly NN O I-Process +length NN O I-Process +that NN O O +was NN O O +compensated NN O O +by NN O O +reducing NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +upper NN O I-Task +axial NN O I-Task +reflector NN O I-Task +width NN O I-Task +( NN O O +Sun NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2013 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0029549314002970) + +The NN O O +design NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +temperature NN O O +reached NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +sample NN O B-Material +holders NN O I-Material +, NN O O +guarantees NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +Na NN O B-Material +remains NN O O +liquid NN O O +during NN O O +operation NN O O +to NN O O +improve NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +heating NN O I-Task +transfer NN O I-Task +and NN O O +avoiding NN O O +solid NN O B-Process +formation NN O I-Process +( NN O O +too NN O O +cold NN O O +working NN O O +temperature NN O O +) NN O O +or NN O O +sodium NN O B-Process +boiling NN O I-Process +( NN O O +too NN O O +hot NN O O +working NN O O +temperature NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +temperature NN O O +above NN O O +and NN O O +just NN O O +below NN O O +the NN O O +Na NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +will NN O O +be NN O O +monitored NN O B-Process +by NN O I-Process +six NN O I-Process +dedicated NN O I-Process +thermocouples NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +prevent NN O O +oxidation NN O B-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +Na NN O B-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +plenum NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +1st NN O O +containment NN O O +is NN O O +filled NN O O +with NN O O +high NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +purity NN O I-Material +He NN O I-Material +at NN O O +0.1MPa NN O O +, NN O O +sealed NN O O +after NN O O +final NN O O +assembly NN O O +and NN O O +kept NN O O +closed NN O O +during NN O O +in NN O O +- NN O O +pile NN O O +operation NN O O +( NN O O +no NN O O +gas NN O B-Process +circulation NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +1st NN O O +containment NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +heat NN O O +generated NN O O +by NN O O +fission NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +gamma NN O I-Process +absorption NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +materials NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +radially NN O O +dissipated NN O O +through NN O O +the NN O O +Na NN O B-Material +bath NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +structural NN O O +materials NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +gas NN O B-Material +gaps NN O O +by NN O O +conduction NN O O +and NN O O +radiation NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +downstream NN O O +primary NN O O +coolant NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +TRIO NN O B-Material +wet NN O I-Material +channel NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0031920113000708) + +Geomagnetic NN O B-Process +jerks NN O I-Process +are NN O O +conspicuous NN O O +yet NN O O +poorly NN O O +understood NN O O +phenomena NN O O +of NN O O +Earth NN O B-Material +’s NN O I-Material +magnetic NN O I-Material +field NN O I-Material +, NN O O +motivating NN O O +investigations NN O O +of NN O O +their NN O O +morphology NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +theory NN O O +behind NN O O +their NN O O +origins NN O O +. NN O O +Jerks NN O B-Process +are NN O O +most NN O O +commonly NN O O +defined NN O O +by NN O O +their NN O O +observed NN O O +form NN O O +at NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O O +observatory NN O O +as NN O O +‘ NN O O +V’ NN O O +shapes NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O O +component NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +geomagnetic NN O B-Process +secular NN O I-Process +variation NN O I-Process +( NN O O +SV NN O B-Process +) NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +time NN O O +derivative NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +main NN O B-Material +magnetic NN O I-Material +field NN O I-Material +( NN O O +MF NN O B-Material +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +times NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +gradient NN O B-Process +changes NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +separate NN O O +linear NN O O +trends NN O O +of NN O O +several NN O O +years NN O O +, NN O O +have NN O O +associated NN O O +step NN O O +changes NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +second NN O O +time NN O O +derivative NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +MF NN O B-Material +( NN O O +secular NN O B-Process +acceleration NN O I-Process +( NN O O +SA NN O B-Process +) NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +impulses NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +third NN O O +time NN O O +derivative NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +‘ NN O O +V’ NN O O +shape NN O O +SV NN O O +definition NN O O +of NN O O +jerks NN O B-Process +includes NN O O +an NN O O +implicit NN O O +expectation NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +‘ NN O B-Process +large’ NN O I-Process +magnitude NN O I-Process +step NN O I-Process +change NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +gradient NN O O +without NN O O +definition NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +scale NN O O +or NN O O +its NN O O +threshold NN O O +value NN O O +other NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +basic NN O O +need NN O O +for NN O O +it NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +observable NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +data NN O O +above NN O O +the NN O O +highly NN O O +variable NN O O +background NN O O +noise NN O O +. NN O O +Jerks NN O B-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +described NN O O +by NN O O +their NN O O +amplitude NN O O +, NN O O +that NN O O +is NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +difference NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +gradients NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O O +linear NN O O +SV NN O B-Process +segments NN O I-Process +about NN O O +a NN O O +jerk NN O B-Process +, NN O O +A NN O O += NN O O +a2-a1 NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +a2 NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +gradient NN O O +after NN O O +the NN O O +jerk NN O B-Process +and NN O O +a1 NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +gradient NN O O +before NN O O +the NN O O +jerk NN O B-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +measure NN O O +is NN O O +essentially NN O O +the NN O O +best NN O O +fit NN O O +SA NN O B-Process +change NN O I-Process +across NN O O +a NN O O +jerk NN O B-Process +. NN O O +Jerk NN O B-Process +amplitude NN O I-Process +is NN O O +thus NN O O +positive NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +positive NN O O +step NN O O +in NN O O +SA NN O B-Process +and NN O O +negative NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +negative NN O O +step NN O O +. NN O O +Here NN O O +we NN O O +do NN O O +not NN O O +consider NN O O +spatial NN O O +extent NN O O +in NN O O +our NN O O +definition NN O O +and NN O O +refer NN O O +to NN O O +individual NN O O +features NN O O +in NN O O +one NN O O +field NN O O +component NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +given NN O O +observatory NN O O +time NN O O +series NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O O +jerk NN O B-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0031920113001222) + +Seismic NN O B-Process +tomography NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +powerful NN O O +tool NN O O +to NN O O +investigate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +deep NN O I-Task +structure NN O I-Task +under NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +volcanoes NN O I-Task +. NN O O +With NN O O +the NN O O +recently NN O O +rapid NN O O +development NN O O +of NN O O +Chinese NN O O +provincial NN O B-Process +seismic NN O I-Process +networks NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Zheng NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2009 NN O O +, NN O O +2010 NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +some NN O O +portable NN O B-Process +seismic NN O I-Process +arrays NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Hetland NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2004 NN O O +; NN O O +Duan NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2009 NN O O +; NN O O +Lei NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2012b NN O O +) NN O O +around NN O O +the NN O O +volcanoes NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +has NN O O +become NN O O +possible NN O O +to NN O O +image NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +detailed NN O I-Process +3-D NN O I-Process +velocity NN O I-Process +structure NN O I-Process +under NN O O +some NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O O +volcanoes NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +seismic NN O B-Material +stations NN O I-Material +are NN O O +densely NN O O +spaced NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +overview NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +synthesize NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +results NN O I-Task +from NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +deep NN O I-Task +seismic NN O I-Task +images NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +upper NN O I-Task +mantle NN O I-Task +under NN O O +the NN O O +Changbaishan NN O B-Material +, NN O I-Material +Tengchong NN O I-Material +, NN O I-Material +Hainan NN O I-Material +volcanoes NN O I-Material +as NN O I-Material +well NN O I-Material +as NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +Datong NN O I-Material +volcano NN O O +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +also NN O O +evaluate NN O O +the NN O O +advantages NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +recently NN O I-Task +updated NN O I-Task +seismic NN O I-Task +tomographic NN O I-Task +techniques NN O I-Task +for NN O O +deriving NN O O +potential NN O O +information NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +work NN O O +updates NN O O +a NN O O +previous NN O O +review NN O O +of NN O O +Zhao NN O O +and NN O O +Liu NN O O +( NN O O +2010 NN O O +) NN O O +on NN O O +this NN O O +topic NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +more NN O O +detailed NN O O +synthesis NN O O +of NN O O +all NN O O +the NN O O +available NN O O +information NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0032386108010392) + +Microhardness NN O B-Task +can NN O O +be NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +other NN O O +macroscopic NN O O +mechanical NN O O +properties NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +yield NN O O +stress NN O O +, NN O O +σ NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +elastic NN O O +modulus NN O O +, NN O O +E NN O O +, NN O O +both NN O O +derived NN O O +from NN O O +compression NN O B-Process +testing NN O I-Process +. NN O O +For NN O O +work NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +hardened NN O I-Material +metals NN O I-Material +, NN O O +Tabor NN O O +derived NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +direct NN O I-Process +proportionality NN O I-Process +between NN O O +hardness NN O O +and NN O O +compressive NN O O +yield NN O O +stress NN O O +: NN O O +H≈3σ NN O O +[ NN O O +20 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +was NN O O +soon NN O O +realized NN O O +that NN O O +Tabor NN O O +'s NN O O +relationship NN O O +only NN O O +applies NN O O +to NN O O +materials NN O B-Material +that NN O I-Material +exhibit NN O I-Material +full NN O I-Material +plasticity NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +9,10 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Deviations NN O B-Task +from NN O I-Task +this NN O I-Task +relationship NN O I-Task +have NN O O +been NN O O +reported NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +metals NN O O +, NN O O +glasses NN O B-Material +and NN O O +polymers NN O B-Material +where NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +elastic NN O I-Material +strains NN O I-Material +are NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +negligible NN O O +[ NN O O +9 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Hence NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O B-Task +different NN O I-Task +expressions NN O I-Task +describing NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +correlation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +hardness NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +conventional NN O I-Task +macroscopic NN O I-Task +mechanical NN O I-Task +properties NN O I-Task +rely NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +validity NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +above NN O O +- NN O O +mentioned NN O O +elasto NN O O +- NN O O +plastic NN O O +models NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +way NN O O +, NN O O +hardness NN O O +and NN O O +yield NN O O +stress NN O O +no NN O O +longer NN O O +hold NN O B-Process +direct NN O I-Process +proportionality NN O I-Process +but NN O I-Process +their NN O I-Process +relationship NN O I-Process +depends NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +specific NN O B-Task +material NN O I-Task +properties NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +such NN O O +as NN O O +Poisson NN O O +'s NN O O +ratio NN O O +and NN O O +elastic NN O O +modulus NN O O +[ NN O O +9,11–13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +these NN O O +elasto NN O O +- NN O O +plastic NN O O +models NN O O +not NN O O +only NN O O +satisfactorily NN O O +explain NN O O +an NN O O +H/σ NN O O +ratio NN O O +of NN O O +≈2 NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +polyethylene NN O B-Material +materials NN O I-Material +of NN O O +different NN O O +nature NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +also NN O O +theoretically NN O O +account NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +H NN O O +/ NN O O +E NN O O +ratios NN O O +experimentally NN O O +determined NN O O +[ NN O O +21 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S003238610801080X) + +Up NN O O +to NN O O +now NN O O +, NN O O +morphological NN O B-Task +studies NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +multi NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +component NN O I-Material +polymeric NN O I-Material +materials NN O I-Material +have NN O O +been NN O O +carried NN O O +out NN O O +by NN O O +various NN O O +microscopic NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +scattering NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Optical NN O B-Material +microscopes NN O I-Material +, NN O O +transmission NN O B-Material +electron NN O I-Material +microscopes NN O I-Material +( NN O O +TEMs NN O B-Material +) NN O O +, NN O O +scanning NN O B-Material +electron NN O I-Material +microscopes NN O I-Material +( NN O O +SEMs NN O B-Material +) NN O O +and NN O O +atomic NN O B-Material +force NN O I-Material +microscopes NN O I-Material +( NN O O +AFMs NN O B-Material +) NN O O +are NN O O +commercially NN O O +available NN O O +and NN O O +widely NN O O +used NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +biggest NN O O +advantage NN O O +of NN O O +microscopy NN O B-Task +is NN O O +that NN O O +they NN O O +provide NN O O +intuitive NN O O +real NN O O +- NN O O +space NN O O +representations NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +various NN O O +morphologies NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +when NN O O +it NN O O +comes NN O O +to NN O O +“ NN O O +measurements NN O O +” NN O O +, NN O O +especially NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +quantitative NN O O +way NN O O +, NN O O +microscopy NN O B-Task +sometimes NN O O +lacks NN O O +a NN O O +statistical NN O O +accuracy NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +small NN O O +field NN O O +of NN O O +view NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +contrast NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +scattering NN O B-Process +methods NN O I-Process +provide NN O O +much NN O O +a NN O O +superior NN O O +statistical NN O O +accuracy NN O O +than NN O O +that NN O O +of NN O O +microscopy NN O B-Task +simply NN O O +because NN O O +the NN O O +observation NN O O +volume NN O O +is NN O O +larger NN O O +than NN O O +that NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +microscopes NN O B-Material +. NN O O +One NN O O +must NN O O +remember NN O O +, NN O O +however NN O O +, NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +scattering NN O B-Process +methods NN O I-Process +normally NN O O +require NN O O +“ NN O B-Process +( NN O I-Process +hypothesized NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +” NN O I-Process +for NN O O +data NN O B-Task +analysis NN O I-Task +in NN O O +advance NN O O +: NN O O +They NN O O +do NN O O +not NN O O +provide NN O O +an NN O O +intuitive NN O O +insight NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +morphologies NN O O +as NN O O +does NN O O +microscopy NN O B-Task +. NN O O +After NN O O +all NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +complete NN O O +characterization NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +specific NN O O +morphology NN O O +, NN O O +one NN O O +may NN O O +need NN O O +to NN O O +first NN O O +know NN O O +the NN O O +morphologies NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +microscopy NN O B-Task +and NN O O +subsequently NN O O +to NN O O +evaluate NN O O +the NN O O +structural NN O O +parameters NN O O +by NN O O +scattering NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +basis NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +morphology NN O O +; NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O O +methods NN O O +are NN O O +complementary NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S003238610900086X) + +We NN O O +deal NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +intensity NN O O +scattered NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +random NN O O +mixture NN O O +of NN O O +deuterated NN O B-Process +/ NN O O +hydrogenated NN O B-Process +PE NN O B-Material +chains NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +algorithm NN O O +used NN O O +by NN O O +us NN O O +to NN O O +evaluate NN O O +the NN O O +Kratky NN O B-Material +plots NN O I-Material +by NN O O +sets NN O O +of NN O O +parallel NN O B-Material +polymer NN O I-Material +stems NN O I-Material +is NN O O +very NN O O +simplified NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +checked NN O O +it NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +adequate NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +reciprocal NN O O +coordinate NN O O +range NN O O +under NN O O +investigation NN O O +[ NN O O +0 NN O O +direction NN O O +are NN O O +found NN O O +, NN O O +indicative NN O O +of NN O O +oxide NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +ion NN O I-Process +diffusion NN O I-Process +pathway NN O O +along NN O O +that NN O O +direction NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +literature NN O O +, NN O O +curved NN O O +pathways NN O O +along NN O O +the NN O O +< NN O O +100 NN O O +> NN O O +direction NN O O +passing NN O O +through NN O O +the NN O O +48i NN O O +site NN O O +are NN O O +generally NN O O +observed NN O O +in NN O O +fluorite NN O B-Material +materials NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +20 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +prevalence NN O O +of NN O O +curve NN O O +pathway NN O O +as NN O O +opposed NN O O +from NN O O +straight NN O O +pathway NN O O +is NN O O +explained NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +repulsion NN O O +between NN O O +cation NN O B-Material +and NN O O +anions NN O B-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +curved NN O O +pathway NN O O +allowing NN O O +the NN O O +cation NN O B-Material +– NN O O +anion NN O B-Material +to NN O O +maintain NN O O +a NN O O +reasonable NN O O +distance NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +straight NN O O +pathway NN O O +is NN O O +observed NN O O +for NN O O +Y0.785Ta0.215O1.715 NN O O +[ NN O O +23 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O B-Material +material NN O I-Material +. NN O O +This NN O O +suggests NN O O +that NN O O +Ta NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +Re NN O I-Material +cations NN O I-Material +might NN O O +play NN O O +a NN O O +similar NN O O +role NN O O +in NN O O +these NN O O +systems NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0167273813006735) + +While NN O O +impedance NN O B-Process +spectroscopy NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +quite NN O O +common NN O O +method NN O O +to NN O O +investigate NN O O +mixed NN O B-Material +conducting NN O I-Material +thin NN O I-Material +film NN O I-Material +electrodes NN O I-Material +, NN O O +[ NN O O +6,10–12 NN O O +] NN O O +oxygen NN O B-Process +tracer NN O I-Process +experiments NN O I-Process +are NN O O +often NN O O +performed NN O O +on NN O O +bulk NN O B-Material +samples NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +13–16 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Recently NN O O +, NN O O +several NN O O +IEDP NN O B-Process +measurements NN O I-Process +of NN O O +mixed NN O B-Material +conducting NN O I-Material +cathode NN O I-Material +materials NN O I-Material +were NN O O +published NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +films NN O I-Material +being NN O O +deposited NN O O +on NN O O +insulating NN O B-Material +substrates NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +17–19 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +best NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +authors NN O O +' NN O O +knowledge NN O O +no NN O O +study NN O O +so NN O O +far NN O O +reported NN O O +experiments NN O O +with NN O O +both NN O O +techniques NN O O +being NN O O +applied NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +films NN O B-Material +at NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +temperature NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +contribution NN O O +reports NN O O +the NN O O +results NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +study NN O O +applying NN O B-Task +EIS NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +IEDP NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +one NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +same NN O I-Task +La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−δ NN O I-Task +( NN O I-Task +LSC NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +thin NN O I-Task +film NN O I-Task +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +get NN O O +complementary NN O O +results NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +resistive NN O B-Task +contributions NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +oxygen NN O I-Task +reduction NN O I-Task +kinetics NN O I-Task +on NN O O +such NN O O +films NN O B-Material +. NN O O +As NN O O +electrical NN O B-Process +measurements NN O I-Process +require NN O O +an NN O O +oxygen NN O B-Material +ion NN O I-Material +conductor NN O I-Material +, NN O O +yttria NN O B-Material +stabilized NN O I-Material +zirconia NN O I-Material +( NN O O +YSZ NN O B-Material +) NN O O +was NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +substrate NN O O +for NN O O +LSC NN O B-Material +films NN O I-Material +with NN O O +two NN O O +different NN O O +grain NN O B-Material +sizes NN O O +. NN O O +Quantitative NN O B-Task +material NN O I-Task +parameters NN O I-Task +are NN O O +deduced NN O O +from NN O O +both NN O O +types NN O O +of NN O O +experiments NN O O +and NN O O +comparison NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +data NN O I-Process +allowed NN O O +testing NN O O +the NN O O +appropriateness NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +analysis NN O I-Task +models NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0167273814004408) + +Thin NN O B-Material +MIEC NN O I-Material +layers NN O I-Material +of NN O O +GDC NN O B-Material +and NN O O +STFO NN O B-Material +on NN O O +single NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +crystalline NN O I-Material +YSZ NN O I-Material +substrates NN O I-Material +were NN O O +exposed NN O B-Process +to NN O I-Process +H2/H218O NN O I-Process +atmosphere NN O I-Process +for NN O O +thermally NN O O +and NN O O +electrochemically NN O O +driven NN O O +tracer NN O B-Task +exchange NN O I-Task +experiments NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Rectangular NN O B-Material +noble NN O I-Material +metal NN O I-Material +thin NN O I-Material +film NN O I-Material +current NN O I-Material +collectors NN O I-Material +were NN O O +deposited NN O B-Process +on NN O I-Process +top NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +beneath NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +MIEC NN O I-Process +layer NN O I-Process +and NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +polarization NN O B-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +lateral NN O B-Process +distribution NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +tracer NN O I-Process +revealed NN O O +several NN O O +interesting NN O O +features NN O O +: NN O O +( NN O O +i NN O O +) NN O O +In NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +thermal NN O B-Process +tracer NN O I-Process +exchange NN O I-Process +, NN O O +an NN O O +enhanced NN O O +tracer NN O B-Process +fraction NN O I-Process +is NN O O +found NN O O +on NN O O +top NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +metallic NN O B-Material +current NN O I-Material +collector NN O I-Material +due NN O O +to NN O O +its NN O O +ionically NN O O +blocking NN O O +nature NN O O +. NN O O +At NN O O +the NN O O +edges NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +current NN O O +collector NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +concentration NN O O +of NN O O +18O NN O B-Material +decreases NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +finite NN O O +step NN O O +width NN O O +that NN O O +is NN O O +correlated NN O O +with NN O O +in NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +plane NN O I-Process +diffusion NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +oxygen NN O I-Process +ions NN O I-Process +. NN O O +( NN O O +ii NN O O +) NN O O +Due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +low NN O B-Process +electronic NN O I-Process +conductivity NN O I-Process +of NN O O +STFO NN O B-Material +and NN O O +GDC NN O B-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +MIEC NN O O +area NN O O +that NN O O +is NN O O +influenced NN O O +by NN O O +an NN O O +applied NN O B-Process +bias NN O I-Process +is NN O O +restricted NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +region NN O O +close NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +current NN O B-Material +collector NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +width NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +this NN O I-Task +active NN O I-Task +region NN O I-Task +depends NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +bias NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +amounts NN O O +to NN O O +only NN O O +10–15μm NN O O +for NN O O +STFO NN O B-Material +but NN O O +more NN O O +than NN O O +100μm NN O O +for NN O O +GDC NN O B-Material +at NN O O +a NN O O +cathodic NN O O +bias NN O O +of NN O O +−500mV. NN O O +( NN O O +iii NN O O +) NN O O +Not NN O O +only NN O O +enhanced NN O B-Process +tracer NN O I-Process +incorporation NN O I-Process +due NN O O +to NN O O +cathodic NN O O +bias NN O O +but NN O O +also NN O O +reduced NN O B-Process +incorporation NN O I-Process +due NN O O +to NN O O +anodic NN O O +bias NN O O +could NN O O +be NN O O +experimentally NN O O +resolved NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +active NN O O +region NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0167273814004548) + +Two NN O O +different NN O O +micro NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +contact NN O I-Material +set NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +ups NN O I-Material +were NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +experiments NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +asymmetrically NN O B-Material +heated NN O I-Material +measurement NN O I-Material +set NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +up NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +2a NN O O +) NN O O +allows NN O O +to NN O O +change NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +contacted NN O I-Process +electrode NN O I-Process +within NN O O +seconds NN O O +and NN O O +thereby NN O O +to NN O O +gain NN O B-Task +statistical NN O I-Task +information NN O I-Task +over NN O O +a NN O O +large NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +different NN O O +microelectrodes NN O B-Material +on NN O O +one NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +sample NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +relatively NN O O +short NN O O +time NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +also NN O O +enables NN O O +monitoring NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +optical NN O I-Task +changes NN O I-Task +during NN O O +the NN O O +measurement NN O O +in NN O O +real NN O O +time NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +asymmetrical NN O B-Process +heating NN O I-Process +from NN O O +the NN O O +bottom NN O O +side NN O O +and NN O O +local NN O B-Process +cooling NN O I-Process +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +by NN O O +convection NN O B-Process +, NN O O +radiation NN O B-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +contacting NN O B-Material +tip NN O I-Material +acting NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +heat NN O B-Material +sink NN O I-Material +) NN O O +is NN O O +known NN O O +to NN O O +cause NN O O +temperature NN O B-Process +gradients NN O I-Process +within NN O O +the NN O O +sample NN O O +[ NN O O +11 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Such NN O O +temperature NN O B-Process +gradients NN O I-Process +are NN O O +responsible NN O O +for NN O O +thermo NN O O +- NN O O +voltages NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +can NN O O +lead NN O O +to NN O O +measurement NN O O +artifacts NN O O +in NN O O +electrochemical NN O B-Process +experiments NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +24 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +set NN O O +- NN O O +up NN O O +temperature NN O B-Process +cycles NN O I-Process +can NN O O +hardly NN O O +be NN O O +performed NN O O +on NN O O +single NN O O +microelectrodes NN O B-Material +but NN O O +require NN O O +subsequent NN O O +contacting NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +de NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +contacting NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +different NN O I-Process +microelectrodes NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0167273815004130) + +Room NN O O +temperature NN O O +powder NN O B-Process +X NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +ray NN O I-Process +diffraction NN O I-Process +( NN O O +XRD NN O B-Process +) NN O O +was NN O O +performed NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +PANalytical NN O B-Process +Empyrean NN O I-Process +diffractometer NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +obtained NN O O +XRD NN O B-Material +patterns NN O I-Material +were NN O O +analysed NN O O +with NN O O +STOE NN O B-Process +Win NN O I-Process +XPOW NN O I-Process +software NN O I-Process +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +determine NN O O +phase NN O B-Task +purity NN O I-Task +, NN O O +the NN O O +crystal NN O B-Task +structure NN O I-Task +and NN O O +the NN O O +cell NN O B-Task +parameters NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +samples NN O O +. NN O O +Thermogravimetric NN O B-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +( NN O O +TGA NN O B-Process +) NN O O +was NN O O +performed NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +Netzsch NN O B-Process +STA NN O I-Process +449C NN O I-Process +instrument NN O I-Process +equipped NN O O +with NN O O +Proteus NN O B-Process +thermal NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +software NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +TGA NN O O +studies NN O O +were NN O O +carried NN O O +out NN O O +under NN O O +reducing NN O B-Process +conditions NN O I-Process +( NN O O +5 NN O B-Material +% NN O I-Material +H2/Ar NN O I-Material +) NN O O +from NN O O +room NN O O +temperature NN O O +to NN O O +900 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +determine NN O O +the NN O O +weight NN O B-Task +change NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +perovskite NN O B-Material +during NN O O +the NN O O +reduction NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +microstructure NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +samples NN O O +' NN O O +surface NN O O +was NN O O +analysed NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +JEOL NN O O +JSM-6700 NN O O +field NN O B-Process +emission NN O I-Process +74 NN O I-Process +scanning NN O I-Process +electron NN O I-Process +microscope NN O I-Process +( NN O O +FEG NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +SEM NN O I-Process +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +total NN O B-Task +conductivity NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +samples NN O O +was NN O O +measured NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +conventional NN O O +four NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +terminal NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Bar NN O O +samples NN O O +were NN O O +prepared NN O O +by NN O O +calcination NN O B-Task +at NN O O +1300 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +for NN O O +1h NN O O +. NN O O +Gold NN O B-Material +wire NN O I-Material +contacts NN O I-Material +were NN O O +attached NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +bars NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +then NN O O +were NN O O +cured NN O O +at NN O O +850 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +for NN O O +1h NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +conductivity NN O B-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +samples NN O O +was NN O O +measured NN O O +under NN O O +a NN O O +redox NN O B-Task +cycle NN O I-Task +at NN O O +900 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +. NN O O +Low NN O B-Process +oxygen NN O I-Process +partial NN O I-Process +pressure NN O I-Process +was NN O O +achieved NN O O +by NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +continuous NN O O +flow NN O B-Process +of NN O O +5 NN O O +% NN O O +H2/Ar NN O B-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0167931711005120) + +A NN O B-Task +nanocomposite NN O I-Task +system NN O I-Task +consisting NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O B-Material +semiconducting NN O I-Material +matrix NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +embedded NN O I-Material +ferromagnetic NN O I-Material +nanostructures NN O I-Material +has NN O O +been NN O O +fabricated NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O B-Task +ferromagnetic NN O I-Task +characteristics NN O I-Task +as NN O O +coercivity NN O B-Task +, NN O I-Task +remanence NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +magnetic NN O I-Task +anisotropy NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +nanocomposite NN O I-Task +can NN O O +be NN O O +adjusted NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O B-Material +electrochemical NN O I-Material +parameters NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Furthermore NN O O +the NN O O +spatial NN O O +distribution NN O B-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +metal NN O O +structures NN O O +within NN O O +the NN O O +pores NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +varied NN O O +which NN O O +means NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +magnetic NN O O +interactions NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +particles NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +influenced NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +densely NN O B-Task +packed NN O I-Task +particles NN O I-Task +within NN O O +the NN O O +pores NN O O +dipolar NN O O +coupling NN O O +between NN O O +them NN O O +occurs NN O O +and NN O O +results NN O O +in NN O O +quasi NN O O +magnetic NN O O +chains NN O O +which NN O O +offer NN O O +a NN O B-Material +much NN O I-Material +larger NN O I-Material +magnetic NN O I-Material +anisotropy NN O I-Material +than NN O O +non NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +interacting NN O I-Material +particles NN O I-Material +. NN O O +By NN O O +modifying NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +current NN O I-Process +density NN O I-Process +small NN O B-Material +Ni NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +particles NN O I-Material +( NN O I-Material +3–6 NN O I-Material +nm NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +deposited NN O O +. NN O O +If NN O O +the NN O O +packing NN O O +density NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O B-Material +particles NN O I-Material +is NN O O +sufficiently NN O O +close NN O O +, NN O O +Ni NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +tubes NN O I-Material +of NN O O +a NN O O +few NN O O +nanometer NN O O +in NN O O +thickness NN O O +are NN O O +covering NN O O +the NN O O +pore NN O O +walls NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O B-Task +presented NN O I-Task +nanocomposite NN O I-Task +is NN O O +an NN O O +interesting NN O O +system NN O O +for NN O O +magnetic NN O O +applications NN O O +as NN O O +magnetic NN O O +sensor NN O O +technology NN O O +. NN O O +Silicon NN O B-Material +as NN O O +substrate NN O O +renders NN O O +this NN O O +composite NN O O +a NN O B-Task +good NN O I-Task +candidate NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +integration NN O I-Task +in NN O O +existing NN O O +process NN O O +technology NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0167931712002699) + +As NN O O +the NN O O +progression NN O O +towards NN O O +smaller NN O B-Task +lithographic NN O I-Task +nodes NN O I-Task +continues NN O O +it NN O O +has NN O O +become NN O O +necessary NN O O +to NN O O +adopt NN O O +thinner NN O B-Material +resist NN O I-Material +films NN O I-Material +to NN O O +mitigate NN O O +problems NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +pattern NN O B-Process +collapse NN O I-Process +. NN O O +To NN O O +address NN O O +the NN O O +issue NN O O +of NN O O +reduced NN O B-Process +etch NN O I-Process +resistance NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +thin NN O I-Process +photoresist NN O I-Process +films NN O I-Process +the NN O O +semiconductor NN O O +industry NN O O +has NN O O +begun NN O O +to NN O O +develop NN O O +multilayer NN O B-Process +processes NN O I-Process +where NN O O +the NN O O +pattern NN O O +is NN O O +first NN O O +transferred NN O O +into NN O O +an NN O O +intermediate NN O B-Material +organic NN O I-Material +hardmask NN O I-Material +with NN O O +higher NN O O +etch NN O O +selectivity NN O O +before NN O O +final NN O O +silicon NN O B-Process +pattern NN O I-Process +transfer NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +25–27 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +we NN O O +demonstrate NN O O +how NN O O +the NN O O +introduction NN O O +of NN O O +such NN O O +a NN O O +multilayer NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +can NN O O +also NN O O +benefit NN O O +nanosphere NN O B-Task +lithography NN O I-Task +by NN O O +increasing NN O O +achievable NN O O +aspect NN O O +ratios NN O O +of NN O O +silicon NN O B-Material +nanopillars NN O I-Material +without NN O O +the NN O O +need NN O O +for NN O O +complex NN O B-Process +etch NN O I-Process +processes NN O I-Process +requiring NN O O +specialised NN O O +and NN O O +expensive NN O O +equipment NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +instead NN O O +needing NN O O +only NN O O +a NN O O +standard NN O O +SF6/C4F8 NN O O +inductively NN O O +coupled NN O B-Material +plasma NN O I-Material +( NN O O +ICP NN O B-Material +) NN O O +mixed NN O O +mode NN O O +etch NN O O +process NN O O +at NN O O +room NN O O +temperature NN O O +[ NN O O +28 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +intermediate NN O B-Material +layer NN O I-Material +material NN O I-Material +we NN O O +used NN O O +polyimide NN O B-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +finds NN O O +widespread NN O O +use NN O O +as NN O O +encapsulation NN O B-Material +material NN O I-Material +for NN O O +IC NN O B-Task +production NN O I-Task +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +readily NN O O +patterned NN O O +in NN O O +oxygen NN O B-Material +plasma NN O I-Material +and NN O O +has NN O O +a NN O O +lower NN O O +etch NN O O +rate NN O O +than NN O O +silicon NN O B-Material +in NN O O +SF6 NN O B-Material +gas NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Its NN O O +flexibility NN O O +can NN O O +also NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +fabrication NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +soft NN O I-Task +polymer NN O I-Task +pillars NN O I-Task +by NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +process NN O O +as NN O O +we NN O O +will NN O O +show NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +multilayer NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +slightly NN O O +increases NN O O +the NN O O +complexity NN O O +of NN O O +sample NN O B-Process +preparation NN O I-Process +but NN O O +allows NN O O +basic NN O O +ICP NN O B-Process +etching NN O I-Process +to NN O O +achieve NN O O +high NN O O +aspect NN O O +ratio NN O O +structures NN O O +at NN O O +smaller NN O O +feature NN O O +sizes NN O O +that NN O O +previously NN O O +reported NN O O +without NN O O +the NN O O +need NN O O +for NN O O +complex NN O O +etching NN O B-Material +equipment NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0167931712002936) + +A NN O O +3D NN O B-Process +finite NN O I-Process +element NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +FEM NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +COMSOL NN O I-Process +capacitance NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +is NN O O +combined NN O O +with NN O O +Monte NN O B-Process +Carlo NN O I-Process +single NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +electron NN O I-Process +circuit NN O I-Process +simulations NN O I-Process +to NN O O +model NN O B-Task +device NN O I-Task +operations NN O I-Task +during NN O I-Task +single NN O I-Task +electron NN O I-Task +detection NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +3D NN O B-Material +structural NN O I-Material +data NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1b NN O O +) NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +nanoscale NN O B-Material +DQD NN O I-Material +pair NN O I-Material +and NN O O +multiple NN O B-Material +gate NN O I-Material +electrodes NN O I-Material +are NN O O +precisely NN O O +input NN O O +into NN O O +COMSOL NN O B-Material +’s NN O I-Material +FEM NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +based NN O I-Material +electrostatics NN O I-Material +simulator NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Capacitances NN O O +between NN O O +different NN O O +device NN O B-Material +components NN O I-Material +are NN O O +then NN O O +extracted NN O O +and NN O O +fed NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +well NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +tested NN O I-Material +single NN O I-Material +electron NN O I-Material +circuit NN O I-Material +simulator NN O I-Material +SETSPICE NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +11 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +orthodox NN O B-Task +theory NN O I-Task +of NN O O +single NN O B-Process +electron NN O I-Process +tunnelling NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +our NN O O +target NN O B-Material +d1 NN O I-Material +of NN O O +60 NN O O +nm NN O O +, NN O O +simulation NN O B-Process +results NN O O +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1c NN O O +) NN O O +showed NN O O +that NN O O +as NN O O +we NN O O +sweep NN O O +the NN O O +voltage NN O O +applied NN O O +on NN O O +gate NN O B-Material +G1 NN O I-Material +, NN O O +VG1 NN O B-Material +, NN O O +single NN O B-Process +electron NN O I-Process +tunnelling NN O I-Process +into NN O O +the NN O O +turnstile NN O B-Material +’s NN O I-Material +two NN O I-Material +QDs NN O I-Material +should NN O O +generate NN O O +shifts NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +electrometer NN O I-Process +current NN O I-Process +, NN O O +IDS NN O B-Material +, NN O O +of NN O O +tens NN O O +of NN O O +pA. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +well NN O O +within NN O O +the NN O O +charge NN O O +sensitivity NN O O +of NN O O +DQD NN O B-Material +electrometer NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +consistent NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +order NN O O +of NN O O +magnitude NN O O +with NN O O +previous NN O O +work NN O O +in NN O O +single NN O B-Task +electron NN O I-Task +detection NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +gate NN O B-Material +to NN O O +QD NN O B-Process +capacitive NN O I-Process +coupling NN O I-Process +appear NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +sufficient NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +control NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +QD NN O I-Process +occupations NN O I-Process +down NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +single NN O O +electron NN O O +limit NN O O +, NN O O +allowing NN O O +for NN O O +future NN O O +manipulation NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +single NN O I-Task +electron NN O I-Task +spins NN O I-Task +in NN O O +qubit NN O B-Task +research NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0167931712003012) + +We NN O O +evaluated NN O B-Task +three NN O I-Task +spin NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +carbon NN O I-Task +hardmasks NN O I-Task +from NN O I-Task +Irresistible NN O I-Task +Materials NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +spin NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +on NN O I-Material +carbon NN O I-Material +compositions NN O I-Material +were NN O O +dissolved NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +suitable NN O O +solvent NN O B-Material +such NN O O +as NN O O +chloroform NN O B-Material +or NN O O +anisole NN O B-Material +with NN O O +a NN O O +concentration NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +range NN O O +5–50g NN O O +/ NN O O +l NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +report NN O O +, NN O O +film NN O B-Process +thickness NN O I-Process +measurements NN O I-Process +were NN O O +made NN O O +for NN O O +IM NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +HM11 NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +01 NN O I-Material +and NN O O +IM NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +HM11 NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +02 NN O I-Material +films NN O I-Material +, NN O O +whilst NN O O +IM NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +HM11 NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +03 NN O I-Material +was NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +etching NN O B-Process +; NN O O +further NN O O +investigations NN O O +to NN O O +compare NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +performance NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +different NN O I-Task +compositions NN O I-Task +across NN O I-Task +tasks NN O I-Task +are NN O O +underway NN O O +. NN O O +Films NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +SoC NN O I-Material +were NN O O +prepared NN O O +by NN O O +spin NN O B-Process +coating NN O I-Process +on NN O O +hydrogen NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +terminated NN O I-Material +silicon NN O I-Material +substrates NN O I-Material +with NN O O +a NN O O +speed NN O O +varying NN O O +between NN O O +800 NN O O +and NN O O +2000 NN O O +RPM NN O O +for NN O O +60s NN O O +. NN O O +After NN O O +spin NN O O +coating NN O O +the NN O O +film NN O B-Material +was NN O O +baked NN O B-Process +for NN O I-Process +2min NN O I-Process +at NN O I-Process +temperatures NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +up NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +330 NN O I-Process +° NN O I-Process +C NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +enable NN O O +further NN O O +processing NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +SoC NN O B-Material +should NN O O +be NN O O +rendered NN O O +insoluble NN O O +in NN O O +typical NN O O +solvents NN O O +for NN O O +resist NN O O +and NN O O +spin NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +on NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +hardmask NN O I-Material +to NN O O +enable NN O O +further NN O O +processing NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +elution NN O B-Task +behavior NN O I-Task +of NN O O +films NN O O +of NN O O +IM NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +HM11 NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +01 NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +IM NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +HM11 NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +02 NN O I-Material +for NN O O +thicknesses NN O O +between NN O O +30 NN O O +and NN O O +325 NN O O +nm NN O O +was NN O O +tested NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +function NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +baking NN O O +temperature NN O O +. NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1 NN O O +shows NN O O +the NN O O +normalized NN O O +film NN O O +thickness NN O O +of NN O O +two NN O O +formulations NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +SoC NN O B-Material +( NN O I-Material +IM NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +HM11 NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +01 NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +IM NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +HM11 NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +02 NN O I-Material +) NN O O +, NN O O +before NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +after NN O I-Process +dipping NN O I-Process +in NN O O +monochlorobenzene NN O B-Material +( NN O O +MCB):IPA NN O B-Material +1:1 NN O O +solution NN O O +. NN O O +Prior NN O O +to NN O O +baking NN O B-Process +the NN O O +thickness NN O O +of NN O O +IM NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +HM11 NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +01 NN O I-Material +was NN O O +∼320 NN O O +nm NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +thickness NN O O +of NN O O +IM NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +HM11 NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +02 NN O I-Material +was NN O O +∼250 NN O O +nm NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +temperatures NN O O +above NN O O +190 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +the NN O O +IM NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +HM11 NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +02 NN O I-Material +film NN O I-Material +was NN O O +rendered NN O O +insoluble NN O O +, NN O O +whilst NN O O +a NN O O +temperature NN O O +of NN O O +260 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +was NN O O +required NN O O +to NN O O +achieve NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +for NN O O +IM NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +HM11 NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +01 NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Film NN O B-Material +thickness NN O O +did NN O O +not NN O O +affect NN O O +the NN O O +elution NN O O +results NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0167931712003905) + +In NN O O +summary NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +developed NN O O +a NN O O +technique NN O O +for NN O O +site NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +specific NN O I-Task +nanowire NN O I-Task +size NN O I-Task +reduction NN O I-Task +by NN O O +FIB NN O B-Process +thinning NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Transmission NN O B-Material +electron NN O I-Material +microscope NN O I-Material +images NN O I-Material +of NN O O +a NN O O +thinned NN O B-Material +tungsten NN O I-Material +composite NN O I-Material +nanowire NN O I-Material +with NN O O +width NN O O +reduced NN O O +from NN O O +80 NN O O +to NN O O +20 NN O O +nm NN O O +show NN O O +uniform NN O B-Process +shrinking NN O I-Process +along NN O O +the NN O O +length NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +wire NN O B-Material +and NN O O +high NN O B-Material +resolution NN O I-Material +images NN O I-Material +show NN O O +no NN O O +obvious NN O O +changes NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +morphology NN O O +after NN O O +thinning NN O B-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +critical NN O O +current NN O O +density NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +as NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +deposited NN O I-Material +wire NN O I-Material +and NN O O +one NN O O +thinned NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +width NN O O +of NN O O +50 NN O O +nm NN O O +is NN O O +1.7×105 NN O O +and NN O O +1.4×105A NN O O +/ NN O O +cm2 NN O O +at NN O O +4.26 NN O O +K NN O O +, NN O O +respectively NN O O +, NN O O +suggesting NN O O +insignificant NN O O +modulation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +electrical NN O I-Process +properties NN O I-Process +during NN O O +thinning NN O B-Process +. NN O O +These NN O O +results NN O O +suggest NN O O +that NN O O +FIB NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +milling NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +potential NN O O +approach NN O O +for NN O O +controllable NN O B-Task +size NN O I-Task +reduction NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +high NN O I-Task +resolution NN O I-Task +towards NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +observation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +size- NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +quantum NN O I-Task +effects NN O I-Task +, NN O O +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +for NN O O +construction NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +3D NN O I-Task +superconducting NN O I-Task +nanodevices NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0167931713002438) + +There NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +suggestions NN O O +that NN O O +electrons NN O B-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +trapped NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +bulk NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +at NN O I-Process +surfaces NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +silica NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +15 NN O O +] NN O O +but NN O O +new NN O O +models NN O O +of NN O O +electron NN O B-Material +trapping NN O I-Material +centres NN O I-Material +started NN O O +to NN O O +appear NN O O +only NN O O +recently NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +suggested NN O O +by NN O O +Bersuker NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +who NN O O +used NN O O +molecular NN O B-Process +models NN O I-Process +, NN O O +that NN O O +electrons NN O B-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +trapped NN O B-Process +by NN O O +Si NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +O NN O I-Material +bonds NN O I-Material +in NN O O +a NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +SiO2 NN O I-Material +leading NN O I-Material +to NN O O +their NN O O +weakening NN O B-Process +and NN O O +thus NN O O +facilitating NN O O +Si NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +O NN O I-Process +bond NN O I-Process +dissociation NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +16 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Further NN O O +calculations NN O O +by NN O O +Camellone NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +have NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +electrons NN O B-Material +can NN O O +spontaneously NN O B-Process +trap NN O I-Process +in NN O O +non NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +defective NN O I-Process +continuum NN O I-Process +random NN O I-Process +network NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +of NN O O +a NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +SiO2 NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Recent NN O O +calculations NN O O +have NN O O +also NN O O +demonstrated NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O O +dominant NN O O +neutral NN O B-Process +paramagnetic NN O I-Process +defects NN O I-Process +at NN O O +surfaces NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +a NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +SiO2 NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +non NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +bridging NN O I-Material +oxygen NN O I-Material +centre NN O I-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +silicon NN O B-Material +dangling NN O I-Material +bond NN O I-Material +, NN O O +are NN O O +deep NN O B-Material +electron NN O I-Material +traps NN O I-Material +and NN O O +can NN O O +form NN O O +the NN O O +corresponding NN O O +negatively NN O B-Material +charged NN O I-Material +defects NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +18 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +these NN O O +theoretical NN O O +predictions NN O O +have NN O O +not NN O O +yet NN O O +been NN O O +confirmed NN O O +experimentally NN O O +, NN O O +emphasising NN O O +the NN O O +challenges NN O O +for NN O O +identifying NN O B-Task +defect NN O I-Task +centres NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S016793171300244X) + +Ever NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +identification NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +paramagnetic NN O I-Process +E′ NN O I-Process +centre NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +SiO2 NN O I-Process +as NN O O +an NN O O +unpaired NN O B-Material +electron NN O I-Material +localised NN O O +in NN O O +an NN O O +sp3 NN O B-Material +hybrid NN O I-Material +orbital NN O I-Material +of NN O O +an NN O O +Si NN O B-Material +atom NN O I-Material +backbonded NN O O +to NN O O +three NN O O +oxygen NN O B-Material +atoms NN O I-Material +, NN O O +a NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +attempts NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +made NN O O +at NN O O +explaining NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +optical NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +electronic NN O I-Task +properties NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +SiO2 NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +presence NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +E′ NN O I-Task +centres NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +irradiation NN O B-Process +or NN O O +hole NN O B-Process +injection NN O I-Process +induces NN O O +trapping NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +positive NN O I-Process +charge NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +thin NN O I-Process +layers NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +SiO2 NN O I-Process +grown NN O I-Process +on NN O I-Process +silicon NN O I-Process +surfaces NN O I-Process +by NN O O +thermal NN O B-Process +oxidation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +effect NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +correlated NN O O +with NN O O +paramagnetic NN O B-Material +E′ NN O I-Material +centre NN O I-Material +signals NN O I-Material +and NN O O +led NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +initial NN O O +assignment NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +neutral NN O B-Material +oxygen NN O I-Material +vacancy NN O I-Material +as NN O O +the NN O O +major NN O B-Material +hole NN O I-Material +trap NN O I-Material +in NN O O +a NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +SiO2 NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +1–3 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +model NN O O +, NN O O +originally NN O O +proposed NN O O +for NN O O +E′ NN O B-Material +centres NN O I-Material +in NN O I-Material +α-quartz NN O I-Material +, NN O O +upon NN O O +trapping NN O O +a NN O O +hole NN O O +, NN O O +one NN O O +Si NN O B-Material +atom NN O I-Material +from NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O O +Si NN O B-Material +atoms NN O I-Material +constituting NN O O +the NN O O +vacancy NN O O +remains NN O O +neutral NN O O +and NN O O +hosts NN O O +the NN O O +localised NN O B-Material +unpaired NN O I-Material +electron NN O I-Material +while NN O O +its NN O O +counterpart NN O O +becomes NN O O +positively NN O O +charged NN O O +. NN O O +Although NN O O +this NN O O +model NN O O +has NN O O +initially NN O O +been NN O O +accepted NN O O +widely NN O O +for NN O O +its NN O O +simplicity NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +fails NN O O +to NN O O +account NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +observations NN O O +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +positive NN O B-Process +charge NN O I-Process +trapping NN O I-Process +without NN O O +generation NN O O +of NN O O +E′ NN O B-Material +centres NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +4 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +formation NN O O +of NN O O +high NN O B-Material +density NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +E′ NN O I-Material +centres NN O I-Material +without NN O O +the NN O O +corresponding NN O O +density NN O O +of NN O O +positive NN O B-Process +charge NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +5 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +absence NN O O +of NN O O +correlation NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +decrease NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +E′ NN O B-Material +centre NN O I-Material +density NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +density NN O O +of NN O O +positive NN O O +charge NN O O +upon NN O O +post NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +irradiation NN O I-Process +electron NN O I-Process +injection NN O I-Process +in NN O O +SiO2 NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0167931713002487) + +Ge NN O B-Material +( NN O I-Material +100 NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +wafers NN O I-Material +( NN O O +n- NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +p NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +type NN O I-Material +) NN O O +were NN O O +cleaned NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +ultra NN O I-Process +high NN O I-Process +vacuum NN O I-Process +( NN O O +< NN O O +10−6 NN O O +mbar NN O O +) NN O O +at NN O O +500 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +and NN O O +600 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +for NN O O +10min NN O O +to NN O O +evaporate NN O B-Process +any NN O I-Process +native NN O I-Process +oxide NN O I-Process +and NN O O +so NN O O +achieve NN O O +an NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +free NN O I-Material +surface NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Subsequently NN O O +, NN O O +wafers NN O B-Material +were NN O O +exposed NN O O +to NN O O +an NN O O +Al NN O B-Process +flux NN O I-Process +for NN O O +a NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +times NN O O +to NN O O +deposit NN O O +ultrathin NN O B-Material +Al NN O I-Material +layers NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +samples NN O B-Material +were NN O O +then NN O O +oxidized NN O B-Process +at NN O O +ambient NN O O +temperatures NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +MBE NN O B-Material +load NN O I-Material +lock NN O I-Material +to NN O O +produce NN O B-Task +Al2O3 NN O I-Task +layers NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +samples NN O B-Material +were NN O O +transferred NN O O +within NN O O +1min NN O O +to NN O O +an NN O O +Oxford NN O B-Material +Instruments NN O I-Material +OpAL NN O I-Material +reactor NN O I-Material +and NN O O +thin NN O B-Material +films NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +HfO2 NN O I-Material +were NN O O +deposited NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +Al2O3 NN O B-Material +using NN O O +atomic NN O B-Process +layer NN O I-Process +deposition NN O I-Process +( NN O O +ALD NN O B-Process +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +HfO2 NN O B-Process +depositions NN O I-Process +used NN O O +a NN O O +[ NN O B-Material +( NN O I-Material +CpMe)2HfOMeMe NN O I-Material +] NN O I-Material +precursor NN O I-Material +coupled NN O O +with NN O O +an NN O O +O2 NN O B-Material +plasma NN O I-Material +as NN O O +the NN O O +oxidizing NN O B-Material +species NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Between NN O O +30 NN O O +and NN O O +130 NN O O +ALD NN O O +cycles NN O O +were NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +grow NN O B-Process +HfO2 NN O I-Process +thicknesses NN O I-Process +from NN O O +1.6 NN O O +to NN O O +7 NN O O +nm NN O O +at NN O O +250 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +electrical NN O B-Task +measurements NN O I-Task +, NN O O +circular NN O B-Material +gold NN O I-Material +contacts NN O I-Material +of NN O O +area NN O O +1.96×10−3cm2 NN O O +were NN O O +deposited NN O O +onto NN O O +the NN O O +films NN O B-Material +to NN O O +form NN O O +MOS NN O B-Material +gate NN O I-Material +electrodes NN O I-Material +and NN O O +Al NN O B-Material +was NN O O +deposited NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +back NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Ge NN O B-Material +wafers NN O I-Material +to NN O O +provide NN O O +an NN O O +ohmic NN O B-Material +contact NN O I-Material +. NN O O +After NN O O +preliminary NN O O +measurements NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +samples NN O B-Material +were NN O O +annealed NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +forming NN O I-Process +gas NN O I-Process +( NN O O +FGA NN O B-Material +) NN O O +at NN O O +350 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +for NN O O +30min NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +oxide NN O B-Material +leakage NN O I-Material +current NN O I-Material +was NN O O +measured NN O B-Process +using NN O O +a NN O O +Keithley NN O B-Material +230B NN O I-Material +voltage NN O I-Material +source NN O I-Material +and NN O O +Keithley NN O B-Material +617B NN O I-Material +electrometer NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +HP NN O B-Material +4192A NN O I-Material +low NN O I-Material +frequency NN O I-Material +( NN O I-Material +LF NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +impedance NN O I-Material +analyzer NN O I-Material +at NN O O +small NN O O +signal NN O O +frequencies NN O O +between NN O O +100Hz NN O O +to NN O O +1MHz NN O O +was NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O B-Task +perform NN O I-Task +high NN O I-Task +frequency NN O I-Task +capacitance NN O I-Task +– NN O I-Task +voltage NN O I-Task +( NN O I-Task +HF NN O I-Task +CV NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +measurements NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0167931713004061) + +We NN O O +have NN O O +demonstrated NN O O +a NN O O +new NN O O +approach NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +manufacture NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +self NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +folding NN O I-Task +hydrogel NN O I-Task +scaffolds NN O I-Task +by NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +readily NN O B-Process +available NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +fast NN O I-Process +throughput NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +process NN O O +shows NN O O +effective NN O B-Process +pattern NN O I-Process +transfer NN O I-Process +by NN O O +first NN O O +embossing NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +sacrificial NN O I-Process +layer NN O I-Process +and NN O O +using NN O B-Process +it NN O I-Process +as NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +soluble NN O I-Process +mould NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +fabrication NN O I-Process +process NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +sacrificial NN O B-Material +layer NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +PAA NN O I-Material +imparts NN O O +environmental NN O O +sensitivity NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +hydrogel NN O B-Material +film NN O I-Material +on NN O O +only NN O O +one NN O O +surface NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +subsequent NN O O +swelling NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +PAA NN O I-Process +inter NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +penetrating NN O I-Process +network NN O I-Process +( NN O O +IPN NN O B-Process +) NN O O +in NN O O +elevated NN O B-Material +pH NN O I-Material +causes NN O O +a NN O O +swelling NN O B-Process +differential NN O I-Process +across NN O O +the NN O O +film NN O B-Material +, NN O O +causing NN O O +it NN O O +to NN O O +roll NN O B-Process +to NN O O +accommodate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +difference NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +surface NN O I-Task +area NN O I-Task +between NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +two NN O I-Task +surfaces NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +surface NN O O +functionalization NN O O +and NN O O +patterning NN O O +stages NN O O +are NN O O +thus NN O O +combined NN O O +into NN O O +one NN O O +photolithographic NN O B-Process +operation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +net NN O O +result NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +method NN O O +of NN O O +producing NN O B-Process +environmentally NN O I-Process +triggered NN O I-Process +self NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +folding NN O I-Process +all NN O I-Process +hydrogel NN O I-Process +scaffolds NN O I-Process +by NN O O +a NN O O +, NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +authors’ NN O O +knowledge NN O O +, NN O O +novel NN O B-Task +use NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +sacrificial NN O I-Task +layer NN O I-Task +embossing NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +patterned NN O B-Material +hydrogel NN O I-Material +films NN O I-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +triggered NN O B-Process +consecutively NN O I-Process +allowing NN O O +for NN O O +successive NN O O +rolling NN O B-Process +and NN O O +unrolling NN O B-Process +depending NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +aqueous NN O B-Material +pH. NN O I-Material +The NN O O +choice NN O O +of NN O O +PEGDMA NN O B-Material +hydrogel NN O I-Material +provides NN O O +a NN O O +versatile NN O B-Material +platform NN O I-Material +for NN O I-Material +creating NN O I-Material +a NN O I-Material +variety NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +hydrogel NN O I-Material +scaffolds NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +while NN O O +being NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +fouling NN O O +and NN O O +nontoxic NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +permeable NN O O +to NN O O +proteins NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Furthermore NN O O +PEGDMA NN O B-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +modified NN O O +to NN O O +produce NN O B-Task +biodegradable NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +cell NN O I-Task +adhesive NN O I-Task +hydrogels NN O I-Task +for NN O O +a NN O O +variety NN O O +of NN O O +biomedical NN O B-Task +applications NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0167931713004991) + +The NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +experiments NN O O +conducted NN O O +was NN O O +reduced NN O O +by NN O O +selecting NN O O +the NN O O +four NN O O +most NN O O +important NN O O +parameters NN O O +for NN O O +variation NN O O +, NN O O +Table NN O O +1 NN O O +while NN O O +the NN O O +remaining NN O O +parameters NN O O +were NN O O +kept NN O O +constant NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +O2 NN O O +flow NN O O +rate NN O O +( NN O O +QO2 NN O O +) NN O O +was NN O O +keep NN O O +constant NN O O +at NN O O +99sccm NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +the NN O O +SF6 NN O O +flow NN O O +rate NN O O +( NN O O +QSF6 NN O O +) NN O O +was NN O O +varied NN O O +between NN O O +0 NN O O +and NN O O +20sccm NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +pressure NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +etch NN O I-Process +chamber NN O I-Process +was NN O O +controlled NN O O +to NN O O +keep NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +gas NN O I-Task +density NN O I-Task +stable NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Since NN O O +the NN O O +pressure NN O O +has NN O O +a NN O O +pronounced NN O O +effect NN O O +on NN O O +etch NN O O +characteristics NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +pressure NN O O +( NN O O +p NN O O +) NN O O +was NN O O +varied NN O O +between NN O O +20 NN O O +and NN O O +40mTorr NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +should NN O O +be NN O O +noted NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +system NN O O +was NN O O +run NN O O +in NN O O +automatic NN O B-Process +pressure NN O I-Process +control NN O I-Process +mode NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +continuously NN O O +adjusts NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +throttle NN O I-Process +valve NN O I-Process +to NN O O +keep NN O O +a NN O O +constant NN O O +pressure NN O O +during NN O O +etch NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +coil NN O O +power NN O O +( NN O O +PC NN O O +) NN O O +was NN O O +fixed NN O O +at NN O O +1000W NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +the NN O O +bias NN O O +power NN O O +( NN O O +PB NN O O +) NN O O +was NN O O +varied NN O O +between NN O O +0 NN O O +and NN O O +30W. NN O O +Finally NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +substrate NN O O +chuck NN O O +temperature NN O O +( NN O O +T NN O O +) NN O O +was NN O O +controlled NN O O +between NN O O +10 NN O O +and NN O O +50 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +design NN O O +resulted NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +full NN O O +factorial NN O B-Process +screening NN O I-Process +in NN O O +four NN O O +parameters NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +three NN O O +center NN O O +points NN O O +were NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +check NN O B-Process +for NN O I-Process +quadratic NN O I-Process +curvature NN O I-Process +, NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +quadratic NN O O +term NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +parameter NN O O +is NN O O +needed NN O O +to NN O O +generate NN O O +a NN O O +valid NN O O +model NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +total NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +experiments NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +setup NN O O +is NN O O +19 NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +were NN O O +processed NN O O +for NN O O +20min NN O O +each NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +experiments NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +design NN O O +were NN O O +carried NN O O +out NN O O +in NN O O +random NN O O +order NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0167931713005042) + +We NN O O +used NN O O +2μm NN O O +of NN O O +ultra NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +nanocrystalline NN O I-Material +diamond NN O I-Material +( NN O O +UNCD NN O B-Material +) NN O O +grown NN O O +by NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +vapour NN O I-Process +deposition NN O I-Process +( NN O O +CVD NN O B-Process +) NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +∼520μm NN O O +silicon NN O O +carrier NN O O +wafer NN O O +from NN O O +Advanced NN O O +Diamond NN O O +Technologies NN O O +Ltd. NN O O +Detailed NN O O +information NN O O +about NN O O +the NN O O +material NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +stamp NN O O +fabrication NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +found NN O O +in NN O O +our NN O O +earlier NN O O +paper NN O O +[ NN O O +16 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +UNCD NN O B-Material +wafer NN O I-Material +was NN O O +scribed NN O O +into NN O O +1×1cm2 NN O O +samples NN O O +and NN O O +subjected NN O O +to NN O O +RCA NN O B-Process +cleaning NN O I-Process +( NN O O +SC-1 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +followed NN O O +by NN O O +ultrasonic NN O B-Process +solvent NN O I-Process +cleaning NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Nanofeature NN O O +stamps NN O O +were NN O O +then NN O O +created NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +samples NN O O +using NN O O +conventional NN O B-Process +electron NN O I-Process +beam NN O I-Process +lithography NN O I-Process +( NN O O +EBL NN O B-Process +) NN O O +with NN O O +negative NN O B-Material +tone NN O I-Material +electron NN O I-Material +sensitive NN O I-Material +resist NN O I-Material +, NN O O +hydrogen NN O B-Material +silsesquioxane NN O I-Material +( NN O O +HSQ NN O B-Material +) NN O O +. NN O O +An NN O O +Al NN O B-Material +discharge NN O I-Material +layer NN O I-Material +was NN O O +required NN O O +above NN O O +the NN O O +resist NN O O +to NN O O +prevent NN O B-Task +e NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +beam NN O I-Task +deflection NN O I-Task +due NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +charge NN O I-Task +build NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +up NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +surface NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Several NN O B-Task +stamps NN O I-Task +were NN O I-Task +produced NN O I-Task +with NN O O +this NN O O +process NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +pattern NN O O +written NN O O +varied NN O O +in NN O O +design NN O O +but NN O O +consisted NN O O +of NN O O +arrays NN O O +of NN O O +circular NN O B-Material +pillars NN O I-Material +. NN O O +After NN O O +EBL NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +HSQ NN O I-Task +development NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +HSQ NN O B-Material +was NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +an NN O O +etch NN O B-Material +mask NN O I-Material +for NN O O +RIE NN O B-Material +with NN O O +a NN O O +mixture NN O O +of NN O O +oxygen NN O B-Material +and NN O O +argon NN O B-Material +gas NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +etched NN O B-Material +diamond NN O I-Material +nanopillars NN O I-Material +were NN O O +typically NN O O +225 NN O O +nm NN O O +high NN O O +. NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1 NN O O +displays NN O O +a NN O O +scanning NN O B-Material +electron NN O I-Material +micrograph NN O I-Material +of NN O O +some NN O O +typical NN O O +stamp NN O O +features NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0167931713006904) + +Copper NN O B-Task +electro NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +chemical NN O I-Task +deposition NN O I-Task +( NN O I-Task +ECD NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +through NN O I-Task +silicon NN O I-Task +via NN O I-Task +( NN O I-Task +TSV NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +is NN O O +a NN O O +key NN O O +challenge NN O O +of NN O O +3D NN O B-Task +integration NN O I-Task +. NN O O +This NN O O +paper NN O O +presents NN O O +a NN O O +numerical NN O B-Process +modeling NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +TSV NN O I-Process +filling NN O I-Process +concerning NN O O +the NN O O +influence NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +accelerator NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +suppressor NN O I-Material +. NN O I-Material +The NN O O +diffusion NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +adsorption NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +was NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +simulation NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +effects NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +additives NN O I-Process +were NN O O +incorporated NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +model NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +boundary NN O O +conditions NN O O +were NN O O +derived NN O O +from NN O O +a NN O O +set NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +experimental NN O I-Material +Tafel NN O I-Material +curves NN O I-Material +with NN O O +different NN O O +concentrations NN O O +of NN O O +additives NN O B-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +provided NN O O +a NN O O +quick NN O O +and NN O O +accurate NN O O +way NN O O +for NN O O +copper NN O B-Process +ECD NN O I-Process +process NN O I-Process +prediction NN O I-Process +without NN O O +complicated NN O O +surface NN O O +kinetic NN O O +parameters NN O O +fitting NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +level NN O B-Process +set NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +( NN O O +LSM NN O B-Process +) NN O O +was NN O O +employed NN O O +to NN O O +track NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +copper NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +electrolyte NN O I-Task +interface NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +simulation NN O B-Process +results NN O O +were NN O O +in NN O O +good NN O O +agreement NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +experiments NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +a NN O O +given NN O O +feature NN O O +size NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +current NN O O +density NN O O +for NN O O +superfilling NN O B-Material +could NN O O +be NN O O +predicted NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +provided NN O O +a NN O O +guideline NN O O +for NN O O +ECD NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +optimization NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0167931714000203) + +To NN O O +restrict NN O B-Task +pollen NN O I-Task +tube NN O I-Task +growth NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +single NN O I-Task +focal NN O I-Task +plane NN O I-Task +is NN O O +an NN O O +important NN O O +subject NN O O +to NN O O +enable NN O O +their NN O O +accurate NN O O +growth NN O B-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +under NN O I-Process +microscopic NN O I-Process +observation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +conventional NN O O +method NN O O +to NN O O +assay NN O B-Process +pollen NN O I-Process +tube NN O I-Process +growth NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +the NN O O +pollen NN O B-Process +tubes NN O I-Process +grow NN O I-Process +in NN O O +a NN O O +disorderly NN O O +manner NN O O +on NN O O +solid NN O O +medium NN O O +, NN O O +rendering NN O O +it NN O O +impossible NN O O +to NN O O +observe NN O B-Process +their NN O I-Process +growth NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +detail NN O I-Process +. NN O I-Process +Here NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +present NN O O +a NN O O +new NN O B-Task +method NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +assay NN O I-Task +pollen NN O I-Task +tube NN O I-Task +growth NN O I-Task +using NN O O +poly NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +dimethylsiloxane NN O I-Material +microchannel NN O I-Material +device NN O I-Material +to NN O O +isolate NN O B-Process +individual NN O I-Process +pollen NN O I-Process +tubes NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +growth NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +pollen NN O B-Material +tube NN O I-Material +is NN O O +confined NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +microchannel NN O O +and NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +focal NN O O +plane NN O O +, NN O O +allowing NN O O +accurate NN O B-Task +microscopic NN O I-Task +observations NN O I-Task +. NN O O +This NN O O +methodology NN O O +has NN O O +the NN O O +potential NN O O +for NN O O +analyses NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +pollen NN O I-Task +tube NN O I-Task +growth NN O I-Task +in NN O O +microfluidic NN O O +environments NN O O +in NN O O +response NN O O +to NN O O +chemical NN O B-Material +products NN O I-Material +and NN O O +signaling NN O B-Material +molecules NN O I-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +paves NN O O +the NN O O +way NN O O +for NN O O +various NN O O +experiments NN O B-Task +on NN O I-Task +plant NN O I-Task +reproduction NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0167931714003347) + +In NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +study NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +mechanical NN O I-Task +behavior NN O I-Task +of NN O O +metal NN O B-Material +films NN O I-Material +on NN O O +compliant NN O O +polymer NN O B-Material +substrates NN O I-Material +, NN O O +fragmentation NN O B-Process +testing NN O I-Process +is NN O O +often NN O O +employed NN O O +[ NN O O +8–12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +During NN O O +fragmentation NN O B-Process +testing NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +film NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +substrate NN O I-Material +couple NN O I-Material +is NN O O +strained NN O B-Process +under NN O I-Process +uni NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +axial NN O I-Process +tension NN O I-Process +and NN O O +observed NN O O +with NN O O +light NN O B-Process +microscopy NN O I-Process +( NN O O +LM NN O B-Process +) NN O O +or NN O O +scanning NN O B-Process +electron NN O I-Process +microscopy NN O I-Process +( NN O O +SEM NN O B-Process +) NN O O +. NN O O +Brittle NN O B-Material +metals NN O I-Material +or NN O O +ceramic NN O B-Material +films NN O I-Material +fracture NN O B-Process +, NN O O +forming NN O O +through NN O O +thickness NN O O +cracks NN O O +( NN O O +channel NN O O +cracks NN O O +) NN O O +at NN O O +low NN O O +strain NN O O +perpendicular NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +straining NN O O +direction NN O O +. NN O O +On NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +hand NN O O +, NN O O +ductile NN O O +metal NN O B-Material +films NN O I-Material +will NN O O +first NN O O +deform NN O B-Process +locally NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +form NN O O +of NN O O +necks NN O O +at NN O O +low NN O O +strains NN O O +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1a NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +with NN O O +increased NN O O +strain NN O B-Process +through NN O O +thickness NN O O +cracks NN O O +( NN O O +TTC NN O O +) NN O O +can NN O O +evolve NN O O +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1b NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Fragmentation NN O B-Process +testing NN O I-Process +is NN O O +best NN O O +performed NN O B-Task +in NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +situ NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +LM NN O I-Task +or NN O I-Task +SEM NN O I-Task +so NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +strain NN O O +when NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +crack NN O O +forms NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +observed NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +initial NN O O +fracture NN O B-Process +strain NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +film NN O B-Material +, NN O O +also NN O O +known NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +crack NN O O +onset NN O O +strain NN O O +, NN O O +can NN O O +then NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +determine NN O O +the NN O O +interfacial NN O O +fracture NN O O +shear NN O B-Process +stress NN O I-Process +with NN O O +knowledge NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +crack NN O O +spacing NN O O +at NN O O +saturation NN O O +, NN O O +λ NN O O +, NN O O +film NN O B-Material +thickness NN O O +, NN O O +h NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +fracture NN O O +stress NN O O +, NN O O +σf NN O B-Process += NN O I-Process +Efilmεf NN O I-Process +, NN O O +where NN O O +εf NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +fracture NN O B-Process +strain NN O I-Process +, NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +shear NN O B-Process +lag NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +8,13,14 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +- NN O O +situ NN O O +fragmentation NN O O +testing NN O O +with NN O O +LM NN O B-Process +or NN O O +SEM NN O B-Process +allows NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +crack NN O B-Process +spacing NN O I-Process +evolution NN O I-Process +to NN O O +be NN O O +observed NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +function NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +applied NN O I-Process +strain NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1c NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Under NN O O +tensile NN O B-Process +straining NN O I-Process +conditions NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +brittle NN O B-Material +film NN O I-Material +will NN O O +initially NN O O +fracture NN O B-Process +at NN O O +very NN O O +low NN O O +strains NN O O +( NN O O +< NN O O +1 NN O O +% NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +then NN O O +with NN O O +further NN O O +strain NN O O +continue NN O O +to NN O O +form NN O B-Process +cracks NN O I-Process +until NN O O +the NN O O +saturation NN O O +crack NN O O +spacing NN O O +is NN O O +reached NN O O +. NN O O +After NN O O +the NN O O +saturation NN O O +spacing NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +reached NN O O +, NN O O +cracks NN O O +can NN O O +no NN O O +longer NN O O +form NN O O +between NN O O +existing NN O O +crack NN O O +fragments NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +film NN O O +could NN O O +delaminate NN O B-Process +via NN O O +buckling NN O B-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0167931714004456) + +PDMS NN O B-Material +( NN O O +Polydimethylsiloxane NN O B-Material +) NN O O +has NN O O +become NN O O +by NN O O +far NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +popular NN O O +material NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +academic NN O O +microfluidics NN O B-Material +community NN O O +because NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +inexpensive NN O O +, NN O O +easy NN O O +to NN O O +fabricate NN O B-Task +by NN O O +replication NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +molds NN O I-Process +made NN O O +using NN O O +rapid NN O B-Process +prototyping NN O I-Process +or NN O O +other NN O O +techniques NN O O +, NN O O +flexible NN O O +, NN O O +optically NN O O +transparent NN O O +, NN O O +biocompatible NN O O +and NN O O +its NN O O +fabrication NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +require NN O O +high NN O O +capital NN O O +investment NN O O +and NN O O +cleanroom NN O O +conditions NN O O +. NN O O +Various NN O O +techniques NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +adapted NN O O +to NN O O +fabricate NN O B-Task +microfluidic NN O I-Task +structures NN O I-Task +in NN O O +PDMS NN O B-Material +, NN O O +including NN O O +wet NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +dry NN O I-Process +etching NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +20–22 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +photolithographic NN O B-Process +patterning NN O I-Process +of NN O O +a NN O O +photosensitive NN O O +PDMS NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +23 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +laser NN O B-Process +ablation NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +24 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +But NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +was NN O O +the NN O O +“ NN O B-Process +soft NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +lithography NN O I-Process +” NN O I-Process +techniques NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +25 NN O O +] NN O O +introduced NN O O +by NN O O +Whitesides NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +that NN O O +enabled NN O O +the NN O O +widespread NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +PDMS NN O B-Material +and NN O O +opened NN O O +up NN O O +the NN O O +era NN O O +of NN O O +PDMS NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +microfluidics NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +late NN O O +1990s NN O O +. NN O O +Replica NN O B-Process +molding NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +casting NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +prepolymer NN O I-Process +against NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +master NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +generating NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +replica NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +master NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +PDMS NN O I-Process +, NN O O +has NN O O +become NN O O +a NN O O +standard NN O O +fabrication NN O B-Process +technique NN O I-Process +available NN O O +in NN O O +almost NN O O +every NN O O +research NN O O +laboratory NN O O +. NN O O +Detailed NN O O +overviews NN O O +of NN O O +soft NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +lithography NN O I-Process +techniques NN O I-Process +and NN O O +their NN O O +applications NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +found NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +reviews NN O O +by NN O O +McDonald NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +26 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +Sia NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +27 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Nowadays NN O O +, NN O O +many NN O O +tools NN O O +dedicated NN O O +for NN O O +this NN O O +purpose NN O O +are NN O O +available NN O O +and NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +purchased NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +complete NN O O +set NN O O +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +SoftLithoBox NN O B-Material +® NN O I-Material +provided NN O O +by NN O O +Elveflow NN O O +( NN O O +USA NN O O +) NN O O +[ NN O O +28 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +companies NN O O +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +FlowJEM NN O O +( NN O O +Canada NN O O +) NN O O +[ NN O O +29 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +Microfluidic NN O O +Innovations NN O O +( NN O O +USA NN O O +) NN O O +[ NN O O +30 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +Scientific NN O O +Device NN O O +Laboratory NN O O +( NN O O +USA NN O O +) NN O O +[ NN O O +31 NN O O +] NN O O +provide NN O O +rapid NN O B-Process +prototyping NN O I-Process +service NN O I-Process +for NN O O +PDMS NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +based NN O I-Material +LOC NN O I-Material +devices NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0168365912006207) + +Unlike NN O O +conventional NN O O +materials NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +nerve NN O O +tissue NN O O +engineering NN O O +, NN O O +PAs NN O B-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +directly NN O O +injected NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +vivo NN O I-Process +into NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +spontaneously NN O I-Process +self NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +assemble NN O I-Process +into NN O I-Process +nanofibers NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +aqueous NN O I-Process +solutions NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Furthermore NN O O +, NN O O +PAs NN O B-Material +can NN O O +function NN O O +as NN O O +biomimetic NN O B-Material +materials NN O I-Material +exemplified NN O O +by NN O O +collagen NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +mimetic NN O I-Material +PAs NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +92 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Conventional NN O O +materials NN O O +often NN O O +rely NN O O +on NN O O +electrospinning NN O B-Process +as NN O O +a NN O B-Process +manufacturing NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +to NN O O +achieve NN O B-Task +fiber NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +like NN O I-Task +structures NN O I-Task +suitable NN O O +for NN O O +use NN O O +in NN O O +nerve NN O O +regeneration NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +self NN O O +- NN O O +assembly NN O O +nature NN O O +of NN O O +PAs NN O B-Material +allows NN O O +them NN O O +to NN O O +circumvent NN O O +costly NN O B-Process +manufacturing NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +contrast NN O O +to NN O O +conventional NN O B-Process +manufacturing NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +like NN O O +electrospinning NN O B-Process +where NN O O +quality NN O O +and NN O O +batch NN O O +- NN O O +to NN O O +- NN O O +batch NN O O +variability NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +tightly NN O O +controlled NN O O +, NN O O +merely NN O O +relying NN O O +on NN O O +self NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +assembly NN O I-Process +as NN O O +a NN O O +method NN O O +of NN O O +large NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +scale NN O I-Task +commercial NN O I-Task +production NN O I-Task +is NN O O +still NN O O +an NN O O +experimental NN O O +concept NN O O +. NN O O +Perhaps NN O O +the NN O O +next NN O O +step NN O O +would NN O O +be NN O O +to NN O O +carefully NN O O +compare NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +contrast NN O I-Process +the NN O O +robustness NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +self NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +assemled NN O I-Task +PAs NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +electrospun NN O I-Task +nanofibers NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Given NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +constituent NN O O +elements NN O O +in NN O O +PAs NN O B-Material +and NN O O +external NN O O +factors NN O O +like NN O O +pH NN O O +can NN O O +affect NN O O +its NN O O +structural NN O O +assembly NN O O +, NN O O +parameters NN O O +must NN O O +be NN O O +finely NN O O +tuned NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +optimized NN O I-Process +in NN O O +order NN O O +for NN O O +PA NN O B-Material +nanofibers NN O I-Material +to NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O B-Task +full NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +fledged NN O I-Task +commercialized NN O I-Task +medical NN O I-Task +product NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +93 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0168365913002848) + +Mice NN O B-Task +bearing NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +orthotopic NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +were NN O O +treated NN O O +starting NN O O +from NN O O +day NN O O +21 NN O O +after NN O O +NB NN O O +cell NN O O +implant NN O O +; NN O O +mice NN O B-Task +with NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +pseudo NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +metastatic NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +received NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +treatment NN O O +4h NN O O +after NN O O +NB NN O O +cell NN O O +injection NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O B-Task +therapeutic NN O I-Task +schedules NN O I-Task +were NN O O +designed NN O O +to NN O O +test NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +effects NN O I-Process +of NN O O +our NN O B-Material +targeted NN O I-Material +formulations NN O I-Material +against NN O O +both NN O O +established NN O O +and NN O O +pseudo NN O O +- NN O O +metastatic NN O O +preclinical NN O B-Material +models NN O I-Material +of NN O O +human NN O O +NB NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +described NN O O +[ NN O O +16,19 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Animals NN O B-Task +were NN O O +treated NN O O +i.v NN O O +. NN O O +once NN O O +a NN O O +week NN O O +for NN O O +3 NN O O +weeks NN O O +with NN O O +untargeted NN O B-Material +( NN O O +SL[DXR NN O B-Material +] NN O I-Material +) NN O O +or NN O O +peptide NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +targeted NN O I-Material +SL[DXR NN O I-Material +] NN O I-Material +( NN O O +5mg NN O O +/ NN O O +kg NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Scrambled NN O B-Task +peptide NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +functionalized NN O I-Task +liposomes NN O I-Task +were NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +control NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +in NN O O +every NN O O +experiment NN O O +a NN O O +group NN O O +of NN O O +control NN O O +mice NN O O +received NN O O +HEPES NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +buffered NN O I-Material +saline NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Survival NN O B-Material +times NN O I-Material +were NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +main NN O O +criterion NN O O +for NN O O +determining NN O B-Task +treatment NN O I-Task +efficacy NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +orthotopic NN O B-Task +model NN O I-Task +, NN O O +time NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +dependent NN O I-Material +anti NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +tumor NN O I-Material +activity NN O I-Material +was NN O O +also NN O O +evaluated NN O O +by NN O O +bioluminescence NN O O +imaging NN O O +( NN O O +BLI NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +X NN O O +- NN O O +ray NN O O +analyses NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +this NN O O +purpose NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O B-Task +GI NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +LI NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +N NN O I-Task +cell NN O I-Task +line NN O I-Task +was NN O O +infected NN O B-Process +with NN O O +a NN O O +retrovirus NN O O +expressing NN O O +the NN O O +firefly NN O O +luciferase NN O O +gene NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +previously NN O O +reported NN O O +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +; NN O O +luciferase NN O B-Task +activity NN O I-Task +of NN O O +retrovirally NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +transduced NN O I-Material +cells NN O I-Material +was NN O O +visualized NN O B-Process +in NN O O +vivo NN O O +by NN O O +BLI NN O O +( NN O O +IVIS NN O O +Caliper NN O O +Life NN O O +Sciences NN O O +, NN O O +Hopkinton NN O O +, NN O O +MA NN O O +) NN O O +after NN O O +a NN O O +10min NN O O +incubation NN O O +with NN O O +150μg NN O O +/ NN O O +mL NN O O +of NN O O +d NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +luciferin NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Caliper NN O O +Life NN O O +Sciences NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +described NN O O +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +X NN O O +- NN O O +ray NN O O +analysis NN O O +was NN O O +superimposed NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +luminescence NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +better NN O O +visualization NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +tumors NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0168365913003295) + +A NN O O +limitation NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +pharmacyte NN O B-Process +approach NN O I-Process +is NN O O +the NN O O +one NN O O +- NN O O +time NN O O +nature NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +intervention NN O O +: NN O O +ACT NN O B-Material +T NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +cells NN O I-Material +can NN O O +only NN O O +be NN O O +loaded NN O O +once NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +cargo NN O O +of NN O O +adjuvant NN O B-Material +drug NN O I-Material +prior NN O O +to NN O O +transfer NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +duration NN O O +of NN O O +stimulation NN O B-Process +is NN O O +inherently NN O O +limited NN O O +by NN O O +expansion NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +cell NN O I-Process +population NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +vivo NN O I-Process +, NN O O +since NN O O +cell NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +bound NN O I-Material +particles NN O I-Material +are NN O O +diluted NN O O +with NN O O +each NN O O +cell NN O B-Process +division NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +hypothesized NN O O +that NN O O +a NN O O +strategy NN O O +to NN O O +target NN O O +supporting NN O B-Material +drugs NN O I-Material +to NN O O +T NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +cells NN O I-Material +with NN O O +nanoparticle NN O B-Material +drug NN O I-Material +carriers NN O I-Material +directly NN O O +in NN O O +vivo NN O O +would NN O O +enable NN O O +transferred NN O B-Material +lymphocytes NN O I-Material +to NN O O +be NN O O +repeatedly NN O O +stimulated NN O O +with NN O O +supporting NN O B-Material +adjuvant NN O I-Material +drugs NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +thereby NN O O +provide NN O O +continuous NN O O +supporting NN O O +signals NN O O +over NN O O +the NN O O +prolonged NN O O +durations NN O O +that NN O O +might NN O O +be NN O O +necessary NN O O +for NN O O +elimination NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +large NN O I-Task +tumor NN O I-Task +burdens NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Such NN O O +“ NN O B-Process +re NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +arming NN O I-Process +” NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +T NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +cells NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +supporting NN O I-Process +drugs NN O I-Process +could NN O O +be NN O O +achieved NN O O +by NN O O +repeated NN O O +administration NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +targeted NN O I-Process +particles NN O I-Process +, NN O O +allowing NN O O +adoptively NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +transferred NN O I-Material +T NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +cells NN O I-Material +to NN O O +be NN O O +restimulated NN O O +multiple NN O O +times NN O O +directly NN O O +in NN O O +vivo NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +internalizing NN O B-Material +targeting NN O I-Material +ligands NN O I-Material +would NN O O +minimize NN O O +the NN O O +likelihood NN O O +of NN O O +immune NN O O +responses NN O O +against NN O O +the NN O O +nanoparticle NN O B-Material +carrier NN O I-Material +. NN O O +To NN O O +our NN O O +knowledge NN O O +, NN O O +only NN O O +two NN O O +prior NN O O +studies NN O O +have NN O O +attempted NN O O +to NN O O +target NN O O +nanoparticles NN O B-Material +to NN O O +T NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +cells NN O I-Material +in NN O O +vivo NN O O +[ NN O O +17,18 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +both NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O O +studies NN O O +, NN O O +particles NN O O +were NN O O +targeted NN O O +to NN O O +T NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +cells NN O I-Material +via NN O O +peptide NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +MHC NN O I-Material +ligands NN O I-Material +that NN O O +bind NN O O +to NN O O +specific NN O O +T NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +cell NN O I-Material +receptors NN O I-Material +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +peptide NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +MHC NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +functionalized NN O I-Material +nanoparticles NN O I-Material +have NN O O +recently NN O O +been NN O O +shown NN O O +to NN O O +deliver NN O O +an NN O O +anergizing NN O O +/ NN O O +tolerizing NN O O +signal NN O O +to NN O O +T NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +cells NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +18,19 NN O O +] NN O O +— NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +ideal NN O O +for NN O O +treating NN O B-Task +graft NN O I-Task +rejection NN O I-Task +or NN O I-Task +autoimmunity NN O I-Task +, NN O O +but NN O O +runs NN O O +counter NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +goals NN O O +of NN O O +cancer NN O B-Task +immunotherapy NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0168365913004975) + +The NN O O +α-ω-aminohexylcarbamate NN O B-Material +derivative NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +cyanocobalamin NN O I-Material +was NN O O +prepared NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +method NN O O +described NN O O +previously NN O O +[ NN O O +18 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Briefly NN O O +, NN O O +solid NN O B-Material +CDI NN O I-Material +( NN O O +260 NN O O +mg NN O O +, NN O O +0.32mmol NN O O +) NN O O +was NN O O +added NN O O +to NN O O +cyanocobalamin NN O B-Material +( NN O O +1.0 NN O O +g NN O O +, NN O O +0.148mmol NN O O +) NN O O +previously NN O O +dissolved NN O O +in NN O O +anhydrous NN O B-Material +dimethyl NN O I-Material +sulfoxide NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +mixture NN O O +was NN O O +stirred NN O O +for NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +2h NN O O +at NN O O +30 NN O O +° NN O O +C NN O O +, NN O O +followed NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +addition NN O O +of NN O O +dry NN O B-Material +1,6-hexanediamine NN O I-Material +( NN O O +314 NN O O +mg NN O O +, NN O O +0.54mmol NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +stirring NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +mixture NN O O +at NN O O +room NN O O +temperature NN O O +over NN O O +24h NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +mixture NN O O +was NN O O +poured NN O O +into NN O O +ethyl NN O B-Material +acetate NN O I-Material +( NN O O +30ml NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +left NN O O +to NN O O +stand NN O O +. NN O O +Following NN O O +centrifugation NN O B-Process +and NN O O +decanting NN O B-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +supernatant NN O B-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +residue NN O B-Material +was NN O O +sonicated NN O O +for NN O O +5min NN O O +in NN O O +acetone NN O B-Material +( NN O O +50ml NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +resulting NN O O +precipitate NN O B-Material +was NN O O +filtered NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +solid NN O B-Material +washed NN O O +in NN O O +acetone NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +crude NN O B-Material +product NN O I-Material +was NN O O +purified NN O O +by NN O O +silica NN O B-Process +column NN O I-Process +chromatography NN O I-Process +( NN O O +45 NN O O +% NN O O +v NN O O +/ NN O O +v NN O O +2-propanol NN O B-Material +, NN O O +30 NN O O +% NN O O +v NN O O +/ NN O O +v NN O O +n NN O O +- NN O O +butanol NN O B-Material +, NN O O +2 NN O O +% NN O O +v NN O O +/ NN O O +v NN O O +ammonia NN O B-Material +and NN O O +25 NN O O +% NN O O +v NN O O +/ NN O O +v NN O O +water NN O B-Material +) NN O O +followed NN O O +by NN O O +lyophilisation NN O B-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0168365913008766) + +Immunopotentiators NN O B-Material +activate NN O B-Process +innate NN O I-Process +immunity NN O I-Process +directly NN O O +( NN O O +for NN O O +example NN O O +, NN O O +cytokines NN O O +) NN O O +or NN O O +through NN O O +pattern NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +recognition NN O I-Process +receptors NN O I-Process +( NN O O +PRRs NN O B-Process +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +those NN O O +for NN O O +bacterial NN O O +components NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +Toll NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +like NN O I-Process +receptors NN O I-Process +( NN O O +TLRs NN O B-Process +) NN O O +are NN O O +a NN O O +family NN O O +of NN O O +PRRs NN O B-Process +that NN O O +are NN O O +an NN O O +important NN O O +link NN O O +between NN O O +innate NN O O +and NN O O +adaptive NN O O +immunity NN O O +. NN O O +Some NN O O +studies NN O O +have NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +TLR NN O B-Material +ligands NN O I-Material +have NN O O +adjuvant NN O O +activity NN O O +and NN O O +enhance NN O O +antigen NN O O +- NN O O +specific NN O O +antibody NN O O +and NN O O +cell NN O O +- NN O O +mediated NN O O +immune NN O O +responses NN O O +, NN O O +especially NN O O +when NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +combined NN O O +with NN O O +delivery NN O O +systems NN O O +that NN O O +promote NN O O +their NN O O +uptake NN O O +and NN O O +delivery NN O O +into NN O O +antigen NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +presenting NN O I-Material +cells NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +22–24 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +clinical NN O B-Task +studies NN O I-Task +, NN O O +TLR9 NN O B-Material +is NN O O +generally NN O O +stimulated NN O B-Process +with NN O O +synthetic NN O B-Material +oligodeoxynucleotides NN O I-Material +containing NN O O +one NN O O +or NN O O +more NN O O +unmethylated NN O B-Material +CpG NN O I-Material +dinucleotides NN O I-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +humans NN O O +, NN O O +CpG NN O B-Material +has NN O O +been NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +an NN O O +adjuvant NN O B-Material +for NN O O +infectious NN O B-Task +disease NN O I-Task +vaccination NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +25,26 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O B-Task +development NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +cancer NN O I-Task +therapy NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +27 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +a NN O O +mouse NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +, NN O O +CpG NN O B-Material +has NN O O +also NN O O +been NN O O +shown NN O O +to NN O O +induce NN O B-Process +T NN O I-Process +helper NN O I-Process +1 NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Th1 NN O O +) NN O O +immune NN O O +responses NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +are NN O O +characterized NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +production NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +IFN-γ NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +generation NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +IgG2a NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +28,29 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +previous NN O O +study NN O O +had NN O O +demonstrated NN O O +that NN O O +different NN O O +liposomes NN O B-Material +with NN O O +CpG NN O O +ODN NN O O +significantly NN O O +increased NN O O +Th1-biased NN O B-Material +cytokines NN O I-Material +and NN O O +augmented NN O B-Process +cell NN O I-Process +mediated NN O I-Process +immune NN O I-Process +response NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +30 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0168365913009036) + +Two NN O O +methods NN O O +of NN O O +formulating NN O B-Task +anionic NN O I-Task +nanocomplexes NN O I-Task +were NN O O +evaluated NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +both NN O O +, NN O O +nanocomplexes NN O B-Material +were NN O O +prepared NN O B-Process +in NN O O +water NN O O +at NN O O +a NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +molar NN O O +charge NN O O +ratios NN O O +of NN O O +L NN O O +to NN O O +D NN O O +while NN O O +the NN O O +peptide NN O O +P NN O O +to NN O O +D NN O O +molar NN O O +charge NN O O +ratio NN O O +was NN O O +maintained NN O O +constant NN O O +at NN O O +3:1 NN O O +. NN O O +Method NN O O +1 NN O O +( NN O O +L NN O O +: NN O O +D NN O O +: NN O O +P NN O O +) NN O O +: NN O O +DNA NN O B-Material +was NN O O +first NN O O +added NN O B-Process +to NN O O +an NN O B-Material +anionic NN O I-Material +liposome NN O I-Material +( NN O O +LA NN O B-Material +, NN O I-Material +LAP1 NN O I-Material +or NN O I-Material +LAP2 NN O I-Material +) NN O O +and NN O O +incubated NN O B-Process +for NN O O +15min NN O O +at NN O O +room NN O O +temperature NN O O +and NN O O +then NN O O +the NN O O +peptide NN O O +was NN O O +added NN O B-Process +with NN O O +rapid NN O O +mixing NN O O +and NN O O +incubated NN O B-Process +at NN O O +room NN O O +temperature NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +further NN O O +20min NN O O +; NN O O +Method NN O O +2 NN O O +( NN O O +P NN O O +: NN O O +D NN O O +: NN O O +L NN O O +) NN O O +: NN O O +the NN O O +peptide NN O B-Material +was NN O O +added NN O B-Process +to NN O O +the NN O O +DNA NN O O +and NN O O +incubated NN O B-Process +for NN O O +15min NN O O +at NN O O +room NN O O +temperature NN O O +and NN O O +then NN O O +liposome NN O B-Material +was NN O O +added NN O B-Process +with NN O O +rapid NN O O +mixing NN O O +and NN O O +incubated NN O B-Process +at NN O O +room NN O O +temperature NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +further NN O O +20min NN O O +. NN O O +Irrespective NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +method NN O O +of NN O O +order NN O O +of NN O O +mixing NN O O +, NN O O +all NN O O +molar NN O O +charge NN O O +ratios NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +study NN O O +refer NN O O +to NN O O +L NN O O +: NN O O +P NN O O +: NN O O +D. NN O O +Cationic NN O O +formulations NN O O +LPD NN O B-Material +and NN O O +LCPRGPD NN O B-Material +were NN O O +prepared NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +order NN O O +L NN O O +: NN O O +P NN O O +: NN O O +D NN O O +as NN O O +described NN O O +previously NN O O +; NN O O +first NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +peptide NN O O +was NN O O +added NN O B-Process +to NN O O +the NN O O +liposome NN O O +DOTMA NN O B-Material +/ NN O O +DOPE NN O B-Material +or NN O O +LCPRG NN O B-Material +followed NN O O +by NN O O +addition NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +DNA NN O B-Material +with NN O O +rapid NN O B-Process +mixing NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +incubated NN O I-Process +for NN O O +30min NN O O +at NN O O +room NN O O +temperature NN O O +to NN O O +allow NN O O +for NN O O +complex NN O O +formation NN O O +[ NN O O +30 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +nanocomplexes NN O O +prepared NN O O +were NN O O +termed NN O O +LPD NN O B-Material +( NN O O +liposome NN O B-Material +DOTMA NN O I-Material +/ NN O I-Material +DOPE NN O I-Material +) NN O O +, NN O O +LADP NN O B-Material +and NN O O +PDLA NN O B-Material +( NN O O +liposome NN O B-Material +LA NN O I-Material +) NN O O +, NN O O +PDLAP1 NN O B-Material +( NN O O +liposome NN O B-Material +LAP1 NN O I-Material +) NN O O +, NN O O +PDLAP2 NN O B-Material +( NN O O +liposome NN O B-Material +LAP2 NN O I-Material +) NN O O +, NN O O +PDLAPRG NN O B-Material +( NN O O +liposome NN O B-Material +LAPRG NN O I-Material +) NN O O +and NN O O +LCPRGPD NN O B-Material +( NN O O +liposome NN O B-Material +LCPRG NN O I-Material +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0168874X1630049X) + +The NN O O +crack NN O B-Process +band NN O I-Process +approach NN O I-Process +for NN O O +producing NN O O +mesh NN O O +independent NN O O +load NN O O +– NN O O +displacement NN O O +curves NN O O +for NN O O +fracture NN O O +in NN O O +plain NN O O +concrete NN O O +is NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +idea NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +crack NN O O +opening NN O O +is NN O O +transformed NN O O +into NN O O +inelastic NN O O +strain NN O O +by NN O O +distributing NN O O +it NN O O +over NN O O +an NN O O +element NN O O +length NN O O +dependent NN O O +zone NN O O +[ NN O O +5 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +approach NN O O +will NN O O +only NN O O +produce NN O O +mesh NN O O +independent NN O O +load NN O O +– NN O O +displacement NN O O +curves NN O O +, NN O O +if NN O O +the NN O O +inelastic NN O O +strain NN O O +profiles NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +finite NN O O +element NN O O +analysis NN O O +are NN O O +mesh NN O O +size NN O O +dependent NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +requirement NN O O +is NN O O +an NN O O +important NN O O +difference NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +nonlocal NN O O +model NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +designed NN O O +to NN O O +produce NN O O +both NN O O +mesh NN O O +size NN O O +independent NN O O +load NN O O +– NN O O +displacement NN O O +curves NN O O +and NN O O +strain NN O O +profiles NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +CDPM2 NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +crack NN O B-Process +band NN O I-Process +approach NN O I-Process +is NN O O +applied NN O O +only NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +tensile NN O B-Material +part NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +damage NN O O +algorithm NN O O +by NN O O +replacing NN O O +the NN O O +stress NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +inelastic NN O I-Process +strain NN O I-Process +law NN O I-Process +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +2(b NN O O +) NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +stress NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +inelastic NN O I-Process +displacement NN O I-Process +law NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +form(13)σ=ftexp(−ϵinhwft)if(ϵin>0)Here NN O B-Process +, NN O O +wft NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +crack NN O O +opening NN O O +threshold NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +control NN O O +the NN O O +slope NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +softening NN O O +curve NN O O +and NN O O +h NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +width NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +crack NN O O +- NN O O +band NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +study NN O O +is NN O O +equal NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +maximum NN O O +dimension NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +element NN O O +along NN O O +the NN O O +principal NN O O +direction NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +strain NN O O +tensor NN O O +corresponding NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +maximum NN O O +tensile NN O O +principal NN O O +strain NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +onset NN O O +of NN O O +damage NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +the NN O O +compressive NN O O +part NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +stress NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +inelastic NN O I-Process +strain NN O I-Process +law NN O I-Process +was NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +determine NN O O +the NN O O +compressive NN O O +damage NN O O +parameter NN O O +, NN O O +since NN O O +it NN O O +was NN O O +reported NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +14 NN O O +] NN O O +for NN O O +columns NN O O +subjected NN O O +to NN O O +eccentric NN O O +compression NN O O +that NN O O +inelastic NN O B-Material +strain NN O I-Material +profiles NN O I-Material +in NN O O +compression NN O O +do NN O O +not NN O O +exhibit NN O O +a NN O O +mesh NN O O +dependence NN O O +which NN O O +would NN O O +satisfy NN O O +the NN O O +assumptions NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +crack NN O O +- NN O O +band NN O O +approach NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +approach NN O O +of NN O O +applying NN O O +the NN O O +crack NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +band NN O I-Process +approach NN O I-Process +only NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +tensile NN O B-Material +part NN O I-Material +has NN O O +already NN O O +been NN O O +successfully NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +Grassl NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +16 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0254058414000662) + +HOMO NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +LUMO NN O I-Material +energy NN O O +band NN O O +gaps NN O O +between NN O O +ylides NN O B-Material +and NN O O +their NN O O +pyrene NN O B-Material +adducts NN O I-Material +propose NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +1,3-DC NN O B-Material +of NN O O +second NN O B-Material +pyridinium NN O I-Material +ylides NN O I-Material +to NN O O +ylidepyrene NN O B-Material +adducts NN O I-Material +are NN O O +HOMOylide NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +LUMOylide NN O I-Material +– NN O I-Material +pyrene NN O I-Material +controlled NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +energy NN O O +band NN O O +gap NN O O +is NN O O +smaller NN O O +than NN O O +HOMOylide NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +pyrene NN O I-Material +– NN O I-Material +LUMOylide NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Regioselectivity NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +second NN O I-Task +cycloaddition NN O I-Task +was NN O O +predicted NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +atomic NN O B-Process +orbital NN O I-Process +coefficients NN O I-Process +corresponding NN O O +to NN O O +HOMOylide NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +LUMOylide NN O I-Material +– NN O I-Material +pyrene NN O I-Material +. NN O O +According NN O O +to NN O O +Fukui NN O O +[ NN O O +33 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +reactions NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +favorable NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +direction NN O O +of NN O O +maximal NN O B-Task +HOMO NN O I-Task +– NN O I-Task +LUMO NN O I-Task +overlapping NN O I-Task +of NN O O +larger NN O O +coefficients NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +reactive NN O O +sites NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +most NN O O +favorable NN O O +interactions NN O O +between NN O O +corresponding NN O O +ylides NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +ylidepyrene NN O I-Material +adducts NN O I-Material +to NN O O +form NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O B-Process +favorable NN O I-Process +regioisomer NN O I-Process +conformation NN O I-Process +are NN O O +given NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +3 NN O O +. NN O O +Second NN O O +ylide NN O B-Material +addition NN O O +to NN O O +ylidepyrene NN O B-Material +structure NN O O +is NN O O +therefore NN O O +anticipated NN O O +to NN O O +proceed NN O O +via NN O O +ylideC2/C6–ylidepyrene NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +C3 NN O I-Material +and NN O O +ylideC7–ylidepyrene NN O B-Material +/ NN O I-Material +C2 NN O I-Material +interactions NN O O +to NN O O +produce NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +regioisomer NN O B-Task +conformations NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Considering NN O O +the NN O O +theoretical NN O B-Process +calculations NN O I-Process +performed NN O O +for NN O O +pyrrolidine NN O B-Material +attached NN O I-Material +pyrene NN O I-Material +structure NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +also NN O O +expected NN O O +that NN O O +formation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +same NN O I-Process +type NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +regioisomers NN O I-Process +are NN O O +favorable NN O O +for NN O O +SWNTs NN O B-Process +after NN O O +the NN O O +1,3-DC NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +pyridinium NN O I-Material +ylides NN O I-Material +, NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +3 NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0254058415001212) + +Gamma NN O B-Material +titanium NN O I-Material +aluminides NN O I-Material +are NN O O +a NN O O +family NN O O +of NN O O +low NN O O +density NN O O +, NN O O +high NN O O +performance NN O O +alloys NN O B-Material +with NN O O +the NN O O +potential NN O O +to NN O O +replace NN O O +current NN O O +Ni NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +base NN O I-Material +superalloys NN O I-Material +used NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +production NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +aero NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +engine NN O I-Task +components NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Investment NN O B-Process +casting NN O I-Process +is NN O O +one NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +economical NN O O +methods NN O O +to NN O O +produce NN O B-Task +titanium NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +titanium NN O I-Task +aluminide NN O I-Task +alloy NN O I-Task +products NN O I-Task +, NN O O +increasing NN O O +the NN O B-Material +components NN O I-Material +' NN O O +integrity NN O O +and NN O O +mechanical NN O O +properties NN O O +, NN O O +whilst NN O O +reducing NN O O +material NN O O +waste NN O O +and NN O O +machining NN O O +cost NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Titanium NN O B-Material +aluminides NN O I-Material +are NN O O +difficult NN O O +to NN O O +process NN O O +mainly NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +low NN O O +fluidity NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +TiAl NN O B-Material +alloy NN O I-Material +around NN O O +its NN O O +melting NN O O +temperature NN O O +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +high NN O O +affinity NN O O +of NN O O +elements NN O B-Material +such NN O O +as NN O O +oxygen NN O B-Material +, NN O O +nitrogen NN O B-Material +etc NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +titanium NN O B-Material +and NN O O +its NN O O +alloys NN O B-Material +can NN O O +easily NN O O +interact NN O O +with NN O O +mould NN O B-Material +materials NN O I-Material +during NN O O +the NN O O +investment NN O O +casting NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +, NN O O +resulting NN O O +in NN O O +an NN O O +interaction NN O B-Material +hardened NN O I-Material +layer NN O I-Material +being NN O O +generated NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +metal NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +3,4 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +hardened NN O B-Material +layer NN O I-Material +contains NN O O +a NN O O +large NN O O +amount NN O O +of NN O O +dissolved NN O B-Material +oxygen NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +very NN O O +brittle NN O O +and NN O O +susceptible NN O O +to NN O O +crack NN O B-Process +generation NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +propagation NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +5 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S025405841530136X) + +From NN O O +this NN O O +study NN O O +where NN O O +a NN O O +commercial NN O O +Al–12Si NN O B-Material +alloy NN O I-Material +was NN O O +inoculated NN O B-Process +with NN O I-Process +different NN O I-Process +level NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +Nb+B NN O I-Process +addition NN O O +to NN O O +assess NN O O +the NN O O +grain NN O B-Task +refining NN O I-Task +potency NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +Nb+B NN O I-Task +inoculation NN O I-Task +it NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +concluded NN O O +that NN O O +in NN O O +- NN O O +situ NN O O +formed NN O O +Nb NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +based NN O I-Material +intermetallics NN O I-Material +compounds NN O I-Material +are NN O O +potent NN O O +heterogeneous NN O B-Material +nucleation NN O I-Material +substrates NN O I-Material +with NN O O +high NN O O +potency NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +refinement NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +Al NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +Si NN O I-Process +cast NN O I-Process +alloys NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +primary NN O O +α-Al NN O B-Material +dendritic NN O I-Material +grain NN O I-Material +size NN O O +varies NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +addition NN O O +level NN O O +of NN O O +Nb NN O B-Material +and NN O O +B. NN O B-Material +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +significant NN O O +grain NN O B-Task +refinement NN O I-Task +over NN O O +a NN O O +wide NN O B-Process +range NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +cooling NN O I-Process +rates NN O I-Process +is NN O O +obtained NN O O +via NN O O +enhanced NN O B-Task +heterogeneous NN O I-Task +nucleation NN O I-Task +making NN O O +the NN O O +grain NN O B-Material +size NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +material NN O O +less NN O O +sensitive NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +cooling NN O O +rate NN O O +. NN O O +Nb+B NN O B-Material +inoculants NN O I-Material +are NN O O +characterised NN O O +by NN O O +some NN O O +fading NN O B-Process +which NN O O +is NN O O +still NN O O +acceptable NN O O +after NN O O +4 NN O O +h NN O O +of NN O O +contact NN O O +time NN O O +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +alloys NN O B-Material +refined NN O O +by NN O O +means NN O O +of NN O O +Nb+B NN O B-Material +inoculants NN O I-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +recycled NN O O +obtaining NN O O +a NN O O +fine NN O B-Material +grain NN O I-Material +structure NN O I-Material +with NN O O +small NN O O +addition NN O O +or NN O O +no NN O O +further NN O O +addition NN O O +of NN O O +inoculants NN O B-Material +after NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +initial NN O O +addition NN O O +. NN O O +Concluding NN O O +, NN O O +Nb+B NN O B-Process +inoculation NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +promising NN O O +candidate NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +refinement NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +cast NN O I-Task +Al NN O I-Task +alloy NN O I-Task +which NN O O +could NN O O +lead NN O O +to NN O O +their NN O O +wider NN O O +employment NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +automotive NN O O +industry NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +resultant NN O O +intrinsic NN O O +advantages NN O O +of NN O O +lighter NN O B-Task +structural NN O I-Task +component NN O I-Task +from NN O O +an NN O O +environmental NN O O +point NN O O +of NN O O +view NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0254058415304235) + +The NN O O +observed NN O B-Task +conductivity NN O I-Task +of NN O O +A2FeMoO6–δ NN O B-Material +( NN O O +A NN O O += NN O O +Ca NN O B-Material +, NN O O +Sr NN O B-Material +, NN O O +Ba NN O B-Material +) NN O O +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +was NN O O +linked NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +potential NN O O +double NN O B-Process +exchange NN O I-Process +mechanism NN O I-Process +, NN O O +with NN O O +conduction NN O O +between NN O O +Fe3 NN O B-Material ++ NN O I-Material +-O NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +Mo NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +O NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +Fe2 NN O I-Material ++ NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Double NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +exchange NN O I-Process +mechanisms NN O I-Process +, NN O O +as NN O O +proposed NN O O +by NN O O +Zener NN O O +[ NN O O +23 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +posit NN O O +that NN O O +electron NN O B-Process +transfer NN O I-Process +between NN O O +ions NN O B-Material +in NN O O +different NN O O +oxidation NN O B-Process +states NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +facilitated NN O O +if NN O O +the NN O O +electron NN O B-Material +does NN O O +not NN O O +have NN O O +to NN O O +alter NN O O +its NN O O +spin NN O O +state NN O O +. NN O O +Replacement NN O B-Process +of NN O O +Mo NN O B-Material +with NN O O +Fe NN O B-Material +in NN O O +this NN O O +mechanism NN O O +would NN O O +be NN O O +expected NN O O +to NN O O +result NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +reduction NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +conductivity NN O I-Process +through NN O O +reduction NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +available NN O I-Process +percolation NN O I-Process +pathways NN O I-Process +, NN O O +unless NN O O +delocalisation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +Fe NN O I-Process +electrons NN O I-Process +through NN O O +Fe2 NN O B-Process ++ NN O I-Process +-O NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +Fe3 NN O I-Process ++ NN O I-Process +exchange NN O I-Process +could NN O O +also NN O O +occur NN O O +. NN O O +Double NN O B-Process +exchange NN O I-Process +mechanisms NN O I-Process +have NN O O +been NN O O +observed NN O O +previously NN O O +for NN O O +mixed NN O O +valent NN O O +iron NN O B-Material +in NN O I-Material +iron NN O I-Material +oxides NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +24 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +iron NN O B-Material +is NN O O +known NN O O +to NN O O +exist NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +mixed NN O O +valent NN O O +state NN O O +for NN O O +Ca2–xSrxFeMoO6–δ NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +25 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +provides NN O O +a NN O O +plausible NN O O +explanation NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +observed NN O O +metallic NN O B-Task +conductivity NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Band NN O B-Process +structure NN O I-Process +calculations NN O I-Process +and NN O O +Mossbauer NN O B-Process +spectroscopy NN O I-Process +could NN O O +be NN O O +utilised NN O O +to NN O O +further NN O O +elucidate NN O O +the NN O O +conduction NN O B-Task +mechanism NN O I-Task +for NN O O +these NN O O +compounds NN O B-Material +, NN O O +however NN O O +this NN O O +is NN O O +outside NN O O +the NN O O +scope NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +enquiry NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0266352X16301550) + +To NN O O +address NN O O +the NN O O +vertical NN O B-Task +displacement NN O I-Task +estimation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +conventional NN O I-Task +pile NN O I-Task +groups NN O I-Task +subjected NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +mechanical NN O I-Task +loads NN O I-Task +, NN O O +various NN O O +numerical NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +analytical NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +have NN O O +been NN O O +proposed NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +methods NN O O +include NN O O +the NN O O +finite NN O B-Process +element NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +e.g. NN O O +, NN O O +2,3 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +boundary NN O B-Process +element NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +e.g. NN O O +, NN O O +4,5 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +finite NN O B-Process +difference NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +e.g. NN O O +, NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +interaction NN O B-Process +factor NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +e.g. NN O O +, NN O O +7,8–11 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +equivalent NN O B-Process +pier NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +raft NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +e.g. NN O O +, NN O O +12–14 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +settlement NN O B-Process +ratio NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +e.g. NN O O +, NN O O +15 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +finite NN O B-Process +element NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +, NN O O +while NN O O +providing NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +rigorous NN O O +and NN O O +exhaustive NN O O +representation NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +pile NN O B-Task +group NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +related NN O I-Task +problem NN O I-Task +, NN O O +is NN O O +generally NN O O +computationally NN O O +expensive NN O O +and NN O O +considered NN O O +mainly NN O O +a NN O O +research NN O B-Material +tool NN O I-Material +rather NN O O +than NN O O +a NN O O +design NN O B-Material +tool NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Conversely NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +versatility NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +simplified NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +approximate NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +interaction NN O B-Process +factor NN O I-Process +approach NN O I-Process +that NN O O +allows NN O O +capturing NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +e.g. NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +vertical NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +displacements NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +any NN O I-Process +general NN O I-Process +pile NN O I-Process +group NN O I-Process +by NN O O +the NN O O +analysis NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +displacement NN O I-Process +interaction NN O I-Process +between NN O I-Process +two NN O I-Process +identical NN O I-Process +piles NN O I-Process +and NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +elastic NN O B-Process +principle NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +superposition NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +effects NN O I-Process +, NN O O +makes NN O O +them NN O O +attractive NN O O +as NN O O +design NN O B-Material +tools NN O I-Material +because NN O O +they NN O O +allow NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +expedient NN O B-Task +parametric NN O I-Task +studies NN O I-Task +under NN O O +various NN O O +design NN O O +conditions NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0301010414003115) + +The NN O O +optimised NN O B-Task +structure NN O I-Task +at NN O O +the NN O O +B3LYP NN O B-Process +/ NN O I-Process +aug NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +cc NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +pVTZ NN O I-Process +level NN O O +was NN O O +then NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +perform NN O O +calculations NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +lowest NN O B-Process +electronic NN O I-Process +singlet NN O I-Process +excited NN O O +states NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +coupled NN O O +cluster NN O O +linear NN O B-Process +response NN O I-Process +( NN O O +LR NN O B-Process +) NN O O +coupled NN O B-Process +cluster NN O I-Process +hierarchy NN O I-Process +CCS NN O B-Process +, NN O O +CC2 NN O B-Process +, NN O O +CCSD NN O B-Process +and NN O O +CC3 NN O B-Process +, NN O O +along NN O O +with NN O O +perturbative NN O B-Process +corrected NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +CIS(D NN O B-Process +) NN O I-Process +and NN O O +CCSDR(3 NN O B-Process +) NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +correlated NN O B-Process +response NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +were NN O O +performed NN O O +with NN O O +an NN O O +all NN O O +- NN O O +electron NN O O +atomic NN O B-Process +natural NN O I-Process +orbital NN O I-Process +( NN O O +ANO NN O B-Process +) NN O O +basis NN O O +set NN O O +contracted NN O O +to NN O O +6s5p4d3f1 NN O B-Process +g NN O I-Process +on NN O O +manganese NN O B-Material +, NN O O +[ NN O O +47 NN O O +] NN O O +together NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +cc NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +pVTZ NN O I-Process +basis NN O O +set NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +oxygen NN O B-Material +atoms NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +all NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +electron NN O I-Process +correlated NN O I-Process +calculations NN O I-Process +invoked NN O O +a NN O O +13 NN O O +orbital NN O O +frozen NN O O +core NN O O +( NN O O +O NN O B-Material +1s NN O O +, NN O O +Mn NN O B-Material +1s2s2p3s3p NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Trial NN O O +calculations NN O O +correlating NN O O +these NN O O +orbitals NN O O +only NN O O +had NN O O +a NN O O +minor NN O O +effect NN O O +on NN O O +excitation NN O B-Task +energies NN O I-Task +. NN O O +For NN O O +comparison NN O O +the NN O O +EOM NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +CCSD NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +with NN O O +the NN O O +cc NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +pVTZ NN O I-Process +basis NN O O +on NN O O +all NN O O +atoms NN O O +was NN O O +tested NN O O +to NN O O +compare NN O O +with NN O O +LR NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +CCSD NN O I-Process +. NN O O +These NN O O +formally NN O O +give NN O O +exactly NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +excitation NN O B-Task +energies NN O I-Task +, NN O O +although NN O O +the NN O O +transition NN O B-Task +moments NN O I-Task +are NN O O +more NN O O +accurate NN O O +for NN O O +LR NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +CCSD NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Abelian NN O B-Process +symmetry NN O I-Process +( NN O O +D2 NN O B-Process +) NN O O +was NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +all NN O O +correlated NN O O +excited NN O B-Process +state NN O I-Process +calculations NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0301010414003516) + +Arrays NN O O +of NN O O +TFTs NN O B-Material +and NN O O +circuits NN O B-Material +were NN O O +fabricated NN O O +on NN O O +precleaned NN O O +, NN O O +5cm×5 NN O O +cm NN O O +, NN O O +125μm NN O O +thick NN O O +polyethylene NN O B-Material +naphthalate NN O I-Material +( NN O I-Material +PEN NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +substrates NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Dupont NN O O +- NN O O +Teijin NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Full NN O O +details NN O O +of NN O O +our NN O O +vacuum NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +fabrication NN O I-Process +procedures NN O I-Process +have NN O O +been NN O O +given NN O O +in NN O O +previous NN O O +publications NN O O +[ NN O O +17–19,23 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Briefly NN O O +, NN O O +aluminium NN O B-Material +gate NN O I-Material +electrodes NN O I-Material +and NN O O +associated NN O O +tracks NN O B-Material +were NN O O +vacuum NN O B-Process +evaporated NN O I-Process +onto NN O O +the NN O O +substrates NN O B-Material +through NN O O +shadow NN O B-Material +masks NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Subsequently NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +substrates NN O B-Material +were NN O O +attached NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +cooled NN O O +web NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +coater NN O I-Material +drum NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Aerre NN O O +Machines NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +With NN O O +the NN O O +drum NN O B-Material +rotating NN O O +at NN O O +a NN O O +linear NN O O +speed NN O O +of NN O O +25m NN O O +/ NN O O +min NN O O +under NN O O +vacuum NN O O +, NN O O +flash NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +evaporated NN O I-Material +TPGDA NN O I-Material +monomer NN O I-Material +vapour NN O I-Material +which NN O O +condensed NN O O +onto NN O O +the NN O O +substrates NN O B-Material +was NN O O +cross NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +linked NN O I-Process +by NN O O +exposure NN O B-Process +, NN O O +in NN O O +situ NN O O +, NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +plasma NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +resulting NN O O +smooth NN O O +, NN O O +pinhole NN O O +- NN O O +free NN O O +films NN O B-Material +were NN O O +typically NN O O +500 NN O O +nm NN O O +to NN O O +1μm NN O O +thick NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +measured NN O O +dielectric NN O O +constant NN O O +varying NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +range NN O O +4–5 NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +circuit NN O B-Task +fabrication NN O I-Task +, NN O O +the NN O O +insulator NN O B-Material +was NN O O +patterned NN O O +using NN O O +shadow NN O B-Material +masks NN O I-Material +to NN O O +define NN O O +rectangular NN O O +areas NN O O +separated NN O O +by NN O O +1 NN O O +mm NN O O +gaps NN O O +to NN O O +act NN O O +as NN O O +vias NN O O +for NN O O +inter NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +layer NN O I-Process +metallic NN O I-Process +connections NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +substrates NN O B-Material +were NN O O +then NN O O +transferred NN O O +into NN O O +an NN O O +evaporator NN O B-Material +( NN O O +Minispectros NN O O +, NN O O +Kurt NN O O +Lesker NN O O +) NN O O +integrated NN O O +into NN O O +a NN O O +nitrogen NN O B-Material +glovebox NN O I-Material +for NN O O +the NN O O +vacuum NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +deposition NN O I-Process +( NN O O +2.4nm NN O O +/ NN O O +min NN O O +) NN O O +of NN O O +DNTT NN O O +onto NN O O +the NN O O +insulator NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Without NN O O +exposing NN O O +the NN O O +substrates NN O B-Material +to NN O O +ambient NN O B-Material +air NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +gold NN O B-Material +source NN O I-Material +/ NN O I-Material +drain NN O I-Material +metallisation NN O I-Material +layer NN O I-Material +was NN O O +deposited NN O O +through NN O O +a NN O O +shadow NN O B-Material +mask NN O I-Material +in NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +evaporator NN O B-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0301010415002256) + +For NN O O +decades NN O O +, NN O O +vibronic NN O B-Process +coupling NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +1–4 NN O O +] NN O O +have NN O O +served NN O O +as NN O O +bridges NN O O +connecting NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Task +dynamics NN O I-Task +studies NN O I-Task +with NN O O +the NN O O +static NN O O +studies NN O O +of NN O O +electronic NN O B-Task +structure NN O I-Task +calculations NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +5 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +vibronic NN O B-Process +coupling NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +simple NN O O +polynomial NN O B-Task +expansion NN O I-Task +of NN O O +diabatic NN O B-Task +potential NN O I-Task +energy NN O I-Task +surfaces NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +couplings NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +expansion NN O B-Process +coefficients NN O I-Process +are NN O O +chosen NN O O +so NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +eigenvalues NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +potential NN O O +operator NN O O +map NN O O +on NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +adiabatic NN O O +potential NN O O +surfaces NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +diabatisation NN O B-Process +by NN O O +ansatz NN O O +circumvents NN O O +many NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +problems NN O O +of NN O O +describing NN O O +non NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +adiabatic NN O I-Task +systems NN O I-Task +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +also NN O O +the NN O O +inspiration NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +diabatisation NN O B-Process +scheme NN O I-Process +that NN O O +is NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +modern NN O O +, NN O O +direct NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +dynamic NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +that NN O O +include NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +adiabatic NN O O +effects NN O O +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +a NN O O +model NN O B-Process +Hamiltonian NN O I-Process +to NN O O +correctly NN O O +approximate NN O O +the NN O O +eigenvectors NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +true NN O B-Process +Hamiltonian NN O I-Process +it NN O O +has NN O O +to NN O O +span NN O O +the NN O O +totally NN O O +symmetric NN O O +irreducible NN O B-Process +representation NN O I-Process +( NN O O +IrRep NN O B-Process +) NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +point NN O O +groups NN O O +the NN O O +molecule NN O O +belongs NN O O +to NN O O +, NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +appropriate NN O O +symmetric NN O B-Process +geometries NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +recent NN O O +times NN O O +, NN O O +many NN O O +articles NN O O +have NN O O +demonstrated NN O O +the NN O O +advantages NN O O +of NN O O +using NN O O +symmetry NN O O +when NN O O +constructing NN O O +analytic NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +potentials NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +8–12 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +most NN O O +often NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +context NN O O +of NN O O +permutation NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +inversion NN O I-Process +groups NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S030193221400144X) + +In NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +work NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +LIF NN O B-Process +technique NN O I-Process +is NN O O +applied NN O O +for NN O O +investigation NN O O +of NN O O +gas NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +sheared NN O I-Task +film NN O I-Task +flow NN O I-Task +in NN O O +horizontal NN O O +rectangular NN O O +duct NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +technique NN O O +makes NN O O +it NN O O +possible NN O O +to NN O O +perform NN O O +field NN O B-Process +measurements NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +local NN O I-Process +film NN O I-Process +thickness NN O I-Process +, NN O O +resolved NN O O +in NN O O +both NN O O +space NN O O +and NN O O +time NN O O +, NN O O +similar NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +work NN O O +of NN O O +Alekseenko NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +2009 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +flat NN O O +shape NN O O +and NN O O +large NN O O +transverse NN O O +size NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +duct NN O B-Material +allow NN O O +us NN O O +to NN O O +resolve NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +film NN O I-Process +thickness NN O I-Process +in NN O O +transverse NN O O +coordinate NN O O +as NN O O +well NN O O +. NN O O +Alekseenko NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +2012 NN O O +) NN O O +attempted NN O O +to NN O O +do NN O O +this NN O O +in NN O O +annular NN O B-Process +downward NN O I-Process +flow NN O I-Process +, NN O O +but NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +technical NN O O +reasons NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +sampling NN O B-Process +frequency NN O I-Process +was NN O O +not NN O O +high NN O O +enough NN O O +in NN O O +their NN O O +experiments NN O O +. NN O O +More NN O O +recently NN O O +Alekseenko NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +2014a NN O O +) NN O O +showed NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +LIF NN O B-Process +technique NN O I-Process +can NN O O +also NN O O +detect NN O B-Task +entrained NN O I-Task +droplets NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +technique NN O O +allows NN O O +the NN O O +simultaneous NN O O +study NN O O +of NN O O +three NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +dimensional NN O I-Material +wavy NN O I-Material +structures NN O I-Material +and NN O O +liquid NN O B-Task +entrainment NN O I-Task +, NN O O +and NN O O +can NN O O +improve NN O B-Task +understanding NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +entrainment NN O I-Task +phenomenon NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0301932214001499) + +In NN O O +general NN O O +, NN O O +liquid NN O B-Process +film NN O I-Process +flows NN O I-Process +of NN O O +practical NN O O +relevance NN O O +are NN O O +turbulent NN O O +and NN O O +, NN O O +hence NN O O +, NN O O +are NN O O +associated NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +presence NN O O +of NN O O +broadband NN O B-Material +interfacial NN O I-Material +waves NN O I-Material +on NN O O +the NN O O +film NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +. NN O O +A NN O O +thorough NN O O +understanding NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +characteristic NN O I-Task +profiles NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +scales NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +dynamics NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +these NN O I-Task +interfacial NN O I-Task +waves NN O I-Task +is NN O O +of NN O O +essential NN O O +importance NN O O +in NN O O +making NN O O +accurate NN O O +and NN O O +reliable NN O O +predictions NN O O +of NN O O +heat NN O O +and NN O O +mass NN O O +transfer NN O O +rates NN O O +( NN O O +Mathie NN O O +and NN O O +Markides NN O O +, NN O O +2013a NN O O +; NN O O +Mathie NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2013 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Previous NN O O +efforts NN O O +in NN O O +downwards NN O B-Process +annular NN O I-Process +flow NN O I-Process +have NN O O +focused NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +spatio NN O B-Process +/ NN O I-Process +temporal NN O I-Process +measurement NN O I-Process +of NN O O +liquid NN O B-Process +film NN O I-Process +thickness NN O I-Process +, NN O O +followed NN O O +by NN O O +in NN O O +- NN O O +depth NN O O +statistical NN O B-Task +analyses NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +this NN O I-Task +film NN O I-Task +thickness NN O I-Task +( NN O O +Webb NN O O +and NN O O +Hewitt NN O O +, NN O O +1975 NN O O +; NN O O +Belt NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2010 NN O O +; NN O O +Alekseenko NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2012 NN O O +; NN O O +Zhao NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2013 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +efforts NN O O +have NN O O +contributed NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +much NN O O +improved NN O O +understanding NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +interfacial NN O B-Task +topology NN O I-Task +observed NN O O +in NN O O +downwards NN O B-Process +annular NN O I-Process +flows NN O I-Process +and NN O O +also NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +subsequent NN O O +proposal NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +series NN O O +of NN O O +correlations NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +quantification NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +mean NN O I-Task +film NN O I-Task +thickness NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +wave NN O I-Task +amplitudes NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +liquid NN O I-Task +entrainment NN O I-Task +rates NN O I-Task +into NN O O +the NN O O +gas NN O B-Process +phase NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Ambrosini NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +1991 NN O O +; NN O O +Karapantsios NN O O +and NN O O +Karabelas NN O O +, NN O O +1995 NN O O +; NN O O +Azzopardi NN O O +, NN O O +1997 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +On NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +hand NN O O +, NN O O +less NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +published NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +velocity NN O B-Process +distribution NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +flow NN O B-Process +structure NN O I-Process +within NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +liquid NN O I-Process +films NN O I-Process +, NN O O +underneath NN O O +the NN O O +film NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +. NN O O +This NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +relative NN O O +difficulty NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O O +measurements NN O O +caused NN O O +by NN O O +: NN O O +( NN O O +i NN O O +) NN O O +the NN O O +extremely NN O O +restricted NN O O +measurement NN O O +space NN O O +, NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +small NN O O +thickness NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +liquid NN O I-Task +films NN O I-Task +( NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +order NN O O +of NN O O +and NN O O +often NN O O +sub NN O O +- NN O O +mm NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +( NN O O +ii NN O O +) NN O O +the NN O O +highly NN O O +disturbed NN O O +and NN O O +intermittent NN O O +nature NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +gas NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +liquid NN O I-Process +interface NN O I-Process +, NN O O +( NN O O +iii NN O O +) NN O O +the NN O O +entrainment NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +gas NN O I-Process +inside NN O O +the NN O O +liquid NN O B-Material +film NN O I-Material +and NN O O +of NN O O +liquid NN O B-Material +into NN O O +the NN O O +gas NN O B-Material +core NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +( NN O O +iv NN O O +) NN O O +the NN O O +relatively NN O O +high NN O B-Task +velocities NN O I-Task +of NN O O +both NN O O +the NN O O +gas NN O B-Material +and NN O O +liquid NN O B-Material +phases NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0301932215002037) + +There NN O O +is NN O O +also NN O O +a NN O O +lack NN O O +of NN O O +agreement NN O O +as NN O O +to NN O O +what NN O O +constitutes NN O O +churn NN O B-Process +flow NN O I-Process +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +fairly NN O O +certainly NN O O +a NN O O +gas NN O B-Process +continuous NN O I-Process +flow NN O I-Process +. NN O O +There NN O O +is NN O O +growing NN O O +agreement NN O O +that NN O O +there NN O O +are NN O O +huge NN O B-Material +waves NN O I-Material +present NN O O +and NN O O +some NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +liquid NN O B-Material +is NN O O +carried NN O O +as NN O O +drops NN O O +. NN O O +Sekoguchi NN O O +and NN O O +Mori NN O O +( NN O O +1997 NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +Sawai NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +2004 NN O O +) NN O O +using NN O O +measurements NN O O +from NN O O +their NN O O +multiple NN O O +probes NN O B-Material +( NN O O +92 NN O O +over NN O O +an NN O O +axial NN O O +length NN O O +of NN O O +2.325 NN O O +m NN O O +) NN O O +obtained NN O O +time NN O B-Process +/ NN O I-Process +axial NN O I-Process +position NN O I-Process +/ NN O I-Process +void NN O I-Process +fraction NN O I-Process +information NN O I-Process +. NN O O +From NN O O +this NN O O +they NN O O +were NN O O +able NN O O +to NN O O +identify NN O B-Process +huge NN O I-Process +wave NN O I-Process +from NN O O +amongst NN O O +disturbance NN O B-Material +waves NN O I-Material +and NN O O +slugs NN O B-Material +. NN O O +They NN O O +classified NN O O +individual NN O O +structures NN O O +as NN O O +huge NN O B-Material +waves NN O I-Material +from NN O O +their NN O O +size NN O O +together NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +fact NN O O +that NN O O +their NN O O +velocities NN O O +depended NN O O +significantly NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +corresponding NN O O +axial NN O O +length NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +was NN O O +in NN O O +contrast NN O O +to NN O O +disturbance NN O B-Material +waves NN O I-Material +where NN O O +the NN O O +velocity NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +individual NN O I-Process +waves NN O I-Process +only NN O O +increased NN O O +slightly NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +axial NN O O +extent NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O O +waves NN O B-Material +. NN O O +They NN O O +also NN O O +found NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +frequency NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +huge NN O I-Process +waves NN O I-Process +first NN O O +increased NN O O +and NN O O +then NN O O +decrease NN O O +with NN O O +increasing NN O O +gas NN O B-Process +superficial NN O I-Process +velocity NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Similarly NN O O +, NN O O +their NN O O +velocities NN O O +were NN O O +found NN O O +to NN O O +deviate NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +line NN O O +for NN O O +slug NN O B-Process +flow NN O I-Process +velocities NN O I-Process +and NN O O +pass NN O O +through NN O O +a NN O O +maximum NN O O +and NN O O +then NN O O +a NN O O +minimum NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0305054816300867) + +The NN O O +scheduling NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +we NN O O +adopt NN O O +matches NN O O +a NN O O +multiple NN O B-Process +stage NN O I-Process +stochastic NN O I-Process +programming NN O I-Process +approach NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Standard NN O O +two NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +stage NN O I-Process +stochastic NN O I-Process +programs NN O I-Process +with NN O O +linear NN O B-Process +or NN O I-Process +convex NN O I-Process +functions NN O I-Process +are NN O O +often NN O O +solved NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +L NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +shaped NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +or NN O O +Bender NN O B-Process +'s NN O I-Process +decomposition NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +44,6,7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +our NN O O +recourse NN O B-Process +decision NN O I-Process +( NN O O +scheduled NN O B-Process +cancellations NN O I-Process +) NN O O +is NN O O +still NN O O +anticipative NN O O +to NN O O +further NN O O +uncertainty NN O O +, NN O O +namely NN O O +the NN O O +second NN O O +shift NN O O +surgery NN O O +durations NN O O +, NN O O +unavailability NN O O +and NN O O +cancellations NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +such NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +decision NN O B-Task +problem NN O I-Task +can NN O O +be NN O O +viewed NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +three NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +stage NN O I-Process +recourse NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +5,6 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Solving NN O O +the NN O O +scheduling NN O B-Task +problem NN O I-Task +is NN O O +further NN O O +complicated NN O O +because NN O O +the NN O O +recourse NN O B-Process +function NN O I-Process +is NN O O +integer NN O O +. NN O O +Laporte NN O O +and NN O O +Louveaux NN O O +[ NN O O +26 NN O O +] NN O O +propose NN O O +modified NN O B-Process +L NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +shaped NN O I-Process +decomposition NN O I-Process +with NN O O +adjusted NN O O +optimal NN O O +cuts NN O O +for NN O O +two NN O B-Process +stage NN O I-Process +stochastic NN O I-Process +program NN O I-Process +with NN O O +integer NN O B-Process +recourse NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Angulo NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +alternately NN O O +generate NN O B-Process +optimal NN O I-Process +cuts NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +linear NN O I-Process +sub NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +problem NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +integer NN O I-Process +sub NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +problem NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +improves NN O O +the NN O O +practical NN O O +convergence NN O O +( NN O O +see NN O O +also NN O O +[ NN O O +15,8 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +follow NN O O +a NN O O +sample NN O B-Process +average NN O I-Process +approximation NN O I-Process +approach NN O I-Process +( NN O O +SAA NN O B-Process +) NN O O +which NN O O +uses NN O O +this NN O O +framework NN O O +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +prove NN O O +and NN O O +exploit NN O O +a NN O O +specific NN O O +relationship NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +stage NN O I-Process +realization NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +optimal NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +scheduled NN O O +cancellations NN O O +to NN O O +speed NN O O +up NN O O +the NN O O +computation NN O O +of NN O O +integer NN O B-Process +cuts NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +use NN O O +Jensen NN O B-Process +'s NN O I-Process +inequality NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +to NN O O +upper NN O B-Task +bound NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +minus NN O I-Task +second NN O I-Task +( NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +third NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +stage NN O I-Task +cost NN O I-Task +, NN O O +a NN O O +technique NN O O +that NN O O +was NN O O +proposed NN O O +by NN O O +Batun NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +3 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0306437913000768) + +Modeling NN O B-Task +collaboration NN O I-Task +processes NN O I-Task +is NN O O +a NN O O +challenging NN O O +task NN O O +. NN O O +Existing NN O O +modeling NN O B-Process +approaches NN O I-Process +are NN O O +not NN O O +capable NN O O +of NN O O +expressing NN O O +the NN O O +unpredictable NN O O +, NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +routine NN O O +nature NN O O +of NN O O +human NN O B-Process +collaboration NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +influenced NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +social NN O O +context NN O O +of NN O O +involved NN O O +collaborators NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +propose NN O O +a NN O O +modeling NN O B-Process +approach NN O I-Process +which NN O O +considers NN O O +collaboration NN O B-Process +processes NN O I-Process +as NN O O +the NN O O +evolution NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +network NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +collaborative NN O I-Process +documents NN O I-Process +along NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +social NN O I-Process +network NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +collaborators NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Our NN O O +modeling NN O B-Process +approach NN O I-Process +, NN O O +accompanied NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +graphical NN O B-Process +notation NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +formalization NN O I-Process +, NN O O +allows NN O O +to NN O O +capture NN O O +the NN O O +influence NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +complex NN O I-Process +social NN O I-Process +structures NN O I-Process +formed NN O O +by NN O O +collaborators NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +therefore NN O O +facilitates NN O O +such NN O O +activities NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +discovery NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +socially NN O I-Task +coherent NN O I-Task +teams NN O I-Task +, NN O O +social NN O O +hubs NN O O +, NN O O +or NN O O +unbiased NN O O +experts NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +demonstrate NN O O +the NN O O +applicability NN O O +and NN O O +expressiveness NN O O +of NN O O +our NN O O +approach NN O O +and NN O O +notation NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +discuss NN O O +their NN O O +strengths NN O O +and NN O O +weaknesses NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370157309002877) + +We NN O O +start NN O O +by NN O O +outlining NN O O +the NN O O +motivation NN O O +, NN O O +structure NN O O +and NN O O +content NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +review NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +has NN O O +long NN O O +been NN O O +known NN O O +that NN O O +cardiovascular NN O B-Process +signals NN O I-Process +contain NN O O +a NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +oscillatory NN O B-Process +components NN O I-Process +that NN O O +are NN O O +not NN O O +exactly NN O O +periodic NN O O +. NN O O +To NN O O +put NN O O +it NN O O +differently NN O O +, NN O O +their NN O O +periods NN O B-Process +( NN O O +frequencies NN O B-Process +) NN O O +fluctuate NN O O +with NN O O +time NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +example NN O O +, NN O O +heart NN O B-Process +rate NN O I-Process +variability NN O I-Process +( NN O O +HRV NN O B-Process +) NN O O +has NN O O +in NN O O +itself NN O O +provided NN O O +a NN O O +major NN O O +topic NN O O +of NN O O +discussion NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +introduce NN O B-Task +one NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +statistical NN O I-Task +approaches NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +HRV NN O I-Task +in NN O O +Section NN O O +3 NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +understand NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +variability NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +cardiovascular NN O I-Task +system NN O I-Task +, NN O O +discussion NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O O +source NN O O +is NN O O +insufficient NN O O +because NN O O +the NN O O +cardiovascular NN O B-Material +system NN O I-Material +is NN O O +composed NN O O +of NN O O +many NN O O +different NN O O +physiological NN O B-Material +components NN O I-Material +( NN O O +subsystems NN O B-Material +) NN O O +and NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +effects NN O O +of NN O O +their NN O O +mutual NN O O +interaction NN O O +that NN O O +combine NN O O +to NN O O +produce NN O O +HRV NN O B-Task +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +demonstrated NN O O +in NN O O +Section NN O O +4 NN O O +, NN O O +revealed NN O O +by NN O O +results NN O O +obtained NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +wavelet NN O B-Process +transform NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +Section NN O O +5 NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +discuss NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +cardio NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +respiratory NN O I-Task +interaction NN O I-Task +in NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +phase NN O B-Process +synchronization NN O I-Process +. NN O O +To NN O O +set NN O O +the NN O O +scene NN O O +for NN O O +these NN O O +later NN O O +discussions NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +summarize NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +basic NN O I-Task +principles NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +phase NN O I-Task +dynamics NN O I-Task +in NN O O +Section NN O O +2 NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +readers NN O O +who NN O O +are NN O O +unfamiliar NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +physiological NN O O +aspects NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +research NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +provide NN O O +Appendices NN O O +A NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +cardiovascular NN O B-Material +system NN O I-Material +and NN O O +B NN O O +on NN O O +how NN O O +measurements NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +cardiovascular NN O I-Process +signals NN O I-Process +are NN O O +conducted NN O O +. NN O O +Appendix NN O O +C NN O O +provides NN O O +details NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +statistical NN O B-Process +methods NN O I-Process +used NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +group NN O B-Task +data NN O I-Task +analyses NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370157312000105) + +By NN O O +the NN O O +early NN O O +1970s NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +following NN O O +the NN O O +‘ NN O O +golden NN O O +age’ NN O O +of NN O O +general NN O B-Task +relativity NN O I-Task +that NN O O +took NN O O +place NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +1960s NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +was NN O O +a NN O O +wide NN O O +array NN O O +of NN O O +candidate NN O O +theories NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +gravity NN O I-Task +in NN O O +existence NN O O +that NN O O +could NN O O +rival NN O O +Einstein NN O O +’s NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +formalism NN O O +was NN O O +needed NN O O +to NN O O +deal NN O O +with NN O O +this NN O O +great NN O O +abundance NN O O +of NN O O +possibilities NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +this NN O O +was NN O O +provided NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +form NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Parameterised NN O B-Process +Post NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +Newtonian NN O I-Process +( NN O O +PPN NN O B-Process +) NN O O +formalism NN O O +by NN O O +Kenneth NN O O +Nordtvedt NN O O +, NN O O +Kip NN O O +Thorne NN O O +and NN O O +Clifford NN O O +Will NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +PPN NN O B-Process +formalism NN O I-Process +was NN O O +built NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +earlier NN O O +work NN O O +of NN O O +Eddington NN O O +and NN O O +Dicke NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +allowed NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +numerous NN O O +theories NN O O +available NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +time NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +compared NN O O +to NN O O +cutting NN O B-Task +edge NN O I-Task +astrophysical NN O I-Task +observations NN O I-Task +such NN O O +as NN O O +lunar NN O B-Task +laser NN O I-Task +ranging NN O I-Task +, NN O O +radio NN O B-Task +echo NN O I-Task +, NN O O +and NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +1974 NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +Hulse NN O B-Task +– NN O I-Task +Taylor NN O I-Task +binary NN O I-Task +pulsar NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +PPN NN O B-Process +formalism NN O I-Process +provided NN O O +a NN O O +clear NN O O +structure NN O O +within NN O O +which NN O O +one NN O O +could NN O O +compare NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +assess NN O I-Process +various NN O O +theories NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +the NN O O +benchmark NN O B-Process +for NN O I-Process +how NN O I-Process +theories NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +gravity NN O I-Process +should NN O I-Process +be NN O I-Process +evaluated NN O I-Process +ever NN O O +since NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +will NN O O +give NN O O +an NN O O +outline NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +PPN NN O B-Process +formalism NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +constraints NN O O +available NN O O +within NN O O +it NN O O +today NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +Section NN O O +2 NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370157314001318) + +Despite NN O O +the NN O O +ubiquity NN O O +of NN O O +time NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +dependent NN O I-Task +dynamical NN O I-Task +systems NN O I-Task +in NN O O +nature NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +relatively NN O O +little NN O O +work NN O O +done NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +analysis NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +time NN O I-Task +series NN O I-Task +from NN O O +such NN O O +systems NN O O +. NN O O +Mathematically NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +known NN O O +as NN O O +non NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +autonomous NN O I-Task +systems NN O I-Task +, NN O O +which NN O O +are NN O O +named NN O O +as NN O O +such NN O O +because NN O O +, NN O O +unlike NN O O +autonomous NN O B-Task +systems NN O I-Task +, NN O O +in NN O O +addition NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +points NN O O +in NN O O +space NN O O +over NN O O +which NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +observed NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +also NN O O +influenced NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +points NN O O +in NN O O +time NN O O +. NN O O +Recently NN O O +there NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +much NN O O +work NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +direct NN O O +‘ NN O B-Process +bottom NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +up’ NN O I-Process +approach NN O I-Process +to NN O O +these NN O O +systems NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +includes NN O O +the NN O O +introduction NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +subclass NN O O +known NN O O +as NN O O +chronotaxic NN O B-Task +systems NN O I-Task +that NN O O +are NN O O +able NN O O +to NN O O +model NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +stable NN O I-Process +but NN O I-Process +time NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +varying NN O I-Process +frequencies NN O I-Process +of NN O O +oscillations NN O O +in NN O O +living NN O B-Task +systems NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +8,9 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +contrast NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +time NN O B-Process +series NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +of NN O O +these NN O O +systems NN O O +, NN O O +referred NN O O +to NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +inverse NN O B-Process +or NN O O +‘ NN O B-Process +top NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +down’ NN O I-Process +approach NN O O +, NN O O +has NN O O +not NN O O +been NN O O +studied NN O O +in NN O O +detail NN O O +before NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +partly NN O O +because NN O O +non NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +autonomous NN O I-Task +systems NN O I-Task +can NN O O +still NN O O +be NN O O +analysed NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +way NN O O +as NN O O +other NN O O +types NN O O +of NN O O +systems NN O O +in NN O O +both NN O O +the NN O O +deterministic NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +10 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +stochastic NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +11 NN O O +] NN O O +regime NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +now NN O O +argued NN O O +that NN O O +this NN O O +type NN O O +of NN O O +analysis NN O O +is NN O O +insufficient NN O O +and NN O O +that NN O O +an NN O O +entirely NN O O +new NN O O +analytical NN O B-Task +framework NN O I-Task +is NN O O +required NN O O +to NN O O +provide NN O O +a NN O O +more NN O O +useful NN O O +picture NN O O +of NN O O +such NN O O +systems NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +chronotaxic NN O B-Task +systems NN O I-Task +some NN O O +methods NN O O +have NN O O +already NN O O +been NN O O +developed NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +inverse NN O B-Process +approach NN O I-Process +and NN O O +they NN O O +have NN O O +shown NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +useful NN O O +in NN O O +analysing NN O O +heart NN O B-Task +rate NN O I-Task +variability NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +general NN O O +and NN O O +dedicated NN O O +procedure NN O O +for NN O O +analysing NN O O +non NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +autonomous NN O I-Task +systems NN O I-Task +has NN O O +still NN O O +not NN O O +been NN O O +tackled NN O O +though NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304006070) + +The NN O O +purpose NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +Letter NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +answer NN O O +the NN O O +above NN O O +question NN O O +and NN O O +to NN O O +confront NN O B-Task +those NN O I-Task +six NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +zero NN O I-Task +textures NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +lepton NN O I-Task +mass NN O I-Task +matrices NN O I-Task +with NN O O +the NN O O +latest NN O O +experimental NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +. NN O O +First NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +shall NN O O +present NN O O +a NN O O +concise NN O O +analysis NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +lepton NN O B-Material +mass NN O I-Material +matrices NN O I-Material +in NN O O +Table NN O O +1 NN O O +and NN O O +reveal NN O B-Task +their NN O I-Task +isomeric NN O I-Task +features NN O I-Task +, NN O O +namely NN O O +, NN O O +they NN O O +have NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +phenomenological NN O O +consequences NN O O +, NN O O +although NN O O +their NN O O +structures NN O O +are NN O O +apparently NN O O +different NN O O +. NN O O +Second NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +shall NN O O +examine NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +predictions NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +these NN O I-Task +lepton NN O I-Task +mass NN O I-Task +matrices NN O I-Task +by NN O O +comparing NN O O +them NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +2σ NN O O +and NN O O +3σ NN O O +intervals NN O O +of NN O O +two NN O O +neutrino NN O B-Process +mass NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +squared NN O I-Process +differences NN O I-Process +and NN O O +three NN O O +lepton NN O B-Process +flavor NN O I-Process +mixing NN O I-Process +angles,22To NN O I-Process +be NN O O +specific NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +make NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +2σ NN O O +and NN O O +3σ NN O O +intervals NN O O +of NN O O +two NN O O +neutrino NN O B-Process +mass NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +squared NN O I-Process +differences NN O I-Process +and NN O O +three NN O O +lepton NN O B-Process +flavor NN O I-Process +mixing NN O I-Process +angles NN O I-Process +given NN O O +by NN O O +M. NN O O +Maltoni NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +in NN O O +Ref NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +5 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +which NN O O +are NN O O +obtained NN O O +from NN O O +a NN O O +global NN O B-Task +analysis NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +latest NN O O +solar NN O B-Material +, NN O I-Material +atmospheric NN O I-Material +, NN O I-Material +reactor NN O I-Material +( NN O I-Material +KamLAND NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +CHOOZ NN O I-Material +[ NN O I-Material +10 NN O I-Material +] NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +accelerator NN O I-Material +( NN O I-Material +K2 NN O I-Material +K NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +neutrino NN O I-Material +data NN O I-Material +. NN O O +We NN O O +find NN O O +no NN O O +parameter NN O O +space NN O O +allowed NN O O +for NN O O +six NN O O +isomeric NN O B-Material +lepton NN O I-Material +mass NN O I-Material +matrices NN O I-Material +at NN O O +the NN O O +2σ NN O O +level NN O O +. NN O O +At NN O O +the NN O O +3σ NN O O +level NN O O +, NN O O +however NN O O +, NN O O +their NN O O +results NN O O +for NN O O +neutrino NN O B-Material +masses NN O O +and NN O O +lepton NN O B-Process +flavor NN O I-Process +mixing NN O I-Process +angles NN O I-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +compatible NN O O +with NN O O +current NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Third NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +incorporate NN O O +the NN O O +seesaw NN O B-Process +mechanism NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +Fukugita NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +Tanimoto NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +Yanagida NN O I-Process +hypothesis NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +9 NN O O +] NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +charged NN O B-Material +lepton NN O I-Material +and NN O O +Dirac NN O B-Material +neutrino NN O I-Material +mass NN O I-Material +matrices NN O I-Material +with NN O O +six NN O O +texture NN O O +zeros NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +turns NN O O +out NN O O +that NN O O +their NN O O +predictions NN O O +, NN O O +including NN O O +θ23≈45 NN O O +° NN O O +, NN O O +are NN O O +in NN O O +good NN O O +agreement NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +experimental NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +even NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +2σ NN O O +level NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304006082) + +The NN O O +aim NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +note NN O O +is NN O O +nothing NN O O +more NN O O +than NN O O +to NN O O +bring NN O B-Task +both NN O I-Task +approaches NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +equal NN O I-Task +footing NN O I-Task +and NN O O +to NN O O +relax NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +assumptions NN O I-Task +under NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O O +results NN O O +of NN O O +[ NN O O +11,13 NN O O +] NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +derived NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +approach NN O O +. NN O O +More NN O O +concretely NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +generalize NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +one NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +loop NN O I-Process +partition NN O I-Process +functions NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +as NN O O +derived NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +11,13 NN O O +] NN O O +for NN O O +levels NN O O +being NN O O +odd NN O O +, NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +even NN O O +levels NN O O +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +level NN O O +of NN O O +partition NN O O +functions NN O O +we NN O O +implement NN O O +additional NN O B-Process +dressings NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +world NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +sheet NN O I-Process +parity NN O I-Process +symmetry NN O I-Process +and NN O O +identify NN O O +them NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +dressings NN O B-Process +introduced NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +12 NN O O +] NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +crosscap NN O B-Process +state NN O I-Process +approach NN O I-Process +. NN O O +As NN O O +expected NN O O +, NN O O +all NN O O +the NN O O +physical NN O O +information NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +read NN O O +off NN O O +entirely NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +various NN O O +amplitudes NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +will NN O O +end NN O O +up NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +collection NN O O +of NN O O +very NN O O +explicit NN O O +and NN O O +general NN O O +one NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +loop NN O I-Process +partition NN O I-Process +functions NN O I-Process +and NN O O +tadpole NN O B-Process +cancellation NN O I-Process +conditions NN O I-Process +covering NN O O +simple NN O O +current NN O B-Process +extensions NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +all NN O I-Process +168 NN O I-Process +Gepner NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +with NN O O +additional NN O O +dressings NN O B-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +parity NN O B-Process +symmetry NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +fact NN O O +providing NN O O +a NN O O +compact NN O O +collection NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +main NN O O +relevant NN O O +formulas NN O O +for NN O O +constructing NN O B-Task +supersymmetric NN O I-Task +Gepner NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +orientifolds NN O I-Task +was NN O O +one NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +motivations NN O O +for NN O O +writing NN O O +this NN O O +Letter NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +hope NN O O +that NN O O +these NN O O +expressions NN O O +turn NN O O +out NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +useful NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +systematic NN O B-Task +search NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +Standard NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +like NN O I-Task +models NN O I-Task +respectively NN O O +for NN O O +providing NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +statistical NN O I-Task +ensemble NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +spirit NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +[ NN O I-Task +29 NN O I-Task +] NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304006161) + +Absorption NN O B-Task +events NN O I-Task +through NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +charged NN O I-Task +current NN O I-Task +reactions NN O I-Task +( NN O O +2)νe+40Ar→e−+40K∗andν̄e+40Ar→e++40Cl∗. NN O O +There NN O O +is NN O O +some NN O O +uncertainty NN O O +in NN O O +predicting NN O B-Task +e−(e+ NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +event NN O I-Task +rates NN O I-Task +for NN O O +these NN O O +processes NN O O +which NN O O +arise NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +dependencies NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +absorption NN O O +cross NN O O +section NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +treatment NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +Coulomb NN O I-Process +distortion NN O I-Process +of NN O O +electron NN O B-Material +( NN O O +positron NN O B-Material +) NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +field NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +residual NN O B-Task +nucleus NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Task +absorption NN O I-Task +cross NN O I-Task +section NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +charged NN O I-Task +current NN O I-Task +neutrino NN O I-Task +reactions NN O I-Task +in NN O O +40Ar NN O O +relevant NN O O +to NN O O +supernova NN O B-Material +neutrino NN O I-Material +energies NN O I-Material +was NN O O +first NN O O +calculated NN O O +by NN O O +Raghavan NN O O +[ NN O O +10 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +Bahcall NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +11 NN O O +] NN O O +for NN O O +Fermi NN O O +transitions NN O O +leading NN O O +to NN O O +isobaric NN O B-Process +analogue NN O I-Process +state NN O I-Process +( NN O O +IAS NN O B-Process +) NN O O +at NN O O +4.38 NN O B-Process +MeV NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +40K∗. NN O I-Process +Later NN O O +Ormand NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +12 NN O O +] NN O O +used NN O O +a NN O O +shell NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +to NN O O +calculate NN O O +the NN O B-Task +Fermi NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +Gamow NN O I-Task +– NN O I-Task +Teller NN O I-Task +transitions NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +these NN O O +calculations NN O O +Fermi NN O O +function NN O O +F(Z NN O O +, NN O O +Ee NN O O +) NN O O +was NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +take NN O O +into NN O O +account NN O O +the NN O O +Coulomb NN O B-Process +effects NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +a NN O O +recent NN O O +paper NN O O +Bueno NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +make NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +calculation NN O B-Process +by NN O I-Process +Martinez NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +Pinedo NN O I-Process +et NN O I-Process +al NN O I-Process +. NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +14 NN O O +] NN O O +who NN O O +use NN O O +a NN O O +shell NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +for NN O I-Process +Fermi NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +Gamow NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +Teller NN O I-Process +transitions NN O I-Process +and NN O O +a NN O O +continuum NN O B-Process +random NN O I-Process +phase NN O I-Process +approximation NN O I-Process +( NN O O +CRPA NN O B-Process +) NN O O +for NN O O +forbidden NN O O +transitions NN O O +to NN O O +calculate NN O O +the NN O B-Task +absorption NN O I-Task +cross NN O I-Task +sections NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +calculation NN O O +the NN O O +Coulomb NN O O +distortion NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +produced NN O O +electron NN O O +is NN O O +treated NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +hybrid NN O O +model NN O O +where NN O O +a NN O O +Fermi NN O O +function NN O O +is NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +lower NN O O +electron NN O O +energies NN O O +and NN O O +modified NN O B-Process +effective NN O I-Process +momentum NN O I-Process +approximation NN O I-Process +( NN O O +MEMA NN O B-Process +) NN O O +for NN O O +higher NN O O +electron NN O O +energies NN O O +[ NN O O +14–17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +a NN O O +recent NN O O +work NN O O +Bhattacharya NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +18 NN O O +] NN O O +have NN O O +measured NN O O +the NN O O +Fermi NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +Gamow NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +Teller NN O I-Process +transition NN O I-Process +strengths NN O I-Process +leading NN O O +to NN O O +excited NN O O +states NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +6 NN O O +MeV NN O O +in NN O O +40K∗ NN O O +and NN O O +obtained NN O O +the NN O O +neutrino NN O B-Task +absorption NN O I-Task +cross NN O I-Task +section NN O I-Task +for NN O O +supernova NN O O +neutrinos NN O O +in NN O O +40Ar NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304006720) + +Classical NN O O +, NN O O +two NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +dimensional NN O I-Task +sigma NN O I-Task +models NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +compact NN O I-Task +symmetric NN O I-Task +spaces NN O I-Task +G NN O I-Task +/ NN O I-Task +H NN O I-Task +are NN O O +integrable NN O O +by NN O O +virtue NN O O +of NN O O +conserved NN O O +quantities NN O O +which NN O O +can NN O O +arise NN O O +as NN O O +integrals NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +local NN O I-Process +or NN O I-Process +non NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +local NN O I-Process +functions NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +underlying NN O O +fields NN O O +( NN O O +the NN O O +accounts NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +1–5 NN O O +] NN O O +contain NN O O +references NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +extensive NN O O +literature NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Since NN O O +these NN O O +models NN O O +are NN O O +asymptotically NN O O +free NN O O +and NN O O +strongly NN O O +coupled NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +infrared NN O O +, NN O O +their NN O O +quantum NN O O +properties NN O O +are NN O O +not NN O O +straightforward NN O O +to NN O O +determine NN O O +. NN O O +Nevertheless NN O O +, NN O O +following NN O O +Lüscher NN O O +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +Abdalla NN O O +, NN O O +Forger NN O O +and NN O O +Gomes NN O O +showed NN O O +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +that NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +G NN O B-Task +/ NN O I-Task +H NN O I-Task +sigma NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +H NN O I-Task +simple,11Here NN O I-Task +, NN O O +and NN O O +throughout NN O O +this NN O O +Letter NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +shall NN O O +use NN O O +‘ NN O O +simple’ NN O B-Process +to NN O O +mean NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +corresponding NN O B-Process +Lie NN O I-Process +algebra NN O I-Process +has NN O I-Process +no NN O I-Process +non NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +trivial NN O I-Process +ideals NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Hence NN O O +U(1 NN O O +) NN O O +is NN O O +simple NN O O +in NN O O +our NN O O +terminology NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +addition NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +usual NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +Abelian NN O O +simple NN O O +groups NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Cartan NN O O +– NN O O +Killing NN O O +classification NN O O +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +conserved NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +local NN O O +charge NN O O +survives NN O O +quantization NN O B-Process +( NN O O +after NN O O +an NN O O +appropriate NN O O +renormalization NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +6–8 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +suffices NN O O +to NN O O +ensure NN O O +quantum NN O B-Task +integrability NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +theory NN O O +. NN O O +By NN O O +contrast NN O O +, NN O O +calculations NN O B-Process +using NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +1/N NN O I-Process +expansion NN O I-Process +reveal NN O O +anomalies NN O O +that NN O O +spoil NN O O +the NN O O +conservation NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +quantum NN O I-Task +non NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +local NN O I-Task +charges NN O I-Task +in NN O O +the NN O O +CPN−1=SU(N)/SU(N−1)×U(1 NN O B-Process +) NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +for NN O I-Process +N>2 NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +wider NN O O +class NN O O +of NN O O +theories NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +complex NN O B-Process +Grassmannians NN O I-Process +SU(N)/SU(n)×SU(N−n)×U(1 NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +for NN O I-Process +N NN O I-Process +> NN O I-Process +n>1 NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +9 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304006756) + +We NN O O +propose NN O O +a NN O O +method NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +lattice NN O B-Task +QCD NN O I-Task +computation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +nucleon NN O I-Task +– NN O I-Task +nucleon NN O I-Task +low NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +energy NN O I-Task +interactions NN O I-Task +. NN O O +It NN O O +consists NN O O +in NN O O +simulating NN O B-Process +QCD NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +background NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +“ NN O O +electromagnetic NN O B-Material +” NN O I-Material +field NN O I-Material +whose NN O O +potential NN O O +is NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +vanishing NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +whose NN O O +field NN O B-Process +strength NN O I-Process +is NN O I-Process +zero NN O I-Process +. NN O O +By NN O O +tuning NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +background NN O I-Process +field NN O I-Process +, NN O O +phase NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +shifts NN O I-Task +at NN O I-Task +any NN O I-Task +( NN O I-Task +but NN O I-Task +small NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +momenta NN O I-Task +can NN O O +be NN O O +determined NN O O +by NN O O +measuring NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +shift NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +ground NN O I-Process +state NN O I-Process +energy NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Lattice NN O B-Material +sizes NN O I-Material +as NN O O +small NN O O +as NN O O +5 NN O O +Fermi NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +sufficient NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +calculation NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +phase NN O I-Task +shifts NN O I-Task +up NN O O +to NN O O +momenta NN O O +of NN O O +order NN O O +of NN O O +mπ/2 NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304006768) + +In NN O O +our NN O O +study NN O O +we NN O O +illustrate NN O O +the NN O O +properties NN O O +of NN O O +gauge NN O O +invariant NN O B-Task +extensions NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +local NN O I-Task +functionals NN O I-Task +. NN O O +We NN O O +aim NN O O +at NN O O +clarifying NN O O +, NN O O +via NN O O +specific NN O O +examples NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +relation NN O O +between NN O O +a NN O O +functional NN O B-Task +which NN O I-Task +is NN O I-Task +local NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +particular NN O I-Task +gauge NN O I-Task +( NN O O +but NN O O +not NN O O +necessarily NN O O +gauge NN O O +invariant NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +its NN O B-Task +gauge NN O I-Task +invariant NN O I-Task +extension NN O I-Task +( NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +necessarily NN O O +local NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +non NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +localities NN O I-Process +found NN O I-Process +are NN O O +not NN O O +perturbatively NN O O +local NN O O +because NN O O +they NN O O +can NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +expressed NN O O +in NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +an NN O O +infinite NN O B-Process +derivative NN O I-Process +expansion NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +believe NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +implications NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +observation NN O O +have NN O O +not NN O O +been NN O O +clearly NN O O +emphasised NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +literature NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +attested NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +absence NN O O +of NN O O +any NN O O +debate NN O O +about NN O O +it NN O O +in NN O O +recent NN O O +works NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +precisely NN O O +these NN O O +dangerous NN O O +infrared NN O B-Task +modes NN O I-Task +that NN O O +make NN O O +it NN O O +hard NN O O +to NN O O +define NN O O +a NN O O +gauge NN O B-Process +independent NN O I-Process +renormalisation NN O I-Process +for NN O O +the NN O O +gauge NN O B-Task +invariant NN O I-Task +extensions NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +local NN O I-Task +functionals NN O I-Task +. NN O O +This NN O O +observation NN O O +supports NN O O +the NN O O +remark NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +expectation NN O B-Task +value NN O I-Task +receives NN O O +important NN O O +contributions NN O O +from NN O O +both NN O O +large NN O O +and NN O O +small NN O O +distances NN O O +. NN O O +Our NN O O +arguments NN O O +on NN O O +renormalisability NN O B-Task +are NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +notion NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +renormalisation NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +modern NN O O +sense NN O O +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +which NN O O +relies NN O O +on NN O O +BRST NN O B-Process +cohomology NN O I-Process +theorems NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +BRST NN O B-Material +terminology NN O I-Material +will NN O O +therefore NN O O +be NN O O +frequently NN O O +used NN O O +here NN O O +, NN O O +even NN O O +though NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +always NN O O +necessary NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S037026930400680X) + +Certainly NN O O +therefore NN O O +the NN O O +see NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +saw NN O I-Process +mechanism NN O I-Process +is NN O O +an NN O O +attractive NN O O +explanation NN O O +of NN O O +why NN O O +the NN O O +light NN O B-Task +neutrino NN O I-Task +masses NN O I-Task +are NN O O +so NN O O +small NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +without NN O O +its NN O O +faults NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +particular NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +tension NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +strongly NN O O +hierarchical NN O O +nature NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +observed NN O O +Yukawa NN O B-Task +couplings NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +quark NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +charged NN O I-Task +lepton NN O I-Task +sectors NN O I-Task +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +essentially NN O O +hierarchy NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +free NN O I-Task +masses NN O I-Task +implied NN O I-Task +by NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +Δm2 NN O I-Task +'s NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +both NN O O +the NN O O +θ12 NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +θ23 NN O I-Task +mixing NN O I-Task +angles NN O I-Task +are NN O O +large NN O O +while NN O O +the NN O B-Task +angle NN O I-Task +θ13 NN O I-Task +is NN O O +small NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +in NN O O +sharp NN O O +contrast NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +corresponding NN O O +mixings NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +quark NN O B-Process +sector NN O I-Process +which NN O O +are NN O O +all NN O O +small NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +problems NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +solved NN O O +in NN O O +specific NN O O +models NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +example NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +Δm2 NN O B-Process +values NN O I-Process +can NN O I-Process +be NN O I-Process +fitted NN O I-Process +by NN O I-Process +taking NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +spectrum NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +rhd NN O I-Process +neutrino NN O I-Process +masses NN O I-Process +to NN O O +be NN O O +hierarchical NN O O +in NN O O +such NN O O +a NN O O +way NN O O +as NN O O +to NN O O +almost NN O O +compensate NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +hierarchical NN O B-Process +neutrino NN O I-Process +Yukawa NN O I-Process +couplings NN O I-Process +. NN O O +But NN O O +this NN O O +has NN O O +the NN O O +price NN O O +of NN O O +introducing NN O O +a NN O O +wide NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +rhd NN O B-Material +neutrino NN O I-Material +masses NN O I-Material +MR∼1010–1015 NN O B-Material +which NN O O +then NN O O +require NN O O +explanation NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007129) + +We NN O O +analyze NN O O +the NN O O +diagonal NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +transition NN O I-Task +magnetic NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +electric NN O I-Task +dipole NN O I-Task +moments NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +charged NN O I-Task +leptons NN O I-Task +in NN O O +extended NN O B-Process +technicolor NN O I-Process +( NN O O +ETC NN O B-Process +) NN O O +models NN O O +, NN O O +taking NN O O +account NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +multiscale NN O O +nature NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +ETC NN O B-Process +gauge NN O B-Process +symmetry NN O I-Process +breaking NN O I-Process +, NN O O +conformal NN O B-Process +( NN O I-Process +walking NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +behavior NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +technicolor NN O I-Process +theory NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +mixing NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +charged NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +lepton NN O I-Process +mass NN O I-Process +matrix NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +mixing NN O B-Task +effects NN O I-Task +dominate NN O O +the NN O O +ETC NN O B-Process +contributions NN O O +to NN O O +charged NN O B-Task +lepton NN O I-Task +electric NN O I-Task +dipole NN O I-Task +moments NN O I-Task +and NN O O +that NN O O +these NN O O +can NN O O +yield NN O O +a NN O O +value NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +|de| NN O I-Process +comparable NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +current NN O O +limit NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +rate NN O B-Process +for NN O I-Process +μ→eγ NN O I-Process +can NN O O +also NN O O +be NN O O +close NN O O +to NN O O +its NN O O +limit NN O O +. NN O O +From NN O O +these NN O O +and NN O O +other NN O O +processes NN O O +we NN O O +derive NN O O +constraints NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +charged NN O B-Task +lepton NN O I-Task +mixing NN O I-Task +angles NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +constraints NN O O +are NN O O +such NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +ETC NN O B-Process +contribution NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +muon NN O B-Task +anomalous NN O I-Task +magnetic NN O I-Task +moment NN O I-Task +, NN O O +which NN O O +includes NN O O +a NN O O +significant NN O O +lepton NN O B-Process +mixing NN O I-Process +term NN O I-Process +, NN O O +can NN O O +approach NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +exceed NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +current NN O O +sensitivity NN O O +level NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007208) + +It NN O O +is NN O O +well NN O O +known NN O O +that NN O O +one NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +long NN O O +standing NN O O +problems NN O O +in NN O O +physics NN O O +is NN O O +understanding NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +confinement NN O I-Task +physics NN O I-Task +from NN O I-Task +first NN O I-Task +principles NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Hence NN O O +the NN O O +challenge NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +develop NN O B-Task +analytical NN O I-Task +approaches NN O I-Task +which NN O O +provide NN O O +valuable NN O O +insight NN O O +and NN O O +theoretical NN O O +guidance NN O O +. NN O O +According NN O O +to NN O O +this NN O O +viewpoint NN O O +, NN O O +an NN O O +effective NN O O +theory NN O O +in NN O O +which NN O O +confining NN O O +potentials NN O O +are NN O O +obtained NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +consequence NN O O +of NN O O +spontaneous NN O B-Process +symmetry NN O I-Process +breaking NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +scale NN O I-Process +invariance NN O I-Process +has NN O O +been NN O O +developed NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +particular NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +was NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +a NN O O +such NN O O +theory NN O O +relies NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +scale NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +invariant NN O I-Process +Lagrangian NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +type NN O O +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +( NN O O +1)L=14w2−12w−FμνaFaμν NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +Fμνa=∂μAνa−∂νAμa+gfabcAμbAνc NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +w NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +a NN O O +fundamental NN O O +field NN O O +but NN O O +rather NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +function NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +4-index NN O I-Process +field NN O I-Process +strength NN O I-Process +, NN O O +that NN O O +is NN O O +, NN O O +( NN O B-Process +2)w=εμναβ∂μAναβ. NN O I-Process +The NN O O +Aναβ NN O B-Process +equation NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +motion NN O I-Process +leads NN O I-Process +to NN O O +( NN O O +3)εμναβ∂βw−−FγδaFaγδ=0 NN O B-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +then NN O O +integrated NN O B-Process +to NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +4)w=−FμνaFaμν+M. NN O I-Process +It NN O O +is NN O O +easy NN O O +to NN O O +verify NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +Aaμ NN O B-Process +equation NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +motion NN O I-Process +leads NN O O +us NN O O +to NN O O +( NN O O +5)∇μFaμν+MFaμν−FαβbFbαβ=0 NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +worth NN O O +stressing NN O O +at NN O O +this NN O O +stage NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +above NN O O +equation NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +obtained NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O B-Process +effective NN O I-Process +Lagrangian NN O I-Process +( NN O O +6)Leff=−14FμνaFaμν+M2−FμνaFaμν. NN O B-Process +Spherically NN O B-Task +symmetric NN O I-Task +solutions NN O I-Task +of NN O O +Eq NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +5 NN O O +) NN O O +display NN O O +, NN O O +even NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +Abelian NN O O +case NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +Coulomb NN O B-Material +piece NN O I-Material +and NN O O +a NN O O +confining NN O B-Material +part NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Also NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +quantum NN O B-Task +theory NN O I-Task +calculation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +static NN O I-Task +energy NN O I-Task +between NN O I-Task +two NN O I-Task +charges NN O I-Task +displays NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +behavior NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +well NN O O +known NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +square NN O O +root NN O O +part NN O O +describes NN O O +string NN O B-Process +like NN O I-Process +solutions NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +3,4 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S037026930400721X) + +In NN O O +the NN O O +supersymmetric NN O O +case NN O O +, NN O O +such NN O O +a NN O O +small NN O B-Task +coupling NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +quartic NN O I-Task +interaction NN O I-Task +can NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +realized NN O O +if NN O O +the NN O O +potential NN O O +is NN O O +lifted NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +gauge NN O B-Process +D NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +term NN O I-Process +interactions NN O I-Process +, NN O O +since NN O O +, NN O O +if NN O O +so NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O B-Material +coupling NN O I-Material +constant NN O I-Material +λ NN O I-Material +becomes NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +order NN O O +O(g2 NN O O +) NN O O +where NN O O +g NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +gauge NN O B-Material +coupling NN O I-Material +constant NN O I-Material +in NN O O +the NN O O +standard NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Therefore NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +focus NN O O +our NN O O +attention NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +D NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +flat NN O I-Task +directions NN O I-Task +. NN O O +For NN O O +D NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +flat NN O I-Task +directions NN O I-Task +, NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +more NN O O +careful NN O O +since NN O O +behaviors NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +potential NN O I-Task +depend NN O O +on NN O O +which NN O O +flat NN O O +direction NN O O +we NN O O +consider NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +MSSM NN O O +, NN O O +Yukawa NN O B-Task +interactions NN O I-Task +exist NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +superpotential NN O O +to NN O O +generate NN O O +the NN O O +fermion NN O O +masses NN O O +. NN O O +Such NN O O +Yukawa NN O O +interactions NN O O +lift NN O O +some NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +D NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +flat NN O I-Task +directions NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +can NN O O +also NN O O +find NN O O +several NN O O +D NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +flat NN O I-Task +directions NN O I-Task +which NN O O +are NN O O +not NN O O +affected NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +Yukawa NN O B-Task +interactions NN O I-Task +associated NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +fermion NN O O +masses NN O O +; NN O O +without NN O O +R NN O O +- NN O O +parity NN O O +violation NN O O +, NN O O +such NN O O +D NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +flat NN O I-Task +directions NN O I-Task +are NN O O +only NN O O +lifted NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +effects NN O O +of NN O O +supersymmetry NN O O +breaking.33Here NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +assume NN O O +that NN O O +coefficients NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +non NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +renormalizable NN O I-Task +terms NN O I-Task +are NN O O +suppressed NN O O +enough NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +neglected NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +explained NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +R NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +symmetry NN O I-Process +, NN O O +assigning NN O O +R NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +charge NN O I-Process +23 NN O I-Process +to NN O O +each NN O O +MSSM NN O B-Process +chiral NN O I-Process +superfields NN O I-Process +. NN O O +( NN O O +See NN O O +Ref NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +details NN O O +. NN O O +) NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007257) + +Some NN O O +non NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +standard NN O I-Task +couplings NN O I-Task +, NN O O +which NN O O +should NN O O +be NN O O +determined NN O O +here NN O O +, NN O O +could NN O O +also NN O O +be NN O O +studied NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +standard NN O B-Process +e+e− NN O I-Process +option NN O I-Process +of NN O O +a NN O O +linear NN O B-Material +collider NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Therefore NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +worth NN O O +while NN O O +to NN O O +compare NN O O +the NN O O +potential NN O B-Task +power NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O O +options NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +far NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +parameter NN O B-Task +αγ1 NN O I-Task +is NN O O +concerned NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +γγ NN O B-Material +collider NN O I-Material +does NN O O +not NN O O +allow NN O O +for NN O O +its NN O O +determination NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +it NN O O +could NN O O +be NN O O +determined NN O O +at NN O O +e+e−. NN O B-Process +The NN O O +second NN O O +tt̄γ NN O O +coupling NN O B-Task +αγ2 NN O I-Task +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +proportional NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +real NN O O +part NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +top NN O O +- NN O O +quark NN O O +electric NN O O +dipole NN O O +moment,44See NN O O +[ NN O O +23 NN O O +] NN O O +taking NN O O +into NN O O +account NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +operators NN O O +OuB NN O O +, NN O O +OqB NN O O +and NN O O +OqW NN O O +are NN O O +redundant NN O O +. NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +measured NN O O +here NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +should NN O O +be NN O O +recalled NN O O +that NN O O +energy NN O O +and NN O O +polar NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +angle NN O I-Task +distributions NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +leptons NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +b NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +quarks NN O I-Task +in NN O O +e+e− NN O B-Material +colliders NN O I-Material +are NN O O +sensitive NN O O +only NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +imaginary NN O B-Process +part NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +electric NN O I-Process +dipole NN O I-Process +moment,55However NN O I-Process +, NN O O +it NN O O +should NN O O +be NN O O +emphasized NN O O +that NN O O +there NN O O +exist NN O O +observables NN O O +sensitive NN O O +also NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O B-Process +real NN O I-Process +part NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +top NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +quark NN O I-Process +electric NN O I-Process +dipole NN O I-Process +moment NN O I-Process +, NN O O +see NN O O +[ NN O O +24 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +while NN O O +here NN O O +the NN O O +real NN O O +part NN O O +could NN O O +be NN O O +determined NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +the NN O O +measurement NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +γγH NN O I-Task +couplings NN O I-Task +, NN O O +e+e− NN O B-Material +colliders NN O I-Material +are NN O O +, NN O O +of NN O O +course NN O O +, NN O O +useless NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +here NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O B-Process +bX NN O I-Process +final NN O I-Process +state NN O I-Process +both NN O O +αh1 NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +αh2 NN O I-Task +could NN O I-Task +be NN O I-Task +measured NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O B-Task +decay NN O I-Task +form NN O I-Task +factor NN O I-Task +αd NN O I-Task +measurement NN O I-Task +, NN O O +the NN O O +e+e− NN O B-Process +option NN O I-Process +seems NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +a NN O O +little NN O O +more NN O O +advantageous NN O O +, NN O O +especially NN O O +if NN O O +e+e− NN O B-Process +polarization NN O I-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +tuned NN O O +appropriately NN O O +[ NN O O +25 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007439) + +In NN O O +contrast NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +H NN O O +particle NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +situation NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +Θ+ NN O B-Task +baryon NN O I-Task +is NN O O +very NN O O +promising NN O O +. NN O O +Thus NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +Letter NN O O +we NN O O +explore NN O O +the NN O B-Task +formation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +Θ+-baryon NN O I-Task +within NN O O +a NN O O +new NN O O +approach NN O O +called NN O O +parton NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +Gribov NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +Regge NN O I-Process +theory NN O I-Process +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +realized NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +Monte NN O B-Material +Carlo NN O I-Material +program NN O I-Material +NEXUS NN O B-Material +3.97 NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +22,23 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +model NN O O +high NN O B-Process +energy NN O I-Process +hadronic NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +nuclear NN O I-Process +collisions NN O I-Process +are NN O O +treated NN O O +within NN O O +a NN O O +self NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +consistent NN O I-Process +quantum NN O I-Process +mechanical NN O I-Process +multiple NN O I-Process +scattering NN O I-Process +formalism NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Elementary NN O B-Process +interactions NN O I-Process +, NN O O +happening NN O O +in NN O O +parallel NN O O +, NN O O +correspond NN O O +to NN O O +underlying NN O O +microscopic NN O B-Process +( NN O I-Process +predominantly NN O I-Process +soft NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +parton NN O I-Process +cascades NN O I-Process +and NN O O +are NN O O +described NN O O +effectively NN O O +as NN O O +phenomenological NN O B-Process +soft NN O I-Process +pomeron NN O I-Process +exchanges NN O I-Process +. NN O O +A NN O O +pomeron NN O B-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +seen NN O O +as NN O O +layers NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +( NN O B-Material +soft NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +parton NN O I-Material +ladder NN O I-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +attached NN O O +to NN O O +projectile NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +target NN O I-Material +nucleons NN O I-Material +via NN O O +leg NN O B-Material +partons NN O I-Material +. NN O O +At NN O O +high NN O O +energies NN O O +one NN O O +accounts NN O O +also NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +contribution NN O O +of NN O O +perturbative NN O B-Material +( NN O I-Material +high NN O I-Material +pt NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +partons NN O I-Material +described NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +so NN O O +- NN O O +called NN O O +“ NN O B-Material +semihard NN O I-Material +pomeron”—a NN O I-Material +piece NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +QCD NN O I-Material +parton NN O I-Material +ladder NN O I-Material +sandwiched NN O I-Material +between NN O I-Material +two NN O I-Material +soft NN O I-Material +pomerons NN O I-Material +which NN O I-Material +are NN O I-Material +connected NN O I-Material +to NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +projectile NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +to NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +target NN O I-Material +in NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +usual NN O I-Material +way NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +spectator NN O B-Material +partons NN O I-Material +of NN O O +both NN O O +projectile NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +target NN O I-Material +nucleons NN O I-Material +, NN O O +left NN O O +after NN O O +pomeron NN O B-Process +emissions NN O I-Process +, NN O O +form NN O O +nucleon NN O B-Material +remnants NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +legs NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +pomerons NN O B-Material +form NN O O +color NN O B-Material +singlets NN O I-Material +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +q NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +q̄ NN O I-Material +, NN O O +q NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +qq NN O I-Material +or NN O O +q̄–q̄q̄. NN O B-Material +The NN O O +probability NN O O +of NN O O +q NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +qq NN O I-Material +and NN O O +q̄–q̄q̄ NN O B-Material +is NN O O +controlled NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +parameter NN O O +Pqq NN O O +and NN O O +is NN O O +fixed NN O B-Process +by NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +experimental NN O I-Process +yields NN O I-Process +on NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +multi-)strange NN O I-Process +baryons NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +23 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007634) + +I NN O O +also NN O O +could NN O O +not NN O O +resist NN O O +mentioning NN O O +another NN O O +wild NN O O +speculation NN O O +[ NN O O +10 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Many NN O O +years NN O O +ago NN O O +, NN O O +inspired NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +almost NN O O +exact NN O O +correspondence NN O O +between NN O O +Einstein NN O B-Process +'s NN O I-Process +post NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +Newtonian NN O I-Process +equations NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +gravity NN O I-Process +and NN O O +Maxwell NN O B-Process +'s NN O I-Process +equations NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +motion NN O I-Process +I NN O O +proposed NN O O +the NN O O +gravitipole NN O B-Process +in NN O O +analogy NN O O +with NN O O +Dirac NN O B-Process +'s NN O I-Process +magnetic NN O I-Process +monopole NN O I-Process +. NN O O +After NN O O +Dirac NN O O +there NN O O +was NN O O +considerable NN O O +debate NN O O +on NN O O +how NN O O +a NN O O +field NN O B-Task +theory NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +magnetic NN O I-Task +monopoles NN O I-Task +may NN O O +be NN O O +formulated NN O O +. NN O O +Eventually NN O O +, NN O O +' NN O O +t NN O O +Hooft NN O O +and NN O O +Polyakov NN O O +showed NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +magnetic NN O B-Task +monopole NN O I-Task +exists NN O O +as NN O O +an NN O O +extended NN O O +solution NN O O +in NN O O +certain NN O O +non NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +abelian NN O I-Process +gauge NN O I-Process +theories NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Most NN O O +theorists NN O O +now NN O O +believe NN O O +that NN O O +electromagnetism NN O B-Process +is NN O O +merely NN O O +a NN O O +piece NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +grand NN O O +unified NN O O +theory NN O O +and NN O O +that NN O O +magnetic NN O B-Process +monopoles NN O I-Process +exist NN O O +. NN O O +Might NN O O +it NN O O +not NN O O +turn NN O O +out NN O O +that NN O O +Einstein NN O O +'s NN O O +theory NN O O +is NN O O +but NN O O +a NN O O +piece NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +bigger NN O O +theory NN O O +and NN O O +that NN O O +gravitipoles NN O B-Process +exist NN O O +? NN O O +In NN O O +grand NN O O +unified NN O O +theory NN O O +the NN O O +electromagnetic NN O B-Process +field NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +component NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +multiplet NN O O +. NN O O +Could NN O O +it NN O O +be NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +gravitational NN O B-Process +field NN O I-Process +also NN O O +somehow NN O O +carries NN O O +an NN O O +internal NN O O +index NN O O +and NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +field NN O O +we NN O O +observe NN O O +is NN O O +just NN O O +a NN O O +component NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +multiplet NN O O +? NN O O +Throwing NN O O +caution NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +wind NN O O +, NN O O +I NN O O +also NN O O +asked NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +10 NN O O +] NN O O +if NN O O +the NN O O +gravitipole NN O B-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +graviton NN O B-Process +might NN O O +not NN O O +form NN O O +a NN O O +representation NN O O +under NN O O +some NN O O +dual NN O O +group NN O O +just NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +magnetic NN O B-Process +monopole NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +photon NN O B-Material +form NN O O +a NN O O +triplet NN O O +under NN O O +the NN O O +dual NN O O +group NN O O +of NN O O +Montonen NN O O +and NN O O +Olive NN O O +[ NN O O +11 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007695) + +In NN O O +summary NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +one NN O O +can NN O O +describe NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +experimental NN O I-Task +data NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +HERMES NN O I-Task +Collaboration NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +hadron NN O I-Task +attenuation NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +nuclei NN O I-Task +without NN O O +invoking NN O O +any NN O O +changes NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +fragmentation NN O B-Process +function NN O I-Process +due NN O O +to NN O O +gluon NN O B-Process +radiation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +our NN O O +dynamical NN O B-Task +studies NN O I-Task +, NN O O +that NN O O +include NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +relevant NN O O +FSI NN O B-Process +, NN O O +we NN O O +employ NN O O +only NN O O +the NN O O +‘ NN O B-Process +free’ NN O I-Process +fragmentation NN O I-Process +function NN O I-Process +on NN O O +a NN O O +nucleon NN O B-Material +and NN O O +attribute NN O O +the NN O O +hadron NN O B-Process +attenuation NN O I-Process +to NN O O +the NN O O +deceleration NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +produced NN O B-Material +( NN O I-Material +pre-)hadrons NN O I-Material +due NN O O +to NN O O +FSI NN O B-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +surrounding NN O B-Material +medium NN O I-Material +. NN O O +We NN O O +find NN O O +that NN O O +in NN O O +particular NN O O +the NN O B-Process +z NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +dependence NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +RMh NN O I-Process +is NN O O +very NN O O +sensitive NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +interaction NN O O +cross NN O O +section NN O O +of NN O O +leading NN O B-Material +prehadrons NN O I-Material +and NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +determine NN O B-Task +σlead NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +interaction NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +leading NN O I-Process +prehadrons NN O I-Process +during NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +formation NN O I-Process +time NN O I-Process +could NN O O +be NN O O +interpreted NN O O +as NN O O +an NN O O +in NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +medium NN O I-Process +change NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +fragmentation NN O I-Process +function NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +however NN O O +could NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +given NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +closed NN O O +form NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +extracted NN O O +average NN O O +hadron NN O B-Process +formation NN O I-Process +times NN O O +of NN O O +τf≳0.3 NN O O +fm NN O O +/ NN O O +c NN O O +are NN O O +compatible NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +analysis NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +antiproton NN O I-Task +attenuation NN O I-Task +in NN O O +p+A NN O B-Process +reactions NN O I-Process +at NN O O +AGS NN O O +energies NN O O +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +an NN O O +upcoming NN O O +work NN O O +we NN O O +will NN O O +investigate NN O O +in NN O O +detail NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +spectra NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +different NN O I-Task +particle NN O I-Task +species NN O I-Task +( NN O I-Task +π±,K±,p NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +p̄ NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +to NN O O +examine NN O B-Task +, NN O I-Task +if NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +formation NN O I-Task +times NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +mesons NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +antibaryons NN O I-Task +are NN O I-Task +about NN O I-Task +equal NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +we NN O O +will NN O O +improve NN O B-Task +our NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +describe NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +primary NN O I-Task +photon NN O I-Task +– NN O I-Task +nucleon NN O I-Task +reaction NN O I-Task +below NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +PYTHIA NN O I-Task +threshold NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +W⩾4 NN O I-Task +GeV. NN O I-Task + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007701) + +Solitons NN O B-Material +present NN O O +the NN O O +possibility NN O O +of NN O O +extended NN O O +objects NN O O +as NN O O +stable NN O O +states NN O O +within NN O O +Quantum NN O O +Field NN O O +Theory NN O O +. NN O O +Although NN O O +these NN O O +solutions NN O O +are NN O O +obtained NN O O +from NN O O +semi NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +classical NN O I-Process +arguments NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +weak NN O I-Process +coupling NN O I-Process +limit NN O I-Process +, NN O O +their NN O O +validity NN O O +as NN O O +quantal NN O B-Task +states NN O I-Task +is NN O O +justified NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +associated NN O B-Process +topological NN O I-Process +conservation NN O I-Process +laws NN O I-Process +. NN O O +A NN O O +more NN O O +curious NN O O +occurrence NN O O +is NN O O +that NN O O +of NN O O +fermionic NN O B-Task +zero NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +energy NN O I-Task +modes NN O I-Task +trapped NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +such NN O I-Task +solutions NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Their NN O O +presence NN O O +requires NN O O +, NN O O +according NN O O +to NN O O +well NN O O +- NN O O +known NN O O +arguments NN O O +[ NN O O +1,2 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +an NN O O +assignment NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +half NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +integer NN O I-Process +fermion NN O I-Process +number NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +solitonic NN O I-Process +states NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +usual NN O O +treatment NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O B-Task +back NN O I-Task +reaction NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +fermion NN O I-Task +zero NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +modes NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +soliton NN O I-Task +itself NN O O +is NN O O +ignored NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +fractional NN O B-Task +values NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +fermionic NN O I-Task +charge NN O I-Task +have NN O O +interesting NN O O +consequence NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O B-Task +fate NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +soliton NN O I-Task +if NN O O +the NN O O +latter NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +strictly NN O O +stable NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +reason NN O O +for NN O O +this NN O O +is NN O O +that NN O O +if NN O O +the NN O O +configuration NN O O +were NN O O +to NN O O +relax NN O O +to NN O O +trivial NN O O +vacuum NN O B-Material +in NN O O +isolation NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +no NN O O +particle NN O O +- NN O O +like NN O O +state NN O O +available NN O O +for NN O O +carrying NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +fractional NN O I-Task +value NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +fermionic NN O I-Task +charge NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Dynamical NN O B-Task +stability NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +such NN O I-Task +objects NN O I-Task +was NN O O +pointed NN O O +out NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +3 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +cosmological NN O O +context NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +4,5 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +more NN O O +recently NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +6–8 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Fractional NN O O +fermion NN O O +number NN O O +phenomenon NN O O +also NN O O +occurs NN O O +in NN O O +condensed NN O B-Material +matter NN O I-Material +systems NN O I-Material +and NN O O +its NN O O +wide NN O O +ranging NN O O +implications NN O O +call NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +systematic NN O B-Task +understanding NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +phenomenon NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007749) + +The NN O O +charmonium NN O B-Process +production NN O I-Process +has NN O O +long NN O O +been NN O O +considered NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +good NN O O +process NN O O +for NN O O +investigating NN O B-Task +both NN O I-Task +perturbative NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +nonperturbative NN O I-Task +properties NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +quantum NN O I-Task +chromodynamics NN O I-Task +( NN O I-Task +QCD NN O I-Task +) NN O O +, NN O O +because NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +relatively NN O O +large NN O O +difference NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +scale NN O O +at NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O O +charm NN O O +– NN O O +quark NN O O +pair NN O O +is NN O O +produced NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +parton NN O O +level NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +scale NN O O +at NN O O +which NN O O +it NN O O +evolves NN O O +into NN O O +a NN O O +quarkonium NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +particular NN O O +, NN O O +comparing NN O O +to NN O O +hadron NN O O +colliders NN O O +, NN O O +e+e− NN O B-Material +colliders NN O I-Material +, NN O O +provide NN O O +a NN O O +cleaner NN O O +environment NN O O +to NN O O +study NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +charmonium NN O I-Task +productions NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +decays NN O I-Task +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +some NN O O +puzzles NN O O +arise NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +recent NN O B-Process +measurements NN O I-Process +on NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +prompt NN O I-Process +J/ψ NN O I-Process +productions NN O O +at NN O O +BaBar NN O B-Process +and NN O O +Belle NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +1–3 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +the NN O O +inclusive NN O B-Task +J/ψ NN O I-Task +productions NN O I-Task +, NN O O +the NN O O +cross NN O O +section NN O O +is NN O O +much NN O O +larger NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +predictions NN O O +of NN O O +nonrelativistic NN O B-Process +quantum NN O I-Process +chromodynamics NN O I-Process +( NN O O +NRQCD NN O B-Process +) NN O O +[ NN O O +4 NN O O +] NN O O +; NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +also NN O O +an NN O O +over NN O O +- NN O O +abundance NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +four NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +charm NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +quark NN O I-Process +processes NN O I-Process +including NN O O +the NN O O +exclusive NN O B-Process +J/ψ NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +charmonium NN O I-Process +productions NN O I-Process +; NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +no NN O O +apparent NN O O +signal NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +hard NN O O +J/ψ NN O O +spectrum NN O O +which NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +predicted NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +J/ψgg NN O B-Process +production NN O I-Process +mode NN O I-Process +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +color NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +octet NN O I-Process +mechanism NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +NRQCD NN O I-Process +. NN O O +To NN O O +provide NN O O +plausible NN O O +solutions NN O O +and NN O O +explanations NN O O +for NN O O +these NN O O +conflicts NN O O +, NN O O +theorists NN O O +have NN O O +studied NN O O +the NN O O +possibilities NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +contribution NN O I-Task +from NN O I-Task +two NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +virtual NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +photon NN O I-Task +mediate NN O I-Task +processes NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +5 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +large NN O B-Task +higher NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +order NN O I-Task +QCD NN O I-Task +corrections NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +6,7 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +collinear NN O B-Task +suppression NN O I-Task +at NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +end NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +point NN O I-Task +region NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +J/ψ NN O I-Task +momentum NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +7,8 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +contribution NN O B-Task +from NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +J/ψ-glueball NN O I-Task +associated NN O I-Task +production NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +9 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +contribution NN O B-Task +from NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +very NN O I-Task +light NN O I-Task +scalar NN O I-Task +boson NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +10 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007798) + +States NN O O +outside NN O O +the NN O O +constituent NN O O +quark NN O O +model NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +hypothesized NN O O +to NN O O +exist NN O O +almost NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +introduction NN O O +of NN O O +color NN O O +[ NN O O +1–4 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Hybrid NN O B-Material +mesons NN O I-Material +, NN O O +qq̄ NN O O +states NN O O +with NN O O +an NN O O +admixture NN O O +of NN O O +gluons NN O B-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +glueballs NN O B-Material +, NN O O +states NN O O +with NN O O +no NN O O +quark NN O B-Material +content NN O O +, NN O O +rely NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +self NN O O +interaction NN O O +property NN O O +of NN O O +gluons NN O B-Material +due NN O O +to NN O O +their NN O O +color NN O B-Process +charge NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Looking NN O B-Process +for NN O I-Process +glueballs NN O I-Process +would NN O O +be NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +obvious NN O O +way NN O O +to NN O O +find NN O B-Task +evidence NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +states NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +constituent NN O I-Task +gluons NN O I-Task +; NN O O +however NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +search NN O O +is NN O O +hindered NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +fact NN O O +that NN O O +these NN O O +states NN O O +may NN O O +significantly NN O O +mix NN O O +with NN O O +regular NN O O +qq̄-mesons NN O B-Material +in NN O O +the NN O O +region NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +lightest NN O O +are NN O O +predicted NN O O +to NN O O +occur NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +such NN O O +, NN O O +they NN O O +may NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +observable NN O O +as NN O O +pure NN O O +states NN O O +and NN O O +disentangling NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +observed NN O I-Task +spectra NN O I-Task +may NN O O +be NN O O +a NN O O +very NN O O +difficult NN O O +task NN O O +. NN O O +Instead NN O O +, NN O O +hybrid NN O B-Material +mesons NN O I-Material +( NN O O +qq̄gn NN O B-Material +) NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +a NN O O +better NN O O +place NN O O +to NN O O +search NN O O +for NN O O +evidence NN O O +of NN O O +resonances NN O B-Task +outside NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +constituent NN O I-Task +quark NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +, NN O O +especially NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +lightest NN O O +of NN O O +theses NN O O +states NN O O +are NN O O +predicted NN O O +to NN O O +have NN O O +exotic NN O O +quantum NN O O +numbers NN O O +of NN O O +spin NN O O +, NN O O +parity NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +charge NN O O +conjugation NN O O +, NN O O +JPC NN O B-Process +, NN O O +that NN O O +is NN O O +, NN O O +combinations NN O O +that NN O O +are NN O O +unattainable NN O O +by NN O O +regular NN O O +qq̄-mesons NN O B-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008305) + +Correlation NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +charm NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +quark NN O I-Task +– NN O I-Task +charm NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +antiquark NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +γp NN O I-Task +scattering NN O I-Task +are NN O O +calculated NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +kt NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +factorization NN O I-Process +approach NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +apply NN O O +different NN O O +unintegrated NN O B-Process +gluon NN O I-Process +distributions NN O I-Process +( NN O O +uGDF NN O B-Process +) NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +literature NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +results NN O O +of NN O O +our NN O O +calculations NN O O +are NN O O +compared NN O O +with NN O O +very NN O O +recent NN O O +experimental NN O O +results NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +FOCUS NN O O +Collaboration NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +CCFM NN O B-Material +uGDF NN O I-Material +developed NN O O +recently NN O O +by NN O O +Kwieciński NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +gives NN O O +a NN O O +good NN O O +description NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +data NN O O +. NN O O +New NN O O +observables NN O O +are NN O O +suggested NN O O +for NN O O +future NN O O +studies NN O O +. NN O O +Predictions NN O O +and NN O O +perspectives NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +HERA NN O B-Task +energies NN O I-Task +are NN O O +presented NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008706) + +The NN O O +agreement NN O B-Process +between NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +new NN O I-Process +data NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +calculations NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +relativistic NN O I-Process +deuteron NN O I-Process +wave NN O I-Process +function NN O I-Process +should NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +considered NN O O +as NN O O +accidental NN O O +one NN O O +; NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +connection NN O O +other NN O O +results NN O O +should NN O O +be NN O O +mentioned NN O O +. NN O O +Previously NN O O +it NN O O +was NN O O +shown NN O O +[ NN O O +15 NN O O +] NN O O +that NN O O +calculations NN O B-Process +within NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +framework NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +light NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +front NN O I-Process +dynamics NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +Karmanov NN O I-Process +'s NN O I-Process +deuteron NN O I-Process +wave NN O I-Process +function NN O I-Process +are NN O O +in NN O O +reasonably NN O O +good NN O O +agreement NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +experimental NN O O +data NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +T20 NN O B-Process +parameter NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +deuteron NN O I-Process +breakup NN O I-Process +on NN O I-Process +H NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +C NN O I-Process +targets NN O I-Process +with NN O O +the NN O O +emission NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +protons NN O I-Process +at NN O I-Process +0 NN O I-Process +° NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +k NN O I-Process +region NN O I-Process +from NN O I-Process +0.4 NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +0.8 NN O I-Process +GeV NN O I-Process +/ NN O I-Process +c NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Furthermore NN O O +, NN O O +within NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +approach NN O O +a NN O O +qualitative NN O B-Task +description NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +momentum NN O I-Task +behaviour NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +Ayy NN O I-Task +parameter NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +9Be(d NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +p)X NN O I-Task +reaction NN O I-Task +at NN O O +a NN O O +deuteron NN O B-Process +momentum NN O I-Process +of NN O O +4.5 NN O O +GeV NN O O +/ NN O O +c NN O O +and NN O O +a NN O O +detected NN O O +proton NN O O +angle NN O O +of NN O O +80 NN O O +mr NN O O +and NN O O +a NN O O +rather NN O O +good NN O O +description NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Ayy NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +for NN O O +the NN O O +12C(d NN O B-Process +, NN O I-Process +p)X NN O I-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +at NN O O +9 NN O O +GeV NN O O +/ NN O O +c NN O O +and NN O O +85 NN O O +mr NN O O +were NN O O +obtained NN O O +[ NN O O +16 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008731) + +A NN O O +scenario NN O O +is NN O O +proposed NN O O +for NN O O +bi NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +large NN O I-Task +lepton NN O I-Task +mixing NN O I-Task +in NN O O +the NN O O +framework NN O O +of NN O O +nearly NN O O +threefold NN O O +degenerate NN O B-Material +Majorana NN O I-Material +neutrinos NN O I-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +our NN O O +proposal NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +impose NN O O +Z3 NN O O +symmetry NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +neutrino NN O B-Material +sector NN O I-Material +at NN O O +a NN O O +high NN O O +energy NN O O +scale NN O O +to NN O O +account NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +threefold NN O O +degenerate NN O B-Material +neutrinos NN O I-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +maximal NN O O +mixing NN O O +between NN O O +νμ NN O O +and NN O O +ντ. NN O O +In NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +obtain NN O O +the NN O O +atmospheric NN O B-Task +neutrino NN O I-Task +mass NN O I-Task +splitting NN O I-Task +while NN O I-Task +keeping NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +maximal NN O I-Task +mixing NN O I-Task +between NN O I-Task +νμ NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +ντ NN O I-Task +, NN O O +we NN O O +introduce NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +small NN O I-Process +perturbation NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +neutrino NN O I-Process +mass NN O I-Process +matrix NN O I-Process +without NN O I-Process +breaking NN O I-Process +Z3 NN O I-Process +symmetry NN O I-Process +. NN O O +On NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +hand NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +solar NN O B-Process +neutrino NN O I-Process +mixing NN O I-Process +arises NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +non NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +diagonal NN O I-Material +charged NN O I-Material +lepton NN O I-Material +mass NN O I-Material +matrix NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +desirable NN O O +large NN O B-Task +mixing NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +mass NN O I-Task +splitting NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +solar NN O I-Task +neutrino NN O I-Task +oscillation NN O I-Task +can NN O O +be NN O O +obtained NN O O +by NN O O +radiative NN O B-Process +corrections NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008780) + +In NN O O +the NN O O +NJL NN O B-Task +model NN O I-Task +studied NN O I-Task +here NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +find NN O O +no NN O O +stable NN O B-Material +stars NN O I-Material +with NN O O +either NN O O +CFL NN O B-Material +or NN O I-Material +normal NN O I-Material +quark NN O I-Material +matter NN O I-Material +cores NN O I-Material +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +opposite NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +prediction NN O O +of NN O O +Ref NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +15 NN O O +] NN O O +where NN O O +it NN O O +was NN O O +argued NN O O +that NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +no NN O O +2SC NN O O +phase NN O O +in NN O O +compact NN O B-Material +stars NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Let NN O O +us NN O O +be NN O O +more NN O O +precise NN O O +: NN O O +performing NN O O +a NN O O +Taylor NN O B-Process +expansion NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +strange NN O B-Material +quark NN O I-Material +mass NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +authors NN O O +of NN O O +Ref NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +15 NN O O +] NN O O +found NN O O +that NN O O +in NN O O +beta NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +equilibrated NN O I-Material +electrically NN O I-Material +and NN O O +color NN O B-Material +neutral NN O I-Material +quark NN O I-Material +matter NN O I-Material +the NN O O +2SC NN O B-Process +phase NN O I-Process +is NN O O +always NN O O +less NN O O +favored NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +CFL NN O B-Process +phase NN O I-Process +or NN O O +normal NN O B-Material +quark NN O I-Material +matter NN O I-Material +. NN O O +From NN O O +this NN O O +observation NN O O +they NN O O +concluded NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +2SC NN O B-Process +phase NN O I-Process +is NN O O +absent NN O O +in NN O O +compact NN O B-Material +stars NN O I-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +contrast NN O O +to NN O O +this NN O O +result NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +was NN O O +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Ref NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +16 NN O O +] NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +framework NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +NJL NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +that NN O O +neutral NN O B-Material +2SC NN O I-Material +matter NN O I-Material +could NN O O +be NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +favored NN O O +quark NN O B-Process +phase NN O I-Process +in NN O O +a NN O O +certain NN O O +regime NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +authors NN O O +argued NN O O +that NN O O +this NN O O +interval NN O O +might NN O O +disappear NN O O +if NN O O +the NN O O +hadronic NN O B-Process +phase NN O I-Process +is NN O O +included NN O O +more NN O O +properly NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +indeed NN O O +what NN O O +we NN O O +found NN O O +for NN O O +parameter NN O O +set NN O O +RKH NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +for NN O O +parameter NN O O +set NN O O +HK NN O O +the NN O O +2SC NN O O +phase NN O O +survives NN O O +only NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +tiny NN O O +window NN O O +. NN O O +Nevertheless NN O O +, NN O O +if NN O O +Nature NN O O +chooses NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +similar NN O O +to NN O O +this NN O O +equation NN O O +of NN O O +state NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +this NN O O +tiny NN O O +window NN O O +which NN O O +gives NN O O +rise NN O O +to NN O O +hybrid NN O B-Material +stars NN O I-Material +, NN O O +whereas NN O O +the NN O O +CFL NN O B-Process +phase NN O I-Process +would NN O O +be NN O O +never NN O O +present NN O O +in NN O O +compact NN O B-Material +stars NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008792) + +We NN O O +investigate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +density NN O I-Task +behavior NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +symmetry NN O I-Task +energy NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +respect NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +isospin NN O I-Task +equilibration NN O I-Task +in NN O O +the NN O O +combined NN O B-Process +systems NN O I-Process +Ru(Zr)+Zr(Ru NN O B-Process +) NN O I-Process +at NN O O +relativistic NN O B-Process +energies NN O I-Process +of NN O O +0.4 NN O O +and NN O O +1.528A NN O O +GeV. NN O O +The NN O O +study NN O B-Task +is NN O O +performed NN O O +within NN O O +a NN O O +relativistic NN O B-Process +framework NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +contribution NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +iso NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +vector NN O I-Process +, NN O O +scalar NN O B-Task +δ NN O I-Task +field NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +symmetry NN O I-Task +energy NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +isospin NN O I-Task +dynamics NN O I-Task +is NN O I-Task +particularly NN O I-Task +explored NN O I-Task +. NN O O +We NN O O +find NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +isospin NN O B-Task +mixing NN O I-Task +depends NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +symmetry NN O O +energy NN O O +and NN O O +a NN O O +stiffer NN O O +behavior NN O O +leads NN O O +to NN O O +more NN O O +transparency NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +results NN O O +are NN O O +also NN O O +nicely NN O O +sensitive NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +“ NN O O +fine NN O O +structure NN O O +” NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +symmetry NN O O +energy NN O O +, NN O O +i.e. NN O O +, NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +covariant NN O O +properties NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +isovector NN O B-Material +meson NN O I-Material +fields NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +isospin NN O O +tracing NN O O +appears NN O O +much NN O O +less NN O O +dependent NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +in NN O O +medium NN O B-Process +neutron NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +proton NN O I-Process +cross NN O I-Process +sections NN O I-Process +( NN O O +σnp NN O B-Process +) NN O O +and NN O O +this NN O O +makes NN O O +such NN O O +observable NN O O +very NN O O +peculiar NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +study NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +isovector NN O I-Task +part NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +nuclear NN O I-Task +equation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +state NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Within NN O O +such NN O O +a NN O O +framework NN O O +, NN O O +comparisons NN O B-Process +with NN O I-Process +experiments NN O I-Process +support NN O O +the NN O O +introduction NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +δ NN O I-Process +meson NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +description NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +iso NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +vector NN O I-Process +equation NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +state NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008809) + +The NN O O +most NN O O +ambitious NN O O +goal NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +stated NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +one NN O O +of NN O O +detecting NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +location NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +say NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +one NN O I-Task +missing NN O I-Task +level NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +an NN O I-Task +otherwise NN O I-Task +complete NN O I-Task +sequence NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Dyson NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +recent NN O O +review NN O O +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +uses NN O O +information NN O B-Process +theory NN O I-Process +concepts NN O I-Process +and NN O O +argues NN O O +that NN O O +correlations NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +sequence NN O I-Process +may NN O O +provide NN O O +the NN O O +necessary NN O O +redundancy NN O O +from NN O O +which NN O O +error NN O B-Task +correcting NN O I-Task +codes NN O I-Task +can NN O I-Task +be NN O I-Task +constructed NN O I-Task +. NN O O +At NN O O +one NN O O +extreme NN O O +where NN O O +no NN O B-Process +correlations NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +therefore NN O I-Process +no NN O I-Process +redundancy NN O I-Process +are NN O I-Process +present NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Poissonian NN O B-Process +sequence NN O I-Process +) NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +no NN O O +possibility NN O O +of NN O O +detecting NN O B-Task +one NN O I-Task +missing NN O I-Task +level NN O I-Task +. NN O O +At NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +extreme NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +sequence NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +equally NN O I-Task +spaced NN O I-Task +levels NN O I-Task +( NN O O +picket NN O B-Task +fence NN O I-Task +) NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +maximum NN O O +redundancy NN O O +and NN O O +a NN O O +missed NN O B-Task +level NN O I-Task +can NN O I-Task +be NN O I-Task +obviously NN O I-Task +detected NN O I-Task +as NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +hole NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +spectrum NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Eigenvalues NN O O +of NN O O +random NN O O +matrices NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +exhibit NN O O +characteristic NN O O +correlations NN O O +, NN O O +correspond NN O O +to NN O O +an NN O O +intermediate NN O O +situation NN O O +between NN O O +these NN O O +two NN O O +extremes NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +attempts NN O O +to NN O O +locate NN O B-Task +in NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +last NN O I-Task +case NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +single NN O I-Task +missed NN O I-Task +level NN O I-Task +have NN O O +remained NN O O +unsuccessful NN O O +so NN O O +far NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +should NN O O +be NN O O +mentioned NN O O +that NN O O +for NN O O +two NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +dimensional NN O I-Task +chaotic NN O I-Task +systems NN O I-Task +where NN O O +, NN O O +besides NN O O +correlations NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +order NN O O +of NN O O +one NN O O +mean NN O O +spacing NN O O +as NN O O +described NN O O +by NN O O +random NN O O +matrices NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +presence NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +role NN O O +of NN O O +long NN O O +range NN O O +correlations NN O O +governed NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +shortest NN O O +periodic NN O O +orbits NN O O +and NN O O +reflected NN O O +in NN O O +Weyl NN O B-Process +'s NN O I-Process +law NN O I-Process +describing NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +average NN O I-Process +spectral NN O I-Process +density NN O I-Process +, NN O O +is NN O O +well NN O O +understood NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +then NN O O +possible NN O O +to NN O O +approximately NN O B-Task +locate NN O I-Task +, NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +study NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +spectral NN O I-Process +fluctuations NN O I-Process +, NN O O +a NN O B-Task +single NN O I-Task +missed NN O I-Task +level NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008858) + +The NN O O +reason NN O O +to NN O O +investigate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +BFKL NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +DGLAP NN O I-Task +equations NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +case NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +supersymmetric NN O I-Task +theories NN O I-Task +is NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +common NN O O +belief NN O O +, NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +high NN O B-Task +symmetry NN O I-Task +may NN O I-Task +significantly NN O I-Task +simplify NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +structure NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +these NN O I-Task +equations NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Indeed NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +was NN O O +found NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +leading NN O B-Process +logarithmic NN O I-Process +approximation NN O I-Process +( NN O O +LLA NN O B-Process +) NN O O +[ NN O O +10 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +so NN O O +- NN O O +called NN O O +quasi NN O O +- NN O O +partonic NN O O +operators NN O O +in NN O O +N=1 NN O O +SYM NN O O +are NN O O +unified NN O O +in NN O O +supermultiplets NN O O +with NN O O +anomalous NN O B-Process +dimensions NN O I-Process +obtained NN O I-Process +from NN O I-Process +universal NN O I-Process +anomalous NN O I-Process +dimensions NN O I-Process +γuni(j NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +by NN O I-Process +shifting NN O I-Process +its NN O I-Process +arguments NN O I-Process +by NN O I-Process +an NN O I-Process +integer NN O I-Process +number NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Further NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +anomalous NN O B-Task +dimension NN O I-Task +matrices NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +twist-2 NN O I-Task +operators NN O I-Task +are NN O O +fixed NN O B-Process +by NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +superconformal NN O I-Process +invariance NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +10 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Calculations NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +maximally NN O I-Process +extended NN O I-Process +N=4 NN O I-Process +SYM NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +where NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +coupling NN O I-Process +constant NN O I-Process +is NN O I-Process +not NN O I-Process +renormalized NN O I-Process +, NN O O +give NN O O +even NN O O +more NN O O +remarkable NN O O +results NN O O +. NN O O +Namely NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +turns NN O O +out NN O O +, NN O O +that NN O O +here NN O O +all NN O O +twist-2 NN O B-Task +operators NN O I-Task +enter NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +multiplet NN O O +, NN O O +their NN O O +anomalous NN O B-Task +dimension NN O I-Task +matrix NN O I-Task +is NN O O +fixed NN O O +completely NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +super NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +conformal NN O I-Process +invariance NN O I-Process +and NN O O +its NN O O +universal NN O O +anomalous NN O O +dimension NN O O +in NN O O +LLA NN O O +is NN O O +proportional NN O O +to NN O O +Ψ(j−1)−Ψ(1 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +means NN O O +, NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +evolution NN O B-Task +equations NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +matrix NN O I-Task +elements NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +quasi NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +partonic NN O I-Task +operators NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +multicolor NN O I-Task +limit NN O I-Task +Nc→∞ NN O I-Task +are NN O O +equivalent NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +Schrödinger NN O O +equation NN O O +for NN O O +an NN O O +integrable NN O O +Heisenberg NN O O +spin NN O O +model NN O O +[ NN O O +11,12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +QCD NN O O +the NN O O +integrability NN O O +remains NN O O +only NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +small NN O O +sector NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +quasi NN O O +- NN O O +partonic NN O O +operators NN O O +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +N=4 NN O B-Task +SYM NN O I-Task +the NN O O +equations NN O O +for NN O O +other NN O O +sets NN O O +of NN O O +operators NN O O +are NN O O +also NN O O +integrable NN O O +[ NN O O +14–16 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Evolution NN O B-Task +equations NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +quasi NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +partonic NN O I-Task +operators NN O I-Task +are NN O O +written NN O O +in NN O O +an NN O O +explicitly NN O O +super NN O O +- NN O O +conformal NN O O +form NN O O +in NN O O +Ref NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008974) + +Thus NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +extension NN O B-Process +to NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +charmed NN O I-Process +analogue NN O I-Process +Θc(3099 NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +provides NN O O +an NN O O +interesting NN O O +test NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +SDO NN O B-Task +sum NN O I-Task +rule NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +lattice NN O I-Task +calculations NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Here NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +charm NN O B-Material +quark NN O I-Material +is NN O O +quite NN O O +heavy NN O O +so NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +constituent NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +quark NN O I-Process +picture NN O I-Process +may NN O O +fit NN O O +well NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +JW NN O B-Process +prediction NN O I-Process +for NN O O +the NN O O +parity NN O O +is NN O O +expected NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +reproduced NN O O +from NN O O +QCD NN O B-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +fact NN O O +, NN O O +quenched NN O B-Task +lattice NN O I-Task +calculation NN O I-Task +finds NN O O +the NN O O +parity NN O O +of NN O O +Θc(3099 NN O O +) NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +positive NN O O +[ NN O O +28 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +extension NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +Θc(3099 NN O O +) NN O O +sum NN O O +rules NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +are NN O O +two NN O O +important NN O O +aspects NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +make NN O O +this NN O O +sum NN O B-Task +rule NN O I-Task +different NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +SDO NN O B-Process +sum NN O I-Process +rule NN O I-Process +. NN O O +First NN O O +of NN O O +all NN O O +, NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +charm NN O B-Material +quark NN O I-Material +is NN O O +too NN O O +heavy NN O O +to NN O O +form NN O O +quark NN O B-Material +condensate NN O I-Material +, NN O O +it NN O O +gives NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +perturbative NN O O +effects NN O O +only NN O O +by NN O O +radiating NN O B-Material +gluons NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +quark NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +gluon NN O I-Material +mixed NN O I-Material +condensate NN O I-Material +〈 NN O O +s̄gsσ·Gs NN O B-Material +〉 NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +was NN O O +the NN O O +important NN O O +contribution NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +Θ+ NN O B-Process +sum NN O I-Process +rule NN O I-Process +, NN O O +is NN O O +replaced NN O B-Process +by NN O I-Process +gluonic NN O I-Process +operators NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +heavy NN O I-Process +quark NN O I-Process +expansion NN O I-Process +that NN O O +are NN O O +normally NN O O +suppressed NN O O +. NN O O +Secondly NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +charm NN O B-Process +quark NN O I-Process +mass NN O I-Process +has NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +be NN O I-Process +kept NN O I-Process +finite NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +OPE NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +done NN O O +by NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +momentum NN O B-Process +space NN O I-Process +expression NN O I-Process +for NN O O +the NN O O +charm NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +quark NN O I-Material +propagator NN O I-Material +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +different NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O B-Process +light NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +quark NN O I-Process +sum NN O I-Process +rule NN O I-Process +where NN O O +the NN O O +calculation NN O O +is NN O O +performed NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +coordinate NN O O +space NN O O +and NN O O +all NN O O +the NN O O +quark NN O B-Material +propagators NN O I-Material +are NN O O +obtained NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +expansion NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +small NN O B-Material +quark NN O I-Material +mass NN O O +. NN O O +Keeping NN O O +these NN O O +two NN O O +aspects NN O O +in NN O O +mind NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +construct NN O O +QCD NN O B-Process +sum NN O I-Process +rules NN O I-Process +for NN O O +Θc(3099 NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +see NN O B-Task +how NN O I-Task +they NN O I-Task +are NN O I-Task +different NN O I-Task +from NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +Θ+(1540 NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +sum NN O I-Task +rule NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008998) + +Including NN O O +the NN O O +O(αs NN O O +) NN O O +corrections NN O O +, NN O O +all NN O O +the NN O O +operators NN O B-Task +listed NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +( NN O I-Task +9 NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +( NN O I-Task +10 NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +have NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +be NN O I-Task +included NN O I-Task +. NN O O +A NN O O +convenient NN O O +framework NN O O +to NN O O +carry NN O O +out NN O O +these NN O O +calculations NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +QCD NN O B-Process +factorization NN O I-Process +framework NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +14 NN O O +] NN O O +which NN O O +allows NN O O +to NN O O +express NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +hadronic NN O I-Process +matrix NN O I-Process +elements NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +schematic NN O I-Process +form NN O I-Process +: NN O I-Process +( NN O O +11)〈Vγ|Oi|B〉=FB→VTiI+∫dk+2π∫01duφB,+(k+)TiII(k+,u)φV⊥(u NN O B-Process +) NN O I-Process +, NN O O +where NN O O +FB→V NN O B-Process +are NN O O +the NN O O +transition NN O B-Process +form NN O I-Process +factors NN O I-Process +defined NN O I-Process +through NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +matrix NN O I-Process +elements NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +operator NN O I-Process +O7 NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +φB,+(k+ NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +is NN O O +the NN O O +leading NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +twist NN O I-Process +B NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +meson NN O I-Process +wave NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +function NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +k+ NN O I-Process +being NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +light NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +cone NN O I-Process +component NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +spectator NN O I-Process +quark NN O I-Process +momentum NN O I-Process +, NN O O +φ⊥V(u NN O B-Process +) NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +leading NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +twist NN O I-Process +light NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +cone NN O I-Process +distribution NN O I-Process +amplitude NN O I-Process +( NN O O +LCDA NN O B-Process +) NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +transversely NN O O +- NN O O +polarized NN O O +vector NN O O +meson NN O O +V NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +u NN O B-Process +is NN O O +the NN O O +fractional NN O B-Process +momentum NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +vector NN O I-Process +meson NN O I-Process +carried NN O I-Process +by NN O I-Process +one NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +two NN O I-Process +partons NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +quantities NN O O +TiI NN O O +and NN O O +TiII NN O O +are NN O O +the NN O O +hard NN O O +- NN O O +perturbative NN O O +kernels NN O O +calculated NN O O +to NN O O +order NN O O +αs NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +latter NN O O +containing NN O O +the NN O O +so NN O O +- NN O O +called NN O O +hard NN O O +- NN O O +spectator NN O O +contributions NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O B-Process +factorization NN O I-Process +formula NN O I-Process +( NN O O +11 NN O O +) NN O O +holds NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +heavy NN O B-Material +quark NN O I-Material +limit NN O O +, NN O O +i.e. NN O O +, NN O O +to NN O O +order NN O O +ΛQCD NN O O +/ NN O O +MB NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O B-Process +factorization NN O I-Process +framework NN O I-Process +has NN O O +been NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +calculate NN O O +the NN O O +branching NN O O +fractions NN O O +and NN O O +related NN O O +quantities NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +decays NN O O +B→K∗γ NN O O +[ NN O O +15–17 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +B→ργ NN O O +[ NN O O +15,17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +isospin NN O B-Task +violation NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +B→K∗γ NN O I-Task +decays NN O I-Task +in NN O O +this NN O O +framework NN O O +have NN O O +also NN O O +been NN O O +studied NN O O +[ NN O O +18 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +For NN O O +applications NN O O +to NN O O +B→K∗γ∗ NN O O +, NN O O +see NN O O +Refs NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +16,19,20 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +) NN O O +Very NN O O +recently NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +hard NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +spectator NN O I-Task +contribution NN O I-Task +arising NN O I-Task +from NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +chromomagnetic NN O I-Task +operator NN O I-Task +O8 NN O I-Task +have NN O O +also NN O O +been NN O O +calculated NN O O +in NN O O +next NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +next NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +leading NN O I-Process +order NN O I-Process +( NN O O +NNLO NN O B-Process +) NN O O +in NN O O +αs NN O O +showing NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +spectator NN O B-Task +interactions NN O I-Task +factorize NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +heavy NN O O +quark NN O O +limit NN O O +[ NN O O +21 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +numerical NN O O +effect NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +resummed NN O O +NNLO NN O O +contributions NN O O +is NN O O +marginal NN O O +and NN O O +we NN O O +shall NN O O +not NN O O +include NN O O +this NN O O +in NN O O +our NN O O +update NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009013) + +Several NN O O +methods NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +dynamical NN O O +assumptions NN O O +were NN O O +suggested NN O O +for NN O O +determination NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +P NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +parity NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +Θ+ NN O O +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +According NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +general NN O B-Process +theorem NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +14 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +determine NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +parity NN O I-Task +of NN O O +one NN O O +particle NN O B-Material +in NN O O +a NN O O +binary NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +one NN O O +has NN O O +to NN O O +know NN O O +polarizations NN O O +at NN O O +least NN O O +of NN O O +two NN O O +fermions NN O B-Material +participating NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Model NN O B-Process +independent NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +for NN O O +determination NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +P NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +parity NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +Θ+ NN O O +were NN O O +suggested NN O O +recently NN O O +in NN O O +Refs NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +15,16 NN O O +] NN O O +for NN O O +pp NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +collision NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +in NN O O +Ref NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +for NN O O +photoproduction NN O B-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +Θ+ NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +method NN O O +of NN O O +Refs NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +15,16 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +assumption NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +spin NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Θ+ NN O O +equals NN O O +12 NN O O +, NN O O +suggests NN O O +to NN O O +measure NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +spin NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +spin NN O I-Process +correlation NN O I-Process +parameter NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +reaction NN O O +p→p→→Σ+Θ+ NN O O +near NN O O +the NN O O +threshold NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +generalize NN O O +here NN O O +this NN O O +method NN O O +for NN O O +an NN O O +arbitrary NN O O +spin NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Θ+ NN O O +and NN O O +both NN O O +isospins NN O O +T=0 NN O O +and NN O O +T=1 NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +NN NN O O +channel NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +NN→YΘ+ NN O O +reaction NN O O +. NN O O +Furthermore NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +consider NN O O +a NN O O +polarization NN O B-Process +transfer NN O I-Process +from NN O O +a NN O O +nucleon NN O B-Material +to NN O O +the NN O B-Material +hyperon NN O I-Material +Y NN O I-Material +in NN O O +this NN O O +reaction NN O O +. NN O O +Our NN O O +consideration NN O O +is NN O O +model NN O O +independent NN O O +, NN O O +since NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +based NN O O +only NN O O +on NN O O +conservation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +P NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +parity NN O I-Process +, NN O O +total NN O B-Process +angular NN O I-Process +momentum NN O I-Process +and NN O O +isospin NN O B-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +reaction NN O B-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +generalized NN O O +Pauli NN O O +principle NN O O +for NN O O +nucleons NN O B-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009025) + +A NN O O +central NN O O +question NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +point NN O O +of NN O O +view NN O O +of NN O O +nuclear NN O O +physics NN O O +involves NN O O +the NN O O +changes NN O B-Task +to NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +quark NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +antiquark NN O I-Task +distributions NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +bound NN O I-Task +proton NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Since NN O O +one NN O O +must NN O O +develop NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +reliable NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +both NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +free NN O I-Task +proton NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +binding NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +nucleons NN O I-Task +starting NN O I-Task +from NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +quark NN O I-Task +level NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +problem NN O O +is NN O O +rather NN O O +complicated NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +intend NN O O +to NN O O +report NN O O +on NN O O +our NN O O +investigation NN O O +of NN O O +that NN O O +problem NN O O +in NN O O +future NN O O +work NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +chosen NN O O +to NN O O +illustrate NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +formal NN O I-Process +ideas NN O I-Process +developed NN O I-Process +here NN O I-Process +by NN O I-Process +applying NN O I-Process +them NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +toy NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +, NN O O +namely NN O O +the NN O O +quark NN O B-Material +distributions NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +isospin NN O I-Material +symmetric NN O I-Material +quark NN O I-Material +matter NN O I-Material +in NN O O +which NN O O +each NN O B-Process +quark NN O I-Process +feels NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +scalar NN O I-Process +potential NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +−Vsq NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +vector NN O I-Process +potential NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +Vvq NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +premise NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Quark NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +Meson NN O I-Process +Coupling NN O I-Process +( NN O O +QMC NN O B-Process +) NN O O +model NN O O +[ NN O O +9 NN O O +] NN O O +which NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +used NN O O +successfully NN O O +to NN O O +calculate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +properties NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +nuclear NN O I-Task +matter NN O I-Task +as NN O I-Task +well NN O I-Task +as NN O I-Task +finite NN O I-Task +nuclei NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +10,11 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Most NN O O +recently NN O O +it NN O O +has NN O O +also NN O O +been NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +derive NN O O +an NN O O +effective NN O B-Task +nuclear NN O I-Task +force NN O I-Task +which NN O O +is NN O O +very NN O O +close NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +widely NN O O +used NN O O +Skyrme NN O O +III NN O O +force NN O O +[ NN O O +12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +Except NN O O +that NN O O +in NN O O +QMC NN O O +the NN O O +quarks NN O O +are NN O O +confined NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +MIT NN O O +bag NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +feeling NN O O +the NN O O +mean NN O O +- NN O O +field NN O O +scalar NN O O +and NN O O +vector NN O O +potentials NN O O +generated NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +surrounding NN O O +nucleons NN O O +. NN O O +) NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +mean NN O B-Process +field NN O I-Process +approximation NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +Dirac NN O B-Task +equation NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +quark NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +infinite NN O I-Task +quark NN O I-Task +matter NN O I-Task +is NN O O +written NN O O +as NN O O +: NN O O +( NN O B-Task +30)iγ·∂−m−Vqs−γ0VqvψQMq(x)=0 NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009037) + +Within NN O O +a NN O O +coalescence NN O B-Process +approach NN O I-Process +as NN O O +successfully NN O O +applied NN O O +earlier NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +light NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +quark NN O I-Task +sector NN O I-Task +, NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +evaluated NN O B-Process +transverse NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +momentum NN O I-Process +dependencies NN O I-Process +of NN O O +charmed NN O B-Material +hadrons NN O I-Material +in NN O O +central NN O B-Process +heavy NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +ion NN O I-Process +reactions NN O I-Process +at NN O O +RHIC NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +the NN O O +charm NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +quark NN O I-Task +distributions NN O I-Task +at NN O O +hadronization NN O B-Process +we NN O O +have NN O O +considered NN O O +two NN O O +limiting NN O O +scenarios NN O O +, NN O O +i.e. NN O O +, NN O O +no NN O O +reinteractions NN O O +( NN O O +using NN O O +spectra NN O B-Material +from NN O O +PYTHIA NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +complete NN O B-Process +thermalization NN O I-Process +with NN O O +transverse NN O B-Process +flow NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +bulk NN O O +matter NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +resulting NN O O +J/ψ NN O O +( NN O O +mT-)spectra NN O O +differ NN O O +in NN O O +slope NN O O +by NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +factor NN O O +of NN O O +2 NN O O +( NN O O +harder NN O O +for NN O O +pQCD NN O B-Material +c NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +quarks NN O I-Material +) NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +integrated NN O B-Process +yield NN O I-Process +is NN O O +about NN O O +a NN O O +factor NN O O +of NN O O +3 NN O O +larger NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +thermal NN O O +case NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +D NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +mesons NN O I-Material +, NN O O +we NN O O +found NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +difference NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +slope NN O I-Process +parameters NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +pT NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +spectra NN O I-Task +in NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O O +scenarios NN O O +is NN O O +less NN O O +pronounced NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +their NN O O +elliptic NN O B-Process +flow NN O I-Process +is NN O O +about NN O O +a NN O O +factor NN O O +of NN O O +2 NN O O +larger NN O O +for NN O O +pT⩾1.5 NN O O +GeV NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +thermalized NN O O +case NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +elliptic NN O B-Process +flow NN O I-Process +pattern NN O I-Process +of NN O O +D NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +mesons NN O I-Material +was NN O O +found NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +essentially NN O O +preserved NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +single NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +electron NN O I-Task +decay NN O I-Task +spectra NN O I-Task +, NN O O +rendering NN O O +the NN O O +latter NN O O +a NN O O +very NN O O +promising NN O O +observable NN O O +to NN O O +address NN O O +the NN O O +strength NN O O +of NN O O +charm NN O B-Process +reinteractions NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +QGP NN O B-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +present NN O O +study NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +straightforwardly NN O O +generalized NN O O +to NN O O +charmed NN O O +baryons NN O B-Material +( NN O O +Λc NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +may NN O O +serve NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +complimentary NN O B-Material +probe NN O I-Material +for NN O O +charm NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +quark NN O I-Process +reinteractions NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +QGP NN O B-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009049) + +One NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +challenges NN O O +in NN O O +quantum NN O B-Task +chromodynamics NN O I-Task +( NN O O +QCD NN O B-Task +) NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +relativistic NN O B-Task +bound NN O I-Task +state NN O I-Task +problem NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +light NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +cone NN O I-Process +Hamiltonian NN O I-Process +approach NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +light NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +cone NN O I-Task +wave NN O I-Task +functions NN O I-Task +can NN O O +be NN O O +constructed NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +boost NN O O +invariant NN O O +way NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +necessary NN O O +to NN O O +have NN O O +reliable NN O B-Material +light NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +cone NN O I-Material +wave NN O I-Material +functions NN O I-Material +if NN O O +one NN O O +wants NN O O +to NN O O +calculate NN O B-Task +high NN O I-Task +energy NN O I-Task +scattering NN O I-Task +, NN O O +especially NN O O +exclusive NN O O +reactions NN O B-Process +. NN O O +Many NN O O +parametrizations NN O O +assume NN O O +separability NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +dependence NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +longitudinal NN O O +momentum NN O O +fraction NN O O +and NN O O +transverse NN O O +momentum NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +very NN O O +unlikely NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O O +momenta NN O O +are NN O O +coupled NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +kinetic NN O O +energy NN O O +operator NN O O +. NN O O +Various NN O O +approaches NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +tried NN O O +to NN O O +compute NN O O +such NN O O +wave NN O O +functions NN O O +. NN O O +One NN O O +can NN O O +use NN O O +the NN O O +usual NN O O +equal NN O B-Process +time NN O I-Process +Hamiltonian NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +transform NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +resulting NN O I-Process +wave NN O I-Process +functions NN O I-Process +into NN O I-Process +light NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +cone NN O I-Process +form NN O I-Process +with NN O O +the NN O O +help NN O O +of NN O O +kinematical NN O B-Process +on NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +shell NN O I-Process +equations NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +light NN O O +- NN O O +cone NN O O +Hamiltonian NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +string NN O O +picture NN O O +is NN O O +formulated NN O O +in NN O O +Ref NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +3 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +More NN O O +ambitious NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +construction NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +an NN O I-Task +effective NN O I-Task +Hamiltonian NN O I-Task +including NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +gauge NN O I-Task +degrees NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +freedom NN O I-Task +explicitly NN O I-Task +and NN O O +then NN O O +solving NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +bound NN O I-Process +state NN O I-Process +problem NN O I-Process +. NN O O +For NN O O +mesons NN O B-Material +this NN O O +approach NN O O +[ NN O O +4,5 NN O O +] NN O O +still NN O O +needs NN O O +many NN O O +parameters NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +fixed NN O O +. NN O O +Attempts NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +made NN O O +to NN O O +solve NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +valence NN O I-Task +quark NN O I-Task +wave NN O I-Task +function NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +mesons NN O I-Task +in NN O O +a NN O O +simple NN O B-Process +Hamiltonian NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +two NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +body NN O I-Process +potential NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009062) + +The NN O O +microwave NN O B-Process +background NN O I-Process +is NN O O +not NN O O +the NN O O +only NN O O +universal NN O B-Material +photon NN O I-Material +field NN O I-Material +that NN O O +has NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +taken NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +consideration NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Especially NN O O +interesting NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +isotropic NN O B-Process +infrared NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +optical NN O I-Process +background NN O I-Process +( NN O O +IRB NN O B-Process +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +number NN O O +density NN O O +of NN O O +IRB NN O B-Process +is NN O O +smaller NN O O +than NN O O +that NN O O +of NN O O +MBR NN O B-Process +by NN O O +more NN O O +that NN O O +two NN O O +orders NN O O +of NN O O +magnitude NN O O +. NN O O +On NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +hand NN O O +, NN O O +protons NN O B-Material +of NN O O +lower NN O O +energy NN O O +can NN O O +interact NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +IRB NN O B-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O B-Process +smaller NN O I-Process +number NN O I-Process +density NN O I-Process +has NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +be NN O I-Process +weighted NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +higher NN O I-Process +flux NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +interacting NN O I-Process +protons NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +present NN O B-Task +Universe NN O I-Task +is NN O O +optically NN O O +thin NN O O +to NN O O +1019 NN O O +eV NN O O +and NN O O +lower NN O B-Material +energy NN O I-Material +protons NN O I-Material +, NN O O +but NN O O +even NN O O +at NN O O +low NN O O +redshifts NN O O +the NN O O +proton NN O B-Task +interaction NN O I-Task +rate NN O I-Task +quickly NN O O +increases NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +different NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +interactions NN O B-Task +on NN O I-Task +MBR NN O I-Task +, NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +interacting NN O B-Material +protons NN O I-Material +quickly NN O B-Process +lose NN O I-Process +their NN O I-Process +energy NN O I-Process +even NN O I-Process +at NN O I-Process +z=0 NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +cosmological NN O B-Process +evolution NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +UHECR NN O I-Process +injection NN O I-Process +is NN O O +thus NN O O +of NN O O +major NN O O +importance NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +contribution NN O O +of NN O O +such NN O O +interactions NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +flux NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +cosmogenic NN O I-Task +neutrinos NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009074) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +Letter NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +extend NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +McVittie NN O I-Task +'s NN O I-Task +solution NN O I-Task +into NN O I-Task +charged NN O I-Task +black NN O I-Task +holes NN O I-Task +. NN O O +We NN O O +first NN O O +deduce NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +metric NN O I-Process +for NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +Reissner NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +Nordström NN O I-Process +black NN O I-Process +hole NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +expanding NN O I-Process +universe NN O I-Process +; NN O O +several NN O O +special NN O O +cases NN O O +of NN O O +our NN O O +solution NN O O +are NN O O +exactly NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +as NN O O +some NN O O +solutions NN O O +discovered NN O O +previously NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +previous NN O O +work NN O O +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +applied NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +asymptotic NN O I-Task +conditions NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +derive NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +Schwarzschild NN O I-Task +metric NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +expanding NN O I-Task +universe NN O I-Task +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +exactly NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +as NN O O +that NN O O +derived NN O O +by NN O O +McVittie NN O O +by NN O O +solving NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +full NN O I-Process +Einstein NN O I-Process +equations NN O I-Process +. NN O O +That NN O O +demonstrates NN O O +the NN O O +power NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +simple NN O O +and NN O O +straight NN O O +- NN O O +forward NN O O +approach NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +Letter NN O O +we NN O O +follow NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +same NN O I-Process +procedure NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +derive NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +metric NN O I-Process +for NN O O +the NN O O +Reissner NN O B-Task +– NN O I-Task +Nordström NN O I-Task +black NN O I-Task +holes NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +Friedman NN O I-Task +– NN O I-Task +Robertson NN O I-Task +– NN O I-Task +Walker NN O I-Task +universe NN O I-Task +. NN O O +We NN O O +then NN O O +study NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +influences NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +evolution NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +universe NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +size NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +black NN O I-Task +hole NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Finally NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +study NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +motion NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +planet NN O I-Task +, NN O O +we NN O O +rewrite NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +metric NN O I-Process +from NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +cosmic NN O I-Process +coordinates NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +Schwarzschild NN O I-Process +coordinates NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009086) + +The NN O O +ART NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +hadronic NN O B-Process +transport NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +that NN O O +includes NN O O +baryons NN O B-Material +such NN O O +as NN O O +N NN O B-Material +, NN O I-Material +Δ(1232 NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +, NN O O +N∗(1440 NN O B-Material +) NN O I-Material +, NN O O +N∗(1535 NN O B-Material +) NN O I-Material +, NN O O +Λ NN O B-Material +, NN O O +Σ NN O B-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +mesons NN O B-Material +such NN O O +as NN O O +π NN O B-Material +, NN O O +ρ NN O B-Material +, NN O O +ω NN O B-Material +, NN O O +η NN O B-Material +, NN O O +K NN O B-Material +, NN O O +K∗. NN O B-Material +Both NN O O +elastic NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +inelastic NN O I-Task +collisions NN O I-Task +among NN O O +most NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O B-Material +particles NN O I-Material +are NN O O +included NN O O +by NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +experimental NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +from NN O I-Material +hadron NN O I-Material +– NN O I-Material +hadron NN O I-Material +collisions NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +ART NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +has NN O O +been NN O O +quite NN O O +successful NN O O +in NN O O +explaining NN O B-Task +many NN O I-Task +experimental NN O I-Task +observations NN O I-Task +, NN O O +including NN O O +the NN O O +surprisingly NN O O +large NN O O +kaon NN O B-Process +antiflow NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +11,12 NN O O +] NN O O +in NN O O +heavy NN O B-Process +ion NN O I-Process +collisions NN O I-Process +at NN O O +AGS NN O B-Process +energies NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +ART NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +also NN O O +allows NN O O +us NN O O +to NN O O +understand NN O B-Task +whether NN O I-Task +or NN O I-Task +not NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +strongly NN O I-Task +interacting NN O I-Task +matter NN O I-Task +formed NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +these NN O I-Task +collisions NN O I-Task +reaches NN O I-Task +chemical NN O I-Task +and/or NN O I-Task +thermal NN O I-Task +equilibrium NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +study NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +extend NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +ART NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +include NN O I-Task +perturbatively NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +Ξ NN O I-Task +particle NN O I-Task +as NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +studies NN O O +for NN O O +other NN O O +rare NN O B-Material +particles NN O I-Material +using NN O O +the NN O O +transport NN O B-Material +model NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +6,13,14 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009104) + +Though NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +Letter NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +constructed NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +Born NN O I-Task +– NN O I-Task +Infeld NN O I-Task +black NN O I-Task +holes NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +presence NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +cosmological NN O I-Task +constant NN O I-Task +and NN O O +discussed NN O B-Task +their NN O I-Task +thermodynamical NN O I-Task +properties NN O I-Task +, NN O O +many NN O O +issues NN O O +however NN O O +still NN O O +remain NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +investigated NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +know NN O O +that NN O O +Reissner NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +Nordström NN O I-Material +AdS NN O I-Material +black NN O I-Material +holes NN O I-Material +undergo NN O O +Hawking NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +Page NN O I-Process +phase NN O I-Process +transition NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +transition NN O O +gets NN O O +modified NN O O +as NN O O +we NN O O +include NN O O +Born NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +Infeld NN O I-Process +corrections NN O I-Process +into NN O O +account NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +hope NN O O +to NN O O +carry NN O O +out NN O O +a NN O O +detail NN O O +study NN O O +on NN O O +this NN O O +issue NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +future NN O O +. NN O O +Furthermore NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +context NN O O +of NN O O +brane NN O B-Task +world NN O I-Task +cosmology NN O I-Task +, NN O O +it NN O O +was NN O O +found NN O O +that NN O O +a NN O O +brane NN O B-Material +moving NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +Reissner NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +Nordström NN O I-Process +AdS NN O I-Process +background NN O I-Process +generates NN O O +non NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +singular NN O I-Task +cosmology NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +14 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +shown NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +15 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +brane NN O B-Material +always NN O O +crosses NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +inner NN O I-Process +horizon NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +bulk NN O I-Process +geometry NN O I-Process +, NN O O +creating NN O O +an NN O O +instability NN O B-Process +. NN O O +It NN O O +would NN O O +be NN O O +interesting NN O O +to NN O O +study NN O B-Task +cosmology NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +brane NN O I-Task +when NN O I-Task +it NN O I-Task +is NN O I-Task +moving NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +charged NN O I-Task +black NN O I-Task +hole NN O I-Task +backgrounds NN O I-Task +that NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +constructed NN O O +. NN O O +Note NN O O +that NN O O +since NN O O +these NN O O +charged NN O B-Material +holes NN O I-Material +does NN O O +not NN O O +have NN O O +inner NN O O +horizon NN O O +for NN O O +certain NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +parameters NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +may NN O O +generate NN O B-Task +non NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +singular NN O I-Task +cosmology NN O I-Task +without NN O I-Task +creating NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +instabilities NN O I-Task +that NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +just NN O O +mentioned NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009116) + +We NN O O +prove NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +uniqueness NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +supersymmetric NN O O +Salam NN O O +– NN O O +Sezgin NN O O +( NN O O +Minkowski)4×S2 NN O O +ground NN O O +state NN O O +among NN O O +all NN O O +non NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +singular NN O I-Task +solutions NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +four NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +dimensional NN O I-Task +Poincaré NN O I-Task +, NN O O +de NN O B-Task +Sitter NN O I-Task +or NN O I-Task +anti NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +de NN O I-Task +Sitter NN O I-Task +symmetry NN O I-Task +. NN O O +We NN O O +construct NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +most NN O I-Process +general NN O I-Process +solutions NN O I-Process +with NN O O +an NN O O +axial NN O B-Task +symmetry NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +two NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +dimensional NN O I-Task +internal NN O I-Task +space NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +and NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +included NN O O +amongst NN O O +these NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +family NN O O +that NN O O +is NN O O +non NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +singular NN O I-Process +away NN O I-Process +from NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +conical NN O I-Process +defect NN O I-Process +at NN O O +one NN O O +pole NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +distorted NN O O +2-sphere NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +solutions NN O O +admit NN O O +the NN O O +interpretation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +3-branes NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +negative NN O I-Process +tension NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009141) + +Longitudinal NN O B-Task +beam NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +target NN O I-Task +single NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +spin NN O I-Task +asymmetries NN O I-Task +have NN O O +been NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +center NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +attention NN O O +lately NN O O +, NN O O +since NN O O +they NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +measured NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +HERMES NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +CLAS NN O I-Process +experimental NN O I-Process +Collaborations NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +1–4 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +more NN O O +measurements NN O O +are NN O O +planned NN O O +. NN O O +They NN O O +were NN O O +originally NN O O +believed NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +signals NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +so NN O O +- NN O O +called NN O O +T NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +odd NN O I-Process +fragmentation NN O I-Process +functions NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +5 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +particular NN O O +, NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Collins NN O B-Process +function NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +6–12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +both NN O O +types NN O O +of NN O O +asymmetry NN O O +can NN O O +receive NN O B-Process +contributions NN O I-Process +also NN O I-Process +from NN O I-Process +T NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +odd NN O I-Process +distribution NN O I-Process +functions NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +13–16 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +fact NN O O +that NN O O +has NN O O +often NN O O +been NN O O +neglected NN O O +in NN O O +analyses NN O O +. NN O O +An NN O O +exhaustive NN O B-Task +treatment NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +contributions NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +T NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +odd NN O I-Task +distribution NN O I-Task +functions NN O I-Task +has NN O O +not NN O O +been NN O O +carried NN O O +out NN O O +completely NN O O +so NN O O +far NN O O +, NN O O +especially NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +subleading NN O B-Process +order NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +an NN O I-Process +expansion NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +1/Q NN O I-Process +, NN O O +Q2 NN O O +being NN O O +the NN O O +virtuality NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +incident NN O B-Material +photon NN O I-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +only NN O O +hard NN O O +scale NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +process NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +including NN O O +quark NN O B-Process +mass NN O I-Process +corrections NN O I-Process +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +purpose NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +work NN O O +to NN O O +describe NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +longitudinal NN O I-Task +beam NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +target NN O I-Task +spin NN O I-Task +asymmetries NN O I-Task +in NN O O +a NN O O +complete NN O O +way NN O O +in NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +leading NN O O +and NN O O +subleading NN O O +twist NN O B-Process +distribution NN O I-Process +and NN O O +fragmentation NN O B-Process +functions NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +consider NN O O +both NN O O +single NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +particle NN O I-Process +inclusive NN O I-Process +DIS NN O I-Process +, NN O O +e+p→e′+h+X NN O B-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +single NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +jet NN O I-Process +inclusive NN O I-Process +DIS NN O I-Process +, NN O O +e+p→e′+jet+X. NN O B-Process +We NN O O +assume NN O O +factorization NN O B-Process +holds NN O O +for NN O O +these NN O O +processes NN O O +, NN O O +even NN O O +though NN O O +at NN O O +present NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +no NN O O +factorization NN O B-Task +proof NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +observables NN O I-Task +containing NN O I-Task +subleading NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +twist NN O I-Task +transverse NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +momentum NN O I-Task +dependent NN O I-Task +functions NN O I-Task +( NN O O +only NN O O +recently NN O O +proofs NN O B-Task +for NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +leading NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +twist NN O I-Task +case NN O I-Task +have NN O O +been NN O O +presented NN O O +in NN O O +Refs NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +17,18 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009165) + +There NN O O +are NN O O +many NN O O +possible NN O O +applications NN O B-Task +for NN O I-Task +this NN O I-Task +mechanism NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +Letter NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +concentrated NN O O +on NN O O +its NN O B-Task +contribution NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +leptogenesis NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +baryogenesis NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Our NN O O +calculation NN O O +is NN O O +applicable NN O O +in NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +phase NN O I-Process +when NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +fields NN O I-Process +are NN O I-Process +rolling NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +rolling NN O B-Process +phase NN O I-Process +will NN O O +start NN O O +when NN O O +the NN O O +Hubble NN O B-Process +constant NN O I-Process +drops NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +value NN O I-Process +comparable NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +mass NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +scalar NN O I-Process +fields NN O I-Process +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +at NN O O +this NN O O +time NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +cosmological NN O B-Process +evolution NN O I-Process +that NN O O +CP NN O B-Process +violation NN O I-Process +is NN O O +most NN O O +efficient NN O O +. NN O O +After NN O O +the NN O O +fields NN O B-Process +have NN O I-Process +relaxed NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +their NN O I-Process +vacuum NN O I-Process +values NN O I-Process +, NN O O +our NN O O +CP NN O B-Process +violation NN O I-Process +mechanism NN O I-Process +turns NN O O +off NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +plan NN O O +to NN O O +discuss NN O O +more NN O O +details NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +particular NN O O +applications NN O B-Task +to NN O I-Task +concrete NN O I-Task +baryogenesis NN O I-Task +models NN O I-Task +, NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +future NN O O +publication NN O O +[ NN O O +20 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Note NN O O +that NN O O +string NN O B-Task +cosmology NN O I-Task +and NN O O +brane NN O B-Task +world NN O I-Task +scenarios NN O I-Task +may NN O O +provide NN O O +natural NN O O +settings NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +origin NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +scalar NN O B-Material +fields NN O I-Material +required NN O O +for NN O O +our NN O B-Process +mechanism NN O I-Process +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +see NN O O +Ref NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +30 NN O O +] NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +recent NN O O +paper NN O O +on NN O O +how NN O B-Task +scalar NN O I-Task +fields NN O I-Task +from NN O I-Task +brane NN O I-Task +world NN O I-Task +scenarios NN O I-Task +can NN O I-Task +play NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +new NN O I-Task +role NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +spontaneous NN O I-Task +baryogenesis NN O I-Task +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009177) + +In NN O O +the NN O O +brane NN O B-Material +system NN O I-Material +appearing NN O O +in NN O O +string NN O B-Process +/ NN O I-Process +D NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +brane NN O I-Process +theory NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +stableness NN O B-Task +is NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +important NN O O +requirement NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +find NN O O +some NN O O +stable NN O B-Process +brane NN O I-Process +configurations NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +SUSY NN O B-Process +bulk NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +boundary NN O I-Process +theory NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +systematically NN O O +solve NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +singular NN O I-Task +field NN O I-Task +equation NN O I-Task +using NN O O +a NN O O +general NN O B-Process +mathematical NN O I-Process +result NN O I-Process +about NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +free NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +wave NN O I-Process +solution NN O I-Process +in NN O O +S1/Z2-space NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +two NN O O +scalars NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +extra NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +component NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +bulk NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +vector NN O I-Process +( NN O O +A5 NN O B-Process +) NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +bulk NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +scalar NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Φ NN O B-Process +) NN O O +, NN O O +constitute NN O O +the NN O O +solutions NN O O +. NN O O +Their NN O O +different NN O B-Task +roles NN O I-Task +are NN O I-Task +clarified NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +importance NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +“ NN O O +parallel NN O O +” NN O O +configuration NN O O +is NN O O +disclosed NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +boundary NN O B-Process +condition NN O I-Process +( NN O O +of NN O O +A5 NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +boundary NN O O +matter NN O O +fields NN O O +are NN O O +two NN O O +important NN O O +elements NN O O +for NN O O +making NN O O +the NN O O +localized NN O O +configuration NN O O +. NN O O +Among NN O O +all NN O O +solutions NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +solution NN O B-Process +( NN O O +c1=−1 NN O B-Process +, NN O I-Process +c2=−1 NN O I-Process +) NN O O +is NN O O +expected NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +the NN O O +thin NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +wall NN O I-Process +limit NN O I-Process +of NN O O +a NN O O +kink NN O B-Process +solution NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +present NN O O +a NN O O +bulk NN O B-Process +Higgs NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +corresponding NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +non NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +singular NN O I-Process +solution NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +model NN O O +is NN O O +expected NN O O +to NN O O +give NN O O +a NN O O +non NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +singular NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +stable NN O I-Process +brane NN O I-Process +solution NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +SUSY NN O B-Process +bulk NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +boundary NN O I-Process +theory NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009189) + +The NN O O +spins NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +parities NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +Θ+ NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +Ξ−− NN O I-Task +are NN O O +not NN O O +yet NN O O +known NN O O +experimentally NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +new NN O B-Task +wave NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +pentaquark NN O I-Task +research NN O I-Task +, NN O O +most NN O O +theoretical NN O O +papers NN O O +take NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +spin NN O I-Process +equal NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +1/2 NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +parity NN O O +is NN O O +more NN O O +controversial NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +chiral NN O B-Process +soliton NN O I-Process +or NN O O +Skyrme NN O B-Process +models NN O I-Process +the NN O O +parity NN O O +is NN O O +positive NN O O +[ NN O O +4 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +constituent NN O B-Process +quark NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +it NN O O +is NN O O +usually NN O O +positive NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +approach NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +parity NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +pentaquark NN O I-Task +is NN O O +given NN O O +by NN O O +P=(−)ℓ+1 NN O B-Task +, NN O O +where NN O O +ℓ NN O B-Task +is NN O O +the NN O O +angular NN O B-Task +momentum NN O I-Task +associated NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +relative NN O I-Task +coordinates NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +q4 NN O I-Task +subsystem NN O I-Task +. NN O O +We NN O O +analyze NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +subsystem NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +four NN O I-Task +light NN O I-Task +quarks NN O I-Task +is NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +state NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +orbital NN O I-Task +symmetry NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +31]O NN O O +and NN O O +carries NN O O +an NN O O +angular NN O O +momentum NN O O +ℓ=1 NN O O +. NN O O +Although NN O O +the NN O O +kinetic NN O B-Process +energy NN O I-Process +of NN O O +such NN O O +a NN O O +state NN O O +is NN O O +higher NN O O +than NN O O +that NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +totally NN O B-Process +symmetric NN O I-Process +[ NN O I-Process +4]O NN O I-Process +state NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +[ NN O O +31]O NN O B-Process +symmetry NN O I-Process +is NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +favourable NN O O +both NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +flavour NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +spin NN O I-Process +interaction NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +12 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +colour NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +spin NN O I-Process +interaction NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +case NN O O +the NN O O +statement NN O O +is NN O O +confirmed NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +comparison NN O B-Task +between NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +realistic NN O I-Task +calculations NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +positive NN O I-Task +parity NN O I-Task +[ NN O I-Task +12 NN O I-Task +] NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +negative NN O I-Task +parity NN O I-Task +[ NN O I-Task +14 NN O I-Task +] NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +based NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +same NN O I-Task +quark NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +[ NN O I-Task +15 NN O I-Task +] NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +Ref NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +12 NN O O +] NN O O +the NN O O +antiquark NN O B-Material +was NN O O +heavy NN O O +, NN O O +c NN O O +or NN O O +b NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +accordingly NN O O +the NN O O +interaction NN O B-Process +between NN O I-Process +light NN O I-Process +quarks NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +heavy NN O I-Process +antiquark NN O I-Process +was NN O I-Process +neglected NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +consistent NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +heavy NN O I-Process +quark NN O I-Process +limit NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +Ref NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +16 NN O O +] NN O O +an NN O O +attractive NN O O +spin NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +spin NN O I-Process +interaction NN O I-Process +between NN O O +s̄ NN O B-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +light NN O B-Material +quarks NN O I-Material +was NN O O +incorporated NN O O +and NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +a NN O O +stable NN O O +or NN O O +narrow NN O O +positive NN O O +parity NN O O +uudds̄ NN O B-Material +pentaquark NN O I-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +accommodated NN O O +within NN O O +such NN O O +a NN O O +model NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +interaction NN O O +has NN O O +a NN O O +form NN O O +that NN O O +corresponds NN O O +to NN O O +η NN O B-Process +meson NN O I-Process +exchange NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +its NN O O +role NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +lower NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +energy NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +whole NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009220) + +There NN O O +exist NN O O +some NN O O +interesting NN O O +cases NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +deformation NN O B-Process +structure NN O I-Process +becomes NN O O +simple NN O O +. NN O O +One NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +limit NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +N=1/2 NN O B-Process +superspace NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +5 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +action NN O O +should NN O O +reduce NN O O +to NN O O +N=1/2 NN O B-Process +super NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +Yang NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +Mills NN O I-Process +theory NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +adjoint NN O I-Process +matter NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Another NN O O +interesting NN O O +case NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +singlet NN O B-Task +deformation NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +10,11 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +deformation NN O B-Process +parameters NN O I-Process +belongs NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +singlet NN O B-Process +representation NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +R NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +symmetry NN O I-Process +group NN O I-Process +SU(2)R. NN O B-Process +In NN O O +this NN O O +Letter NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +will NN O O +study NN O O +N=2 NN O B-Task +supersymmetric NN O I-Task +U(1 NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +gauge NN O I-Task +theory NN O I-Task +in NN O O +the NN O O +harmonic NN O B-Process +superspace NN O I-Process +with NN O O +singlet NN O B-Process +deformation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +case NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O B-Task +gauge NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +supersymmetry NN O I-Task +transformations NN O I-Task +get NN O O +correction NN O B-Process +linear NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +deformation NN O B-Process +parameter NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Therefore NN O O +we NN O O +can NN O O +easily NN O O +perform NN O O +the NN O O +field NN O B-Process +redefinition NN O I-Process +such NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +component NN O O +fields NN O O +transform NN O O +canonically NN O O +under NN O O +the NN O O +gauge NN O B-Process +transformation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +N=1/2 NN O B-Task +super NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +Yang NN O I-Task +– NN O I-Task +Mills NN O I-Task +theory NN O I-Task +, NN O O +such NN O O +field NN O B-Process +redefinition NN O I-Process +is NN O O +also NN O O +possible NN O O +[ NN O O +5 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +But NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +case NN O O +the NN O O +component NN O B-Task +fields NN O I-Task +do NN O O +not NN O O +transform NN O O +canonically NN O O +under NN O O +the NN O O +deformed NN O B-Process +supersymmtery NN O I-Process +transformation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +singlet NN O B-Task +case NN O I-Task +, NN O O +we NN O O +will NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +field NN O B-Process +redefinition NN O I-Process +such NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +redefined NN O O +fields NN O O +also NN O O +transform NN O B-Process +canonically NN O I-Process +under NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +deformed NN O I-Process +supersymmetry NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +will NN O O +construct NN O O +a NN O O +deformed NN O B-Process +Lagrangian NN O I-Process +which NN O O +is NN O O +invariant NN O O +under NN O O +both NN O O +the NN O O +gauge NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +supersymmetry NN O I-Process +transformations NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +find NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +deformed NN O B-Process +Lagrangian NN O I-Process +is NN O O +characterized NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O B-Process +function NN O I-Process +of NN O O +an NN O O +antiholomorphic NN O B-Process +scalar NN O I-Process +field NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009232) + +We NN O O +consider NN O O +finite NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +time NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +future NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +sudden NN O I-Process +or NN O I-Process +Big NN O I-Process +Rip NN O I-Process +type NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +singularities NN O I-Process +which NN O O +may NN O O +occur NN O O +even NN O O +when NN O O +strong NN O B-Process +energy NN O I-Process +condition NN O I-Process +is NN O O +not NN O O +violated NN O O +but NN O O +equation NN O O +of NN O O +state NN O O +parameter NN O O +is NN O O +time NN O O +- NN O O +dependent NN O O +. NN O O +Recently NN O O +, NN O O +example NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +such NN O I-Task +singularity NN O I-Task +has NN O O +been NN O O +presented NN O O +by NN O O +Barrow NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O B-Task +found NN O I-Task +another NN O I-Task +example NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +it NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Taking NN O O +into NN O O +account NN O O +back NN O B-Task +reaction NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +conformal NN O I-Task +quantum NN O I-Task +fields NN O I-Task +near NN O I-Task +singularity NN O I-Task +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +shown NN O O +explicitly NN O O +that NN O O +quantum NN O B-Process +effects NN O I-Process +may NN O O +delay NN O O +( NN O O +or NN O O +make NN O O +milder NN O O +) NN O O +the NN O O +singularity NN O B-Process +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +argued NN O O +that NN O O +if NN O O +the NN O O +evolution NN O B-Task +to NN O I-Task +singularity NN O I-Task +is NN O O +realistic NN O O +, NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +quantum NN O B-Process +effects NN O I-Process +the NN O B-Process +universe NN O I-Process +may NN O I-Process +end NN O I-Process +up NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +de NN O I-Process +Sitter NN O I-Process +phase NN O I-Process +before NN O O +scale NN O B-Process +factor NN O I-Process +blows NN O I-Process +up NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +picture NN O O +is NN O O +generalized NN O O +for NN O O +braneworld NN O B-Material +where NN O O +sudden NN O B-Process +singularity NN O I-Process +may NN O O +occur NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +brane NN O B-Material +with NN O O +qualitatively NN O B-Process +similar NN O I-Process +conclusions NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009268) + +One NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +great NN O O +successes NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +experimental NN O O +program NN O O +carried NN O O +out NN O O +at NN O O +LEP NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +to NN O O +put NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +firm NN O I-Process +lower NN O I-Process +bound NN O I-Process +on NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +Higgs NN O I-Process +mass NN O I-Process +, NN O O +mH>114 NN O B-Process +GeV NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +time NN O O +, NN O O +together NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +information NN O O +coming NN O O +from NN O O +SLD NN O B-Material +, NN O O +to NN O O +give NN O O +a NN O O +strong NN O O +indirect NN O O +evidence NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +Higgs NN O B-Material +boson NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +still NN O O +missing NN O O +particle NN O B-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +Standard NN O B-Process +Model NN O I-Process +( NN O O +SM NN O B-Process +) NN O O +, NN O O +should NN O O +be NN O O +relatively NN O O +light NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +high NN O O +probability NN O O +for NN O O +its NN O O +mass NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +below NN O O +200 NN O O +GeV. NN O O +The NN O B-Task +search NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +Higgs NN O I-Task +boson NN O I-Task +is NN O O +one NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +main NN O O +objective NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Tevatron NN O B-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +future NN O O +Large NN O B-Material +Hadron NN O I-Material +Collider NN O I-Material +( NN O B-Material +LHC NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +, NN O O +that NN O O +are NN O O +supposed NN O O +to NN O O +span NN O B-Process +all NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +Higgs NN O I-Process +mass NN O I-Process +regions NN O I-Process +up NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +1 NN O I-Process +TeV. NN O I-Process +At NN O O +hadron NN O B-Material +colliders NN O I-Material +the NN O O +main NN O B-Task +Higgs NN O I-Task +production NN O I-Task +mechanism NN O I-Task +is NN O O +the NN O O +gluon NN O B-Process +fusion NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +process NN O O +whose NN O O +knowledge NN O O +is NN O O +fundamental NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +put NN O B-Process +limits NN O I-Process +on NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +Higgs NN O I-Process +mass NN O I-Process +or NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +case NN O O +the NN O O +Higgs NN O B-Material +is NN O O +discovered NN O O +, NN O O +to NN O O +compare NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +measured NN O I-Process +cross NN O I-Process +section NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +SM NN O I-Process +result NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Concerning NN O O +the NN O O +Higgs NN O B-Process +decay NN O I-Process +channels NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +quite NN O O +difficult NN O O +for NN O O +an NN O O +hadron NN O B-Material +collider NN O I-Material +to NN O O +access NN O B-Task +part NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +mass NN O I-Task +range NN O I-Task +favored NN O I-Task +by NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +LEP NN O I-Task +results NN O I-Task +, NN O O +the NN O O +so NN O O +- NN O O +called NN O O +intermediate NN O B-Process +Higgs NN O I-Process +mass NN O I-Process +region NN O I-Process +114≲mH≲160 NN O B-Process +GeV NN O I-Process +, NN O O +because NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +large NN O O +QCD NN O B-Material +background NN O I-Material +to NN O O +the NN O O +dominant NN O O +modes NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +region NN O O +the NN O O +rare NN O B-Process +decay NN O I-Process +H→γγ NN O B-Process +is NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +interesting NN O O +alternative NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +usual NN O O +decay NN O B-Process +channels NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S037026930400930X) + +Recent NN O O +publications NN O O +[ NN O O +31 NN O O +] NN O O +employ NN O O +a NN O O +variety NN O O +of NN O O +methods NN O O +for NN O O +calculating NN O B-Task +upper NN O I-Task +limits NN O I-Task +and NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +no NN O O +universally NN O O +accepted NN O O +procedure NN O O +[ NN O O +27,32,33 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +choose NN O O +an NN O O +approach NN O O +similar NN O O +to NN O O +that NN O O +first NN O O +advocated NN O O +by NN O O +Feldman NN O O +and NN O O +Cousins NN O O +[ NN O O +27 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +method NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +since NN O O +extended NN O O +by NN O O +Conrad NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +34 NN O O +] NN O O +to NN O O +incorporate NN O B-Process +uncertainties NN O I-Process +in NN O O +detector NN O B-Task +sensitivity NN O I-Task +and NN O O +the NN O O +background NN O B-Process +estimate NN O I-Process +based NN O O +on NN O O +an NN O O +approach NN O O +described NN O O +by NN O O +Cousins NN O O +and NN O O +Highland NN O O +[ NN O O +35 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +further NN O B-Process +refinement NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +Conrad NN O I-Process +et NN O I-Process +al NN O I-Process +. NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +by NN O O +Hill NN O O +[ NN O O +36 NN O O +] NN O O +results NN O O +in NN O O +more NN O B-Process +appropriate NN O I-Process +behavior NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +upper NN O O +limit NN O O +when NN O O +the NN O O +observed NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +events NN O O +is NN O O +less NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +estimated NN O O +background NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +measurement NN O B-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +have NN O O +adopted NN O O +this NN O O +method NN O O +but NN O O +note NN O O +that NN O O +Table NN O O +2 NN O O +contains NN O O +all NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +numbers NN O O +needed NN O O +to NN O O +calculate NN O B-Task +an NN O I-Task +upper NN O I-Task +limit NN O I-Task +using NN O O +any NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +methods NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +papers NN O O +cited NN O O +above NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +assume NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +probability NN O B-Process +density NN O I-Process +functions NN O I-Process +of NN O O +Fsens NN O O +and NN O O +background NN O B-Process +estimates NN O I-Process +are NN O O +Gaussian NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +distributed NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009335) + +In NN O O +these NN O O +frameworks NN O O +, NN O O +however NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +physical NN O B-Task +spacetime NN O I-Task +dimension NN O I-Task +is NN O O +an NN O O +input NN O O +rather NN O O +than NN O O +a NN O O +prediction NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +theory NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +fact NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +standard NN O B-Process +theories NN O I-Process +whose NN O O +gravitational NN O O +sector NN O O +is NN O O +described NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +Einstein NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +Hilbert NN O I-Process +action NN O I-Process +, NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +no NN O O +obstruction NN O O +to NN O O +perform NN O O +dimensional NN O B-Process +reductions NN O I-Process +to NN O O +spacetimes NN O O +of NN O O +dimensions NN O O +d≠4 NN O O +. NN O O +Then NN O O +the NN O O +question NN O O +arises NN O O +, NN O O +since NN O O +eleven NN O O +- NN O O +dimensional NN O O +Minkowski NN O B-Material +space NN O I-Material +is NN O O +a NN O O +maximally NN O O +( NN O B-Process +super)symmetric NN O I-Process +state NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +theory NN O O +is NN O O +well NN O O +- NN O O +behaved NN O O +around NN O O +it NN O O +, NN O O +why NN O O +the NN O O +theory NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +select NN O B-Process +this NN O I-Process +configuration NN O I-Process +as NN O O +the NN O O +vacuum NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +instead NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +chooses NN O O +a NN O O +particular NN O O +compactified NN O B-Process +space NN O I-Process +with NN O O +less NN O O +symmetry NN O O +. NN O O +An NN O O +ideal NN O O +situation NN O O +, NN O O +instead NN O O +, NN O O +would NN O O +be NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +eleven NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +dimensional NN O I-Process +theory NN O I-Process +dynamically NN O O +predicted NN O O +a NN O O +low NN O B-Task +energy NN O I-Task +regime NN O I-Task +which NN O O +could NN O O +only NN O O +be NN O O +a NN O O +four NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +dimensional NN O I-Process +effective NN O I-Process +theory NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +such NN O O +a NN O O +scenario NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +background NN O B-Process +solution NN O I-Process +with NN O O +an NN O O +effective NN O B-Process +spacetime NN O I-Process +dimension NN O I-Process +d>4 NN O B-Process +should NN O O +be NN O O +expected NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +a NN O O +false NN O B-Process +vacuum NN O I-Process +where NN O O +the NN O O +propagators NN O B-Process +for NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +dynamical NN O I-Process +fields NN O I-Process +are NN O O +ill NN O O +- NN O O +defined NN O O +, NN O O +lest NN O O +a NN O O +low NN O B-Process +energy NN O I-Process +effective NN O I-Process +theory NN O I-Process +could NN O O +exist NN O O +in NN O O +dimensions NN O O +higher NN O O +than NN O O +four NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009347) + +The NN O O +presence NN O O +of NN O O +chaotic NN O B-Task +motion NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +nuclear NN O I-Task +systems NN O I-Task +has NN O O +been NN O O +firmly NN O O +related NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +statistics NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +high NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +lying NN O I-Process +energy NN O I-Process +levels NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +8,9 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Poisson NN O B-Process +distributions NN O I-Process +of NN O O +normalized NN O O +spacings NN O O +of NN O O +successive NN O O +nuclear NN O O +or NN O O +atomic NN O O +excited NN O B-Process +levels NN O I-Process +with NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +spin NN O B-Process +and NN O O +parity NN O B-Process +correspond NN O O +to NN O O +integrable NN O B-Process +classical NN O I-Process +dynamics NN O I-Process +, NN O O +while NN O O +Wigner NN O B-Material +'s NN O I-Material +statistics NN O I-Material +signal NN O O +chaotic NN O B-Process +motion NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +corresponding NN O O +classical NN O B-Task +regime NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +10 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Intermediate NN O O +situations NN O O +are NN O O +more NN O O +difficult NN O O +to NN O O +assess NN O O +. NN O O +Very NN O O +recently NN O O +a NN O O +proposal NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +made NN O O +to NN O O +treat NN O O +the NN O O +spectral NN O B-Process +fluctuations NN O I-Process +δn NN O B-Process +as NN O O +discrete NN O B-Process +time NN O I-Process +series NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +11 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Defining NN O O +( NN O O +1)δn=∫−∞En+1ρ˜(E)dE−n NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +ρ˜(E NN O O +) NN O O +the NN O O +mean NN O O +level NN O O +density NN O O +which NN O O +allows NN O O +the NN O O +mapping NN O B-Process +to NN O I-Process +dimensionless NN O I-Process +levels NN O I-Process +with NN O O +unitary NN O B-Process +average NN O I-Process +level NN O I-Process +density NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +analyzing NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +energy NN O I-Process +fluctuations NN O I-Process +as NN O O +a NN O O +discrete NN O B-Process +time NN O I-Process +series NN O I-Process +, NN O O +they NN O O +found NN O O +that NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Task +power NN O I-Task +spectra NN O I-Task +behave NN O O +like NN O O +1f NN O O +noise NN O O +, NN O O +postulating NN O O +that NN O O +this NN O O +might NN O O +be NN O O +a NN O O +characteristic NN O O +signature NN O O +of NN O O +generic NN O O +quantum NN O B-Task +chaotic NN O I-Task +systems NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +work NN O O +we NN O O +implement NN O O +this NN O O +idea NN O O +, NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +1f NN O B-Process +spectral NN O I-Process +behavior NN O I-Process +as NN O O +a NN O O +test NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +presence NN O O +of NN O O +chaos NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +nuclear NN O I-Process +mass NN O I-Process +errors NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009359) + +Table NN O O +1 NN O O +lists NN O O +8 NN O O +pairs NN O O +of NN O O +B NN O B-Process +decays NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +fact NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +are NN O O +more NN O O +decay NN O B-Process +pairs NN O I-Process +, NN O O +since NN O O +many NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +particles NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +final NN O O +states NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +observed NN O O +as NN O O +either NN O O +pseudoscalar NN O O +( NN O O +P NN O O +) NN O O +or NN O O +vector NN O O +( NN O O +V NN O O +) NN O O +mesons NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Note NN O O +that NN O O +certain NN O O +decays NN O B-Process +are NN O O +written NN O O +in NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +VV NN O O +final NN O O +states NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +others NN O O +are NN O O +have NN O O +PP NN O O +states NN O O +. NN O O +There NN O O +are NN O O +three NN O O +reasons NN O O +for NN O O +this NN O O +. NN O O +First NN O O +, NN O O +some NN O O +decays NN O B-Process +involve NN O O +a NN O O +final NN O O +- NN O O +state NN O O +π0 NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +experimentally NN O O +it NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +necessary NN O O +to NN O O +find NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +decay NN O I-Task +vertices NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +final NN O B-Material +particles NN O I-Material +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +virtually NN O O +impossible NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +π0 NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +so NN O O +we NN O O +always NN O O +use NN O O +a NN O O +ρ0 NN O O +. NN O O +Second NN O O +, NN O O +some NN O O +pairs NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +decays NN O I-Material +are NN O O +related NN O O +by NN O O +SU(3 NN O O +) NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +SM NN O B-Material +only NN O O +if NN O O +an NN O O +( NN O O +ss¯ NN O O +) NN O O +quark NN O B-Material +pair NN O I-Material +is NN O O +used NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +are NN O O +no NN O O +P NN O O +'s NN O O +which NN O O +are NN O O +pure NN O O +( NN O O +ss¯ NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +mesons NN O B-Material +η NN O B-Material +and NN O O +η′ NN O B-Material +have NN O O +an NN O O +( NN O O +ss¯ NN O O +) NN O O +component NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +they NN O O +also NN O O +have NN O O +significant NN O O +( NN O O +uu¯ NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +( NN O O +dd¯ NN O O +) NN O O +pieces NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +a NN O O +result NN O O +the NN O O +b¯→s¯ NN O O +and NN O O +b¯→d¯ NN O O +decays NN O B-Process +are NN O O +not NN O O +really NN O O +related NN O O +by NN O O +SU(3 NN O O +) NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +SM NN O B-Material +if NN O O +the NN O O +final NN O O +state NN O O +involves NN O O +an NN O O +η NN O B-Material +or NN O O +η′. NN O B-Material +We NN O O +therefore NN O O +consider NN O O +instead NN O O +the NN O O +vector NN O B-Material +meson NN O I-Material +ϕ NN O B-Material +which NN O O +is NN O O +essentially NN O O +a NN O O +pure NN O O +( NN O O +ss¯ NN O O +) NN O O +quark NN O B-Process +state NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Finally NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +require NN O O +that NN O O +both NN O O +B0 NN O B-Material +and NN O O +B¯0 NN O B-Material +be NN O O +able NN O O +to NN O O +decay NN O B-Process +to NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +final NN O I-Process +state NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +can NN O O +not NN O O +happen NN O O +if NN O O +the NN O O +final NN O O +state NN O O +contains NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O O +K0 NN O O +( NN O O +or NN O O +K¯0 NN O O +) NN O O +meson NN O B-Material +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +can NN O O +occur NN O O +if NN O O +this NN O O +final NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +state NN O I-Material +particle NN O I-Material +is NN O O +an NN O O +excited NN O B-Material +neutral NN O I-Material +kaon NN O I-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +case NN O O +one NN O O +decay NN O O +involves NN O O +K*0 NN O B-Material +, NN O O +while NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +has NN O O +K¯*0 NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Assuming NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +vector NN O B-Material +meson NN O I-Material +is NN O O +detected NN O O +via NN O O +its NN O O +decay NN O B-Process +to NN O I-Process +ψKsπ0 NN O I-Process +( NN O O +as NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +measurement NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +sin2β NN O I-Process +via NN O O +Bd0(t)→J/ψK NN O O +* NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +then NN O O +both NN O O +B0 NN O B-Material +and NN O O +B¯0 NN O B-Material +can NN O O +decay NN O B-Process +to NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +final NN O O +state NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009530) + +If NN O O +signals NN O O +suggesting NN O O +supersymmetry NN O B-Process +( NN O O +SUSY NN O B-Process +) NN O O +are NN O O +discovered NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +LHC NN O O +then NN O O +it NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +vital NN O O +to NN O O +measure NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +spins NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +new NN O I-Task +particles NN O I-Task +to NN O O +demonstrate NN O B-Task +that NN O I-Task +they NN O I-Task +are NN O I-Task +indeed NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +predicted NN O I-Task +super NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +partners NN O I-Task +. NN O O +A NN O O +method NN O O +is NN O O +discussed NN O O +by NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O O +spins NN O O +of NN O O +some NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +SUSY NN O B-Material +particles NN O I-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +determined NN O O +. NN O O +Angular NN O B-Process +distributions NN O I-Process +in NN O O +sparticle NN O B-Process +decays NN O I-Process +lead NN O O +to NN O O +charge NN O B-Process +asymmetry NN O I-Process +in NN O O +lepton NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +jet NN O I-Process +invariant NN O I-Process +mass NN O I-Process +distributions NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +size NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +asymmetry NN O O +is NN O O +proportional NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +primary NN O B-Process +production NN O I-Process +asymmetry NN O I-Process +between NN O O +squarks NN O B-Material +and NN O O +anti NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +squarks NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Monte NN O B-Process +Carlo NN O I-Process +simulations NN O I-Process +are NN O O +performed NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +particular NN O O +mSUGRA NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +point NN O I-Process +at NN O O +the NN O O +LHC NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +resultant NN O O +asymmetry NN O B-Process +distributions NN O I-Process +are NN O O +consistent NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +spin-0 NN O B-Material +slepton NN O I-Material +and NN O O +a NN O O +spin-12χ˜20 NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +are NN O O +not NN O O +consistent NN O O +with NN O O +both NN O O +particles NN O B-Material +being NN O O +scalars NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009608) + +It NN O O +should NN O O +be NN O O +noted NN O O +that NN O O +BEBC NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +21 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +NOMAD NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +20 NN O O +] NN O O +observed NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +discrepancy NN O I-Task +between NN O O +experimental NN O O +ρ NN O O +rates NN O O +and NN O O +those NN O O +estimated NN O O +with NN O O +JETSET NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +16 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +NOMAD NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +20 NN O O +] NN O O +proposed NN O O +to NN O O +retune NN O B-Process +some NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +parameters NN O I-Process +used NN O O +within NN O O +JETSET NN O B-Material +to NN O O +obtain NN O B-Task +better NN O I-Task +agreement NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Therefore NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +purpose NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +analysis NN O B-Task +events NN O B-Process +were NN O I-Process +simulated NN O I-Process +both NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +default NN O B-Process +setting NN O I-Process +and NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +setting NN O B-Process +proposed NN O I-Process +by NN O I-Process +NOMAD NN O I-Process +of NN O O +key NN O O +JETSET NN O B-Material +parameters NN O O +, NN O O +taking NN O B-Process +an NN O I-Process +average NN O I-Process +between NN O I-Process +them NN O I-Process +as NN O O +a NN O O +result NN O O +and NN O O +half NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +difference NN O I-Process +as NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +systematic NN O I-Process +error NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +used NN O O +experimental NN O O +rates NN O O +of NN O O +light NN O B-Material +neutral NN O I-Material +mesons NN O I-Material +and NN O O +resonances NN O B-Process +where NN O O +available NN O O +( NN O O +Table NN O O +1 NN O O +) NN O O +for NN O O +normalization NN O B-Process +purposes NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +uncertainty NN O O +introduced NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +JETSET NN O B-Material +parameter NN O B-Process +settings NN O I-Process +( NN O O +which NN O O +amounts NN O O +to NN O O +20 NN O O +% NN O O +at NN O O +most NN O O +) NN O O +affects NN O O +only NN O O +the NN O O +production NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +η′ NN O O +and NN O O +ϕ NN O O +for NN O O +which NN O O +no NN O O +experimental NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +are NN O O +available NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +uncertainty NN O O +is NN O O +reflected NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +error NN O O +quoted NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +table NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +contribution NN O O +from NN O O +η′ NN O O +and NN O O +ϕ NN O O +is NN O O +small NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +overall NN O O +effect NN O O +is NN O O +less NN O O +important NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009657) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +Letter NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +present NN O O +results NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +relativistic NN O B-Task +calculation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +decay NN O I-Task +constants NN O I-Task +in NN O O +the NN O O +framework NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +full NN O I-Process +Salpeter NN O I-Process +equation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +full NN O O +Salpeter NN O B-Process +equation NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +relativistic NN O B-Process +equation NN O I-Process +describing NN O O +a NN O O +bound NN O O +state NN O O +. NN O O +Since NN O O +this NN O O +method NN O O +has NN O O +a NN O O +very NN O O +solid NN O O +basis NN O O +in NN O O +quantum NN O B-Process +field NN O I-Process +theory NN O I-Process +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +very NN O O +good NN O O +in NN O O +describing NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +bound NN O I-Task +state NN O I-Task +which NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +relativistic NN O B-Process +system NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +a NN O O +previous NN O O +paper NN O O +[ NN O O +16 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +solved NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +instantaneous NN O I-Task +Bethe NN O I-Task +– NN O I-Task +Salpeter NN O I-Task +equation NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +also NN O O +called NN O O +full NN O B-Process +Salpeter NN O I-Process +equation NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +18 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +After NN O O +we NN O O +solved NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +full NN O I-Task +Salpeter NN O I-Task +equation NN O I-Task +, NN O O +we NN O O +obtained NN O O +the NN O O +relativistic NN O B-Process +wave NN O I-Process +function NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +bound NN O I-Process +state NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +used NN O O +this NN O O +wave NN O B-Process +function NN O I-Process +to NN O O +calculate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +average NN O I-Task +kinetic NN O I-Task +energy NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +heavy NN O B-Material +quark NN O I-Material +inside NN O O +a NN O O +heavy NN O B-Material +meson NN O I-Material +in NN O O +0− NN O O +state NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +obtained NN O B-Process +values NN O I-Process +which NN O O +agree NN O O +very NN O O +well NN O O +with NN O O +recent NN O O +experiments NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +also NN O O +found NN O O +there NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +relativistic NN O B-Process +corrections NN O I-Process +are NN O I-Process +quite NN O I-Process +large NN O I-Process +and NN O O +can NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +ignored NN O O +[ NN O O +16 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +Letter NN O O +we NN O O +use NN O B-Process +this NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +to NN O O +predict NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +values NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +decay NN O I-Task +constants NN O I-Task +of NN O O +heavy NN O B-Material +mesons NN O I-Material +in NN O O +0− NN O O +state NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009803) + +Our NN O O +aim NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +introduce NN O B-Task +vector NN O I-Task +mesons NN O I-Task +in NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +Lagrangian NN O B-Process +which NN O O +satisfies NN O O +the NN O O +low NN O B-Process +energy NN O I-Process +current NN O I-Process +algebra NN O I-Process +. NN O O +One NN O O +consistent NN O O +method NN O O +is NN O O +in NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +non NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +linear NN O I-Process +chiral NN O I-Process +Lagrangian NN O I-Process +with NN O O +a NN O O +hidden NN O B-Process +local NN O I-Process +symmetry NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +theory NN O O +the NN O O +vector NN O B-Material +mesons NN O I-Material +emerge NN O O +as NN O O +dynamical NN O B-Material +vector NN O I-Material +mesons NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +three NN O O +point NN O O +vector NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +pseudo NN O I-Process +scalar NN O I-Process +interaction NN O I-Process +is NN O O +given NN O O +by NN O O +( NN O O +11)ih4〈Vμ(P∂μP−∂μPP NN O B-Process +) NN O I-Process +〉 NN O I-Process +, NN O O +where NN O O +h NN O B-Process +stands NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +vector NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +pseudoscalar NN O I-Process +coupling NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Some NN O O +typical NN O O +vertices NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +ρ NN O I-Process +'s NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +pseudoscalar NN O I-Process +mesons NN O I-Process +are NN O O +( NN O B-Process +12)π+(p1)π−(p2)ρ0:h(p1−p2)μεμ,π+(p1)π0(p2)ρ−:h(p1−p2)μεμ,K+(p1)K¯0(p2)ρ−:h2(p1−p2)μεμ,etc NN O I-Process +. NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +directly NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +ρ NN O B-Process +decay NN O I-Process +width NN O I-Process +: NN O O +Γ(ρ)=h2(|pπ|)3/(6πmρ2 NN O B-Process +) NN O I-Process +, NN O O +where NN O O +pπ NN O B-Process +is NN O O +the NN O O +momentum NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +final NN O I-Process +state NN O I-Process +pions NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +ρ NN O I-Process +rest NN O I-Process +frame NN O I-Process +. NN O O +With NN O O +Γ(ρ)=149.2MeV NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +find NN O O +h=5.95 NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +note NN O O +in NN O O +passing NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +Kawarabayashi NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +Suzuki NN O I-Material +– NN O I-Material +Riazuddin NN O I-Material +– NN O I-Material +Fayyazuddin NN O I-Material +relation NN O I-Material +gives NN O O +the NN O O +value NN O O +h NN O O += NN O O +mρ/(2fπ)[12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Thus NN O O +the NN O O +value NN O O +of NN O O +h NN O O +in NN O O +Eq NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +4 NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O O +values NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +paragraph NN O O +differ NN O B-Process +by NN O I-Process +small NN O I-Process +amounts NN O I-Process +( NN O O +∼19 NN O O +% NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +strong NN O B-Task +four NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +point NN O I-Task +vertices NN O I-Task +involving NN O I-Task +pions NN O I-Task +are NN O I-Task +obtained NN O I-Task +from NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +two NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +Eq NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +5 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +weak NN O B-Task +vertices NN O I-Task +are NN O I-Task +obtained NN O I-Task +from NN O O +the NN O O +definitions NN O O +of NN O O +Q6 NN O O +and NN O O +Q8 NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +numerical NN O O +work NN O O +we NN O O +shall NN O O +use NN O O +the NN O O +value NN O O +of NN O O +h NN O O +from NN O O +Eq NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +4 NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +also NN O O +h=5.95 NN O O +obtained NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +decay NN O O +width NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009979) + +On NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +hand NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +local NN O O +fields NN O O +except NN O O +the NN O O +gravitational NN O O +field NN O O +are NN O O +not NN O O +always NN O O +localized NN O B-Task +on NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +brane NN O I-Task +even NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +warped NN O B-Process +geometry NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Indeed NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +Randall NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +Sundrum NN O I-Material +model NN O I-Material +in NN O O +five NN O B-Task +dimensions NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +following NN O O +facts NN O O +are NN O O +well NN O O +known NN O O +: NN O O +spin NN O B-Process +0 NN O I-Process +field NN O I-Process +is NN O I-Process +localized NN O I-Process +on NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +brane NN O I-Process +with NN O O +positive NN O B-Process +tension NN O I-Process +which NN O O +also NN O O +localizes NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +graviton NN O I-Process +while NN O O +the NN O O +spin NN O O +1/2 NN O O +and NN O O +3/2 NN O O +fields NN O O +are NN O O +localized NN O O +not NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +brane NN O O +with NN O O +positive NN O B-Process +tension NN O I-Process +but NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +brane NN O O +with NN O O +negative NN O B-Process +tension NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Spin NN O O +1 NN O O +field NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +localized NN O O +neither NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +brane NN O O +with NN O O +positive NN O B-Process +tension NN O I-Process +nor NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +brane NN O O +with NN O O +negative NN O B-Process +tension NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +six NN O B-Process +space NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +time NN O I-Process +dimensions NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +spin NN O O +1 NN O O +gauge NN O O +field NN O O +is NN O O +also NN O O +localized NN O B-Process +on NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +brane NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Thus NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +fulfill NN O O +the NN O O +localization NN O B-Task +of NN O O +Standard NN O B-Material +Model NN O I-Material +particles NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +brane NN O O +with NN O O +positive NN O B-Process +tension NN O I-Process +, NN O O +it NN O O +seems NN O O +that NN O O +some NN O O +additional NN O O +interactions NN O O +except NN O O +the NN O O +gravitational NN O O +interaction NN O O +must NN O O +be NN O O +also NN O O +introduced NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +bulk NN O I-Process +. NN O O +There NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +lot NN O O +of NN O O +papers NN O O +devoted NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +different NN O O +localization NN O B-Process +mechanisms NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +bulk NN O O +fields NN O O +in NN O O +various NN O O +brane NN O B-Process +world NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0375960112002885) + +First NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +principles NN O I-Process +calculations NN O I-Process +have NN O O +clarified NN O O +the NN O O +electronic NN O B-Task +structure NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +stability NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +W@Si12 NN O B-Material +cluster NN O I-Material +under NN O O +O2 NN O B-Task +molecule NN O I-Task +adsorption NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +reaction NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Our NN O O +results NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +W NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +encapsulated NN O I-Process +Si12 NN O I-Process +hexagonal NN O I-Process +prism NN O I-Process +cage NN O I-Process +is NN O O +very NN O O +inert NN O O +to NN O O +oxidation NN O B-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +O2 NN O B-Material +molecule NN O O +only NN O O +weakly NN O O +adsorbs NN O O +onto NN O O +the NN O O +cluster NN O B-Material +at NN O O +relatively NN O O +low NN O B-Process +temperatures NN O I-Process +, NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +several NN O O +tens NN O O +meV. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +significant NN O B-Task +reaction NN O I-Task +barriers NN O I-Task +( NN O O +0.593–1.118 NN O B-Task +eV NN O I-Task +) NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +O2 NN O B-Material +molecule NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +cluster NN O B-Material +are NN O O +identified NN O O +on NN O O +different NN O O +adsorption NN O B-Process +sites NN O O +, NN O O +nevertheless NN O O +, NN O O +these NN O O +reaction NN O B-Process +paths NN O O +are NN O O +spin NN O B-Task +forbidden NN O I-Task +reactions NN O I-Task +according NN O O +to NN O O +Wingerʼs NN O B-Process +spin NN O I-Process +selection NN O I-Process +rule NN O I-Process +. NN O O +These NN O O +results NN O O +imply NN O O +that NN O O +O2 NN O B-Material +readily NN O O +desorb NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +cluster NN O B-Material +surface NN O O +rather NN O O +than NN O O +dissociate NN O O +and NN O O +oxide NN O O +the NN O O +W@Si12 NN O B-Material +cluster NN O I-Material +upon NN O O +excitations NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +high NN O B-Process +temperature NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +high NN O I-Process +pressure NN O I-Process +conditions NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +O2 NN O B-Material +molecules NN O O +may NN O O +dissociate NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +preferential NN O O +edge NN O O +site NN O O +by NN O O +overcoming NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +significantly NN O I-Process +large NN O I-Process +energy NN O I-Process +barrier NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0375960113004568) + +The NN O O +length NN O B-Task +effect NN O I-Task +is NN O O +always NN O O +important NN O O +in NN O O +nanodevices NN O B-Material +. NN O O +So NN O O +we NN O O +investigate NN O O +the NN O O +length NN O B-Task +dependence NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +electronic NN O I-Task +transport NN O I-Task +properties NN O I-Task +in NN O O +M3 NN O O +by NN O O +increasing NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +number NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +carbon NN O I-Process +unit NN O I-Process +cells NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +scattering NN O O +region NN O O +. NN O O +Here NN O O +we NN O O +present NN O O +the NN O O +transport NN O O +results NN O O +when NN O O +the NN O O +numbers NN O O +of NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +unit NN O I-Material +cells NN O I-Material +in NN O O +the NN O O +scattering NN O O +region NN O O +are NN O O +10 NN O O +and NN O O +12 NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +are NN O O +called NN O O +M4 NN O O +and NN O O +M5 NN O O +, NN O O +respectively NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +current NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +voltage NN O I-Process +characteristics NN O I-Process +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +8 NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +can NN O O +see NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +large NN O B-Process +rectifying NN O I-Process +ratio NN O I-Process +still NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +observed NN O O +irrespective NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +length NN O O +of NN O O +heterojunctions NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +fact NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +electronic NN O B-Task +transport NN O I-Task +properties NN O I-Task +for NN O O +M3 NN O O +are NN O O +mainly NN O O +determined NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +parity NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +π NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +π⁎ NN O I-Process +subbands NN O I-Process +of NN O O +left NN O O +and NN O O +right NN O O +electrodes NN O O +. NN O O +Thees NN O O +results NN O O +indicate NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +lengths NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O O +parts NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +scattering NN O O +regions NN O O +have NN O O +no NN O O +affects NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +qualitative NN O B-Task +charge NN O I-Task +transport NN O I-Task +in NN O O +M3 NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0375960113004908) + +Topological NN O B-Process +insulators NN O I-Process +( NN O O +TIs NN O B-Process +) NN O O +are NN O O +promising NN O O +candidates NN O O +of NN O O +spintronics NN O B-Material +materials NN O I-Material +because NN O O +of NN O O +their NN O O +robust NN O O +helical NN O O +surface NN O O +states NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +extremely NN O O +strong NN O O +spin NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +orbit NN O I-Process +interaction NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +1–3 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Initially NN O O +, NN O O +binary NN O B-Material +chalcogenides NN O I-Material +Bi2Te3 NN O B-Material +, NN O O +Sb2Te3 NN O B-Material +and NN O O +Bi2Se3 NN O B-Material +have NN O O +been NN O O +identified NN O O +as NN O O +three NN O O +- NN O O +dimensional NN O O +TIs NN O B-Process +by NN O O +surface NN O B-Process +sensitive NN O I-Process +probes NN O I-Process +such NN O O +as NN O O +angle NN O B-Process +resolved NN O I-Process +photoemission NN O I-Process +spectroscopy NN O I-Process +and NN O O +scanning NN O B-Process +tunneling NN O I-Process +microscopy NN O I-Process +/ NN O I-Process +spectroscopy NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Later NN O O +, NN O O +ternary NN O B-Material +chalcogenide NN O I-Material +( NN O B-Material +BixSb1−x)2Te3 NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +4,5 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +has NN O O +similar NN O O +tetradymite NN O O +structure NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +parent NN O O +compounds NN O O +Bi2Te3 NN O B-Material +and NN O O +Sb2Te3 NN O B-Material +, NN O O +was NN O O +predicted NN O O +by NN O O +ab NN O B-Process +initio NN O I-Process +calculations NN O I-Process +and NN O O +confirmed NN O O +by NN O O +ARPES NN O B-Process +measurements NN O I-Process +as NN O O +a NN O O +tunable NN O O +topological NN O B-Process +insulator NN O I-Process +whose NN O O +Fermi NN O O +energy NN O O +and NN O O +carrier NN O O +density NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +adjusted NN O O +via NN O O +changing NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +Bi NN O I-Process +/ NN O I-Process +Sb NN O I-Process +composition NN O I-Process +ratio NN O I-Process +with NN O O +stable NN O O +topological NN O O +surface NN O O +state NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +entire NN O O +composition NN O O +range NN O O +. NN O O +Combined NN O O +with NN O O +magnetism NN O B-Process +or NN O O +superconductivity NN O B-Process +, NN O O +TIs NN O B-Process +have NN O O +attracted NN O O +great NN O O +attention NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +rich NN O O +variety NN O O +of NN O O +new NN O O +physics NN O O +and NN O O +applications NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +ferromagnetism NN O B-Process +in NN O O +several NN O O +transition NN O B-Material +metal NN O I-Material +( NN O O +TM NN O B-Material +) NN O O +doped NN O O +TIs NN O B-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +breaks NN O O +the NN O O +time NN O O +- NN O O +reversal NN O O +symmetry NN O O +, NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +reported NN O O +[ NN O O +6–13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Ferromagnetism NN O B-Process +in NN O O +TIs NN O B-Process +is NN O O +important NN O O +because NN O O +the NN O O +combination NN O O +of NN O O +magnetism NN O B-Process +with NN O O +TIs NN O B-Process +makes NN O O +a NN O O +good NN O O +platform NN O O +to NN O O +study NN O O +fundamental NN O B-Task +physical NN O I-Task +phenomena NN O I-Task +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +quantum NN O O +anomalous NN O O +Hall NN O B-Task +effect NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +14–17 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +Majorana NN O B-Task +fermions NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +18 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +image NN O B-Task +magnetic NN O I-Task +monopole NN O I-Task +effect NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +19 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +topological NN O O +contributions NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +Faraday NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +Kerr NN O I-Task +magneto NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +optical NN O I-Task +effect NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +20 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0375960113006725) + +Observations NN O B-Process +show NN O O +that NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +area NN O O +with NN O O +dimensions NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +few NN O O +tenths NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +parsec NN O O +could NN O O +be NN O O +many NN O O +sources NN O O +, NN O O +some NN O O +of NN O O +which NN O O +only NN O O +emits NN O O +OH NN O B-Material +lines NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +some NN O O +– NN O O +only NN O O +lines NN O O +H2O. NN O B-Material +The NN O O +only NN O O +known NN O O +in NN O O +physics NN O O +the NN O O +emission NN O B-Process +mechanism NN O I-Process +that NN O O +can NN O O +give NN O O +tremendous NN O O +power NN O O +within NN O O +a NN O O +narrow NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +spectrum NN O O +, NN O O +is NN O O +coherent NN O O +( NN O O +i.e. NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +phase NN O O +and NN O O +direction NN O O +) NN O O +light NN O B-Process +lasers NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +are NN O O +called NN O O +optical NN O B-Process +lasers NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +radio NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +masers NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Cosmic NN O B-Material +maser NN O I-Material +radio NN O I-Material +sources NN O I-Material +emitting NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +lines NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +molecules NN O O +have NN O O +an NN O O +extremely NN O O +high NN O O +brightness NN O O +temperature NN O O +radiation NN O O +Tb NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +molecules NN O O +of NN O O +methanol NN O B-Material +masers NN O I-Material +( NN O O +CH3OH NN O B-Material +) NN O O +Tb NN O O +value NN O O +can NN O O +reach NN O O +109 NN O O +K NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +masers NN O B-Material +hydroxyl NN O I-Material +molecules NN O I-Material +( NN O O +OH NN O B-Material +) NN O O +6×1012 NN O O +K. NN O O +The NN O O +typical NN O O +size NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +maser NN O B-Material +clusters NN O I-Material +is NN O O +about NN O O +1014–1015 NN O O +m NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +neutron NN O B-Material +star NN O I-Material +radius NN O O +is NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +order NN O O +of NN O O +10 NN O O +km NN O O +. NN O O +Thus NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +radiation NN O B-Process +dilution NN O I-Process +coefficient NN O I-Process +is NN O O +equaled NN O O +approximately NN O O +( NN O O +2.5×10−23)–(2.5×10−21 NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +, NN O O +therefore NN O O +, NN O O +μB2B2/4(hν)2∼(2.4×10−5)–(2.4×10−7 NN O O +) NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +hydrogen NN O B-Material +line NN O I-Material +21 NN O O +cm NN O O +and NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +order NN O O +10−5–10−7 NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +OH NN O O +18 NN O O +cm NN O O +line NN O O +or NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +order NN O O +as NN O O +Eq NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +1 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S037596011300741X) + +In NN O O +exploring NN O O +the NN O O +WKB NN O B-Task +limit NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +quantum NN O I-Task +theory NN O I-Task +, NN O O +Bohm NN O O +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +was NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +to NN O O +notice NN O O +that NN O O +although NN O O +one NN O O +starts NN O O +with NN O O +all NN O O +the NN O O +ambiguities NN O O +about NN O O +the NN O O +nature NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +quantum NN O O +system NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +order NN O O +approximation NN O O +fits NN O O +the NN O O +ordinary NN O O +classical NN O O +ontology NN O O +. NN O O +By NN O O +that NN O O +we NN O O +mean NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +real NN O O +part NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Schrödinger NN O B-Process +equation NN O I-Process +under NN O I-Process +polar NN O I-Process +decomposition NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +wave NN O I-Process +function NN O I-Process +becomes NN O O +the NN O O +classical NN O O +Hamilton NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +Jacobi NN O I-Process +equation NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +limit NN O O +where NN O O +terms NN O O +involving NN O O +ℏ NN O O +are NN O O +neglected NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +contrast NN O O +to NN O O +this NN O O +approach NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +Letter NN O O +we NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +classical NN O O +trajectories NN O O +arise NN O O +from NN O O +a NN O O +short NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +time NN O I-Process +quantum NN O I-Process +propagator NN O I-Process +when NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +O(Δt2 NN O O +) NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +neglected NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +fact NN O O +was NN O O +actually NN O O +already NN O O +observed NN O O +by NN O O +Holland NN O O +some NN O O +twenty NN O O +years NN O O +ago NN O O +: NN O O +In NN O O +page NN O O +269 NN O O +of NN O O +his NN O O +book NN O O +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +infinitesimal NN O B-Material +time NN O I-Material +intervals NN O I-Material +are NN O O +considered NN O O +whose NN O O +sequence NN O O +constructs NN O O +a NN O O +finite NN O O +path NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +along NN O O +each NN O O +segment NN O O +the NN O O +motion NN O O +is NN O O +classical NN O O +( NN O O +negligible NN O O +quantum NN O O +potential NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +that NN O O +it NN O O +follows NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +quantum NN O O +path NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +decomposed NN O O +into NN O O +a NN O O +sequence NN O O +of NN O O +segments NN O O +along NN O O +each NN O O +of NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O O +classical NN O O +action NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +minimum NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +novel NN O O +contribution NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +Letter NN O O +is NN O O +an NN O O +improved NN O O +proof NN O O +of NN O O +Hollandʼs NN O O +result NN O O +using NN O O +an NN O O +improved NN O O +version NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +propagator NN O B-Process +due NN O O +to NN O O +Makri NN O O +and NN O O +Miller NN O O +[ NN O O +9,10 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +See NN O O +also NN O O +de NN O O +Gosson NN O O +[ NN O O +3 NN O O +] NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +further NN O O +discussion NN O O +. NN O O +) NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0375960113010839) + +The NN O O +goal NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +glued NN O B-Process +trees NN O I-Process +( NN O O +GT NN O B-Process +) NN O O +algorithm NN O O +for NN O O +quantum NN O B-Task +search NN O I-Task +is NN O O +the NN O O +following NN O O +: NN O O +beginning NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +left NN O O +- NN O O +most NN O O +vertex NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +given NN O O +GT NN O B-Material +graph NN O I-Material +, NN O O +traverse NN O O +the NN O O +graph NN O B-Material +and NN O O +reach NN O O +the NN O O +right NN O O +- NN O O +most NN O O +vertex NN O O +, NN O O +referred NN O O +to NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +target NN O O +vertex NN O O +. NN O O +Childs NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +use NN O O +this NN O O +algorithm NN O O +to NN O O +show NN O O +quantum NN O B-Task +walk NN O I-Task +search NN O I-Task +to NN O O +be NN O O +fundamentally NN O O +more NN O O +effective NN O O +than NN O O +classical NN O B-Task +random NN O I-Task +walk NN O I-Task +search NN O I-Task +by NN O O +presenting NN O O +a NN O O +class NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +graphs NN O I-Material +( NN O O +the NN O O +GT NN O B-Material +graphs NN O I-Material +) NN O O +that NN O O +force NN O O +classical NN O B-Task +random NN O I-Task +walks NN O I-Task +to NN O O +make NN O O +exponentially NN O O +many NN O O +queries NN O O +to NN O O +an NN O O +oracle NN O O +encoding NN O O +the NN O O +structure NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +graph NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +that NN O O +are NN O O +traversable NN O O +by NN O O +quantum NN O O +walks NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +polynomial NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +queries NN O O +to NN O O +such NN O O +an NN O O +oracle NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +study NN O O +the NN O O +robustness NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +algorithm NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +detrimental NN O O +effects NN O O +of NN O O +decoherence NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +shall NN O O +determine NN O O +how NN O O +effectively NN O O +it NN O O +achieves NN O O +its NN O O +goal NN O O +when NN O O +subjected NN O O +to NN O O +an NN O O +increasing NN O B-Process +degree NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +phase NN O I-Process +damping NN O I-Process +noise NN O I-Process +. NN O O +For NN O O +this NN O O +reason NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +will NN O O +focus NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +probability NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +walker NN O O +is NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +target NN O O +vertex NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +end NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +walk NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +thus NN O O +consider NN O O +GT NN O B-Material +graphs NN O I-Material +such NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +one NN O O +illustrated NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1(b NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +i.e. NN O O +consisting NN O O +of NN O O +n NN O O +layers NN O O +before NN O O +the NN O O +gluing NN O B-Process +stage NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +thus NN O O +labelled NN O O +as NN O O +G′n NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0375960115004120) + +Another NN O O +remarkable NN O O +feature NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +quantum NN O B-Task +field NN O I-Task +treatment NN O I-Task +can NN O O +be NN O O +revealed NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +investigation NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +vacuum NN O B-Material +state NN O I-Material +. NN O O +For NN O O +a NN O O +classical NN O O +field NN O O +, NN O O +vacuum NN O B-Material +is NN O O +realized NN O O +by NN O O +simply NN O O +setting NN O O +the NN O O +potential NN O O +to NN O O +zero NN O O +resulting NN O O +in NN O O +an NN O O +unaltered NN O O +, NN O O +free NN O O +evolution NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +particle NN O B-Material +'s NN O I-Material +plane NN O I-Material +wave NN O I-Material +( NN O O +|ψI〉=|ψIII〉=|k0 NN O O +〉 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +quantized NN O B-Task +treatment NN O I-Task +, NN O O +vacuum NN O B-Material +is NN O O +represented NN O O +by NN O O +an NN O O +initial NN O O +Fock NN O O +state NN O O +|n0=0 NN O O +〉 NN O O +which NN O O +still NN O O +interacts NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +particle NN O O +and NN O O +yields NN O O +as NN O O +final NN O O +state NN O O +|ΨIII NN O O +〉 NN O O +behind NN O O +the NN O O +field NN O O +region(19)|ΨI〉=|k0〉⊗|0〉⇒|ΨIII〉=∑n=0∞t0n|k−n〉⊗|n NN O O +〉 NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +photon NN O O +exchange NN O O +probability(20)P0,n=|t0n|2=1n!e−Λ2Λ2n NN O O +The NN O O +particle NN O O +thus NN O O +transfers NN O O +energy NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +vacuum NN O O +field NN O O +leading NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +Poissonian NN O O +distributed NN O O +final NN O O +photon NN O O +number NN O O +. NN O O +Let NN O O +'s NN O O +consider NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +example NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +superconducting NN O B-Material +resonant NN O I-Material +circuit NN O I-Material +as NN O O +source NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +field NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +magnetic NN O B-Material +field NN O I-Material +along NN O O +the NN O O +axis NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +properly NN O B-Material +shaped NN O I-Material +coil NN O I-Material +is NN O O +well NN O O +approximated NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +rectangular NN O O +form NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +particle NN O B-Material +with NN O O +a NN O O +magnetic NN O O +dipole NN O O +moment NN O O +passing NN O O +through NN O O +the NN O O +coil NN O O +then NN O O +interacts NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +circuit NN O O +and NN O O +excites NN O O +it NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +measurable NN O O +loss NN O O +of NN O O +kinetic NN O O +energy NN O O +even NN O O +if NN O O +the NN O O +circuit NN O O +is NN O O +initially NN O O +uncharged NN O O +and NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +classically NN O O +no NN O O +field NN O O +it NN O O +can NN O O +couple NN O O +to NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +phenomenon NN O O +that NN O O +vacuum NN O B-Material +in NN O O +quantum NN O O +field NN O O +theory NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +mean NN O O +to NN O O +“ NN O O +no NN O O +influence NN O O +” NN O O +as NN O O +known NN O O +from NN O O +Casimir NN O B-Process +forces NN O I-Process +or NN O I-Process +Lamb NN O I-Process +shift NN O I-Process +is NN O O +clearly NN O O +visible NN O O +here NN O O +as NN O O +well NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0375960115005630) + +The NN O O +systems NN O O +in NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O O +Stern NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +Gerlach NN O I-Process +force NN O I-Process +is NN O O +most NN O O +prominent NN O O +are NN O O +those NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +high NN O O +electromagnetic NN O B-Process +field NN O I-Process +gradient NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Section NN O O +2 NN O O +considers NN O O +the NN O O +implications NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +coupling NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +spin NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +classical NN O O +electron NN O B-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +rapidly NN O O +varying NN O O +electromagnetic NN O B-Material +field NN O I-Material +produced NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +laser NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +driven NN O I-Process +plasma NN O I-Process +wave NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Sufficiently NN O O +short NN O O +, NN O O +high NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +intensity NN O I-Process +laser NN O I-Process +pulses NN O I-Process +can NN O O +form NN O O +longitudinal NN O B-Material +waves NN O I-Material +within NN O O +the NN O O +electron NN O O +density NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +plasma NN O B-Material +. NN O O +These NN O O +density NN O B-Material +waves NN O I-Material +propagate NN O O +with NN O O +speed NN O O +comparable NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +group NN O O +speed NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +laser NN O B-Process +pulse NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Not NN O O +all NN O O +plasma NN O B-Material +electrons NN O I-Material +form NN O O +this NN O O +wave NN O O +, NN O O +however NN O O +; NN O O +some NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +electrons NN O B-Material +are NN O O +caught NN O O +up NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +wave NN O O +and NN O O +accelerated NN O O +by NN O O +its NN O O +high NN O O +fields NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +wave NN O O +eventually NN O O +collapses NN O O +as NN O O +these NN O O +electrons NN O B-Process +damp NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +wave NN O I-Process +( NN O O +the NN O O +wave NN O B-Process +‘ NN O I-Process +breaks’ NN O I-Process +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +extremely NN O O +high NN O B-Material +electric NN O I-Material +field NN O I-Material +gradient NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +a NN O I-Material +plasma NN O I-Material +wave NN O I-Material +near NN O O +wavebreaking NN O O +provides NN O O +an NN O O +excellent NN O O +theoretical NN O O +testing NN O O +ground NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +effects NN O O +of NN O O +Stern NN O B-Task +– NN O I-Task +Gerlach NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +type NN O I-Task +contributions NN O I-Task +to NN O O +the NN O O +trajectory NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +test NN O O +electron NN O B-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0377025713001031) + +Flow NN O O +- NN O O +induced NN O O +deformations NN O O +can NN O O +lead NN O O +to NN O O +irreversible NN O O +changes NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +structure NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +polymeric NN O B-Material +fluid NN O I-Material +; NN O O +if NN O O +the NN O O +rate NN O O +of NN O O +extension NN O O +far NN O O +exceeds NN O O +the NN O O +rate NN O O +of NN O O +relaxation NN O O +, NN O O +then NN O O +the NN O O +polymer NN O O +chain NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +broken NN O O +. NN O O +Mechanical NN O O +degradation NN O O +of NN O O +polymers NN O B-Material +in NN O O +extensional NN O O +flow NN O O +has NN O O +long NN O O +been NN O O +recognised NN O O +[ NN O O +30 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +leads NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +reduction NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +average NN O I-Process +molecular NN O I-Process +weight NN O I-Process +. NN O O +A NN O O +- NN O O +Alamry NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +have NN O O +recently NN O O +reported NN O O +evidence NN O O +of NN O O +flow NN O O +- NN O O +induced NN O O +polymer NN O O +degradation NN O O +in NN O O +DoD NN O B-Process +jetting NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Central NN O B-Task +scission NN O I-Task +is NN O O +observed NN O O +for NN O O +polystyrene NN O B-Material +in NN O O +a NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +good NN O O +solvents NN O O +under NN O O +certain NN O O +jetting NN O O +conditions NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +bounded NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +molecular NN O O +weights NN O O +. NN O O +Since NN O O +only NN O O +those NN O O +molecules NN O O +that NN O O +are NN O O +fully NN O O +extended NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +fractured NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +centre NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +polymer NN O O +chain NN O O +[ NN O O +29 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +we NN O O +investigate NN O O +whether NN O O +flow NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +induced NN O I-Task +central NN O I-Task +scission NN O I-Task +is NN O O +possible NN O O +under NN O O +the NN O O +conditions NN O O +of NN O O +DoD NN O B-Process +jetting NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0377025714000135) + +This NN O O +conclusion NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +consequence NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +high NN O O +jet NN O O +speeds NN O O +and NN O O +small NN O O +nozzle NN O O +diameters NN O O +in NN O O +combination NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +relatively NN O O +high NN O O +viscosity NN O O +solvent NN O O +and NN O O +modest NN O O +molecular NN O O +weights NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +polystyrene NN O B-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +results NN O O +in NN O O +high NN O O +Weissenberg NN O O +numbers NN O O +and NN O O +moderate NN O O +values NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +extensibility NN O O +, NN O O +L NN O O +studied NN O O +here NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +discussed NN O O +in NN O O +earlier NN O O +papers NN O O +[ NN O O +3,6 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +other NN O O +jetting NN O B-Process +fluid NN O I-Process +combinations NN O I-Process +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +those NN O O +of NN O O +de NN O O +Gans NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +4 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +lie NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +different NN O O +jetting NN O O +regime NN O O +where NN O O +full NN O O +extension NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O O +occur NN O O +and NN O O +relaxation NN O O +time NN O O +controls NN O O +the NN O O +viscoelastic NN O O +behaviour NN O O +. NN O O +Consequently NN O O +inkjet NN O B-Process +fluid NN O I-Process +assessment NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +need NN O O +to NN O O +provide NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +full NN O I-Task +characterisation NN O I-Task +including NN O I-Task +both NN O I-Task +linear NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +nonlinear NN O I-Task +viscoelastic NN O I-Task +properties NN O I-Task +. NN O O +This NN O O +complexity NN O O +suggests NN O O +assessments NN O O +of NN O O +inkjet NN O B-Material +fluids NN O I-Material +might NN O O +have NN O O +to NN O O +include NN O O +jetting NN O O +from NN O O +sets NN O O +of NN O O +DoD NN O B-Process +print NN O I-Process +head NN O I-Process +devices NN O I-Process +with NN O O +different NN O O +sensitivities NN O O +to NN O O +all NN O O +the NN O O +various NN O O +VE NN O O +parameters NN O O +[ NN O O +37 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +rather NN O O +than NN O O +reliance NN O O +on NN O O +testing NN O O +without NN O O +jetting NN O B-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +was NN O O +not NN O O +the NN O O +expected NN O O +outcome NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +work NN O O +but NN O O +does NN O O +echo NN O O +the NN O O +very NN O O +pragmatic NN O O +viewpoint NN O O +expressed NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +“ NN O B-Process +map NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +misery NN O I-Process +” NN O I-Process +by NN O O +Clasen NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +[ NN O O +38 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +may NN O O +provide NN O O +a NN O O +way NN O O +forward NN O O +for NN O O +future NN O O +R&D NN O O +strategies NN O O +towards NN O O +ink NN O B-Task +testing NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0377025714000317) + +Denier NN O O +and NN O O +Hewitt NN O O +[ NN O O +12 NN O O +] NN O O +have NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +bounded NN O O +solutions NN O O +to NN O O +9a NN O O +, NN O O +9b NN O O +and NN O O +9c NN O O +subject NN O O +to NN O O +( NN O O +10a NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +( NN O O +10b NN O O +) NN O O +exist NN O O +only NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +shear NN O O +- NN O O +thinning NN O O +case NN O O +for NN O O +n>12 NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +shear NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +thickening NN O I-Process +case NN O O +they NN O O +have NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +solutions NN O B-Material +become NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +differentiable NN O O +at NN O O +some NN O O +critical NN O O +location NN O O +ηc NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +although NN O O +it NN O O +transpires NN O O +that NN O O +this NN O O +singularity NN O B-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +regularised NN O O +entirely NN O O +within NN O O +the NN O O +context NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +power NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +law NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +, NN O O +we NN O O +will NN O O +not NN O O +consider NN O O +such NN O O +flows NN O B-Material +here NN O O +. NN O O +Thus NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +study NN O O +we NN O O +will NN O O +consider NN O O +flows NN O B-Material +with NN O O +power NN O O +- NN O O +law NN O O +index NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +range NN O O +12 NN O O +60mPas NN O O +at NN O O +low NN O O +shear NN O O +rate NN O O +to NN O O +about NN O O +4mPas NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +highest NN O O +shear NN O O +rates NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +PEDOT NN O B-Material +: NN O I-Material +PSS NN O I-Material +fluids NN O I-Material +also NN O O +exhibited NN O O +elasticity NN O O +that NN O O +steadily NN O O +reduced NN O O +with NN O O +increasing NN O O +frequency NN O O +[ NN O O +4 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +All NN O O +the NN O O +aqueous NN O O +PEDOT NN O B-Material +: NN O I-Material +PSS NN O I-Material +solutions NN O I-Material +shear NN O O +- NN O O +thinned NN O O +significantly NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +the NN O O +presence NN O O +of NN O O +surfactants NN O O +did NN O O +not NN O O +affect NN O O +the NN O O +trends NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +rheological NN O O +behaviour NN O O +, NN O O +particularly NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +higher NN O O +frequencies NN O O +( NN O O +10–4000s−1 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0377221716300984) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +propose NN O O +a NN O O +general NN O O +agent NN O O +- NN O O +based NN O O +distributed NN O O +framework NN O B-Task +where NN O O +each NN O B-Process +agent NN O I-Process +is NN O I-Process +implementing NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +different NN O I-Process +metaheuristic NN O I-Process +/ NN O I-Process +local NN O I-Process +search NN O I-Process +combination NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +an NN O O +agent NN O O +continuously NN O O +adapts NN O B-Process +itself NN O O +during NN O O +the NN O O +search NN O O +process NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O B-Material +direct NN O I-Material +cooperation NN O I-Material +protocol NN O I-Material +based NN O O +on NN O O +reinforcement NN O B-Task +learning NN O I-Task +and NN O O +pattern NN O B-Task +matching NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Good NN O B-Task +patterns NN O I-Task +that NN O O +make NN O O +up NN O O +improving NN O O +solutions NN O O +are NN O O +identified NN O O +and NN O O +shared NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +agents NN O B-Material +. NN O O +This NN O O +agent NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +based NN O I-Task +system NN O I-Task +aims NN O O +to NN O O +provide NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +modular NN O I-Process +flexible NN O I-Process +framework NN O I-Process +to NN O O +deal NN O B-Process +with NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +variety NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +different NN O I-Process +problem NN O I-Process +domains NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +have NN O O +evaluated NN O O +the NN O O +performance NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O B-Task +approach NN O I-Task +using NN O O +the NN O O +proposed NN O O +framework NN O O +which NN O O +embodies NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +set NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +well NN O I-Process +known NN O I-Process +metaheuristics NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +different NN O I-Process +configurations NN O I-Process +as NN O O +agents NN O O +on NN O O +two NN O B-Material +problem NN O I-Material +domains NN O I-Material +, NN O O +Permutation NN O B-Material +Flow NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +shop NN O I-Material +Scheduling NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +Capacitated NN O I-Material +Vehicle NN O I-Material +Routing NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +results NN O O +show NN O O +the NN O O +success NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +approach NN O B-Task +yielding NN O O +three NN O O +new NN O O +best NN O O +known NN O O +results NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Capacitated NN O B-Material +Vehicle NN O I-Material +Routing NN O I-Material +benchmarks NN O I-Material +tested NN O O +, NN O O +whilst NN O O +the NN O O +results NN O O +for NN O O +Permutation NN O B-Material +Flow NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +shop NN O I-Material +Scheduling NN O I-Material +are NN O O +commensurate NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +best NN O O +known NN O O +values NN O O +for NN O O +all NN O O +the NN O O +benchmarks NN O O +tested NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0377221716301357) + +As NN O O +mentioned NN O O +earlier NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +represents NN O O +ongoing NN O O +efforts NN O O +to NN O O +efficiently NN O O +address NN O O +the NN O O +stochastic NN O B-Task +MPSP NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Future NN O O +work NN O O +may NN O O +consider NN O O +investigating NN O O +whether NN O O +the NN O O +algorithm NN O O +would NN O O +be NN O O +as NN O O +successful NN O O +or NN O O +not NN O O +in NN O O +solving NN O O +variants NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +MPSP NN O B-Process +that NN O O +include NN O O +more NN O O +operational NN O B-Task +constraints NN O I-Task +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +variable NN O B-Task +cut NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +off NN O I-Task +grade NN O I-Task +, NN O O +grade NN O B-Task +blending NN O I-Task +, NN O O +and NN O O +stockpiling NN O B-Task +, NN O O +as NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +in NN O O +solving NN O O +the NN O O +“ NN O O +classical NN O O +” NN O O +variant NN O O +considered NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +. NN O O +Indeed NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +general NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +purpose NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +and NN O O +should NN O O +be NN O O +applicable NN O O +to NN O O +any NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O O +variants NN O O +. NN O O +Other NN O O +research NN O O +avenues NN O O +include NN O O +considering NN O O +other NN O O +strategies NN O O +for NN O O +updating NN O O +the NN O O +penalties NN O O +within NN O O +PH NN O B-Process +and NN O O +other NN O O +methods NN O O +for NN O O +solving NN O O +the NN O O +sub NN O O +- NN O O +problems NN O O +. NN O O +Finally NN O O +, NN O O +another NN O O +important NN O O +research NN O O +direction NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +development NN O O +of NN O O +other NN O O +efficient NN O O +solution NN O O +approaches NN O O +. NN O O +Since NN O O +it NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +observed NN O O +empirically NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +problem NN O O +formulation NN O O +often NN O O +achieves NN O O +small NN O O +integrality NN O O +gaps NN O O +, NN O O +one NN O O +approach NN O O +could NN O O +be NN O O +to NN O O +solve NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +linear NN O I-Process +relaxation NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +problem NN O O +using NN O O +an NN O O +efficient NN O O +algorithm NN O O +and NN O O +then NN O O +to NN O O +use NN O O +an NN O O +LP NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +rounding NN O I-Process +procedure NN O I-Process +to NN O O +get NN O O +an NN O O +integer NN O O +solution NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0377221716301904) + +We NN O O +propose NN O O +an NN O O +equilibrium NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +that NN O O +allows NN O O +to NN O O +analyze NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +long NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +run NN O I-Task +impact NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +electricity NN O I-Task +market NN O I-Task +design NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +transmission NN O I-Task +line NN O I-Task +expansion NN O I-Task +by NN O O +the NN O O +regulator NN O O +and NN O O +investment NN O O +in NN O O +generation NN O O +capacity NN O O +by NN O O +private NN O O +firms NN O O +in NN O O +liberalized NN O O +electricity NN O O +markets NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +model NN O O +incorporates NN O O +investment NN O O +decisions NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +transmission NN O O +system NN O O +operator NN O O +and NN O O +private NN O O +firms NN O O +in NN O O +expectation NN O O +of NN O O +an NN O O +energy NN O O +- NN O O +only NN O O +market NN O O +and NN O O +cost NN O O +- NN O O +based NN O O +redispatch NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +different NN O O +specifications NN O O +we NN O O +consider NN O O +the NN O O +cases NN O O +of NN O O +one NN O O +vs. NN O O +multiple NN O O +price NN O O +zones NN O O +( NN O O +market NN O B-Process +splitting NN O I-Process +) NN O O +and NN O O +analyze NN O B-Process +different NN O I-Process +approaches NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +recover NN O I-Process +network NN O I-Process +cost NN O I-Process +— NN O O +in NN O O +particular NN O O +lump NN O B-Task +sum NN O I-Task +, NN O O +generation NN O B-Task +capacity NN O I-Task +based NN O I-Task +, NN O O +and NN O O +energy NN O B-Task +based NN O I-Task +fees NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +compare NN O O +the NN O O +outcomes NN O O +of NN O O +our NN O O +multilevel NN O B-Process +market NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +with NN O O +a NN O O +first NN O B-Process +best NN O I-Process +benchmark NN O I-Process +, NN O O +we NN O O +also NN O O +solve NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +corresponding NN O I-Process +integrated NN O I-Process +planner NN O I-Process +problem NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Using NN O O +two NN O O +test NN O O +networks NN O O +we NN O O +illustrate NN O O +that NN O O +energy NN O O +- NN O O +only NN O O +markets NN O O +can NN O O +lead NN O O +to NN O O +suboptimal NN O O +locational NN O O +decisions NN O O +for NN O O +generation NN O O +capacity NN O O +and NN O O +thus NN O O +imply NN O O +excessive NN O B-Process +network NN O I-Process +expansion NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Market NN O B-Process +splitting NN O I-Process +heals NN O O +these NN O O +problems NN O O +only NN O O +partially NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +results NN O O +are NN O O +valid NN O O +for NN O O +all NN O O +considered NN O O +types NN O O +of NN O O +network NN O O +tariffs NN O O +, NN O O +although NN O O +investment NN O O +slightly NN O O +differs NN O O +across NN O O +those NN O O +regimes NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0377221716302259) + +Regarding NN O O +the NN O O +implications NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +results NN O I-Task +of NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +note NN O O +two NN O O +points NN O O +. NN O O +From NN O O +a NN O O +practical NN O O +point NN O O +of NN O O +view NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +endowed NN O O +the NN O B-Task +weighted NN O I-Task +additive NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +distance NN O I-Task +function NN O I-Task +structure NN O I-Task +, NN O O +which NN O O +takes NN O B-Process +negative NN O I-Process +values NN O I-Process +for NN O I-Process +points NN O I-Process +located NN O I-Process +outside NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +technology NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +non NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +negative NN O I-Process +values NN O I-Process +for NN O I-Process +points NN O I-Process +into NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +production NN O I-Process +possibility NN O I-Process +set NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +respect NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O B-Task +weighted NN O I-Task +additive NN O I-Task +distance NN O I-Task +function NN O I-Task +methodologically NN O O +supports NN O O +the NN O O +branch NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +literature NN O O +that NN O O +resorts NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +weighted NN O B-Material +additive NN O I-Material +model NN O I-Material +or NN O O +some NN O B-Material +related NN O I-Material +approach NN O I-Material +to NN O O +measure NN O B-Process +productivity NN O I-Process +over NN O I-Process +time NN O I-Process +( NN O O +see NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +example NN O O +, NN O O +Mahlberg NN O O +& NN O O +Sahoo NN O O +, NN O O +2011 NN O O +or NN O O +Chang NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2012 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +From NN O O +a NN O O +theoretical NN O O +point NN O O +of NN O O +view NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +provided NN O O +a NN O B-Material +new NN O I-Material +distance NN O I-Material +function NN O I-Material +with NN O O +some NN O O +interesting NN O O +properties NN O O +in NN O O +contrast NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +usual NN O O +ones NN O O +, NN O O +mainly NN O O +( NN O O +1 NN O O +) NN O O +when NN O O +technical NN O O +inefficiency NN O O +has NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +estimated NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O B-Material +weighted NN O I-Material +additive NN O I-Material +distance NN O I-Material +function NN O I-Material +coincides NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +weighted NN O O +additive NN O O +model NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +means NN O B-Process +that NN O I-Process +technical NN O I-Process +inefficiency NN O I-Process +is NN O I-Process +measured NN O I-Process +following NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +Pareto NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +Koopmans NN O I-Process +notion NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +efficiency NN O I-Process +; NN O O +and NN O O +( NN O O +2 NN O O +) NN O O +when NN O O +productivity NN O O +has NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +determined NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +decomposed NN O I-Process +over NN O I-Process +time NN O I-Process +the NN O O +weighted NN O B-Material +additive NN O I-Material +distance NN O I-Material +function NN O I-Material +emerges NN O O +as NN O O +an NN O O +attractive NN O O +tool NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +cross NN O O +- NN O O +period NN O O +evaluation NN O O +of NN O O +returns NN O O +to NN O O +scale NN O O +changes NN O O +, NN O O +since NN O O +this NN O O +distance NN O B-Material +function NN O I-Material +is NN O O +always NN O O +feasible NN O O +, NN O O +even NN O O +under NN O O +Variable NN O O +Returns NN O O +to NN O O +Scale NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0377221716303873) + +The NN O O +iron NN O B-Material +ore NN O I-Material +may NN O O +be NN O O +extracted NN O O +from NN O O +blocks NN O O +of NN O O +25×25×12meter3 NN O O +located NN O O +at NN O O +three NN O O +consecutive NN O O +mining NN O O +benches NN O O +of NN O O +12meter NN O O +height NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +this NN O O +case NN O O +study NN O O +, NN O O +ten NN O O +equally NN O O +probable NN O B-Process +scenarios NN O I-Process +of NN O O +iron NN O B-Material +content NN O I-Material +, NN O O +phosphorous NN O B-Material +, NN O O +silica NN O B-Material +, NN O O +aluminum NN O B-Material +and NN O O +LOI NN O B-Material +are NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +quantify NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +joint NN O I-Task +uncertainty NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +characteristics NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +iron NN O I-Task +ore NN O I-Task +deposit NN O I-Task +considered NN O O +and NN O O +are NN O O +the NN O O +input NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +SSTPS NN O B-Process +formulation NN O I-Process +proposed NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +previous NN O O +section NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +simulated NN O B-Task +scenarios NN O I-Task +available NN O O +were NN O O +provided NN O O +and NN O O +generated NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +stochastic NN O B-Process +simulated NN O I-Process +technique NN O I-Process +detailed NN O O +in NN O O +Boucher NN O O +and NN O O +Dimitrakopoulos NN O O +( NN O O +2012 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +area NN O O +considered NN O O +is NN O O +bounded NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +limits NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +given NN O O +volume NN O O +of NN O O +production NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +long NN O O +- NN O O +term NN O O +first NN O O +year NN O O +production NN O O +schedule NN O O +provided NN O O +. NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +4 NN O O +shows NN O O +3 NN O O +scenarios NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +iron NN O I-Process +ore NN O I-Process +content NN O I-Process +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +corresponding NN O O +conventional NN O O +and NN O O +single NN O O +estimated NN O O +( NN O O +average NN O O +) NN O O +representation NN O O +of NN O O +iron NN O B-Material +content NN O O +( NN O O +Fe2O3 NN O O +% NN O O +) NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +upper NN O O +bench NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +total NN O O +, NN O O +734 NN O B-Material +blocks NN O I-Material +from NN O O +3525 NN O O +to NN O O +21,150 NN O O +tonnes NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +Fe2O3 NN O B-Material +from NN O O +54.59 NN O O +% NN O O +to NN O O +60.63 NN O O +% NN O O +, NN O O +P NN O B-Material +from NN O O +0.02 NN O O +% NN O O +to NN O O +0.04 NN O O +% NN O O +, NN O O +SiO2 NN O B-Material +from NN O O +3.10 NN O O +% NN O O +to NN O O +8.58 NN O O +% NN O O +, NN O O +Al2O3 NN O B-Material +from NN O O +0.53 NN O O +% NN O O +to NN O O +1.88 NN O O +% NN O O +and NN O O +LOI NN O B-Material +from NN O O +8.75 NN O O +% NN O O +to NN O O +11.75 NN O O +% NN O O +are NN O O +available NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0377221716304258) + +Two NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +state NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +are NN O O +often NN O O +insufficient NN O O +to NN O O +fit NN O O +complex NN O O +traces NN O O +, NN O O +therefore NN O O +we NN O O +also NN O O +study NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +approximate NN O I-Task +fitting NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +large NN O I-Task +M3PPs NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +single NN O O +class NN O O +setting NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +known NN O O +limitation NN O O +of NN O O +MMPPs NN O B-Material +is NN O O +the NN O O +inability NN O O +to NN O O +simultaneously NN O O +fit NN O O +many NN O O +statistical NN O B-Process +descriptors NN O I-Process +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +linearity NN O O +of NN O O +their NN O O +underlying NN O B-Process +equations NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Bodrog NN O O +, NN O O +Heindl NN O O +, NN O O +Horváth NN O O +, NN O O +& NN O O +Telek NN O O +, NN O O +2008 NN O O +; NN O O +Heindl NN O O +, NN O O +Horváth NN O O +, NN O O +& NN O O +Gross NN O O +, NN O O +2006 NN O O +; NN O O +Horváth NN O O +& NN O O +Telek NN O O +, NN O O +2009 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +has NN O O +led NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +definition NN O O +of NN O O +several NN O O +approaches NN O O +to NN O O +fit NN O O +complex NN O O +traces NN O O +by NN O O +composing NN O B-Process +multiple NN O I-Process +small NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +sized NN O I-Process +MMPPs NN O I-Process +or NN O I-Process +MAPs NN O I-Process +using NN O O +Kronecker NN O B-Process +operators NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Andersen NN O O +& NN O O +Nielsen NN O O +, NN O O +1998 NN O O +; NN O O +Casale NN O O +, NN O O +Zhang NN O O +, NN O O +& NN O O +Smirni NN O O +, NN O O +2010 NN O O +; NN O O +Horváth NN O O +& NN O O +Telek NN O O +, NN O O +2002 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +methods NN O O +employ NN O O +composition NN O B-Process +operators NN O I-Process +for NN O O +moment NN O O +fitting NN O O +, NN O O +offering NN O O +a NN O O +different NN O O +trade NN O O +- NN O O +off NN O O +between NN O O +computational NN O O +cost NN O O +and NN O O +fitting NN O O +accuracy NN O O +compared NN O O +to NN O O +fitting NN O B-Task +methods NN O I-Task +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +EM NN O B-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Breuer NN O O +, NN O O +2002 NN O O +; NN O O +Horváth NN O O +& NN O O +Okamura NN O O +, NN O O +2013 NN O O +; NN O O +Klemm NN O O +, NN O O +Lindemann NN O O +, NN O O +& NN O O +Lohmann NN O O +, NN O O +2003 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +particular NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +superposition NN O B-Process +operator NN O I-Process +allows NN O O +one NN O O +to NN O O +describe NN O O +a NN O O +trace NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +statistical NN O B-Process +multiplexing NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +several NN O I-Process +MMPPs NN O I-Process +, NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +expense NN O O +of NN O O +an NN O O +exponential NN O O +growth NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +states NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +resulting NN O O +process NN O O +( NN O O +Sriram NN O O +& NN O O +Whitt NN O O +, NN O O +1986 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +state NN O B-Process +space NN O I-Process +explosion NN O I-Process +is NN O O +an NN O O +obstacle NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +application NN O O +of NN O O +MMPPs NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +MAPs NN O I-Material +to NN O O +modeling NN O B-Task +real NN O I-Task +systems NN O I-Task +; NN O O +for NN O O +example NN O O +it NN O O +considerably NN O O +slows NN O O +down NN O O +, NN O O +or NN O O +even NN O O +renders NN O O +infeasible NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +numerical NN O B-Task +evaluation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +queueing NN O I-Task +models NN O I-Task +by NN O O +matrix NN O B-Task +geometric NN O I-Task +methods NN O I-Task +( NN O O +Bini NN O O +, NN O O +Meini NN O O +, NN O O +Steffé NN O O +, NN O O +Pérez NN O O +, NN O O +& NN O O +Houdt NN O O +, NN O O +2012 NN O O +; NN O O +Pérez NN O O +, NN O O +Velthoven NN O O +, NN O O +& NN O O +Houdt NN O O +, NN O O +2008 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0378381215300297) + +For NN O O +mixtures NN O B-Material +described NN O O +by NN O O +an NN O O +equation NN O O +of NN O O +state NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +calculation NN O O +amounts NN O O +to NN O O +simultaneously NN O O +solving NN O O +the NN O O +condition NN O O +of NN O O +thermal NN O O +, NN O O +mechanical NN O O +and NN O O +diffusive NN O O +equilibria NN O O +( NN O O +equality NN O O +of NN O O +chemical NN O O +potential NN O O +) NN O O +amongst NN O O +two NN O O +fluid NN O O +phases NN O O +for NN O O +each NN O O +component NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +mixture NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +analytical NN O O +nature NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +calculation NN O O +lends NN O O +itself NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +reasonably NN O O +rapid NN O O +solution NN O O +by NN O O +numerical NN O B-Process +methods NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +its NN O O +most NN O O +common NN O O +form NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +composition NN O O +and NN O O +temperature NN O O +are NN O O +fixed NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +pressures NN O B-Material +at NN O I-Material +either NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +bubble NN O I-Material +or NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +dew NN O I-Material +point NN O I-Material +are NN O O +recursively NN O O +calculated NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +reader NN O O +is NN O O +referred NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +excellent NN O O +textbooks NN O O +that NN O O +describe NN O O +the NN O O +common NN O B-Process +algorithms NN O I-Process +employed NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +80–82 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +quality NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +result NN O O +is NN O O +obviously NN O O +limited NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +accuracy NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +EoS NN O B-Process +to NN O O +faithfully NN O O +represent NN O O +fluid NN O B-Material +mixtures NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Furthermore NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +fact NN O O +that NN O O +some NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +more NN O O +interesting NN O O +features NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +phase NN O O +diagram NN O O +are NN O O +close NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +critical NN O O +points NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +mixture NN O O +, NN O O +make NN O O +these NN O O +calculations NN O O +particularly NN O O +challenging NN O O +for NN O O +all NN O O +but NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +optimized NN O O +and NN O O +force NN O O +- NN O O +fitted NN O O +of NN O O +models NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0378381215300674) + +The NN O O +next NN O O +phase NN O O +of NN O O +our NN O O +current NN O O +study NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +use NN O O +the NN O O +parameters NN O O +obtained NN O O +from NN O O +pure NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +component NN O I-Process +systems NN O I-Process +in NN O O +a NN O O +transferable NN O O +manner NN O O +to NN O O +represent NN O O +the NN O O +corresponding NN O O +mixtures NN O O +. NN O O +Mixtures NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +n NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +alkanes NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +H2O NN O I-Material +have NN O O +been NN O O +studied NN O O +previously NN O O +with NN O O +SAFT-γ NN O B-Process +SW NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +82 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +general NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +well NN O O +known NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +extreme NN O O +nature NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +phase NN O O +separation NN O O +[ NN O O +150 NN O O +] NN O O +makes NN O O +it NN O O +challenging NN O O +to NN O O +model NN O O +mixtures NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +H2O NN O I-Material +with NN O O +non NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +polar NN O I-Process +compounds NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Because NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +large NN O O +differences NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +dielectric NN O O +constant NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O O +phases NN O O +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +dipole NN O O +moment NN O O +of NN O O +H2O NN O B-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +hydrophobic NN O B-Material +molecules NN O I-Material +, NN O O +it NN O O +especially NN O O +difficult NN O O +to NN O O +obtain NN O O +phase NN O O +- NN O O +independent NN O O +unlike NN O O +interaction NN O O +parameters NN O O +[ NN O O +112 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +thus NN O O +to NN O O +model NN O O +simultaneously NN O O +the NN O O +equilibrium NN O O +phases NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +previous NN O O +work NN O O +[ NN O O +82 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +emphasis NN O O +was NN O O +placed NN O O +on NN O O +obtaining NN O O +an NN O O +accurate NN O O +description NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +alkane NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +rich NN O I-Task +phases NN O I-Task +( NN O O +both NN O O +liquid NN O B-Material +and NN O O +vapour NN O B-Material +) NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +small NN O O +absolute NN O O +( NN O O +but NN O O +not NN O O +relative NN O O +) NN O O +deviations NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +aqueous NN O O +phase NN O O +composition NN O O +were NN O O +achieved NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +systems NN O O +of NN O O +interest NN O O +in NN O O +our NN O O +current NN O O +work NN O O +are NN O O +typically NN O O +aqueous NN O B-Material +mixtures NN O I-Material +containing NN O O +a NN O O +high NN O O +proportion NN O O +of NN O O +H2O NN O B-Material +, NN O O +alkylamine NN O B-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +CO2 NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Consequently NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +provide NN O O +an NN O O +improved NN O O +overall NN O O +description NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +fluid NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +phase NN O I-Process +equilibria NN O I-Process +at NN O O +the NN O O +conditions NN O O +of NN O O +interest NN O O +, NN O O +refinements NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +made NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +unlike NN O O +parameters NN O O +presented NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +previous NN O O +study NN O O +[ NN O O +129 NN O O +] NN O O +relating NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +interactions NN O B-Process +between NN O I-Process +H2O NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +alkyl NN O I-Process +groups NN O I-Process +, NN O O +CH3 NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +CH2 NN O I-Material +, NN O O +namely NN O O +ϵCH3,H2O NN O B-Process +, NN O I-Process +ϵCH2,H2O NN O I-Process +and NN O O +λCH3,H2O NN O B-Process +, NN O I-Process +λCH2,H2O. NN O I-Process + +-DOCSTART- (S0378381215301291) + +Recently NN O O +, NN O O +fundamental NN O O +( NN O O +thermophysical NN O O +property NN O O +) NN O O +research NN O O +on NN O O +ionic NN O B-Material +clathrate NN O I-Material +hydrates NN O I-Material +has NN O O +experienced NN O O +remarkable NN O O +growth NN O O +, NN O O +particularly NN O O +over NN O O +the NN O O +last NN O O +ten NN O O +years NN O O +[ NN O O +21–30 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Previously NN O O +, NN O O +beginning NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +paper NN O O +on NN O O +unusual NN O B-Material +hydrates NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +tetrabutylammonium NN O I-Material +salts NN O I-Material +in NN O O +1940 NN O O +[ NN O O +31 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +studies NN O O +could NN O O +be NN O O +found NN O O +on NN O O +ionic NN O B-Material +clathrate NN O I-Material +hydrates NN O I-Material +( NN O O +hereafter NN O O +, NN O O +semiclathrate NN O B-Material +hydrates NN O I-Material +) NN O O +[ NN O O +32–35 NN O O +] NN O O +before NN O O +the NN O O +unified NN O O +terminology NN O O +semiclathrate NN O B-Material +hydrate NN O I-Material +was NN O O +generally NN O O +accepted NN O O +. NN O O +Semiclathrate NN O B-Material +hydrates NN O I-Material +have NN O O +been NN O O +attracting NN O O +increased NN O O +attention NN O O +because NN O O +of NN O O +their NN O O +promising NN O O +applications NN O O +as NN O O +phase NN O B-Process +change NN O I-Process +materials NN O I-Process +for NN O I-Process +refrigeration NN O I-Process +systems NN O I-Process +and NN O O +in NN O O +gas NN O B-Process +capture NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +storage NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +36–41 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +interesting NN O O +speculation NN O O +that NN O O +semiclathrate NN O B-Material +hydrate NN O I-Material +may NN O O +be NN O O +regarded NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +representative NN O O +substance NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +study NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +thermal NN O I-Task +conductivity NN O I-Task +in NN O O +clathrate NN O O +hydrate NN O O +in NN O O +general NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +because NN O O +: NN O O +( NN O O +1 NN O O +) NN O O +it NN O O +can NN O O +reduce NN O O +characterization NN O O +problems NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +solid NN O O +sample NN O O +, NN O O +since NN O O +semiclathrate NN O B-Material +hydrate NN O I-Material +is NN O O +formed NN O O +around NN O O +ambient NN O O +temperature NN O O +under NN O O +atmospheric NN O O +pressure NN O O +and NN O O +is NN O O +easy NN O O +to NN O O +handle NN O O +; NN O O +( NN O O +2 NN O O +) NN O O +accurately NN O O +measuring NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +thermal NN O I-Task +conductivity NN O I-Task +of NN O O +semiclathrate NN O B-Material +hydrates NN O I-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +have NN O O +many NN O O +similarities NN O O +to NN O O +clathrate NN O B-Material +hydrates NN O I-Material +, NN O O +may NN O O +make NN O O +possible NN O O +a NN O O +deeper NN O O +understanding NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +unique NN O O +( NN O O +anomalous NN O O +) NN O O +behavior NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +thermal NN O B-Process +conductivity NN O I-Process +of NN O O +clathrate NN O B-Material +hydrates NN O I-Material +; NN O O +and NN O O +( NN O O +3 NN O O +) NN O O +currently NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +are NN O O +no NN O O +experimental NN O O +studies NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +thermal NN O O +conductivity NN O O +of NN O O +semiclathrate NN O B-Material +hydrates NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0379711213001653) + +With NN O O +development NN O O +of NN O O +performance NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +based NN O I-Task +design NN O I-Task +, NN O O +some NN O O +studies NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +conducted NN O O +on NN O O +fire NN O O +risk NN O O +analysis NN O O +in NN O O +buildings NN O O +from NN O O +different NN O O +perspectives NN O O +and NN O O +levels NN O O +. NN O O +Models NN O B-Process +such NN O O +as NN O O +FiRECAM NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +11,12 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +FiERAsystem NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +were NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +calculate NN O O +the NN O O +expected NN O O +life NN O O +risk NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +other NN O O +studies NN O O +probabilistic NN O B-Process +methods NN O I-Process +have NN O O +been NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +assess NN O O +levels NN O O +of NN O O +people NN O O +safety NN O O +in NN O O +buildings NN O O +[ NN O O +14 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Quantitative NN O B-Process +risk NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +approaches NN O I-Process +have NN O O +also NN O O +been NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +quantify NN O O +the NN O O +risk NN O O +to NN O O +occupants NN O O +using NN O O +stochastic NN O B-Process +factors NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +15 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +studies NN O O +to NN O O +date NN O O +have NN O O +largely NN O O +been NN O O +concerned NN O O +with NN O O +various NN O O +aspects NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +fire NN O I-Material +risk NN O I-Material +analysis NN O I-Material +and NN O O +there NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +little NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +way NN O O +of NN O O +development NN O O +of NN O O +systematic NN O B-Process +theoretical NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +for NN O O +analyzing NN O O +fire NN O O +risk NN O O +in NN O O +buildings NN O O +in NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +fire NN O O +risk NN O O +management NN O O +. NN O O +Existing NN O O +fire NN O O +risk NN O O +management NN O O +involves NN O O +the NN O O +identification NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +alternative NN O I-Process +fire NN O I-Process +safety NN O I-Process +design NN O I-Process +options NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +16,17 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +ongoing NN O B-Process +inspection NN O I-Process +, NN O O +maintenance NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +fire NN O I-Process +protection NN O I-Process +systems NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +18 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +evacuation NN O B-Process +training NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +drills NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +19 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +study NN O O +, NN O O +basic NN O B-Material +process NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +fire NN O I-Material +risk NN O I-Material +analysis NN O I-Material +in NN O O +building NN O O +is NN O O +described NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +a NN O O +fire NN O O +risk NN O O +analysis NN O O +model NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +scenario NN O O +clusters NN O O +is NN O O +established NN O O +with NN O O +consideration NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +characteristics NN O O +of NN O O +fire NN O O +dynamics NN O O +and NN O O +occupants NN O O +' NN O O +behavior NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +number NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +deaths NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +directive NN O I-Material +property NN O I-Material +loss NN O I-Material +are NN O O +selected NN O O +as NN O O +fire NN O O +risk NN O O +indices NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +average NN O B-Material +fire NN O I-Material +risk NN O I-Material +of NN O O +residential NN O O +buildings NN O O +is NN O O +quantitatively NN O O +analyzed NN O O +, NN O O +so NN O O +that NN O O +appropriate NN O O +fire NN O O +risk NN O O +management NN O O +measures NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +adopted NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0379711215000223) + +The NN O O +mentioned NN O O +difficulties NN O O +associated NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +calibration NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +inspired NN O O +the NN O O +concept NN O O +of NN O O +inverse NN O B-Task +modelling NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +case NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +experimental NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +become NN O O +entirely NN O O +integrated NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +calibration NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +and NN O O +an NN O O +optimization NN O B-Process +routine NN O I-Process +is NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +quantify NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +best NN O I-Task +set NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +parameters NN O I-Task +which NN O O +explain NN O O +the NN O O +observed NN O O +pyrolysis NN O B-Task +behaviour NN O I-Task +( NN O O +i.e. NN O O +multivariable NN O B-Task +curve NN O I-Task +fitting NN O I-Task +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +most NN O O +used NN O O +experimental NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +for NN O O +model NN O B-Process +calibration NN O I-Process +have NN O O +been NN O O +the NN O O +mass NN O B-Process +loss NN O I-Process +rate NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +surface NN O B-Process +temperature NN O I-Process +[ NN O I-Process +10–12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +optimization NN O B-Process +technique NN O I-Process +used NN O O +is NN O O +function NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +variables NN O O +and NN O O +their NN O O +interactions NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +past NN O O +, NN O O +only NN O O +the NN O O +few NN O O +most NN O O +uncertain NN O O +parameters NN O B-Process +( NN O O +i.e. NN O O +the NN O O +kinetics NN O B-Process +parameters NN O I-Process +) NN O O +were NN O O +generally NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +potentiometers NN O B-Process +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +sophisticated NN O O +mathematical NN O B-Process +procedures NN O I-Process +have NN O O +been NN O O +developed NN O O +to NN O O +increase NN O O +the NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +parameters NN O B-Process +optimized NN O O +simultaneously NN O O +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +Genetic NN O B-Process +Algorithm NN O I-Process +( NN O O +GA NN O B-Process +) NN O O +[ NN O O +10,14 NN O O +] NN O O +or NN O O +Shuffled NN O B-Process +Complex NN O I-Process +Evolution NN O I-Process +( NN O O +SCE NN O B-Process +) NN O O +[ NN O O +11 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Lautenberger NN O O +and NN O O +Fernandez NN O O +- NN O O +Pello NN O O +[ NN O O +12 NN O O +] NN O O +have NN O O +recently NN O O +investigated NN O O +the NN O O +influence NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +choice NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +can NN O O +have NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +optimized NN O O +parameters NN O O +. NN O O +They NN O O +generated NN O O +using NN O O +their NN O O +code NN O O +GPYRO NN O B-Material +a NN O O +set NN O O +of NN O O +synthetic NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +( NN O O +mass NN O O +loss NN O O +rate NN O O +and NN O O +surfaces NN O O +temperature NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +tried NN O O +with NN O O +different NN O O +algorithms NN O B-Process +to NN O O +find NN O O +back NN O O +the NN O O +set NN O O +of NN O O +input NN O O +parameters NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +four NN O O +optimization NN O B-Process +algorithms NN O I-Process +provided NN O O +results NN O O +with NN O O +an NN O O +absolute NN O O +average NN O O +error NN O O +between NN O O +1 NN O O +% NN O O +and NN O O +25 NN O O +% NN O O +. NN O O +SCE NN O B-Process +was NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +suitable NN O O +algorithm NN O B-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +synthetic NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +conveniently NN O O +avoids NN O O +the NN O O +problem NN O O +of NN O O +agreement NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +actual NN O O +physical NN O O +phenomena NN O O +and NN O O +any NN O O +modelling NN O O +assumption NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0393044012000198) + +RemarkThe NN O O +purely NN O O +radiative NN O B-Task +spacetimes NN O I-Task +used NN O O +as NN O O +reference NN O B-Material +solutions NN O I-Material +in NN O O +our NN O O +analysis NN O O +are NN O O +not NN O O +perturbations NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Minkowski NN O B-Task +spacetime NN O I-Task +. NN O O +A NN O O +way NN O O +of NN O O +seeing NN O O +this NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +consider NN O O +the NN O O +Newman NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +Penrose NN O I-Material +constants NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +spacetime NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +Newman NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +Penrose NN O I-Material +constants NN O I-Material +are NN O O +a NN O O +set NN O O +of NN O O +absolutely NN O O +conserved NN O O +quantities NN O O +defined NN O O +as NN O O +integrals NN O O +of NN O O +certain NN O O +components NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Weyl NN O B-Material +tensor NN O I-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +Maxwell NN O B-Material +fields NN O I-Material +over NN O O +cuts NN O O +of NN O O +null NN O O +infinity NN O O +— NN O O +see NN O O +[ NN O O +19–21 NN O O +] NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +Einstein NN O O +– NN O O +Maxwell NN O O +case NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +[ NN O O +22 NN O O +] NN O O +it NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +value NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Newman NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +Penrose NN O I-Material +constants NN O I-Material +for NN O O +a NN O O +vacuum NN O B-Material +radiative NN O I-Material +spacetime NN O I-Material +coincides NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +value NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +rescaled NN O O +Weyl NN O O +spinor NN O O +at NN O O +i+—this NN O O +result NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +extended NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +electrovacuum NN O O +case NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +methods NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +article NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +the NN O O +radiative NN O B-Task +spacetimes NN O I-Task +arising NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +construction NN O O +of NN O O +[ NN O O +17 NN O O +] NN O O +it NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +seen NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +value NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Weyl NN O O +spinor NN O O +at NN O O +i+ NN O O +is NN O O +essentially NN O O +the NN O O +mass NN O O +quadrupole NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +seed NN O O +static NN O O +spacetime NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +follows NN O O +, NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +Newman NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +Penrose NN O I-Material +constants NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +radiative NN O B-Material +spacetime NN O I-Material +can NN O O +take NN O O +arbitrary NN O O +values NN O O +. NN O O +On NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +hand NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +Minkowski NN O B-Task +spacetime NN O I-Task +, NN O O +the NN O O +Newman NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +Penrose NN O I-Material +constants NN O I-Material +are NN O O +exactly NN O O +zero NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +those NN O O +of NN O O +perturbations NN O O +thereof NN O O +will NN O O +be NN O O +small NN O O +. NN O O +Thus NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +precise NN O O +sense NN O O +, NN O O +our NN O O +radiative NN O B-Task +spacetimes NN O I-Task +are NN O O +, NN O O +generically NN O O +, NN O O +not NN O O +perturbations NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Minkowski NN O B-Task +spacetime NN O I-Task +, NN O O +unless NN O O +all NN O O +the NN O O +Newman NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +Penrose NN O I-Material +constants NN O I-Material +vanish NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0736585316300661) + +To NN O O +calculate NN O B-Task +hedonic NN O I-Task +price NN O I-Task +indices NN O I-Task +in NN O O +the NN O O +linear NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +initial NN O O +or NN O O +reference NN O O +price NN O O +has NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +calculated NN O O +( NN O O +Triplett NN O O +, NN O O +2006 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +present NN O O +study NN O O +adopts NN O O +the NN O O +approach NN O O +of NN O O +de NN O O +Haan NN O O +and NN O O +Diewert NN O O +( NN O O +2013 NN O O +) NN O O +: NN O O +a NN O O +price NN O O +index NN O O +is NN O O +constructed NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +price NN O O +generated NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +estimated NN O O +coefficients NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +base NN O B-Process +period NN O I-Process +regression NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +calculated NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +based NN O O +period NN O O +average NN O O +values NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +given NN O O +cell NN O O +phone NN O O +plan NN O O +characteristic NN O O +z¯ NN O O +for NN O O +each NN O O +operator NN O O +( NN O O +Supplementary NN O O +Table NN O O +S5 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +continuous NN O O +characteristics NN O O +, NN O O +direct NN O O +averages NN O O +are NN O O +used NN O O +; NN O O +for NN O O +binary NN O O +characteristics NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +proportions NN O O +of NN O O +cell NN O O +phone NN O O +plans NN O O +containing NN O O +the NN O O +feature NN O O +are NN O O +used NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +resulting NN O O +prices NN O O +for NN O O +this NN O O +average NN O O +cell NN O O +phone NN O O +plan NN O O +are NN O O +converted NN O O +to NN O O +an NN O O +index NN O O +by NN O O +applying NN O B-Process +previously NN O I-Process +calculated NN O I-Process +pure NN O I-Process +price NN O I-Process +changes NN O I-Process +( NN O O +δs NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Finally NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +overall NN O O +hedonic NN O O +price NN O O +index NN O O +is NN O O +calculated NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +weighted NN O O +average NN O O +of NN O O +firm NN O O +- NN O O +level NN O O +indices NN O O +. NN O O +Weights NN O O +correspond NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +relative NN O O +proportion NN O O +of NN O O +cell NN O O +phone NN O O +plans NN O O +by NN O O +operator NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +sample NN O O +( NN O O +0.3534 NN O O +for NN O O +HT NN O O +, NN O O +0.3212 NN O O +for NN O O +Vip NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +0.3254 NN O O +for NN O O +Tele2 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S074756321630348X) + +Social NN O B-Process +network NN O I-Process +gaming NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +refers NN O O +to NN O O +playing NN O O +games NN O O +that NN O O +are NN O O +connected NN O O +to NN O O +social NN O B-Material +networking NN O I-Material +services NN O I-Material +( NN O O +SNS NN O B-Material +) NN O O +directly NN O O +, NN O O +or NN O O +through NN O O +mobile NN O B-Material +applications NN O I-Material +( NN O O +apps NN O B-Material +) NN O O +, NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +popular NN O O +online NN O O +activity NN O O +. NN O O +Social NN O B-Process +network NN O I-Process +games NN O I-Process +( NN O O +SNG NN O B-Process +) NN O O +are NN O O +generally NN O O +free NN O O +- NN O O +to NN O O +- NN O O +play NN O O +and NN O O +do NN O O +not NN O O +award NN O O +monetary NN O O +prizes NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +users NN O O +can NN O O +make NN O O +in NN O O +- NN O O +game NN O O +purchases NN O O +to NN O O +advance NN O O +within NN O O +the NN O O +game NN O O +, NN O O +customise NN O O +the NN O O +game NN O O +, NN O O +give NN O O +gifts NN O O +to NN O O +friends NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +access NN O O +other NN O O +exclusive NN O O +benefits NN O O +and NN O O +features NN O O +, NN O O +leading NN O O +to NN O O +these NN O O +games NN O O +being NN O O +referred NN O O +to NN O O +as NN O O +‘ NN O O +freemium’ NN O O +. NN O O +Although NN O O +SNG NN O B-Material +are NN O O +connected NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +SNS NN O B-Process +and NN O O +encourage NN O O +users NN O O +to NN O O +interact NN O O +with NN O O +their NN O O +connections NN O O +, NN O O +most NN O O +SNG NN O B-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +played NN O O +without NN O O +any NN O O +social NN O O +interaction NN O O +. NN O O +SNG NN O B-Material +have NN O O +grown NN O O +rapidly NN O O +in NN O O +popularity NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +global NN O O +SNG NN O B-Material +market NN O I-Material +is NN O O +predicted NN O O +to NN O O +grow NN O O +annually NN O O +at NN O O +16 NN O O +% NN O O +from NN O O +2013 NN O O +to NN O O +2019 NN O O +to NN O O +reach NN O O +a NN O O +total NN O O +market NN O O +value NN O O +of NN O O +US$ NN O O +17.4 NN O O +billion NN O O +( NN O O +Transparency NN O O +Market NN O O +Research NN O O +, NN O O +2015 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +survey NN O B-Process +of NN O O +Facebook NN O O +users NN O O +in NN O O +Australia NN O O +in NN O O +November NN O O +2012 NN O O +reported NN O O +that NN O O +there NN O O +are NN O O +over NN O O +3.5 NN O O +million NN O O +social NN O O +gamers NN O O +across NN O O +Australia NN O O +and NN O O +almost NN O O +70 NN O O +% NN O O +play NN O O +SNG NN O B-Material +daily NN O O +( NN O O +Spiral NN O O +Media NN O O +, NN O O +2013 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +highly NN O O +likely NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +SNG NN O B-Material +has NN O O +increased NN O O +since NN O O +this NN O O +time NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0749603615302184) + +However NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +measured NN O O +reflectivity NN O O +is NN O O +less NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +predicted NN O O +value NN O O +( NN O O +∼96 NN O O +% NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +likely NN O O +to NN O O +relate NN O O +to NN O O +, NN O O +amongst NN O O +other NN O O +factors NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +roughness NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +GaN NN O B-Material +/ NN O I-Material +AlN NN O I-Material +interfaces NN O I-Material +particularly NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +layer NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +DBR NN O B-Material +stack NN O I-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +uniformity NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +DBR NN O B-Material +layer NN O I-Material +thicknesses NN O O +. NN O O +Using NN O O +STEM NN O B-Process +measurements NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +thickness NN O O +of NN O O +each NN O O +layer NN O O +( NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +a NN O O +- NN O O +plane NN O O +) NN O O +through NN O O +the NN O O +thickness NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +stack NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +calculate NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +new NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +( NN O O +green NN O O +curve NN O O +) NN O O +in NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O O +overall NN O O +reflectivity NN O O +is NN O O +reduced NN O O +to NN O O +85 NN O O +% NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +implies NN O O +that NN O O +variations NN O O +in NN O O +layer NN O O +thickness NN O O +through NN O O +the NN O O +stack NN O O +are NN O O +the NN O O +main NN O O +source NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +reduced NN O O +reflectivity NN O O +in NN O O +comparison NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +model NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +fact NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +closer NN O O +look NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +cross NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +sectional NN O I-Material +STEM NN O I-Material +data NN O I-Material +and NN O O +a NN O O +careful NN O O +extraction NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +layer NN O I-Process +thickness NN O I-Process +have NN O O +revealed NN O O +that NN O O +whilst NN O O +the NN O O +layer NN O O +thicknesses NN O O +are NN O O +fairly NN O O +consistent NN O O +through NN O O +the NN O O +DBR NN O B-Material +stack NN O I-Material +in NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +wing NN O I-Material +regions NN O I-Material +, NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +monotonic NN O O +variation NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +measured NN O O +layer NN O O +thicknesses NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O B-Material +window NN O I-Material +regions NN O I-Material +. NN O O +( NN O O +The NN O O +GaN NN O B-Material +layer NN O I-Material +width NN O O +smoothly NN O O +increases NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +the NN O O +AlN NN O B-Material +layer NN O I-Material +thickness NN O O +decreases NN O O +through NN O O +the NN O O +DBR NN O B-Material +stack NN O I-Material +. NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +observation NN O O +could NN O O +potentially NN O O +be NN O O +of NN O O +practical NN O O +importance NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +samples NN O O +grown NN O O +on NN O O +templates NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +uniform NN O O +defect NN O O +density NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +one NN O O +could NN O O +achieve NN O O +much NN O O +better NN O O +reflectivities NN O O +simply NN O O +by NN O O +altering NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +growth NN O I-Process +time NN O I-Process +to NN O O +counteract NN O O +the NN O O +change NN O O +in NN O O +growth NN O O +rate NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +possibility NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +subject NN O O +of NN O O +ongoing NN O O +investigations NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +presence NN O O +of NN O O +cracks NN O O +and NN O O +trenches NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +top NN O O +surface NN O O +may NN O O +also NN O O +reduce NN O O +the NN O O +measured NN O O +reflectivity NN O O +further NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S088523081530036X) + +Note NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +presented NN O O +architecture NN O O +works NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +frame NN O O +level NN O O +, NN O O +meaning NN O O +that NN O O +each NN O O +single NN O O +frame NN O O +( NN O O +plus NN O O +its NN O O +corresponding NN O O +context NN O O +) NN O O +is NN O O +fed NN O O +- NN O O +forward NN O O +through NN O O +the NN O O +network NN O O +, NN O O +obtaining NN O O +a NN O O +class NN O O +posterior NN O O +probability NN O O +for NN O O +all NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +target NN O B-Material +languages NN O I-Material +. NN O O +This NN O O +fact NN O O +makes NN O O +the NN O O +DNNs NN O B-Process +particularly NN O O +suitable NN O O +for NN O O +real NN O O +- NN O O +time NN O O +applications NN O O +because NN O O +, NN O O +unlike NN O O +other NN O B-Process +approaches NN O I-Process +( NN O O +i.e. NN O O +i NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +vectors NN O I-Process +) NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +can NN O O +potentially NN O O +make NN O O +a NN O O +decision NN O O +about NN O O +the NN O O +language NN O O +at NN O O +each NN O O +new NN O O +frame NN O O +. NN O O +Indeed NN O O +, NN O O +at NN O O +each NN O O +frame NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +can NN O O +combine NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +evidence NN O I-Process +from NN O I-Process +past NN O I-Process +frames NN O I-Process +to NN O O +get NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O O +similarity NN O O +score NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +test NN O O +utterance NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +targetlanguages NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +simple NN O O +way NN O O +of NN O O +doing NN O O +this NN O O +combination NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +assume NN O B-Process +that NN O I-Process +frames NN O I-Process +are NN O I-Process +independent NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +multiply NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +posterior NN O I-Process +estimates NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +last NN O I-Process +layer NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +score NN O O +sl NN O O +for NN O O +language NN O O +l NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +given NN O O +test NN O B-Material +utterance NN O I-Material +is NN O O +computed NN O O +by NN O O +multiplying NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +output NN O I-Process +probabilities NN O I-Process +pl NN O I-Process +obtained NN O I-Process +for NN O I-Process +all NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +its NN O I-Process +frames NN O I-Process +; NN O O +or NN O O +equivalently NN O O +, NN O O +accumulating NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +logs NN O I-Process +as:(6)sl=1N∑t=1Nlogp(Ll|xt​ NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +θ)where NN O I-Process +p(Ll|xt​ NN O O +, NN O O +θ NN O O +) NN O O +represents NN O O +the NN O O +class NN O O +probability NN O O +output NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +language NN O O +l NN O O +corresponding NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +input NN O O +example NN O O +at NN O O +time NN O O +t NN O O +, NN O O +xt NN O O +by NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +DNN NN O B-Process +defined NN O O +by NN O O +parameters NN O O +θ. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0885230816300043) + +The NN O O +final NN O O +set NN O O +of NN O O +experiments NN O O +involved NN O O +an NN O O +adaptive NN O B-Process +retraining NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +GMM NN O I-Process +– NN O I-Process +HMM NN O I-Process +parameters NN O I-Process +following NN O O +the NN O O +aNAT NN O B-Process +procedure NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +new NN O O +model NN O O +only NN O O +provided NN O O +an NN O O +improvement NN O O +of NN O O +0.3 NN O O +% NN O O +, NN O O +similar NN O O +to NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +aCMLLR NN O B-Process +transforms NN O I-Process +on NN O O +the NN O O +baseline NN O O +GMM NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +HMM NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +training NN O B-Process +show NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +aCMLLR NN O I-Process +transforms NN O I-Process +on NN O O +top NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +adaptively NN O O +trained NN O O +model NN O O +boosted NN O O +the NN O O +improvement NN O O +to NN O O +0.8 NN O O +% NN O O +absolute NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +showed NN O O +how NN O O +adaptive NN O B-Process +training NN O I-Process +provided NN O O +a NN O O +better NN O O +flexibility NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +model NN O O +to NN O O +adapt NN O O +to NN O O +specific NN O O +background NN O O +conditions NN O O +existing NN O O +in NN O O +each NN O O +show NN O O +. NN O O +Finally NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +factorisation NN O B-Process +approach NN O I-Process +using NN O I-Process +MLLR NN O I-Process +speaker NN O I-Process +transforms NN O I-Process +on NN O O +top NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +aNAT NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +and NN O O +show NN O O +- NN O O +based NN O O +aCMLLR NN O B-Process +transforms NN O I-Process +was NN O O +tested NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +only NN O O +increased NN O O +the NN O O +improvement NN O O +to NN O O +0.9 NN O O +% NN O O +absolute NN O O +( NN O O +2.9 NN O O +% NN O O +relative NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +reflects NN O O +the NN O O +difficulty NN O O +of NN O O +performing NN O O +accurate NN O O +speaker NN O B-Task +clustering NN O I-Task +in NN O O +this NN O O +task NN O O +and NN O O +how NN O O +this NN O O +actually NN O O +hampers NN O O +speaker NN O B-Task +adaptation NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0888327016300048) + +The NN O O +research NN O O +work NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +elaborates NN O B-Task +on NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +theoretical NN O I-Task +effectiveness NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +proposed NN O I-Task +method NN O I-Task +based NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +multivariate NN O I-Task +EMD NN O I-Task +. NN O O +It NN O O +also NN O O +clearly NN O O +indicates NN O O +through NN O O +numerical NN O B-Process +simulations NN O I-Process +and NN O O +applications NN O B-Task +to NN O I-Task +bearing NN O I-Task +monitoring NN O I-Task +that NN O O +the NN O O +expansion NN O B-Process +from NN O I-Process +standard NN O I-Process +EMD NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +multivariate NN O I-Process +EMD NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +successful NN O O +exploration NN O O +. NN O O +Using NN O O +multiple NN O O +sensors NN O B-Material +to NN O O +collect NN O O +signal NN O O +from NN O O +different NN O O +locations NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +machine NN O O +and NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +multivariate NN O B-Process +EMD NN O I-Process +to NN O O +analyze NN O O +multivariate NN O B-Material +signal NN O I-Material +can NN O O +contribute NN O O +to NN O O +comprehensively NN O O +collect NN O O +all NN O O +the NN O O +frequency NN O B-Material +components NN O I-Material +related NN O O +to NN O O +any NN O O +bearing NN O O +fault NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +is NN O O +beneficial NN O O +to NN O O +extract NN O B-Task +fault NN O I-Task +information NN O I-Task +, NN O O +especially NN O O +for NN O O +early NN O O +weak NN O O +fault NN O O +characteristics NN O O +. NN O O +Both NN O O +the NN O O +characteristic NN O O +frequencies NN O O +of NN O O +simulated NN O O +signal NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +fault NN O O +frequencies NN O O +of NN O O +practical NN O B-Material +rolling NN O I-Material +bearing NN O I-Material +signal NN O I-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +extracted NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +order NN O O +of NN O O +IMF NN O O +groups NN O O +, NN O O +thus NN O O +showing NN O O +that NN O O +multivariate NN O B-Process +EMD NN O I-Process +is NN O O +an NN O O +effective NN O O +signal NN O B-Process +decomposition NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +and NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +competently NN O O +applied NN O O +to NN O O +fault NN O B-Process +diagnosis NN O I-Process +of NN O O +rolling NN O B-Material +bearings NN O I-Material +when NN O O +combined NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +multiscale NN O B-Process +reduction NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +and NN O O +fault NN O B-Process +correlation NN O I-Process +factor NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +signal NN O B-Task +acquisition NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +processing NN O I-Task +, NN O O +given NN O O +the NN O O +circumstance NN O O +that NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +trend NN O O +toward NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +multiple NN O O +sensors NN O B-Material +, NN O O +multivariate NN O B-Process +EMD NN O I-Process +appears NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +very NN O O +useful NN O O +and NN O O +meaningful NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +kind NN O O +of NN O O +multivariate NN O B-Process +data NN O I-Process +processing NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +. NN O O +By NN O O +analyzing NN O O +the NN O O +simulated NN O B-Material +signal NN O I-Material +and NN O O +two NN O O +different NN O O +practical NN O B-Material +multivariate NN O I-Material +signals NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +results NN O O +demonstrate NN O O +the NN O O +significance NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +proposed NN O O +method NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +field NN O O +of NN O O +fault NN O B-Task +diagnosis NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +rolling NN O I-Task +bearing NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0888327016302333) + +The NN O B-Task +GFRFs NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +nonlinear NN O I-Task +systems NN O I-Task +can NN O O +be NN O O +determined NN O O +by NN O O +either NN O O +a NN O B-Material +parametric NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +model NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +based NN O I-Material +method NN O I-Material +or NN O O +a NN O B-Material +nonparametric NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +model NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +based NN O I-Material +method NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +parametric NN O O +approach NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O B-Task +nonlinear NN O I-Task +parametric NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +is NN O O +first NN O O +identified NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +input NN O O +– NN O O +output NN O O +data NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +GFRFs NN O B-Task +are NN O O +then NN O O +obtained NN O O +by NN O O +mapping NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +resultant NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +into NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +frequency NN O I-Process +domain NN O I-Process +using NN O O +the NN O O +probing NN O B-Material +method NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +9 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +nonparametric NN O B-Task +approach NN O I-Task +is NN O O +often NN O O +referred NN O O +to NN O O +as NN O O +frequency NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +domain NN O I-Task +Volterra NN O I-Task +system NN O I-Task +identification NN O I-Task +and NN O O +is NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +observation NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +Volterra NN O B-Task +model NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +nonlinear NN O I-Task +systems NN O I-Task +is NN O O +linear NN O O +in NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +unknown NN O O +Volterra NN O O +kernels NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +frequency NN O O +domain NN O O +, NN O O +corresponds NN O B-Material +to NN O I-Material +a NN O I-Material +linear NN O I-Material +relation NN O I-Material +between NN O O +the NN O O +output NN O O +frequency NN O O +response NN O O +and NN O O +linear NN O O +, NN O O +quadratic NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +higher NN O O +order NN O O +GFRFs NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +linear NN O B-Task +relationship NN O I-Task +allows NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O B-Material +least NN O I-Material +squares NN O I-Material +( NN O I-Material +LS NN O I-Material +) NN O I-Material +approach NN O I-Material +to NN O O +solve NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +GFRFs NN O B-Task +. NN O O +Several NN O O +researchers NN O O +[ NN O O +10–12 NN O O +] NN O O +have NN O O +used NN O O +this NN O O +method NN O O +to NN O O +estimate NN O O +the NN O O +GFRFs NN O B-Task +. NN O O +But NN O O +they NN O O +usually NN O O +made NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +assumption NN O I-Process +that NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +known NN O O +a NN O O +priori NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O B-Task +system NN O I-Task +under NN O O +study NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +represented NN O O +by NN O O +just NN O O +two NN O B-Material +or NN O I-Material +three NN O I-Material +terms NN O I-Material +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +such NN O O +information NN O O +is NN O O +rarely NN O O +available NN O O +a NN O O +priori NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0888613X16300767) + +However NN O O +this NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +just NN O O +a NN O O +useful NN O O +depiction NN O O +of NN O O +an NN O B-Task +apposite NN O I-Task +well NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +supported NN O I-Task +statistical NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +. NN O O +If NN O O +we NN O O +are NN O O +prepared NN O O +to NN O O +allow NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +process NN O O +is NN O O +driven NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +CRG NN O B-Material +and NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +MAP NN O B-Material +model NN O I-Material +that NN O O +we NN O O +have NN O O +discovered NN O O +is NN O O +indeed NN O O +generating NN O O +the NN O O +idle NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +, NN O O +then NN O O +identifying NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +disconnected NN O I-Process +components NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +allows NN O O +us NN O O +to NN O O +immediately NN O O +make NN O O +assertions NN O O +about NN O O +the NN O B-Task +impact NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +various NN O I-Task +controls NN O I-Task +we NN O O +might NN O O +apply NN O O +to NN O O +this NN O O +regulatory NN O O +process NN O O +– NN O O +just NN O O +as NN O O +we NN O O +can NN O O +were NN O O +we NN O O +to NN O O +believe NN O O +the NN O O +model NN O O +was NN O O +a NN O O +causal NN O O +extension NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +BN NN O B-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +context NN O O +of NN O O +microarrays NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +objective NN O O +of NN O O +clustering NN O B-Task +is NN O O +to NN O O +identify NN O B-Process +patterns NN O I-Process +among NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +data NN O I-Process +and NN O O +decide NN O O +which NN O O +genes NN O O +to NN O O +focus NN O O +on NN O O +in NN O O +further NN O O +, NN O O +more NN O O +gene NN O O +- NN O O +specific NN O O +, NN O O +experiments NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +therefore NN O O +necessary NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +scientist NN O O +to NN O O +make NN O O +such NN O O +causal NN O O +conjectures NN O O +about NN O O +the NN O B-Task +effect NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +controls NN O I-Task +available NN O O +to NN O O +her NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +expressions NN O O +reflecting NN O O +the NN O O +underlying NN O O +regulatory NN O O +process NN O O +she NN O O +studies NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +conjectures NN O B-Task +can NN O O +be NN O O +universal NN O O +or NN O O +nuanced NN O O +by NN O O +evoking NN O B-Material +ideas NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +parsimony NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0888613X16301062) + +The NN O O +first NN O O +step NN O O +of NN O O +PB NN O B-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +enumeration NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +conditional NN O I-Material +sample NN O I-Material +space NN O I-Material +through NN O O +abductive NN O O +logic NN O O +programming NN O O +, NN O O +could NN O O +be NN O O +compared NN O O +to NN O O +“ NN O O +logical NN O B-Material +inference NN O I-Material +” NN O O +in NN O O +ProbLog NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +9 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +While NN O O +both NN O O +languages NN O O +aim NN O O +to NN O O +generate NN O O +a NN O O +propositional NN O O +formula NN O O +and NN O O +compile NN O O +it NN O O +into NN O O +a NN O O +decision NN O O +diagram NN O O +, NN O O +“ NN O B-Material +logical NN O I-Material +inference NN O I-Material +” NN O I-Material +in NN O I-Material +PB NN O I-Material +is NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +abductive NN O O +logic NN O O +programming NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +ProbLog NN O B-Material +grounds NN O O +the NN O O +relevant NN O O +parts NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +probabilistic NN O O +program NN O O +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +PB NN O B-Material +compilation NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +boolean NN O O +formulas NN O O +is NN O O +performed NN O O +using NN O O +( NN O B-Process +RO)BDDs NN O I-Process +, NN O O +while NN O O +ProbLog NN O B-Material +can NN O O +use NN O O +a NN O O +wider NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +decision NN O B-Process +diagrams NN O I-Process +, NN O O +e.g. NN O O +sentential NN O B-Process +decision NN O I-Process +diagrams NN O I-Process +( NN O O +SDD NN O B-Process +) NN O O +, NN O O +deterministic NN O B-Process +, NN O I-Process +decomposable NN O I-Process +negation NN O I-Process +normal NN O I-Process +form NN O I-Process +( NN O O +d NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +DNNF NN O I-Process +) NN O O +. NN O O +These NN O O +differences NN O O +reflect NN O O +the NN O O +different NN O O +aims NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O O +PPLs NN O B-Material +: NN O O +ProbLog NN O B-Material +focuses NN O O +on NN O O +models NN O O +where NN O O +“ NN O O +logical NN O B-Task +inference NN O I-Task +” NN O O +needs NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +efficient NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +resulting NN O O +representation NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +decision NN O O +diagrams NN O O +, NN O O +need NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +compact NN O O +, NN O O +while NN O O +PB NN O B-Material +focuses NN O O +on NN O O +models NN O O +where NN O O +“ NN O B-Task +logical NN O I-Task +inference NN O I-Task +” NN O I-Task +is NN O O +typically NN O O +easy NN O O +, NN O O +however NN O O +it NN O O +must NN O O +be NN O O +applied NN O O +repeatedly NN O O +, NN O O +according NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +nature NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +observations NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +future NN O O +work NN O O +, NN O O +PB NN O B-Material +could NN O O +benefit NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +more NN O I-Process +compact NN O I-Process +decision NN O I-Process +diagrams NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0895611116300684) + +In NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +PSR NN O B-Task +applied NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +vessels NN O I-Task +, NN O O +preservation NN O O +of NN O O +high NN O O +curvature NN O O +and NN O O +branches NN O O +( NN O O +concavities NN O O +) NN O O +demands NN O O +a NN O O +high NN O O +value NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +d NN O O +parameter NN O O +, NN O O +resulting NN O O +in NN O O +models NN O O +with NN O O +high NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +polygons NN O O +. NN O O +To NN O O +cope NN O O +with NN O O +this NN O O +problem NN O O +, NN O O +Wu NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +2013 NN O O +) NN O O +evaluates NN O O +a NN O O +variant NN O O +of NN O O +PSR NN O B-Process +( NN O O +in NN O O +that NN O O +work NN O O +referred NN O O +to NN O O +as NN O O +scale NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +adaptive NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +SA NN O B-Process +] NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +includes NN O O +curvature NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +dependent NN O I-Process +polygonization NN O I-Process +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +increasing NN O B-Process +/ NN O I-Process +decreasing NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +size NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +triangles NN O I-Process +according NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +local NN O I-Process +curvature NN O I-Process +) NN O O +( NN O O +Wu NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2010 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +Wu NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +2013 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +other NN O O +methods NN O O +including NN O O +MC NN O B-Process +( NN O O +without NN O O +smoothing NN O O +and NN O O +decimation NN O O +) NN O O +are NN O O +evaluated NN O O +with NN O O +application NN O O +to NN O O +vessel NN O B-Task +modeling NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +authors NN O O +, NN O O +point NN O O +at NN O O +SA NN O B-Material +as NN O O +a NN O O +suitable NN O O +method NN O O +for NN O O +reconstruction NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +vessels NN O I-Task +with NN O O +applications NN O O +to NN O O +surgery NN O B-Task +planning NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +methods NN O O +evaluated NN O O +by NN O O +Wu NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +( NN O O +2013 NN O O +) NN O O +could NN O O +be NN O O +also NN O O +compared NN O O +with NN O O +another NN O O +set NN O O +of NN O O +techniques NN O O +( NN O O +known NN O O +as NN O O +model NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +based NN O I-Material +methods NN O I-Material +) NN O O +( NN O O +Preim NN O O +and NN O O +Oeltze NN O O +, NN O O +2008 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +widely NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +context NN O O +of NN O O +vessel NN O B-Task +modeling NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +surgery NN O I-Task +planning NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0927025612000249) + +The NN O O +need NN O O +for NN O O +power NN O B-Task +generation NN O I-Task +industry NN O O +to NN O O +improve NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +thermal NN O I-Task +efficiency NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +power NN O I-Task +plant NN O I-Task +has NN O O +led NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +development NN O O +of NN O O +9–12 NN O B-Material +% NN O I-Material +Cr NN O I-Material +martensitic NN O I-Material +steels NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +development NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +research NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +P91 NN O I-Task +steels NN O I-Task +started NN O O +since NN O O +late NN O O +1970s NN O O +and NN O O +early NN O O +1990s NN O O +, NN O O +respectively NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +work NN O O +has NN O O +focussed NN O O +on NN O O +their NN O O +creep NN O O +strengths NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +its NN O O +intended NN O O +application NN O O +at NN O O +high NN O O +temperature NN O O +. NN O O +Recently NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +introduction NN O O +of NN O O +more NN O O +cyclic NN O O +operation NN O O +of NN O O +power NN O B-Material +plant NN O I-Material +has NN O O +introduced NN O O +the NN O O +possibility NN O O +of NN O O +fatigue NN O B-Process +problems NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Bore NN O O +cracking NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +effects NN O O +of NN O O +varying NN O O +steam NN O B-Process +warming NN O I-Process +has NN O O +been NN O O +reported NN O O +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +temperature NN O B-Process +cycling NN O I-Process +causes NN O O +thermal NN O O +gradients NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +inside NN O O +and NN O O +outside NN O O +of NN O O +components NN O O +and NN O O +this NN O O +can NN O O +cause NN O O +cyclic NN O O +stress NN O O +levels NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +of NN O O +concerns NN O O +. NN O O +Recently NN O O +, NN O O +research NN O O +on NN O O +thermal NN O B-Task +– NN O I-Task +mechanical NN O I-Task +analysis NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +P91 NN O I-Task +has NN O O +been NN O O +carried NN O O +out NN O O +including NN O O +the NN O O +characterisation NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +cyclic NN O I-Task +behaviour NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +material NN O I-Task +using NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +layer NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +unified NN O I-Process +visco NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +plasticity NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +3,4 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S092702561300267X) + +In NN O O +previous NN O O +publications NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +authors NN O O +proposed NN O O +a NN O O +method NN O O +to NN O O +incorporate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +thermodynamics NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +ternary NN O I-Task +alloys NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +liquid NN O I-Task +diffusion NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +governed NN O I-Task +solidification NN O I-Task +kinetics NN O I-Task +into NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +multiphase NN O I-Task +volume NN O I-Task +average NN O I-Task +solidification NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +23,24 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Back NN O B-Process +diffusion NN O I-Process +was NN O O +disregarded NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +way NN O O +to NN O O +access NN O O +the NN O O +thermodynamic NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +Thermo NN O O +- NN O O +Calc NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +through NN O O +a NN O O +tabulation NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +interpolation NN O I-Material +program NN O I-Material +ISAT NN O B-Material +( NN O O +In NN O B-Material +Situ NN O I-Material +Adaptive NN O I-Material +Tabulation NN O I-Material +) NN O O +was NN O O +suggested NN O O +. NN O O +With NN O O +the NN O O +ISAT NN O B-Process +approach NN O I-Process +it NN O O +is NN O O +possible NN O O +to NN O O +perform NN O O +an NN O O +online NN O O +call NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +thermodynamic NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +and NN O O +trace NN O O +the NN O O +formation NN O O +of NN O O +each NN O O +individual NN O O +solid NN O O +phase NN O O +( NN O O +primary NN O O +, NN O O +peritectic NN O O +, NN O O +eutectic NN O O +, NN O O +etc NN O O +. NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +the NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +calls NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +thermodynamic NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +is NN O O +equal NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +product NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +discretized NN O B-Material +volume NN O I-Material +elements NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +time NN O O +steps NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +calculation NN O O +iterations NN O O +per NN O O +time NN O O +step NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +calculation NN O O +becomes NN O O +exhausting NN O O +. NN O O +Therefore NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +current NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +modification NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +previous NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +using NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +linearized NN O I-Process +phase NN O I-Process +diagram NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +no NN O O +online NN O B-Process +call NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +thermodynamic NN O I-Process +data NN O I-Process +is NN O O +necessary NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +model NN O O +presented NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +is NN O O +extended NN O B-Task +to NN O I-Task +consider NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +back NN O I-Task +diffusion NN O I-Task +into NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +solid NN O I-Task +. NN O O +With NN O O +these NN O O +modifications NN O B-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +model NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +perform NN O B-Task +casting NN O I-Task +process NN O I-Task +simulations NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +incorporated NN O I-Task +full NN O I-Task +diffusion NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +governed NN O I-Task +solidification NN O I-Task +kinetics NN O I-Task +for NN O O +ternary NN O B-Material +alloys NN O I-Material +at NN O O +a NN O O +reasonable NN O O +computation NN O O +cost NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S092702561300760X) + +Due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +complex NN O O +nature NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +thermal NN O B-Process +spray NN O I-Process +process NN O I-Process +, NN O O +modelling NN O B-Task +has NN O O +been NN O O +playing NN O O +a NN O O +key NN O O +role NN O O +in NN O O +providing NN O B-Task +some NN O I-Task +key NN O I-Task +insights NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +process NN O I-Task +design NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +operations NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +relationships NN O O +among NN O O +processing NN O B-Process +conditions NN O O +, NN O O +particle NN O O +characteristics NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +resulting NN O O +coating NN O B-Process +properties NN O O +are NN O O +nonlinear NN O O +and NN O O +might NN O O +be NN O O +difficult NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +unravelled NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +experimental NN O B-Task +studies NN O I-Task +alone NN O O +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +[ NN O O +5–7 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +Detailed NN O O +information NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +atomic NN O B-Process +level NN O I-Process +changes NN O I-Process +leading NN O O +to NN O O +changes NN O O +observed NN O O +at NN O O +macroscale NN O O +can NN O O +appropriately NN O O +be NN O O +obtained NN O O +by NN O O +MD NN O B-Process +simulation NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +effect NN O O +of NN O O +temperature NN O O +and NN O O +velocity NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +determined NN O O +more NN O O +precisely NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +work NN O O +, NN O O +relatively NN O O +simpler NN O O +spray NN O B-Process +system NN O I-Process +of NN O O +copper NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +copper NN O I-Material +particle NN O I-Material +was NN O O +simulated NN O O +to NN O O +obtain NN O O +a NN O O +better NN O O +understanding NN O O +of NN O O +particle NN O B-Process +recrystallization NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +solidification NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +deformation NN O B-Process +mechanics NN O O +and NN O O +topography NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +impacting NN O O +particles NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Using NN O O +state NN O O +- NN O O +of NN O O +- NN O O +the NN O O +- NN O O +art NN O O +methods NN O O +to NN O O +examine NN O O +the NN O O +physical NN O O +mechanisms NN O O +involved NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +impacting NN O O +behavior NN O O +and NN O O +structure NN O O +– NN O O +property NN O O +relationship NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +suggested NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +consecutive NN O B-Process +layer NN O I-Process +deposition NN O I-Process +of NN O O +particles NN O B-Material +can NN O O +better NN O O +be NN O O +understood NN O O +by NN O O +understanding NN O B-Task +individual NN O I-Task +particle NN O I-Task +impacts NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +particle NN O B-Process +– NN O I-Process +surface NN O I-Process +interaction NN O I-Process +mechanism NN O I-Process +and NN O O +its NN O O +relation NN O O +to NN O O +Reynolds NN O B-Process +number NN O I-Process +can NN O O +offer NN O O +information NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +quality NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +coating NN O B-Process +through NN O O +its NN O O +response NN O O +to NN O O +shock NN O B-Process +heating NN O I-Process +. NN O O +As NN O O +a NN O O +general NN O O +practice NN O O +, NN O O +engineering NN O B-Material +components NN O I-Material +are NN O O +thermally NN O B-Process +sprayed NN O I-Process +in NN O O +a NN O O +continuous NN O O +multilayer NN O O +mode NN O O +with NN O O +cooling NN O B-Process +; NN O O +therefore NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +an NN O O +opportunity NN O O +for NN O O +developing NN O B-Task +richer NN O I-Task +theoretical NN O I-Task +models NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +single NN O I-Task +or NN O I-Task +multiple NN O I-Task +particle NN O I-Task +impact NN O I-Task +in NN O O +conjunction NN O O +with NN O O +actual NN O O +spraying NN O B-Task +tests NN O I-Task +, NN O O +so NN O O +as NN O O +to NN O O +identify NN O O +cohesive NN O O +and NN O O +adhesive NN O O +strength NN O O +, NN O O +hardness NN O O +and NN O O +residual NN O O +stresses NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0927025614007137) + +Structural NN O B-Material +adhesives NN O I-Material +are NN O O +increasingly NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +bonding NN O B-Material +components NN O I-Material +within NN O O +critical NN O B-Material +load NN O I-Material +bearing NN O I-Material +engineering NN O I-Material +structures NN O I-Material +such NN O O +as NN O O +aerospace NN O B-Material +and NN O O +automotives NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Typically NN O O +these NN O O +adhesives NN O B-Material +are NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +epoxy NN O B-Material +polymers NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Epoxies NN O B-Material +are NN O O +inherently NN O O +brittle NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +their NN O O +homogeneous NN O O +microstructure NN O B-Material +and NN O O +highly NN O O +cross NN O O +linked NN O O +nature NN O O +. NN O O +Thus NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +much NN O O +research NN O O +focused NN O O +on NN O O +improving NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +fracture NN O I-Task +toughness NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +epoxy NN O I-Task +polymers NN O I-Task +by NN O O +incorporating NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +second NN O I-Process +minority NN O I-Process +phase NN O I-Process +at NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +nano NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +scale NN O I-Process +. NN O O +These NN O O +modifiers NN O O +fall NN O O +into NN O O +one NN O O +of NN O O +two NN O O +main NN O O +categories NN O O +: NN O O +inorganic NN O B-Material +additives NN O I-Material +, NN O O +e.g. NN O O +silica NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +1,2 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +glass NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +3 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +alumina NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +4 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +nano NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +clays NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +5 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +nanotubes NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +6,7 NN O O +] NN O O +or NN O O +organic NN O B-Material +, NN O O +usually NN O O +rubber NN O B-Material +particles NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Rubbery NN O B-Material +additives NN O I-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +either NN O O +core NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +shell NN O I-Material +rubber NN O I-Material +particles NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +8–10 NN O O +] NN O O +or NN O O +can NN O O +form NN O O +during NN O O +curing NN O B-Process +via NN O O +reaction NN O B-Process +induced NN O I-Process +phase NN O I-Process +separation NN O I-Process +mechanisms NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +11,12 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +primary NN O O +energy NN O B-Process +dissipation NN O I-Process +mechanisms NN O I-Process +for NN O O +rubber NN O B-Material +toughened NN O I-Material +epoxies NN O I-Material +are NN O O +known NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +both NN O O +plastic NN O B-Task +void NN O I-Task +growth NN O I-Task +and NN O O +shear NN O B-Task +band NN O I-Task +development NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +has NN O O +also NN O O +been NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +a NN O O +combination NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +above NN O O +additives NN O B-Material +to NN O O +create NN O O +a NN O O +hybrid NN O B-Material +material NN O I-Material +can NN O O +provide NN O O +synergistic NN O B-Process +toughening NN O I-Process +effects NN O I-Process +, NN O O +e.g. NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +nanotubes NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +silica NN O I-Material +nanoparticles NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +14 NN O O +] NN O O +or NN O O +rubber NN O B-Material +with NN O I-Material +silica NN O I-Material +nanoparticles NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +15–17 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0957417416301786) + +These NN O O +results NN O O +demonstrate NN O O +that NN O O +SW NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +SVR NN O I-Process +predicts NN O O +complicated NN O O +micrometeorological NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +with NN O O +the NN O O +best NN O O +prediction NN O O +performance NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +lowest NN O O +computational NN O O +complexity NN O O +compared NN O O +with NN O O +standard NN O B-Process +algorithms NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +particular NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +found NN O O +that NN O O +dynamic NN O B-Process +aggregation NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +built NN O O +from NN O O +very NN O O +little NN O O +extracted NN O O +data NN O O +by NN O O +D NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +SDC NN O I-Process +is NN O O +effective NN O O +for NN O O +compatibility NN O O +of NN O O +high NN O O +prediction NN O O +performance NN O O +and NN O O +low NN O O +computational NN O O +complexity NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +are NN O O +problems NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +solved NN O O +in NN O O +SW NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +SVR NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Firstly NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +prediction NN O O +performance NN O O +of NN O O +SW NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +SVR NN O I-Process +sometimes NN O O +deteriorates NN O O +despite NN O O +an NN O O +increase NN O O +of NN O O +training NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +particular NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +problem NN O O +occurred NN O O +under NN O O +the NN O O +conditions NN O O +that NN O O +prediction NN O O +horizons NN O O +are NN O O +6 NN O O +h NN O O +as NN O O +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +3 NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +is NN O O +because NN O O +data NN O O +extracted NN O O +by NN O O +D NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +SDC NN O I-Process +involves NN O O +unnecessary NN O O +training NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +for NN O O +highly NN O O +accurate NN O O +prediction NN O O +. NN O O +If NN O O +D NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +SDC NN O I-Process +extracts NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +data NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +extracted NN O O +data NN O O +when NN O O +training NN O O +periods NN O O +are NN O O +shorter NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +prediction NN O O +performance NN O O +of NN O O +SW NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +SVR NN O I-Process +never NN O O +deteriorates NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +an NN O O +increase NN O O +of NN O O +training NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Therefore NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +must NN O O +review NN O O +both NN O O +feature NN O O +mapping NN O O +and NN O O +algorithms NN O O +of NN O O +D NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +SDC NN O I-Process +so NN O O +as NN O O +to NN O O +avoid NN O O +extracting NN O O +unnecessary NN O O +training NN O O +data NN O O +. NN O O +Meanwhile NN O O +, NN O O +SW NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +SVR NN O I-Process +is NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +combination NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +several NN O I-Process +algorithms NN O I-Process +: NN O O +kernel NN O B-Process +approximation NN O I-Process +, NN O O +PLS NN O B-Process +regression NN O I-Process +, NN O O +k NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +means NN O I-Process +, NN O O +D NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +SDC NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +linear NN O B-Process +SVR NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +each NN O O +algorithm NN O O +has NN O O +several NN O O +parameters NN O O +. NN O O +Therefore NN O O +, NN O O +SW NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +SVR NN O I-Process +has NN O O +more NN O O +varied NN O O +parameters NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +it NN O O +takes NN O O +more NN O O +time NN O O +to NN O O +tune NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +parameters NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +experiment NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +used NN O O +a NN O O +grid NN O B-Process +search NN O I-Process +roughly NN O O +so NN O O +as NN O O +to NN O O +decide NN O O +the NN O O +parameters NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +certain NN O O +time NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +still NN O O +room NN O O +for NN O O +improvement NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +prediction NN O O +performance NN O O +by NN O O +using NN O O +other NN O O +approaches NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +genetic NN O B-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +instead NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +grid NN O B-Process +search NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Huang NN O O +& NN O O +Wang NN O O +, NN O O +2006 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0957417416302561) + +•More NN O O +efforts NN O O +should NN O O +be NN O O +directed NN O O +towards NN O O +advancing NN O O +the NN O O +methods NN O O +of NN O O +feature NN O B-Task +extraction NN O I-Task +to NN O O +overcome NN O O +the NN O O +influence NN O O +of NN O O +dynamic NN O O +factors NN O O +that NN O O +limit NN O O +the NN O O +performance NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +advanced NN O B-Process +machine NN O I-Process +learning NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +such NN O O +as NN O O +deep NN O B-Process +neural NN O I-Process +networks NN O I-Process +and NN O O +muscles NN O B-Process +synergies NN O I-Process +extraction NN O I-Process +should NN O O +also NN O O +be NN O O +investigated NN O O +on NN O O +problems NN O O +under NN O O +the NN O O +influence NN O O +of NN O O +multiple NN O O +dynamic NN O O +factors NN O O +as NN O O +such NN O O +methods NN O O +may NN O O +provide NN O O +substantial NN O O +improvements NN O O +upon NN O O +the NN O O +utilized NN O B-Process +time NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +frequency NN O I-Process +EMG NN O I-Process +feature NN O I-Process +extraction NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Diener NN O O +, NN O O +Janke NN O O +, NN O O +& NN O O +Schultz NN O O +, NN O O +2015 NN O O +; NN O O +Ison NN O O +, NN O O +Vujaklija NN O O +, NN O O +Whitsell NN O O +, NN O O +Farina NN O O +, NN O O +& NN O O +Artemiadis NN O O +, NN O O +2016 NN O O +; NN O O +Park NN O O +& NN O O +Lee NN O O +, NN O O +2016 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Meanwhile NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +showed NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +performance NN O B-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +learning NN O O +algorithms NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +improved NN O O +by NN O O +using NN O O +feature NN O B-Process +extraction NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +that NN O O +rely NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +angular NN O O +information NN O O +of NN O O +muscle NN O O +activation NN O O +patterns NN O O +. NN O O +Features NN O B-Process +such NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +TD NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +PSD NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +DFT NN O B-Process +proved NN O O +more NN O O +successful NN O O +than NN O O +others NN O O +in NN O O +reducing NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +impact NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +two NN O I-Task +dynamic NN O I-Task +factors NN O I-Task +that NN O O +we NN O O +considered NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +. NN O O +Such NN O O +features NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +readily NN O O +implemented NN O O +into NN O O +a NN O O +prosthesis NN O B-Process +controller NN O I-Process +for NN O O +real NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +time NN O I-Task +control NN O I-Task +, NN O O +especially NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +EMG NN O B-Process +pattern NN O I-Process +recognition NN O I-Process +systems NN O I-Process +are NN O O +nowadays NN O O +becoming NN O O +available NN O O +for NN O O +clinical NN O B-Task +testing NN O I-Task +, NN O O +e.g. NN O O +the NN O O +COAPT NN O B-Process +complete NN O I-Process +control NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Kuiken NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2014)11https://www.coaptengineering.com/. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0957417416303773) + +In NN O O +the NN O O +recent NN O O +years NN O O +and NN O O +mainly NN O O +motivated NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +impulse NN O O +of NN O O +data NN O B-Task +mining NN O I-Task +many NN O O +methods NN O O +for NN O O +dimensionality NN O B-Task +reduction NN O I-Task +have NN O O +arisen NN O O +. NN O O +Within NN O O +these NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +worth NN O O +highlighting NN O O +the NN O O +Principal NN O B-Material +Component NN O I-Material +Analysis NN O I-Material +method NN O I-Material +( NN O O +PCA NN O B-Material +) NN O O +( NN O O +Jolliffe NN O O +, NN O O +2002 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +an NN O O +N NN O O +- NN O O +dimensional NN O O +vector NN O O +space NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O B-Material +simplest NN O I-Material +version NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +PCA NN O I-Material +( NN O O +linear NN O B-Material +PCA NN O I-Material +) NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +technique NN O O +that NN O O +finds NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +mutually NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +uncorrelated NN O I-Process +vectors NN O I-Process +onto NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O B-Process +projection NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +samples NN O I-Process +generates NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +highest NN O I-Process +variances NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +result NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O B-Material +set NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +orthogonal NN O I-Material +vectors NN O I-Material +sorted NN O O +in NN O O +descending NN O O +order NN O O +of NN O O +achieved NN O O +variance NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +first NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O O +vectors NN O O +is NN O O +that NN O O +onto NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O B-Process +variance NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +projection NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +samples NN O I-Process +is NN O I-Process +maximum NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +sense NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +original NN O O +KPIs NN O O +constitute NN O O +the NN O O +N NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +dimensional NN O I-Material +vector NN O I-Material +space NN O I-Material +basis NN O I-Material +, NN O O +whereas NN O O +the NN O O +N^ NN O B-Material +synthetic NN O I-Material +KPIs NN O I-Material +represent NN O O +the NN O O +orthogonal NN O O +vectors NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +highest NN O O +variance NN O O +. NN O O +To NN O O +be NN O O +rigorous NN O O +, NN O O +up NN O B-Task +to NN O I-Task +N NN O I-Task +synthetic NN O I-Task +orthogonal NN O I-Task +KPIs NN O I-Task +may NN O O +be NN O O +computed NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +only NN O O +a NN O O +small NN O O +set NN O O +of NN O O +them NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O B-Material +first NN O I-Material +N^ NN O I-Material +, NN O O +is NN O O +enough NN O O +to NN O O +account NN O O +for NN O O +most NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +variance NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +data NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0963869514000863) + +EM NN O B-Material +sensors NN O I-Material +exploit NN O O +the NN O O +difference NN O B-Task +in NN O I-Task +magnetic NN O I-Task +properties NN O I-Task +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +relative NN O B-Task +permeability NN O I-Task +, NN O O +and NN O O +electrical NN O B-Task +conductivity NN O I-Task +between NN O O +samples NN O O +with NN O O +different NN O O +microstructural NN O B-Task +phase NN O I-Task +balances NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +ferromagnetic NN O B-Material +steels NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +change NN O O +in NN O O +relative NN O B-Task +permeability NN O I-Task +has NN O O +a NN O O +significant NN O O +effect NN O O +. NN O O +Previously NN O O +, NN O O +multi NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +frequency NN O I-Material +EM NN O I-Material +sensors NN O I-Material +have NN O O +been NN O O +shown NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +able NN O O +to NN O O +measure NN O O +austenite NN O O +/ NN O O +ferrite NN O O +fraction NN O O +from NN O O +0 NN O O +% NN O O +to NN O O +100 NN O O +% NN O O +in NN O O +model NN O O +( NN O O +HIPped NN O O +austenitic NN O O +/ NN O O +ferritc NN O O +stainless NN O B-Material +steel NN O I-Material +powder NN O I-Material +) NN O O +alloys NN O O +[ NN O O +7,8 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +large NN O O +difference NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +magnetic NN O I-Process +properties NN O I-Process +of NN O O +ferrite NN O B-Process +( NN O O +ferromagnetic NN O B-Process +) NN O O +and NN O O +austenite NN O B-Process +( NN O O +paramagnetic NN O B-Process +) NN O O +phases NN O O +makes NN O O +the NN O O +change NN O O +in NN O O +signal NN O O +large NN O O +and NN O O +hence NN O O +relatively NN O O +easy NN O O +to NN O O +measure NN O O +. NN O O +EM NN O B-Material +sensors NN O I-Material +have NN O O +also NN O O +measured NN O O +the NN O O +levels NN O O +of NN O O +decarburisation NN O B-Task +( NN O O +variation NN O B-Task +in NN O I-Task +ferrite NN O I-Task +content NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +depth NN O I-Task +) NN O O +in NN O O +steel NN O B-Material +rod NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +9,10 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +approach NN O O +adopted NN O O +to NN O O +relate NN O O +the NN O O +overall NN O O +steel NN O B-Material +EM NN O B-Process +sensor NN O I-Process +signal NN O I-Process +to NN O O +its NN O O +microstructure NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +to NN O O +construct NN O O +a NN O O +finite NN O B-Process +element NN O I-Process +( NN O O +FE NN O B-Process +) NN O O +model NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +microstructure NN O O +( NN O O +phase NN O O +, NN O O +region NN O O +size NN O O +and NN O O +distribution NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +EM NN O B-Process +properties NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +individual NN O I-Process +phases NN O I-Process +are NN O O +assigned NN O O +to NN O O +those NN O O +regions NN O O +to NN O O +give NN O O +the NN O O +overall NN O B-Process +EM NN O I-Process +properties NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +steel NN O B-Material +. NN O O +Within NN O O +the NN O O +model NN O O +the NN O O +particular NN O B-Process +sensor NN O I-Process +geometry NN O I-Process +is NN O O +included NN O O +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +two NN O O +- NN O O +dimensional NN O O +axisymmetric NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +cylindrical NN O B-Material +sample NN O I-Material +and NN O O +tubular NN O B-Material +sensor NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +10 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +interaction NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +steel NN O B-Material +and NN O O +any NN O O +external NN O B-Material +circuits NN O I-Material +predicted NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +way NN O O +different NN O O +microstructures NN O B-Material +and NN O O +sensor NN O B-Material +designs NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +compared NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S0997754612001318) + +Many NN O O +applications NN O O +in NN O O +fluid NN O B-Task +mechanics NN O I-Task +have NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +surface NN O B-Process +suction NN O I-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +as NN O O +an NN O O +effective NN O O +flow NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +control NN O I-Process +mechanism NN O I-Process +. NN O O +For NN O O +example NN O O +, NN O O +Gregory NN O O +and NN O O +Walker NN O O +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +discuss NN O O +how NN O O +the NN O O +introduction NN O O +of NN O O +suction NN O O +extends NN O O +the NN O O +laminar NN O O +- NN O O +flow NN O O +region NN O O +over NN O O +a NN O O +swept NN O B-Material +wing NN O I-Material +by NN O O +reducing NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +thickness NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +boundary NN O I-Task +layer NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +magnitude NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +crossflow NN O I-Task +velocity NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Conclusions NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +swept NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +wing NN O I-Process +flow NN O I-Process +arose NN O O +from NN O O +equivalent NN O O +studies NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +von NN O O +Kármán NN O O +( NN O O +rotating NN O B-Material +disk NN O I-Material +) NN O O +flow NN O O +( NN O O +see NN O O +Gregory NN O O +and NN O O +Walker NN O O +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +Stuart NN O O +[ NN O O +3 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +work NN O O +has NN O O +since NN O O +continued NN O O +into NN O O +this NN O O +and NN O O +related NN O O +flows NN O O +using NN O O +numerical NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +asymptotic NN O I-Process +approaches NN O I-Process +( NN O O +see NN O O +Ockendon NN O O +[ NN O O +4 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +Dhanak NN O O +[ NN O O +5 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +Bassom NN O O +and NN O O +Seddougui NN O O +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +Lingwood NN O O +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +Turkyilmazoglu NN O O +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +Lingwood NN O O +and NN O O +Garrett NN O O +[ NN O O +9 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +example NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +literature NN O O +shows NN O O +that NN O O +increasing NN O B-Process +suction NN O I-Process +has NN O O +a NN O O +stabilising NN O O +effect NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +general NN O O +class NN O O +of NN O O +“ NN O B-Process +Bödewadt NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +Ekman NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +von NN O I-Process +Kármán NN O I-Process +” NN O I-Process +( NN O I-Process +BEK NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +flows NN O I-Process +which NN O O +results NN O O +in NN O O +an NN O O +increase NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +critical NN O I-Process +Reynolds NN O I-Process +numbers NN O I-Process +for NN O O +the NN O O +onset NN O O +of NN O O +convective NN O O +and NN O O +absolute NN O O +instabilities NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +narrowing NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +range NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +unstable NN O I-Process +parameters NN O I-Process +and NN O O +a NN O O +decrease NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +amplification NN O I-Process +rates NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +unstable NN O O +convective NN O O +modes NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +convective NN O B-Process +instability NN O I-Process +results NN O O +are NN O O +interpreted NN O O +in NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +delay NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +onset NN O O +of NN O O +spiral NN O B-Material +vortices NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +absolute NN O B-Process +instability NN O I-Process +results NN O O +in NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +onset NN O O +of NN O O +laminar NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +turbulent NN O I-Process +transition NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Lingwood NN O O +[ NN O O +7,10,11 NN O O +] NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1071581916300854) + +We NN O O +have NN O O +developed NN O O +a NN O O +systematic NN O O +, NN O O +quantified NN O O +understanding NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +specific NN O O +problem NN O O +: NN O O +the NN O O +design NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +mobile NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +friendly NN O I-Task +unique NN O I-Task +identifiers NN O I-Task +. NN O O +But NN O O +our NN O O +results NN O O +also NN O O +apply NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +design NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +other NN O I-Task +text NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +based NN O I-Task +services NN O I-Task +. NN O O +There NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +a NN O O +trend NN O O +toward NN O O +bespoke NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +adaptive NN O I-Material +keyboards NN O I-Material +( NN O O +e.g. NN O O +, NN O O +Dunlop NN O O +and NN O O +Levine NN O O +, NN O O +2012 NN O O +; NN O O +Karrenbauer NN O O +and NN O O +Oulasvirta NN O O +, NN O O +2014 NN O O +; NN O O +Leiva NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2015 NN O O +; NN O O +Wiseman NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2013 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +More NN O O +often NN O O +than NN O O +not NN O O +, NN O O +though NN O O +, NN O O +input NN O B-Material +devices NN O I-Material +are NN O O +a NN O O +fixed NN O O +constraint NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +design NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +service NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Most NN O O +users NN O O +are NN O O +typing NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +keyboard NN O O +that NN O O +came NN O O +with NN O O +their NN O O +phone NN O O +. NN O O +Those NN O O +keyboards NN O O +have NN O O +advantages NN O O +, NN O O +limitations NN O O +and NN O O +quirks NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +mode NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +switching NN O I-Process +that NN O O +most NN O O +touchscreen NN O O +keyboards NN O O +require NN O O +to NN O O +reach NN O O +numbers NN O O +and NN O O +capital NN O O +letters NN O O +is NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +root NN O O +of NN O O +design NN O O +improvements NN O O +we NN O O +propose NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +. NN O O +When NN O O +designing NN O B-Task +services NN O I-Task +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +vital NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +aware NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +fixed NN O O +constraints NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +system NN O O +and NN O O +to NN O O +then NN O O +focus NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +aspects NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +service NN O O +'s NN O O +design NN O O +that NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +controlled NN O O +. NN O O +Making NN O O +changes NN O O +to NN O O +input NN O O +data NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +way NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +cheap NN O O +, NN O O +quick NN O O +and NN O O +easy NN O O +way NN O O +to NN O O +improve NN O O +user NN O O +experience NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1361841516300342) + +Probabilistic NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +stochastic NN O I-Process +approaches NN O I-Process +can NN O O +facilitate NN O O +the NN O O +search NN O B-Task +for NN O I-Task +local NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +global NN O I-Task +optima NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Evolutionary NN O B-Process +algorithms NN O I-Process +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +genetic NN O B-Process +population NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Jomier NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2006 NN O O +; NN O O +Rivest NN O O +- NN O O +Henault NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2012 NN O O +; NN O O +Ruijters NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2009 NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +are NN O O +considered NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +strategy NN O O +that NN O O +is NN O O +“ NN O O +less NN O O +likely NN O O +to NN O O +get NN O O +stuck NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +local NN O O +optimum NN O O +” NN O O +( NN O O +Ruijters NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2009 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +cost NN O B-Material +function NN O I-Material +consisting NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +“ NN O O +sum NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Gaussian NN O O +- NN O O +blurred NN O O +intensity NN O O +values NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +[ NN O O +DSA NN O O +] NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +projected NN O O +model NN O O +points NN O O +” NN O O +( NN O O +Jomier NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2006 NN O O +) NN O O +is NN O O +optimized NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +genetic NN O B-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +optimizer NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Other NN O O +authors NN O O +“ NN O O +use NN O O +the NN O O +Condensation NN O B-Process +form NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +sequential NN O I-Process +Monte NN O I-Process +Carlo NN O I-Process +sampling NN O I-Process +to NN O O +estimate NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +cost NN O I-Task +function NN O I-Task +gradient NN O I-Task +” NN O O +( NN O O +Florin NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +2005 NN O O +) NN O O +for NN O O +finding NN O O +the NN O O +global NN O O +minimum NN O O +. NN O O +Besides NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +Kalman NN O B-Process +filter NN O I-Process +is NN O O +successfully NN O O +adopted NN O O +( NN O O +Curwen NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +1994 NN O O +; NN O O +Feldmar NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +1997 NN O O +; NN O O +Toledo NN O O +et NN O O +al NN O O +. NN O O +, NN O O +1998 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1361841516300822) + +For NN O O +all NN O O +volunteers NN O O +the NN O O +AAMM NN O B-Task +technique NN O I-Task +significantly NN O O +( NN O O +p NN O O +< NN O O +0.01 NN O O +) NN O O +outperformed NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +two NN O O +methods NN O O +in NN O O +all NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +intervals NN O O +as NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +seen NN O O +by NN O O +comparing NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +error NN O B-Material +curves NN O I-Material +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +8 NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +figures NN O O +in NN O O +Table NN O O +1 NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +supplementary NN O O +materials NN O O +. NN O O +Significance NN O O +was NN O O +assessed NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +1-tailed NN O B-Process +Wilcoxon NN O I-Process +signed NN O I-Process +rank NN O I-Process +test NN O I-Process +since NN O O +the NN O O +error NN O O +distributions NN O O +were NN O O +generally NN O O +not NN O O +symmetric NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +estimation NN O O +errors NN O O +for NN O O +AAMM NN O B-Task +and NN O O +its NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +adaptive NN O O +counterpart NN O O +, NN O O +AAMM NN O B-Task +( NN O I-Task +no NN O I-Task +adapt NN O I-Task +. NN O I-Task +) NN O I-Task +, NN O O +were NN O O +similar NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +beginning NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +application NN O O +phase NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +as NN O O +anticipated NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +application NN O O +phase NN O O +went NN O O +on NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +AAMM NN O B-Task +technique NN O I-Task +continually NN O O +improved NN O O +its NN O O +accuracy NN O O +by NN O O +incorporating NN O O +more NN O O +and NN O O +more NN O O +data NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +model NN O O +. NN O O +On NN O O +average NN O O +the NN O O +motion NN O B-Material +estimation NN O I-Material +of NN O O +AAMM NN O B-Task +improved NN O O +by NN O O +22.94 NN O O +% NN O O +in NN O O +T5 NN O O +with NN O O +respect NN O O +to NN O O +its NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +adaptive NN O O +counterpart NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +method NN O O +has NN O O +already NN O O +significantly NN O O +adapted NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +breathing NN O O +pattern NN O O +in NN O O +T2 NN O O +, NN O O +i.e. NN O O +after NN O O +between NN O O +3 NN O O +and NN O O +7 NN O O +min NN O O +of NN O O +imaging NN O B-Process +, NN O O +where NN O O +motion NN O B-Material +estimations NN O I-Material +where NN O O +on NN O O +average NN O O +16.87 NN O O +% NN O O +more NN O O +accurate NN O O +than NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +beginning NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +adaptation NN O O +phase NN O O +. NN O O +By NN O O +visually NN O O +inspecting NN O O +the NN O O +curves NN O O +for NN O O +AAMM NN O B-Task +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +8 NN O O +it NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +seen NN O O +that NN O O +for NN O O +many NN O O +volunteers NN O O +( NN O O +in NN O O +particular NN O O +volunteers NN O O +A NN O O +, NN O O +D NN O O +, NN O O +E NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +F NN O O +) NN O O +the NN O O +error NN O B-Material +curves NN O I-Material +start NN O O +to NN O O +flatten NN O O +approximately NN O O +around NN O O +the NN O O +7 NN O O +min NN O O +mark NN O O +. NN O O +From NN O O +this NN O O +it NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +concluded NN O O +that NN O O +a NN O O +longer NN O O +calibration NN O B-Process +scan NN O I-Process +of NN O O +around NN O O +12 NN O O +min NN O O +would NN O O +be NN O O +optimal NN O O +, NN O O +that NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +5 NN O O +min NN O O +that NN O O +were NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +calibration NN O B-Process +in NN O O +this NN O O +experiment NN O O +plus NN O O +7 NN O O +min NN O O +worth NN O O +of NN O O +data NN O O +added NN O O +during NN O O +the NN O O +application NN O O +phase NN O O +. NN O O +Note NN O O +that NN O O +this NN O O +time NN O O +could NN O O +be NN O O +significantly NN O O +reduced NN O O +if NN O O +a NN O O +non NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +cardiac NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +gated NN O I-Process +sequence NN O I-Process +was NN O O +used NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1364815216303541) + +As NN O O +a NN O O +particular NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +survey NN O O +data NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +used NN O O +the NN O O +iUTAH NN O B-Process +“ NN O I-Process +Utah NN O I-Process +Water NN O I-Process +Survey NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +” NN O I-Process +which NN O O +was NN O O +implemented NN O O +by NN O O +participating NN O O +researchers NN O O +from NN O O +several NN O O +Utah NN O O +institutions NN O O +of NN O O +higher NN O O +education NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +objectives NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +survey NN O O +were NN O O +to NN O O +document NN O O +how NN O O +a NN O O +representative NN O O +cross NN O O +- NN O O +section NN O O +of NN O O +Utah NN O B-Task +'s NN O I-Task +adult NN O I-Task +population NN O I-Task +thinks NN O I-Task +about NN O I-Task +water NN O I-Task +issues NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +survey NN O B-Process +included NN O O +three NN O O +core NN O O +blocks NN O O +of NN O O +questions NN O O +: NN O O +perceptions NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +adequacy NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +local NN O I-Material +water NN O I-Material +supplies NN O I-Material +, NN O O +perceptions NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +quality NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +local NN O I-Material +water NN O I-Material +resources NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +concern NN O B-Material +about NN O I-Material +a NN O I-Material +range NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +water NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +non NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +water NN O I-Material +issues NN O I-Material +. NN O O +A NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +additional NN O O +questions NN O O +captured NN O O +information NN O O +about NN O O +respondents NN O O +' NN O O +familiarity NN O B-Material +with NN O I-Material +water NN O I-Material +cost NN O I-Material +, NN O O +lawn NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +watering NN O I-Material +behaviors NN O I-Material +, NN O O +participation NN O B-Material +in NN O I-Material +water NN O I-Material +based NN O I-Material +recreation NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +demographic NN O B-Material +attributes NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Supplementary NN O B-Process +material NN O I-Process +to NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +includes NN O O +a NN O O +document NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O O +description NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +dataset NN O I-Process +as NN O O +a NN O O +whole NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +document NN O O +containing NN O O +the NN O O +complete NN O B-Process +survey NN O I-Process +instrument NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +two NN O O +data NN O O +files NN O O +containing NN O O +the NN O O +results NN O O +and NN O O +an NN O O +associated NN O B-Process +codebook NN O I-Process +( NN O O +see NN O O +Section NN O O +4.3 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1524070312000380) + +Isogeometric NN O B-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +( NN O O +IGA NN O B-Process +) NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +numerical NN O B-Process +simulation NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +which NN O O +is NN O O +directly NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +NURBS NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +representation NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +CAD NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +. NN O O +It NN O O +exploits NN O O +the NN O O +tensor NN O O +- NN O O +product NN O O +structure NN O O +of NN O O +2- NN O O +or NN O O +3-dimensional NN O O +NURBS NN O B-Material +objects NN O I-Material +to NN O O +parameterize NN O O +the NN O O +physical NN O O +domain NN O O +. NN O O +Hence NN O O +the NN O O +physical NN O B-Process +domain NN O I-Process +is NN O I-Process +parameterized NN O I-Process +with NN O O +respect NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +rectangle NN O O +or NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +cube NN O O +. NN O O +Consequently NN O O +, NN O O +singularly NN O O +parameterized NN O O +NURBS NN O B-Material +surfaces NN O I-Material +and NN O O +NURBS NN O B-Material +volumes NN O I-Material +are NN O O +needed NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +represent NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +quadrangular NN O O +or NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +hexahedral NN O O +domains NN O O +without NN O O +splitting NN O B-Process +, NN O O +thereby NN O O +producing NN O O +a NN O O +very NN O O +compact NN O O +and NN O O +convenient NN O O +representation NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +Galerkin NN O B-Process +projection NN O I-Process +introduces NN O O +finite NN O O +- NN O O +dimensional NN O O +spaces NN O O +of NN O O +test NN O O +functions NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +weak NN O O +formulation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +partial NN O I-Process +differential NN O I-Process +equations NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +particular NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +test NN O O +functions NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +isogeometric NN O B-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +are NN O O +obtained NN O O +by NN O O +composing NN O O +the NN O O +inverse NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +domain NN O O +parameterization NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +NURBS NN O B-Process +basis NN O I-Process +functions NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +singular NN O O +parameterizations NN O O +, NN O O +however NN O O +, NN O O +some NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +resulting NN O O +test NN O O +functions NN O O +do NN O O +not NN O O +necessarily NN O O +fulfill NN O O +the NN O O +required NN O O +regularity NN O O +properties NN O O +. NN O O +Consequently NN O O +, NN O O +numerical NN O B-Process +methods NN O I-Process +for NN O O +the NN O O +solution NN O O +of NN O O +partial NN O O +differential NN O O +equations NN O O +can NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +applied NN O O +properly NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +discuss NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +regularity NN O I-Task +properties NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +test NN O I-Task +functions NN O I-Task +. NN O O +For NN O O +one- NN O O +and NN O O +two NN O O +- NN O O +dimensional NN O O +domains NN O O +we NN O O +consider NN O B-Task +several NN O I-Task +important NN O I-Task +classes NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +singularities NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +NURBS NN O I-Task +parameterizations NN O I-Task +. NN O O +For NN O O +specific NN O O +cases NN O O +we NN O O +derive NN O B-Task +additional NN O I-Task +conditions NN O I-Task +which NN O I-Task +guarantee NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +regularity NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +test NN O I-Task +functions NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +we NN O O +present NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +modification NN O I-Task +scheme NN O I-Task +for NN O O +the NN O O +discretized NN O B-Process +function NN O I-Process +space NN O I-Process +in NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +insufficient NN O O +regularity NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +also NN O O +shown NN O O +how NN O O +these NN O O +results NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +applied NN O O +for NN O O +computational NN O O +domains NN O O +in NN O O +higher NN O O +dimensions NN O O +that NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +parameterized NN O B-Process +via NN O O +sweeping NN O B-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1566253516300069) + +The NN O O +above NN O O +discussion NN O O +also NN O O +lays NN O O +bare NN O O +the NN O O +difference NN O O +of NN O O +perspectives NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +fusion NN O O +of NN O O +hard NN O B-Process +constraints NN O I-Process +and NN O O +knowledge NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +base NN O I-Process +merging NN O I-Process +: NN O O +the NN O O +idea NN O O +of NN O O +Konieczny NN O O +and NN O O +Pino NN O O +- NN O O +Perez NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +explain NN O O +the NN O O +fusion NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +plain NN O I-Process +epistemic NN O I-Process +states NN O I-Process +, NN O O +understood NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +set NN O O +of NN O O +plausible NN O O +worlds NN O O +, NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +existence NN O O +of NN O O +underlying NN O O +partial NN O B-Process +orderings NN O I-Process +or NN O O +numerical NN O B-Process +plausibility NN O I-Process +degrees NN O I-Process +( NN O O +obtained NN O O +by NN O O +distances NN O O +) NN O O +, NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +axioms NN O O +that NN O O +only NN O O +use NN O O +plausible NN O O +sets NN O O +attached NN O O +to NN O O +these NN O O +orderings NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +[ NN O O +67 NN O O +] NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +authors NN O O +use NN O O +both NN O O +hard NN O B-Process +( NN O I-Process +integrity NN O I-Process +) NN O I-Process +constraints NN O I-Process +and NN O O +belief NN O B-Process +sets NN O I-Process +referring NN O O +to NN O O +plausible NN O O +worlds NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +try NN O O +to NN O O +extend NN O O +both NN O O +the NN O O +AGM NN O B-Process +revision NN O I-Process +and NN O O +knowledge NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +merging NN O I-Process +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +they NN O O +do NN O O +not NN O O +envisage NN O O +the NN O O +merging NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +integrity NN O I-Process +constraints NN O I-Process +discussed NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +previous NN O O +section NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +belief NN O B-Task +revision NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +merging NN O I-Task +literature NN O O +takes NN O O +an NN O O +external NN O O +point NN O O +of NN O O +view NN O O +on NN O O +cognitive NN O O +processes NN O O +under NN O O +study NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +underlying NN O O +ordered NN O B-Material +structures NN O I-Material +are NN O O +here NN O O +a NN O O +consequence NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +merging NN O O +postulates NN O O +, NN O O +but NN O O +they NN O O +do NN O O +not NN O O +appear NN O O +explicitly NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +axioms NN O O +and NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +not NN O O +observable NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +outside NN O O +. NN O O +On NN O O +the NN O O +contrary NN O O +, NN O O +our NN O O +approach NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +construct NN O B-Process +fusion NN O I-Process +rules NN O I-Process +that NN O O +only NN O O +rely NN O O +on NN O O +what NN O O +is NN O O +explicitly NN O O +supplied NN O O +by NN O O +sources NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +sequel NN O O +we NN O O +consider NN O O +the NN O O +counterpart NN O O +of NN O O +our NN O O +fusion NN O O +postulates NN O O +for NN O O +ranked NN O B-Process +models NN O I-Process +, NN O O +that NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +expressed NN O O +by NN O O +means NN O O +of NN O O +total NN O O +orders NN O O +of NN O O +possible NN O O +worlds NN O O +or NN O O +by NN O O +their NN O O +encodings NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +plausibility NN O O +scale NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1566253516300252) + +Methods NN O O +for NN O O +anomaly NN O B-Task +detection NN O I-Task +in NN O O +a NN O O +local NN O O +context NN O O +are NN O O +the NN O O +conceptual NN O O +opposite NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +afore NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +described NN O I-Material +centralized NN O I-Material +methods NN O I-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +rely NN O O +on NN O O +globally NN O B-Material +shared NN O I-Material +models NN O I-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +data NN O B-Task +mining NN O I-Task +, NN O O +the NN O O +notion NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +locality NN O I-Task +is NN O O +often NN O O +given NN O O +as NN O O +distance NN O B-Material +between NN O I-Material +data NN O I-Material +values NN O I-Material +( NN O O +given NN O O +a NN O B-Material +specific NN O I-Material +distance NN O I-Material +metric NN O I-Material +such NN O I-Material +as NN O I-Material +Euclidean NN O I-Material +distance NN O I-Material +) NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +data NN O O +point NN O O +is NN O O +compared NN O B-Process +to NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +value NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +its NN O I-Process +nearest NN O I-Process +neighbors NN O I-Process +in NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +data NN O O +distance NN O O +[ NN O O +42 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O B-Task +notion NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +locality NN O I-Task +can NN O O +also NN O O +be NN O O +given NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O B-Material +geographical NN O I-Material +distance NN O I-Material +between NN O O +the NN O O +sources NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +data NN O O +. NN O O +Many NN O B-Material +similar NN O I-Material +values NN O I-Material +( NN O O +i.e. NN O O +, NN O O +data NN O O +with NN O O +small NN O O +distance NN O O +among NN O O +each NN O O +other NN O O +) NN O O +result NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +higher NN O O +density NN O O +, NN O O +called NN O O +clusters NN O B-Material +, NN O O +while NN O O +values NN O B-Process +that NN O I-Process +are NN O I-Process +less NN O I-Process +similar NN O I-Process +result NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +lower NN O I-Process +density NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Anomalies NN O B-Task +can NN O O +fall NN O O +outside NN O O +of NN O O +any NN O O +cluster NN O B-Material +but NN O O +, NN O O +when NN O O +frequently NN O O +occurring NN O O +, NN O O +can NN O B-Process +form NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +cluster NN O I-Process +too NN O O +. NN O O +Determining NN O B-Task +if NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +datum NN O I-Task +is NN O I-Task +normal NN O I-Task +or NN O I-Task +anomalous NN O I-Task +compared NN O O +to NN O O +local NN O O +neighborhood NN O O +data NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +challenge NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1570870516301822) + +MWSN NN O B-Process +routing NN O I-Process +protocols NN O I-Process +generally NN O O +take NN O O +influence NN O O +from NN O O +both NN O O +WSN NN O B-Process +and NN O O +mobile NN O B-Process +ad NN O I-Process +hoc NN O I-Process +network NN O I-Process +( NN O O +MANET NN O B-Process +) NN O O +routing NN O B-Process +protocols NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +all NN O O +share NN O O +common NN O O +limitations NN O O +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +bandwidth NN O O +, NN O O +power NN O O +and NN O O +cost NN O O +. NN O O +WSNs NN O B-Process +often NN O O +share NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +aim NN O O +as NN O O +MWSNs NN O B-Process +, NN O O +in NN O O +that NN O O +they NN O O +wish NN O O +to NN O O +route NN O B-Process +data NN O I-Process +from NN O O +many NN O O +sensors NN O B-Material +to NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O O +sink NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +WSNs NN O B-Process +are NN O O +normally NN O O +considered NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +static NN O O +and NN O O +so NN O O +the NN O O +associated NN O O +routing NN O O +protocols NN O O +are NN O O +often NN O O +unable NN O O +to NN O O +cope NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +mobile NN O O +scenario NN O O +[ NN O O +10 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Alternatively NN O O +, NN O O +MANET NN O B-Process +protocols NN O I-Process +are NN O O +designed NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +able NN O O +to NN O O +cope NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +mobility NN O O +of NN O O +nodes NN O O +, NN O O +however NN O O +they NN O O +aim NN O O +to NN O O +allow NN O O +end NN O O +- NN O O +to NN O O +- NN O O +end NN O O +communication NN O O +to NN O O +occur NN O O +between NN O O +any NN O O +two NN O O +nodes NN O O +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +extra NN O O +functionality NN O O +is NN O O +often NN O O +not NN O O +required NN O O +by NN O O +MWSNs NN O B-Process +and NN O O +so NN O O +the NN O O +additional NN O O +overhead NN O O +is NN O O +unnecessary NN O O +. NN O O +Combined NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +high NN O O +packet NN O O +delivery NN O O +ratios NN O O +and NN O O +low NN O O +delays NN O O +that NN O O +are NN O O +demanded NN O O +by NN O O +emerging NN O O +applications NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +ideal NN O O +routing NN O O +solution NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +MWSN NN O B-Process +is NN O O +one NN O O +that NN O O +can NN O O +handle NN O O +the NN O O +mobility NN O O +of NN O O +nodes NN O O +and NN O O +allows NN O O +data NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +forwarded NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +sensors NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +sink NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +reliable NN O O +and NN O O +timely NN O O +manner NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +set NN O O +of NN O O +requirements NN O O +make NN O O +the NN O O +problem NN O O +of NN O O +routing NN O B-Task +in NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +MWSN NN O I-Task +a NN O O +unique NN O O +challenge NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +will NN O O +require NN O O +new NN O O +specifically NN O O +designed NN O O +solutions NN O O +. NN O O +For NN O O +this NN O O +reason NN O O +there NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +many NN O O +routing NN O O +protocols NN O O +designed NN O O +for NN O O +MWSNs NN O B-Process +. NN O O +As NN O O +such NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +section NN O O +will NN O O +give NN O O +an NN O O +overview NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +current NN O O +literature NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +highlights NN O O +the NN O O +different NN O O +techniques NN O O +and NN O O +commonly NN O O +used NN O O +protocols NN O O +in NN O O +MWSN NN O B-Process +routing NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S1875952116300209) + +In NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +test NN O B-Task +whether NN O I-Task +haptic NN O I-Task +patterns NN O I-Task +can NN O I-Task +convey NN O I-Task +or NN O I-Task +enhance NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +mood NN O I-Task +music NN O I-Task +of NN O O +a NN O O +movie NN O O +, NN O O +an NN O O +affective NN O B-Material +movie NN O I-Material +clip NN O I-Material +corpus NN O I-Material +was NN O O +required NN O O +consisting NN O O +of NN O O +clips NN O O +labeled NN O O +according NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +emotion NN O O +conveyed NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +mood NN O O +music NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +following NN O O +database NN O B-Material +collections NN O I-Material +were NN O O +examined NN O O +as NN O O +possible NN O O +sources NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +corpus NN O O +: NN O O +the NN O O +Emotional NN O B-Material +Movie NN O I-Material +Database NN O I-Material +( NN O O +EMDB NN O B-Material +) NN O O +[ NN O O +19 NN O O +] NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +Film NN O B-Material +Stim NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +20 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +these NN O O +were NN O O +discarded NN O O +after NN O O +review NN O B-Process +as NN O O +unsuitable NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +aim NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +study NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +enhance NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +mood NN O I-Task +in NN O O +the NN O O +film NN O O +score NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +clips NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +EMDB NN O B-Material +, NN O O +no NN O O +audio NN O O +is NN O O +provided NN O O +which NN O O +deemed NN O O +the NN O O +clips NN O O +unsuitable NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Film NN O B-Material +Stim NN O I-Material +database NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +clips NN O O +are NN O O +in NN O O +French NN O O +rather NN O O +than NN O O +English NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +with NN O O +no NN O O +subtitles NN O O +which NN O O +where NN O O +also NN O O +deemed NN O O +unsuitable NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +studies NN O O +are NN O O +carried NN O O +out NN O O +with NN O O +English NN O B-Material +speaking NN O I-Material +participants NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Furthermore NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +Film NN O B-Material +Stim NN O I-Material +selection NN O I-Material +is NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +affective NN O O +content NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +narrative NN O O +as NN O O +in NN O O +most NN O O +of NN O O +them NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +no NN O O +music NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +also NN O O +unsuitable NN O O +as NN O O +discussed NN O O +. NN O O +From NN O O +our NN O O +review NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +available NN O I-Process +database NN O I-Process +collections NN O I-Process +, NN O O +it NN O O +was NN O O +found NN O O +that NN O O +at NN O O +present NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +no NN O O +standard NN O O +corpus NN O O +of NN O O +affective NN O O +movie NN O O +clips NN O O +where NN O O +the NN O O +affective NN O O +indexing NN O O +referred NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +musical NN O O +score NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +clip NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000032) + +Aspect NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +oriented NN O I-Process +Programming NN O I-Process +( NN O O +AOP NN O B-Process +) NN O O +can NN O O +well NN O O +solve NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +cross NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +cutting NN O I-Task +concerns NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Because NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +different NN O O +features NN O O +of NN O O +aspect NN O O +, NN O O +AOP NN O B-Process +requires NN O O +new NN O O +techniques NN O O +for NN O O +testing NN O O +. NN O O +First NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +proposes NN O O +a NN O O +model NN O B-Task +to NN O I-Task +test NN O I-Task +aspect NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +oriented NN O I-Task +software NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +support NN O O +the NN O O +testing NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +three NN O O +steps NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +propose NN O O +the NN O O +algorithm NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +selecting NN O I-Process +aspect NN O I-Process +relevant NN O I-Process +test NN O I-Process +cases NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Then NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +develop NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +new NN O I-Task +tool NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +implement NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +theoretical NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +automating NN O I-Task +select NN O I-Task +test NN O I-Task +case NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Finally NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Bank NN O B-Process +Account NN O I-Process +System NN O I-Process +is NN O O +studied NN O O +to NN O O +illustrate NN O O +our NN O O +testing NN O O +approach NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S221266781200007X) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +design NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +varnish NN O I-Task +plant NN O I-Task +at NN O O +Crocodile NN O O +Matchet NN O O +Limited NN O O +, NN O O +Tema NN O O +, NN O O +Ghana NN O O +was NN O O +considered NN O O +and NN O O +modification NN O B-Task +made NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +eliminate NN O I-Task +blooming NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +rusting NN O I-Task +of NN O O +its NN O O +product NN O O +at NN O O +the NN O O +final NN O O +processing NN O B-Material +plant NN O I-Material +when NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +high NN O O +moisture NN O O +content NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +atmosphere NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +proposed NN O O +design NN O O +included NN O O +pipelines NN O B-Material +or NN O O +ductsand NN O B-Material +hot NN O I-Material +air NN O I-Material +receiving NN O I-Material +chambers NN O I-Material +for NN O O +the NN O O +Varnish NN O B-Material +Plant NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Heat NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +exhaust NN O B-Material +gas NN O I-Material +which NN O O +would NN O O +have NN O O +otherwise NN O O +, NN O O +gone NN O O +wasted NN O O +, NN O O +was NN O O +utilised NN O O +by NN O O +redesigning NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +varnish NN O I-Task +plant NN O I-Task +and NN O O +this NN O O +yielded NN O O +6.74kW NN O O +of NN O O +heat NN O B-Process +energy NN O I-Process +which NN O O +was NN O O +transferred NN O B-Task +into NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +air NN O I-Task +chambers NN O I-Task +to NN O O +aid NN O O +the NN O O +drying NN O B-Process +ofmatchets NN O I-Process +at NN O O +the NN O O +hardening NN O B-Material +plant NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Consequently NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +absorption NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +moisture NN O I-Process +on NN O O +the NN O O +steel NN O B-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +dryness NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +product NN O O +were NN O O +improved NN O O +. NN O O +Further NN O B-Task +studies NN O I-Task +were NN O O +done NN O O +to NN O O +ensure NN O O +constant NN O B-Process +supply NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +hot NN O I-Process +air NN O I-Process +into NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +air NN O I-Process +chambers NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000524) + +Digital NN O B-Material +libraries NN O I-Material +promise NN O O +new NN O O +societal NN O O +benefits NN O O +, NN O O +especially NN O O +for NN O O +e NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +learning NN O I-Process +in NN O O +digital NN O O +or NN O O +mobile NN O O +times NN O O +, NN O O +starting NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +elimination NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +time NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +space NN O I-Process +constraints NN O I-Process +of NN O O +traditional NN O O +bricks NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +mortar NN O I-Material +libraries NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +library NN O O +and NN O O +information NN O O +professionals NN O O +are NN O O +required NN O O +to NN O O +acquire NN O B-Task +such NN O I-Task +knowledge NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +skills NN O I-Task +as NN O O +the NN O O +library NN O O +is NN O O +one NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +highly NN O O +IT NN O O +influenced NN O O +service NN O O +profession NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +paper NN O O +gives NN O O +an NN O O +overview NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +current NN O I-Task +trends NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +digital NN O I-Task +library NN O I-Task +research NN O I-Task +consists NN O O +of NN O O +digital NN O B-Material +library NN O I-Material +characteristic NN O O +, NN O O +advantage NN O O +, NN O O +disadvantages NN O O +and NN O O +function NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +paper NN O O +also NN O O +highlights NN O B-Task +on NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +impact NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +information NN O I-Task +technology NN O I-Task +on NN O O +the NN O O +traditional NN O O +library NN O B-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000536) + +According NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +situation NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +IT NN O O +students NN O O +can NN O O +not NN O O +meet NN O O +the NN O O +software NN O O +industry NN O O +demand NN O O +for NN O O +qualified NN O O +personnel NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +“ NN O B-Process +triple NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +driven NN O I-Process +” NN O I-Process +three NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +dimensional NN O I-Process +software NN O I-Process +development NN O I-Process +practical NN O I-Process +teaching NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +was NN O O +proposed NN O O +, NN O O +aiming NN O O +to NN O O +improve NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +software NN O I-Task +development NN O I-Task +capabilities NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +innovation NN O I-Task +sense NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +students NN O I-Task +. NN O O +This NN O O +system NN O O +can NN O O +effectively NN O O +improve NN O O +students NN O O +the NN O O +interest NN O O +of NN O O +software NN O B-Process +development NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +practical NN O B-Process +skills NN O I-Process +and NN O O +sense NN O O +of NN O O +innovation NN O O +, NN O O +laying NN O O +a NN O O +solid NN O O +foundation NN O O +for NN O O +student NN O O +after NN O O +graduation NN O O +to NN O O +rapidly NN O O +integrate NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +software NN O B-Process +development NN O I-Process +process NN O I-Process +, NN O O +meeting NN O O +the NN O O +needs NN O O +of NN O O +software NN O B-Task +industry NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000664) + +According NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +shortcomings NN O O +of NN O O +long NN O O +time NN O O +and NN O O +big NN O O +errors NN O O +about NN O O +the NN O O +moving NN O B-Process +plate NN O I-Process +recognition NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +, NN O O +we NN O O +present NN O O +the NN O O +moving NN O B-Process +plate NN O I-Process +recognition NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +based NN O O +on NN O O +principal NN O B-Process +component NN O I-Process +analysis(PCA NN O I-Process +) NN O O +color NN O B-Process +extraction NN O I-Process +. NN O I-Process +On NN O O +the NN O O +basis NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +analysis NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +moving NN O I-Task +plate NN O I-Task +recognition NN O I-Task +system NN O I-Task +'s NN O I-Task +basic NN O I-Task +principles NN O I-Task +, NN O O +it NN O O +introduces NN O O +the NN O O +basic NN O O +principles NN O O +and NN O O +calculation NN O O +steps NN O O +about NN O O +PCA NN O B-Process +extraction NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +discusses NN O O +the NN O O +feasibility NN O O +of NN O O +applying NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +algorithm NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +PRS NN O I-Task +in NN O O +the NN O O +paper NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +experimental NN O O +results NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +algorithm NN O O +has NN O O +the NN O O +advantages NN O O +of NN O O +faster NN O O +speed NN O O +and NN O O +higher NN O O +accuracy NN O O +of NN O O +recognition NN O B-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +algorithm NN O O +provides NN O O +a NN O O +new NN O O +thought NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +research NN O B-Task +on NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +moving NN O I-Task +plate NN O I-Task +recognition NN O I-Task +algorithm NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000780) + +With NN O O +the NN O O +development NN O O +of NN O O +sport NN O O +normal NN O O +students NN O O +in NN O O +china NN O O +, NN O O +Some NN O O +ideas NN O O +to NN O O +teaching NN O O +and NN O O +learning NN O O +that NN O O +view NN O O +learning NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +simple NN O O +process NN O O +of NN O O +knowledge NN O B-Process +have NN O O +become NN O O +outdated NN O O +and NN O O +ineffective NN O O +, NN O O +therefore NN O O +, NN O O +In NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +improving NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +quality NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +teaching NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +learning NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +sport NN O I-Task +normal NN O I-Task +students NN O I-Task +in NN O O +china NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +author NN O O +discussed NN O O +some NN O O +factors NN O B-Process +on NN O I-Process +promoting NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +level NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +teaching NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +learning NN O I-Process +for NN O O +sport NN O O +normal NN O O +students NN O O +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +implementation NN O B-Process +principle NN O I-Process +, NN O O +curriculum NN O B-Process +design NN O I-Process +, NN O O +education NN O B-Process +policy NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +so NN O O +on NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +meaning NN O O +of NN O O +results NN O O +and NN O O +their NN O O +implication NN O O +of NN O O +future NN O B-Task +research NN O I-Task +are NN O O +discussed NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000792) + +A NN O O +process NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +driven NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +is NN O O +presented NN O O +to NN O O +build NN O O +an NN O O +instinctive NN O O +and NN O O +efficient NN O O +higher NN O O +educational NN O O +administrative NN O B-Process +management NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +to NN O O +overcome NN O B-Process +problems NN O I-Process +most NN O O +universities NN O O +facing NN O O +. NN O O +With NN O O +this NN O O +model NN O O +, NN O O +processes NN O B-Task +are NN O I-Task +identified NN O I-Task +explicitly NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +routine NN O O +of NN O O +educational NN O B-Process +administration NN O I-Process +is NN O O +broken NN O O +into NN O O +small NN O O +tasks NN O O +. NN O O +Each NN O O +task NN O O +has NN O O +designated NN O O +role NN O O +of NN O O +executors NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +process NN O O +describes NN O O +the NN O O +activities NN O O +and NN O O +relationships NN O O +among NN O O +them NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +prototype NN O O +of NN O O +higher NN O O +educational NN O O +administrative NN O O +system NN O O +is NN O O +built NN O O +with NN O O +Bonita NN O B-Material +open NN O I-Material +solution NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +demo NN O O +shows NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +process NN O O +- NN O O +driven NN O O +higher NN O O +educational NN O O +administrative NN O B-Process +system NN O I-Process +helps NN O O +end NN O O +users NN O O +understand NN O B-Process +processes NN O I-Process +they NN O I-Process +are NN O I-Process +involved NN O I-Process +and NN O O +focus NN O O +on NN O O +what NN O O +to NN O O +do NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000810) + +With NN O O +employment NN O O +of NN O O +utilizing NN O O +the NN O O +investigation NN O B-Process +, NN O O +expert NN O B-Process +interviews NN O I-Process +and NN O O +comparison NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +article NN O O +investigates NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +curricula NN O I-Task +construction NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +curricula NN O I-Task +design NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +curricula NN O I-Task +content NN O I-Task +for NN O O +sports NN O O +free NN O O +normal NN O O +students NN O O +. NN O O +On NN O O +the NN O O +basis NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +investigation NN O B-Task +, NN O O +this NN O O +article NN O O +analyzed NN O O +the NN O O +theoretical NN O B-Process +framework NN O I-Process +of NN O O +curricular NN O O +construction NN O O +and NN O O +proposed NN O O +some NN O O +suggestions NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +hope NN O O +that NN O O +it NN O O +can NN O O +provide NN O O +some NN O O +evidences NN O O +for NN O O +curricula NN O B-Process +design NN O I-Process +for NN O O +sports NN O O +free NN O O +normal NN O O +students NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000822) + +It NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +more NN O O +than NN O O +a NN O O +century NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +emergence NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +lettered NN O B-Material +words NN O I-Material +. NN O O +After NN O O +that NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +development NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +economy NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +culture NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +increase NN O O +of NN O O +international NN O O +contacts NN O O +and NN O O +communication NN O B-Process +between NN O O +China NN O O +and NN O O +foreign NN O O +countries NN O O +, NN O O +lettered NN O B-Material +words NN O I-Material +have NN O O +been NN O O +appearing NN O O +more NN O O +frequently NN O O +. NN O O +Lettered NN O B-Material +words NN O I-Material +have NN O O +become NN O O +an NN O O +indispensable NN O O +part NN O O +of NN O O +Chinese NN O B-Material +vocabulary NN O I-Material +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +WTO NN O B-Material +, NN O O +Ka NN O B-Material +la NN O I-Material +OK NN O I-Material +and NN O O +MP3 NN O B-Material +. NN O O +As NN O O +a NN O O +new NN O O +phenomenon NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +vocabulary NN O B-Process +system NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +modern NN O O +Chinese NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +lettered NN O B-Material +words NN O I-Material +draws NN O O +a NN O O +lot NN O O +of NN O O +academic NN O O +attention NN O O +. NN O O +Ecolinguistics NN O B-Process +is NN O O +a NN O O +new NN O O +branch NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +linguistic NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +combine NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +linguistic NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +ecology NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +paper NN O O +is NN O O +trying NN O O +to NN O O +analyze NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +lettered NN O I-Task +words NN O I-Task +from NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +perspective NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +Ecolinguistics NN O I-Task +. NN O O +This NN O O +paper NN O O +will NN O O +discuss NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +reasons NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +appearing NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +lettered NN O I-Task +words NN O I-Task +and NN O O +the NN O O +influence NN O O +may NN O O +give NN O O +to NN O O +modern NN O O +Chinese NN O O +form NN O O +the NN O O +ecolinguistic NN O O +view NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000883) + +The NN O O +21st NN O O +century NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +face NN O O +of NN O O +an NN O O +aging NN O B-Process +population NN O I-Process +trend NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +health NN O O +status NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +elderly NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +hot NN O O +issue NN O O +of NN O O +social NN O O +concern NN O O +, NN O O +therefore NN O O +, NN O O +to NN O O +explore NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +health NN O I-Task +status NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +Chinese NN O O +population NN O O +aging NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +elderly NN O O +, NN O O +elderly NN O O +fitness NN O O +exercise NN O O +Misunderstanding NN O O +study NN O O +and NN O O +formulate NN O B-Task +measures NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +methods NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +fitness NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +elderly NN O O +, NN O O +promoting NN O O +elderly NN O B-Process +fitness NN O I-Process +training NN O I-Process +towards NN O O +a NN O O +healthy NN O O +, NN O O +scientific NN O O +direction NN O O +, NN O O +to NN O O +promote NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +nationwide NN O I-Task +fitness NN O I-Task +activities NN O I-Task +carried NN O O +out NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +achieve NN O O +the NN O O +exercise NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +scientific NN O I-Process +fitness NN O I-Process +of NN O O +older NN O O +persons NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000895) + +Faced NN O O +with NN O O +deficient NN O O +ability NN O O +of NN O O +autonomic NN O B-Task +learning NN O I-Task +among NN O O +learners NN O O +and NN O O +low NN O B-Process +emotional NN O I-Process +involvement NN O I-Process +in NN O O +current NN O O +web NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +based NN O I-Material +instructional NN O I-Material +environment NN O I-Material +, NN O O +here NN O O +we NN O O +propose NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +construct NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +that NN O O +is NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +inter NN O O +- NN O O +subjectivity NN O O +fusing NN O B-Process +cognition NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +emotion NN O I-Process +to NN O O +make NN O O +up NN O O +for NN O O +these NN O O +shortages NN O O +. NN O O +Further NN O O +more NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +’ve NN O O +put NN O O +the NN O O +construct NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +into NN O O +practice NN O O +through NN O O +the NN O O +online NN O B-Process +teaching NN O I-Process +reformation NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +quality NN O O +course NN O O +apparel NN O O +production NN O O +and NN O O +management NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000937) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +present NN O O +algorithms NN O B-Task +for NN O I-Task +automatic NN O I-Task +generation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +logic NN O I-Task +reasoning NN O I-Task +questions NN O I-Task +. NN O I-Task +The NN O O +algorithms NN O O +are NN O O +able NN O O +to NN O O +construct NN O B-Process +questions NN O I-Process +that NN O I-Process +are NN O I-Process +solvable NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +unique NN O I-Process +solutions NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +algorithms NN O O +employ NN O O +AI NN O B-Process +techniques NN O I-Process +such NN O O +as NN O O +semantic NN O B-Process +networks NN O I-Process +to NN O O +produce NN O O +verbal NN O B-Material +questions NN O I-Material +. NN O O +These NN O O +algorithms NN O O +are NN O O +small NN O O +in NN O O +size NN O O +and NN O O +are NN O O +able NN O O +to NN O O +replace NN O O +traditional NN O B-Material +question NN O I-Material +databases NN O I-Material +. NN O O +They NN O O +are NN O O +particularly NN O O +suitable NN O O +for NN O O +implementation NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +memory NN O B-Process +constrained NN O I-Process +mobile NN O I-Process +platforms NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +algorithms NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +applied NN O O +to NN O O +question NN O B-Process +generation NN O I-Process +for NN O I-Process +job NN O I-Process +interview NN O I-Process +, NN O O +civil NN O O +service NN O O +exam NN O O +, NN O O +etc NN O O +. 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NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S221266781300018X) + +Amodel NN O O +are NN O O +proposed NN O O +for NN O O +modeling NN O B-Task +data NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +centric NN O I-Task +Web NN O I-Task +services NN O I-Task +which NN O O +are NN O O +powered NN O O +by NN O O +relational NN O B-Material +databases NN O I-Material +and NN O O +interact NN O B-Process +with NN O I-Process +users NN O I-Process +according NN O O +to NN O O +logical NN O B-Process +formulas NN O I-Process +specifying NN O O +input NN O O +constraints NN O O +, NN O O +control NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +flow NN O I-Process +constraints NN O I-Process +and NN O O +state NN O B-Process +/ NN O I-Process +output NN O I-Process +/ NN O I-Process +action NN O I-Process +rules NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +Linear NN O B-Process +Temporal NN O I-Process +First NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +Order NN O I-Process +Logic NN O I-Process +( NN O O +LTL NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +FO NN O I-Process +) NN O O +formulas NN O O +over NN O O +inputs NN O O +, NN O O +states NN O O +, NN O O +outputs NN O O +and NN O O +actions NN O O +are NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +express NN O O +the NN O O +properties NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +verified NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +have NN O O +proven NN O O +that NN O O +automatic NN O O +verification NN O O +of NN O O +LTL NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +FO NN O I-Process +properties NN O O +of NN O O +data NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +centric NN O I-Material +Web NN O I-Material +services NN O I-Material +under NN O O +input NN O O +- NN O O +bounded NN O O +constraints NN O O +is NN O O +decidable NN O O +by NN O O +reducing NN O B-Process +Web NN O I-Process +services NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +data NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +centric NN O I-Process +Web NN O I-Process +applications NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Thus NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +can NN O O +verify NN O B-Task +Web NN O I-Task +service NN O I-Task +specifications NN O I-Task +using NN O O +existing NN O O +verifier NN O O +designed NN O O +for NN O O +Web NN O B-Process +applications NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667813000610) + +The NN O O +most NN O O +important NN O O +goal NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +software NN O B-Process +industry NN O I-Process +is NN O O +to NN O O +produce NN O B-Task +successful NN O I-Task +product NN O I-Task +. NN O O +During NN O O +the NN O O +process NN O O +of NN O O +production NN O B-Process +several NN O O +times NN O O +the NN O O +product NN O B-Process +fails NN O I-Process +due NN O O +to NN O O +lack NN O O +of NN O O +proper NN O O +management NN O B-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +paper NN O O +is NN O O +exploring NN O O +the NN O O +role NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +software NN O I-Task +engineering NN O I-Task +courses NN O I-Task +in NN O O +computer NN O B-Task +engineering NN O I-Task +related NN O O +branches NN O O +and NN O O +then NN O O +reasons NN O O +why NN O O +software NN O O +developers NN O O +lack NN O O +project NN O B-Process +management NN O I-Process +in NN O O +proper NN O B-Process +software NN O I-Process +management NN O I-Process +trainings NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Our NN O O +findings NN O O +reflect NN O O +that NN O O +in NN O O +majority NN O O +of NN O O +computer NN O O +related NN O O +branches NN O O +like NN O O +computer NN O O +science NN O O +, NN O O +computer NN O O +engineering NN O O +, NN O O +information NN O O +system NN O O +engineering NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +no NN O O +place NN O O +for NN O O +software NN O B-Process +project NN O I-Process +management NN O I-Process +course NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Our NN O O +findings NN O O +are NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +survey NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +course NN O I-Task +curriculums NN O I-Task +of NN O O +computer NN O B-Task +engineering NN O I-Task +, NN O O +computer NN O B-Task +science NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +information NN O I-Task +system NN O I-Task +engineering NN O I-Task +courses NN O O +taught NN O O +in NN O O +Turkish NN O O +universities NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667813000762) + +Analyzing NN O O +the NN O O +significance NN O O +of NN O O +macroscopical NN O O +dynamic NN O O +monitoring NN O O +of NN O O +new NN O O +add NN O O +construction NN O B-Material +land NN O I-Material +, NN O O +considering NN O O +the NN O O +influence NN O O +of NN O O +various NN O O +factors NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +selected NN O O +Yinchuan NN O B-Material +Plain NN O I-Material +for NN O O +a NN O O +typical NN O O +experimental NN O O +zone NN O O +, NN O O +built NN O O +knowledge NN O B-Material +base NN O I-Material +of NN O O +remote NN O B-Process +sensing NN O I-Process +images NN O I-Process +interpretation NN O I-Process +, NN O O +used NN O O +multi NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +temporal NN O I-Material +remote NN O I-Material +sensing NN O I-Material +images NN O I-Material +, NN O O +carried NN O O +through NN O O +interactive NN O B-Process +interpretation NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +change NN O I-Process +patterns NN O I-Process +of NN O O +new NN O O +add NN O O +construction NN O B-Material +land NN O I-Material +and NN O O +field NN O B-Process +validation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Interpretation NN O B-Task +results NN O O +of NN O O +20 NN O O +m NN O O +scale NN O O +remote NN O B-Material +sensing NN O I-Material +image NN O I-Material +show NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +minimum NN O O +spot NN O O +average NN O O +area NN O O +of NN O O +new NN O O +construction NN O B-Material +land NN O I-Material +change NN O O +monitored NN O O +by NN O O +20 NN O O +m NN O O +scale NN O O +remote NN O B-Material +sensing NN O I-Material +data NN O I-Material +is NN O O +about NN O O +6 NN O O +acres NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +ability NN O O +20 NN O O +m NN O O +scale NN O O +remote NN O B-Material +sensing NN O I-Material +data NN O I-Material +identifies NN O B-Process +new NN O I-Process +increased NN O I-Process +construction NN O I-Process +land NN O I-Process +change NN O O +further NN O O +strengthens NN O O +, NN O O +shows NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +recognition NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +smallest NN O I-Process +spot NN O I-Process +area NN O I-Process +reduces NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +recognition NN O B-Process +accuracy NN O O +increases NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667813000774) + +Evolutionary NN O B-Process +Algorithms NN O I-Process +are NN O O +the NN O O +stochastic NN O B-Process +optimization NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +, NN O O +simulating NN O O +the NN O O +behavior NN O O +of NN O O +natural NN O B-Process +evolution NN O I-Process +. NN O O +These NN O O +algorithms NN O O +are NN O O +basically NN O O +population NN O B-Process +based NN O I-Process +search NN O I-Process +procedures NN O I-Process +efficiently NN O O +dealing NN O O +with NN O O +complex NN O O +search NN O O +spaces NN O O +having NN O O +robust NN O O +and NN O O +powerful NN O O +search NN O B-Process +mechanism NN O I-Process +. NN O O +EAs NN O B-Process +are NN O O +highly NN O O +applicable NN O O +in NN O O +multiobjective NN O O +optimization NN O B-Process +problem NN O I-Process +which NN O O +are NN O O +having NN O O +conflicting NN O O +objectives NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +paper NN O O +reviews NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +work NN O I-Task +carried NN O I-Task +out NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +diversity NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +convergence NN O I-Task +issues NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +EMO NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S221266781300083X) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +coordination NN O B-Task +problem NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +agricultural NN O I-Task +products NN O I-Task +supply NN O I-Task +chain NN O I-Task +with NN O O +stochastic NN O B-Process +yield NN O I-Process +is NN O O +studied NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +prices NN O B-Process +compensation NN O I-Process +strategy NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +agricultural NN O B-Process +producing NN O I-Process +is NN O O +influenced NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +natural NN O O +conditions NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +yield NN O B-Process +is NN O O +uncertain NN O O +. NN O O +While NN O O +agricultural NN O B-Material +products NN O I-Material +is NN O O +rigid NN O O +demand NN O O +goods NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +fluctuations NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +yield NN O I-Process +cause NN O O +greater NN O O +volatility NN O O +of NN O O +prices NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +two- NN O B-Process +echelon NN O I-Process +supply NN O I-Process +chain NN O I-Process +with NN O O +one NN O O +supplier NN O O +and NN O O +one NN O O +retailor NN O O +is NN O O +studied NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +mathematical NN O B-Task +model NN O I-Task +is NN O I-Task +constructed NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +model NN O O +showed NN O O +that NN O O +prices NN O B-Process +compensation NN O I-Process +strategy NN O I-Process +is NN O O +Pareto NN O O +improvement NN O O +for NN O O +agricultural NN O B-Process +products NN O I-Process +supply NN O I-Process +chain NN O I-Process +with NN O O +stochastic NN O B-Process +yield NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +it NN O O +also NN O O +incentive NN O O +agricultural NN O B-Material +products NN O I-Material +supplier NN O O +to NN O O +rise NN O O +the NN O O +production NN O B-Process +plan NN O I-Process +and NN O O +balance NN O O +the NN O O +profit NN O B-Process +allocation NN O I-Process +of NN O O +supply NN O B-Process +chain NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667813001068) + +It NN O O +is NN O O +difficult NN O O +in NN O O +directly NN O O +predicting NN O O +permeability NN O B-Process +from NN O O +porosity NN O B-Process +in NN O O +tight NN O O +sandstones NN O B-Material +due NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +poor NN O O +relationship NN O O +between NN O O +core NN O O +derived NN O O +porosity NN O B-Process +and NN O O +permeability NN O B-Process +that NN O O +caused NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +extreme NN O O +heterogeneity NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +classical NN O O +SDR NN O B-Process +( NN O O +Schlumberger NN O B-Process +Doll NN O I-Process +Research NN O I-Process +) NN O O +and NN O O +Timur NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +Coates NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +are NN O O +all NN O O +unusable NN O O +because NN O O +not NN O O +enough NN O O +core NN O O +samples NN O O +were NN O O +drilled NN O O +for NN O O +lab NN O O +NMR NN O B-Process +experimental NN O B-Process +measurements NN O I-Process +to NN O O +calibrate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +involved NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +parameters NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +classification NN O B-Process +scale NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +( NN O O +CSM NN O B-Process +) NN O O +, NN O O +after NN O O +the NN O O +target NN O O +tight NN O O +sandstones NN O B-Material +are NN O O +classified NN O O +into NN O O +two NN O O +types NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +relationship NN O O +between NN O O +core NN O O +porosity NN O B-Process +and NN O O +permeability NN O B-Process +is NN O O +established NN O O +for NN O O +every NN O O +type NN O O +of NN O O +formations NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +corresponding NN O O +permeability NN O B-Task +estimation NN O I-Task +models NN O I-Task +are NN O O +established NN O O +. NN O O +Field NN O B-Material +examples NN O I-Material +show NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +classification NN O B-Process +scale NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +is NN O O +effective NN O O +in NN O O +estimating NN O O +tight NN O O +sandstone NN O B-Material +permeability NN O B-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000045) + +The NN O O +opportunity NN O O +offered NN O O +by NN O O +digital NN O O +technologies NN O O +to NN O O +make NN O O +deep NN O O +rationalization NN O B-Process +in NN O O +purchase NN O O +of NN O O +supplies NN O B-Material +is NN O O +becoming NN O O +indispensable NN O O +in NN O O +competition NN O O +between NN O O +enterprises NN O O +, NN O O +considering NN O O +positive NN O O +effects NN O O +in NN O O +reducing NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +costs NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +companies NN O O +that NN O O +have NN O O +adopted NN O O +the NN O O +E NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +Procurement NN O I-Process +. NN O O +As NN O O +it NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +confirmed NN O O +by NN O O +numerous NN O O +case NN O B-Task +studies NN O I-Task +, NN O O +automation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +procedures NN O I-Process +for NN O O +the NN O O +purchase NN O O +through NN O O +e NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +procurement NN O I-Process +technology NN O I-Process +enables NN O O +companies NN O O +to NN O O +achieve NN O O +a NN O O +reduction NN O O +in NN O O +costs NN O O +( NN O O +average NN O O +8 NN O O +- NN O O +12 NN O O +% NN O O +) NN O O +of NN O O +total NN O O +purchases NN O O +. NN O O +So NN O O +web NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +are NN O O +playing NN O O +a NN O O +critical NN O O +role NN O O +within NN O O +companies NN O O +, NN O O +especially NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +generation NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +value NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +supply NN O I-Process +chain NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +article NN O O +focuses NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +role NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +e NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +procurement NN O I-Task +within NN O O +a NN O O +supply NN O B-Process +chain NN O I-Process +showing NN O O +, NN O O +through NN O O +simulations NN O B-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +advantages NN O O +and NN O O +difficulties NN O O +of NN O O +implementing NN O O +a NN O O +systematic NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +Internet NN O O +and NN O O +defining NN O O +the NN O O +basic NN O O +structure NN O O +of NN O O +an NN O O +e NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +supply NN O I-Process +chain NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000069) + +In NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +hypergraph NN O B-Task +model NN O I-Task +for NN O O +the NN O O +structural NN O B-Process +system NN O I-Process +modeling NN O I-Process +and NN O O +reconfigurability NN O B-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +has NN O O +been NN O O +presented NN O O +. NN O O +At NN O O +first NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +represent NN O O +each NN O O +system NN O O +equation NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +hyperedge NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +then NN O O +we NN O O +extend NN O O +the NN O O +modeling NN O B-Process +hypergraph NN O I-Process +with NN O O +others NN O O +colored NN O O +hyperedges NN O O +( NN O O +red NN O O +and NN O O +blue NN O O +) NN O O +which NN O O +allows NN O O +us NN O O +to NN O O +perform NN O O +the NN O O +analysis NN O B-Task +task NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +bottom NN O B-Process +up NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +hypergraph NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +, NN O O +it NN O O +'s NN O O +very NN O O +easy NN O O +to NN O O +check NN O O +the NN O O +system NN O B-Process +reconfigurability NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +presence NN O O +of NN O O +fault NN O O +by NN O O +verifying NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +existence NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +paths NN O I-Process +from NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +affected NN O I-Process +hyperedge NN O I-Process +to NN O O +specifics NN O O +blue NN O O +hyperedges NN O O +passing NN O O +through NN O O +specifics NN O O +red NN O O +hyperedges NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +method NN O O +is NN O O +illustrated NN O O +through NN O O +a NN O O +pedagogical NN O B-Task +example NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000070) + +This NN O O +paper NN O O +suggests NN O O +a NN O O +design NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +high NN O I-Task +quality NN O I-Task +real NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +time NN O I-Task +rotation NN O I-Task +face NN O I-Task +detection NN O I-Task +architecture NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +gesture NN O I-Task +recognition NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +smart NN O I-Task +TV NN O I-Task +. NN O O +For NN O O +high NN O O +performance NN O O +rotated NN O O +face NN O B-Process +detection NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +multiple NN O O +- NN O O +MCT(Modified NN O B-Process +Census NN O I-Process +Transform NN O I-Process +) NN O O +architecture NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +robust NN O O +against NN O O +lighting NN O O +change NN O O +, NN O O +was NN O O +used NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +Adaboost NN O B-Process +learning NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +was NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +creating NN O B-Task +optimized NN O I-Task +learning NN O I-Task +data NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +proposed NN O O +hardware NN O B-Material +structure NN O I-Material +was NN O O +composed NN O O +of NN O O +Color NN O B-Material +Space NN O I-Material +Converter NN O I-Material +, NN O O +Image NN O B-Material +Resizer NN O I-Material +, NN O I-Material +Noise NN O B-Material +Filter NN O I-Material +, NN O O +Memory NN O B-Material +Controller NN O I-Material +Interface NN O I-Material +, NN O O +Image NN O B-Material +Rotator NN O I-Material +, NN O O +Image NN O B-Material +Scaler NN O I-Material +, NN O O +MCT NN O B-Material +Generator NN O I-Material +, NN O O +Candidate NN O B-Material +Detector NN O I-Material +, NN O I-Material +Confidence NN O B-Material +Switch NN O I-Material +, NN O O +Confidence NN O B-Material +Mapper NN O I-Material +, NN O O +Position NN O B-Material +Resizer NN O I-Material +, NN O I-Material +Data NN O B-Material +Grouper NN O I-Material +, NN O O +Overlay NN O B-Material +Processor NN O I-Material +and NN O O +Color NN O B-Material +Overlay NN O I-Material +Processer NN O I-Material +. NN O O +As NN O O +a NN O O +result NN O O +, NN O O +suggested NN O O +face NN O B-Process +detection NN O I-Process +device NN O O +can NN O O +conduct NN O O +real NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +time NN O I-Process +processing NN O I-Process +at NN O O +speed NN O O +of NN O O +at NN O O +least NN O O +30 NN O O +frames NN O O +per NN O O +second NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000124) + +Based NN O O +on NN O O +expectation NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +maximization NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +, NN O O +parameter NN O B-Task +estimation NN O I-Task +was NN O O +proposed NN O O +for NN O O +data NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +driven NN O I-Process +nonlinear NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +in NN O O +this NN O O +work NN O O +. NN O O +On NN O O +this NN O O +basis NN O O +, NN O O +particle NN O B-Material +filters NN O I-Material +were NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +approximately NN O O +calculate NN O O +integrals NN O O +, NN O O +deriving NN O O +EM NN O B-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +based NN O O +on NN O O +particle NN O B-Material +filter NN O I-Material +. NN O O +And NN O O +the NN O O +effectiveness NN O O +of NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +proposed NN O O +algorithm NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +soft NN O B-Material +sensor NN O I-Material +of NN O O +COx NN O B-Material +content NN O O +in NN O O +tail NN O B-Material +gas NN O I-Material +of NN O O +PX NN O B-Process +oxidation NN O I-Process +side NN O O +reactions NN O O +was NN O O +verified NN O O +through NN O O +simulation NN O B-Process +results NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000264) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +present NN O O +a NN O O +project NN O O +aiming NN O O +at NN O O +integrating NN O B-Task +immersive NN O I-Task +virtual NN O I-Task +reality NN O I-Task +technologies NN O I-Task +into NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +three NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +dimensional NN O I-Task +virtual NN O I-Task +world NN O I-Task +. NN O O +We NN O O +use NN O O +an NN O O +educational NN O B-Material +platform NN O I-Material +vAcademia NN O B-Material +as NN O O +a NN O O +test NN O O +bed NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +project NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +focus NN O O +on NN O O +improving NN O O +the NN O O +learning NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +and NN O O +, NN O O +subsequently NN O O +– NN O O +the NN O O +outcomes NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +aim NN O O +at NN O O +increasing NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +immersiveness NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +3D NN O I-Task +virtual NN O I-Task +world NN O I-Task +experience NN O I-Task +by NN O O +applying NN O O +motion NN O B-Process +tracking NN O I-Process +for NN O O +controlling NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +avatar NN O I-Process +and NN O O +two NN O O +technologies NN O O +for NN O O +natural NN O B-Process +navigation NN O I-Process +: NN O O +immersive NN O B-Process +projection NN O I-Process +and NN O O +head NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +mounted NN O I-Material +display NN O I-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +propose NN O O +the NN O O +major NN O B-Task +types NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +learning NN O I-Task +scenarios NN O I-Task +for NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +designed NN O O +systems NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000331) + +In NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +solve NN O O +the NN O O +problem NN O B-Task +that NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +diesel NN O I-Task +engine NN O I-Task +PT NN O I-Task +fuel NN O I-Task +system NN O I-Task +is NN O I-Task +unable NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +field NN O I-Task +maintain NN O I-Task +, NN O O +developed NN O O +a NN O O +portable NN O B-Material +signal NN O I-Material +acquisition NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +analysis NN O I-Material +system NN O I-Material +for NN O O +diesel NN O B-Material +engine NN O I-Material +PT NN O I-Material +fuel NN O I-Material +system NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Firstly NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +PT NN O B-Task +pump NN O I-Task +work NN O I-Task +Principle NN O I-Task +was NN O I-Task +analyzed NN O I-Task +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +PT NN O B-Material +pump NN O I-Material +failure NN O O +mapping NN O O +relation NN O O +between NN O O +reason NN O O +and NN O O +failure NN O O +phenomenon NN O O +was NN O O +analyzed NN O O +; NN O O +Secondly NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +diesel NN O B-Material +engine NN O I-Material +PT NN O I-Material +pump NN O I-Material +failure NN O B-Task +fuel NN O I-Task +pressure NN O I-Task +characteristics NN O I-Task +were NN O I-Task +analyzed NN O I-Task +; NN O O +Lastly NN O O +, NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +portable NN O O +signal NN O B-Process +acquisition NN O I-Process +and NN O O +analysis NN O B-Process +system NN O I-Process +to NN O O +diagnose NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +diesel NN O I-Task +engine NN O I-Task +PT NN O I-Task +fuel NN O I-Task +system NN O I-Task +, NN O O +experiment NN O O +results NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +system NN O O +can NN O O +correctly NN O O +detect NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +diesel NN O I-Process +engine NN O I-Process +PT NN O I-Process +fuel NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +state NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000380) + +The NN O O +behavior NN O O +of NN O O +cellular NN O B-Material +beam NN O I-Material +is NN O O +described NN O O +using NN O O +design NN O B-Task +methods NN O I-Task +according NN O O +to NN O O +BS NN O O +: NN O O +5950 NN O O +, NN O O +considering NN O O +particularly NN O O +the NN O O +strength NN O O +of NN O O +tee NN O O +sections NN O O +and NN O O +web NN O O +post NN O O +element NN O O +. NN O O +Such NN O O +behavior NN O O +is NN O O +derived NN O O +from NN O O +parametric NN O O +study NN O O +involving NN O O +finite NN O B-Process +element NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +using NN O O +software NN O O +ANSYS NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +design NN O B-Process +method NN O I-Process +is NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +plastic NN O B-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +beam NN O I-Process +section NN O I-Process +at NN O O +ultimate NN O O +loads NN O O +and NN O O +elastic NN O B-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +at NN O O +serviceability NN O O +loads NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +procedure NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +design NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +cellular NN O I-Task +beam NN O I-Task +is NN O I-Task +illustrated NN O I-Task +and NN O O +an NN O O +example NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +design NN O B-Process +method NN O I-Process +is NN O O +worked NN O O +out NN O O +and NN O O +its NN O O +verification NN O O +is NN O O +done NN O O +for NN O O +checking NN O O +the NN O O +suitability NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000550) + +The NN O O +low NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +carbon NN O I-Process +economic NN O I-Process +development NN O I-Process +has NN O O +become NN O O +the NN O O +trend NN O O +and NN O O +orientation NN O O +of NN O O +regional NN O B-Process +economic NN O I-Process +development NN O I-Process +. NN O O +As NN O O +the NN O O +residents NN O O +of NN O O +Heilongjiang NN O O +province NN O O +, NN O O +their NN O O +consumption NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +direct NN O O +way NN O O +to NN O O +achieve NN O O +the NN O O +low NN O O +- NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +lifestyle NN O O +. NN O O +Based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +research NN O O +and NN O O +discussion NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +connotation NN O O +of NN O O +low NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +carbon NN O I-Process +consumption NN O I-Process +and NN O O +its NN O O +culture NN O O +, NN O O +behaviour NN O O +, NN O O +preferences NN O O +and NN O O +habits NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +concluded NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +low NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +carbon NN O I-Process +consumption NN O I-Process +requires NN O O +us NN O O +to NN O O +abide NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +life NN O O +- NN O O +style NN O O +of NN O O +knowledge NN O O +and NN O O +culture NN O O +. NN O O +Therefore NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +obvious NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +development NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +low NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +carbon NN O I-Task +economy NN O I-Task +is NN O O +a NN O O +complex NN O O +and NN O O +systematic NN O O +project NN O O +, NN O O +involved NN O O +the NN O O +economic NN O B-Process +development NN O I-Process +mode NN O O +, NN O O +technological NN O B-Process +innovation NN O I-Process +mode NN O O +, NN O O +consumption NN O O +values NN O O +and NN O O +changes NN O O +of NN O O +lifestyle NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000690) + +The NN O O +paper NN O O +presents NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +results NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +studies NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +effect NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +multiwalled NN O I-Task +carbon NN O I-Task +nanotubes NN O I-Task +18 NN O O +- NN O O +20 NN O O +nm NN O O +in NN O O +concentrations NN O O +of NN O O +1 NN O O +and NN O O +10 NN O O +mg NN O O +/ NN O O +ml NN O O +for NN O O +diatoms NN O O +Pseudo NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +nitzschia NN O I-Material +pungens NN O I-Material +( NN O O +clone NN O B-Material +PP-07 NN O I-Material +) NN O O +and NN O O +golden NN O B-Material +alga NN O I-Material +Isochrysis NN O I-Material +galbana NN O I-Material +( NN O O +clone NN O B-Material +TISO NN O I-Material +) NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +toxic NN O B-Process +effects NN O I-Process +of NN O O +multiwalled NN O O +nanotubes NN O B-Material +on NN O O +both NN O O +types NN O O +of NN O O +algae NN O B-Material +is NN O O +revealed NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +results NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +decrease NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +linear NN O O +dimensions NN O O +of NN O O +cells NN O B-Material +, NN O O +chloroplasts NN O B-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +a NN O O +reduced NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +cells NN O B-Material +when NN O O +incubated NN O B-Process +over NN O O +24h NN O O +( NN O O +Pseudo NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +nitzschia NN O I-Material +pungens NN O I-Material +) NN O O +and NN O O +36hours NN O O +( NN O O +Isochrysis NN O B-Material +galbana NN O I-Material +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000732) + +The NN O O +retrospective NN O B-Task +assessment NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +environmental NN O I-Task +carrying NN O I-Task +capacity NN O I-Task +aims NN O O +to NN O O +obtain NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +historical NN O I-Task +development NN O I-Task +situation NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +reclamation NN O I-Task +domain NN O I-Task +, NN O O +it NN O O +'s NN O O +an NN O O +essential NN O O +tool NN O O +for NN O O +improving NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +managed NN O I-Task +level NN O I-Task +and NN O O +guiding NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +environmental NN O I-Task +management NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +reclamation NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +synthetic NN O B-Task +assessment NN O I-Task +method NN O I-Task +based NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +cloud NN O I-Task +theory NN O I-Task +is NN O I-Task +applied NN O I-Task +to NN O O +evaluate NN O O +the NN O O +single NN O O +factor NN O O +and NN O O +multiple NN O O +factors NN O O +environmental NN O B-Process +carrying NN O I-Process +capacity NN O I-Process +in NN O O +Caofeidian NN O O +marine NN O O +district NN O O +, NN O O +Tangshan NN O O +Bay NN O O +, NN O O +China NN O O +. NN O O +With NN O O +the NN O O +field NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +of NN O O +five NN O O +assessment NN O O +indexes NN O O +in NN O O +recent NN O O +six NN O O +years NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +assessment NN O O +results NN O O +are NN O O +obtained NN O O +which NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +marine NN O B-Process +reclamation NN O I-Process +has NN O O +a NN O O +certain NN O O +impact NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +marine NN O O +environment NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000756) + +This NN O O +study NN O O +is NN O O +focused NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +water NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +gas NN O I-Process +shift NN O I-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +( NN O O +WGSR NN O B-Process +) NN O O +, NN O O +occurring NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +kinetics NN O I-Process +equipment NN O I-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +increase NN O O +hydrogen NN O B-Process +recovery NN O I-Process +from NN O O +industrial NN O B-Process +processes NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +research NN O O +deals NN O O +with NN O O +comparing NN O O +hydrogen NN O B-Process +recovery NN O I-Process +with NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +three NN O O +different NN O O +catalysts NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +amount NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +produced NN O O +hydrogen NN O B-Material +depends NN O O +considerably NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +reaction NN O B-Process +state NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +catalyst NN O B-Material +composition NN O O +. NN O O +To NN O O +improve NN O O +the NN O O +course NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +reaction NN O B-Process +, NN O O +natural NN O B-Material +catalysts NN O I-Material +– NN O O +calcite NN O B-Material +, NN O O +coal NN O B-Material +char NN O I-Material +( NN O O +unburned NN O B-Material +residues NN O I-Material +from NN O I-Material +coal NN O I-Material +) NN O O +and NN O O +modified NN O B-Material +olivine NN O I-Material +– NN O O +are NN O O +added NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +gasification NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +and NN O O +heated NN O B-Process +to NN O O +the NN O O +process NN O O +temperature NN O O +of NN O O +800 NN O O +, NN O O +850 NN O O +and NN O O +900oC. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S221266781400080X) + +Several NN O O +inorganic NN O B-Material +flocculating NN O I-Material +agents NN O I-Material +, NN O O +including NN O O +FeSO4 NN O B-Material +, NN O O +Al2(SO4)3 NN O B-Material +, NN O I-Material +FeCl3 NN O B-Material +and NN O O +an NN O O +organic NN O B-Material +coagulant NN O I-Material +aid NN O I-Material +PAM NN O B-Material +, NN O O +were NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +treat NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +wastewater NN O I-Process +from NN O O +domestic NN O O +anima NN O O +and NN O O +poultry NN O O +breeding NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +ideal NN O O +operating NN O O +conditions NN O O +were NN O O +attained NN O O +by NN O O +single NN O B-Task +factor NN O I-Task +experiment NN O I-Task +and NN O O +orthogonal NN O B-Task +design NN O I-Task +experiment NN O I-Task +. NN O O +And NN O O +the NN O O +ideal NN O O +operating NN O O +conditions NN O O +are NN O O +follows NN O O +: NN O O +the NN O O +dose NN O O +of NN O O +FeSO4 NN O B-Material +and NN O O +PAM NN O B-Material +is NN O O +135.2mg NN O O +/ NN O O +L NN O O +and NN O O +0.384mg NN O O +/ NN O O +L NN O O +respectively NN O O +when NN O O +keeping NN O O +the NN O O +pH NN O O +10 NN O O +; NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +corresponding NN O O +removal NN O B-Process +rate NN O I-Process +is NN O O +55 NN O O +% NN O O +and NN O O +60 NN O O +% NN O O +for NN O O +COD NN O B-Material +and NN O O +turbidity NN O O +. NN O O +Based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +experimental NN O O +results NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +analyzes NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +main NN O I-Task +factors NN O I-Task +that NN O O +affect NN O O +wastewater NN O B-Process +flocculation NN O I-Process +treatment NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000884) + +Many NN O O +models NN O B-Process +have NN O O +been NN O O +propounded NN O O +for NN O O +forecasting NN O B-Process +lightning NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Though NN O O +majority NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +model NN O B-Process +had NN O O +shown NN O O +accuracy NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +response NN O O +time NN O O +in NN O O +detecting NN O O +natural NN O B-Process +phenomenon NN O I-Process +is NN O O +quite NN O O +low NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +model NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +used NN O O +the NN O O +mathematical NN O B-Task +experimentation NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +micro NN O B-Material +scale NN O I-Material +plasmas NN O I-Material +to NN O O +develop NN O O +the NN O O +macro NN O B-Material +scale NN O I-Material +atmospheric NN O I-Material +plasma NN O I-Material +which NN O O +we NN O O +believe NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +major NN O O +influence NN O O +of NN O O +lightning NN O B-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +Schrödinger NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +electrostatic NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +was NN O O +propounded NN O O +to NN O O +further NN O O +increase NN O O +both NN O O +the NN O O +accuracy NN O O +and NN O O +alacrity NN O O +of NN O O +detecting NN O B-Process +natural NN O I-Process +phenomena NN O I-Process +. NN O I-Process +According NN O O +to NN O O +our NN O O +theoretical NN O B-Task +experimentation NN O I-Task +, NN O O +the NN O O +air NN O B-Material +density NN O O +plays NN O O +a NN O O +major NN O O +role NN O O +in NN O O +lightning NN O B-Process +forecast NN O O +. NN O O +Our NN O O +guess NN O O +was NN O O +verified NN O O +using NN O O +the NN O O +Davis NN O B-Process +Weather NN O I-Process +Station NN O I-Process +to NN O O +track NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +air NN O I-Task +density NN O I-Task +both NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +upper NN O O +and NN O O +lower NN O O +atmosphere NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +air NN O B-Material +density NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +upper NN O B-Material +atmosphere NN O I-Material +showed NN O O +prospect NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +vital NN O O +factor NN O O +for NN O O +lightning NN O B-Process +forecast NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000951) + +Design NN O B-Task +semantics NN O I-Task +is NN O O +an NN O O +integration NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +human NN O I-Task +mode NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +existence NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +view NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +culture NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +art NN O I-Task +, NN O O +which NN O O +means NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +unity NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +art NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +science NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Design NN O B-Task +semantics NN O I-Task +is NN O O +the NN O O +annotation NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +form NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +reflection NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +its NN O I-Task +symbolic NN O I-Task +meaning NN O I-Task +, NN O O +which NN O O +means NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +an NN O O +explanation NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +deposited NN O I-Task +human NN O I-Task +cultural NN O I-Task +spirit NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Chinese NN O O +art NN O O +stresses NN O O +Expression NN O O +, NN O O +Force NN O O +and NN O O +Qi NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +China NN O O +, NN O O +people NN O O +advocate NN O O +“ NN O O +to NN O B-Process +learn NN O I-Process +from NN O I-Process +nature NN O I-Process +” NN O O +, NN O O +“ NN O O +to NN O O +look NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +observe NN O O +the NN O O +sun NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +moon NN O O +and NN O O +stars NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +look NN O O +down NN O O +to NN O O +observe NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +surroundings NN O I-Process +” NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +take NN O O +“ NN O O +Nature NN O O +and NN O O +Man NN O O +in NN O O +One NN O O +” NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +highest NN O O +state NN O O +of NN O O +spirit NN O O +. NN O O +Design NN O B-Task +semantics NN O I-Task +is NN O O +expressed NN O O +in NN O O +space NN O B-Task +environment NN O I-Task +design NN O I-Task +through NN O O +a NN O O +symbiotic NN O O +philosophical NN O O +view NN O O +that NN O O +natural NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +artificial NN O I-Material +forms NN O I-Material +are NN O O +complementary NN O O +and NN O O +interactive NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +form NN O O +of NN O O +design NN O O +leads NN O O +humans NN O O +back NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +better NN O O +state NN O O +of NN O O +living NN O O +, NN O O +i.e. NN O O +Nature NN O O +and NN O O +Man NN O O +in NN O O +One NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000975) + +It NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +acknowledged NN O O +that NN O O +megalopolises NN O O +are NN O O +playing NN O O +a NN O O +leading NN O O +role NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +processes NN O O +of NN O O +both NN O O +economic NN O B-Process +development NN O I-Process +and NN O O +culture NN O B-Process +change NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Thereupon NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +new NN O O +emphases NN O O +on NN O O +sustainability NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +transportation NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +in NN O O +megalopolis NN O O +are NN O O +creating NN O O +new NN O O +demands NN O O +for NN O O +adequate NN O O +approach NN O B-Task +to NN O I-Task +measure NN O I-Task +its NN O I-Task +performance NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +diagnosis NN O I-Task +potential NN O I-Task +drawbacks NN O I-Task +. NN O O +By NN O O +examining NN O O +the NN O O +descriptions NN O O +of NN O O +sustainable NN O O +transport NN O B-Process +system NN O I-Process +as NN O O +well NN O O +as NN O O +its NN O O +evaluating NN O O +approach NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +framework NN O B-Material +with NN O O +the NN O O +general NN O O +applicability NN O O +and NN O O +easily NN O O +accessible NN O O +data NN O O +resource NN O O +for NN O O +evaluating NN O O +sustainability NN O O +of NN O O +transport NN O B-Process +system NN O I-Process +in NN O O +megalopolis NN O O +is NN O O +developed NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +nature NN O O +of NN O O +regional NN O O +structure NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +feature NN O O +transport NN O O +demand NN O O +in NN O O +megalopolis NN O O +. 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NN O O +Operating NN O O +principles NN O O +of NN O O +intelligent NN O B-Process +electric NN O I-Process +power NN O I-Process +distribution NN O I-Process +systems NN O I-Process +developed NN O O +in NN O O +MSTU NN O B-Material +« NN O I-Material +STANKIN NN O I-Material +» NN O I-Material +for NN O O +AC NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +DC NN O I-Material +grids NN O I-Material +on NN O O +industrial NN O O +plants NN O O +are NN O O +described NN O O +. NN O O +Essential NN O O +devices NN O B-Task +composing NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +systems NN O I-Task +are NN O I-Task +considered NN O I-Task +, NN O O +their NN O O +technical NN O B-Task +characteristics NN O I-Task +are NN O I-Task +described NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Experimental NN O O +results NN O O +are NN O O +presented NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +we NN O O +consider NN O O +problems NN O O +of NN O O +creating NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +introducing NN O I-Task +intelligent NN O I-Task +management NN O I-Task +systems NN O I-Task +as NN O O +one NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +important NN O O +mechanism NN O O +of NN O O +increasing NN O B-Task +energy NN O I-Task +efficiency NN O I-Task +in NN O O +industry NN O O +. NN O O +Operating NN O O +principles NN O O +of NN O O +intelligent NN O B-Process +electric NN O I-Process +power NN O I-Process +distribution NN O I-Process +systems NN O I-Process +developed NN O O +in NN O O +MSTU NN O B-Material +« NN O I-Material +STANKIN NN O I-Material +» NN O I-Material +for NN O O +AC NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +DC NN O I-Material +grids NN O I-Material +on NN O O +industrial NN O O +plants NN O O +are NN O O +described NN O O +. NN O O +Essential NN O O +devices NN O B-Task +composing NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +systems NN O I-Task +are NN O I-Task +considered NN O I-Task +, NN O O +their NN O O +technical NN O B-Task +characteristics NN O I-Task +are NN O I-Task +described NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Experimental NN O O +results NN O O +are NN O O +presented NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001166) + +Along NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +expansion NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +computer NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +based NN O I-Task +climate NN O I-Task +simulations NN O I-Task +, NN O O +efficient NN O O +visualization NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +analysis NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +massive NN O I-Task +climate NN O I-Task +data NN O I-Task +are NN O O +becoming NN O O +more NN O O +important NN O O +than NN O O +ever NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +try NN O O +to NN O O +explore NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +factors NN O I-Task +behide NN O I-Task +climate NN O I-Task +changes NN O I-Task +by NN O O +combining NN O B-Process +window NN O I-Process +query NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +time NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +varying NN O I-Process +data NN O I-Process +mining NN O I-Process +techniques NN O I-Process +. NN O O +With NN O O +constant NN O O +query NN O O +time NN O O +and NN O O +acceptable NN O O +storage NN O O +cost NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +algorithms NN O B-Process +presented NN O O +support NN O O +various NN O O +queries NN O B-Process +on NN O O +3d NN O B-Process +time NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +varying NN O I-Process +datasets NN O I-Process +, NN O O +such NN O O +as NN O O +average NN O O +, NN O O +min NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +max NN O O +value NN O O +. NN O O +A NN O O +new NN O O +time NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +varying NN O I-Process +data NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +is NN O O +given NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +especially NN O O +suitable NN O O +for NN O O +analyzing NN O B-Task +big NN O I-Task +data NN O I-Task +. NN O O +All NN O O +these NN O O +algorithms NN O B-Process +have NN O O +been NN O O +implemented NN O B-Task +on NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +integrated NN O I-Task +into NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +visual NN O I-Task +analysis NN O I-Task +system NN O I-Task +, NN O O +with NN O O +tiled NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +LCD NN O I-Material +ultra NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +resolution NN O I-Material +display NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Experimental NN O O +results NN O O +on NN O O +several NN O B-Material +datasets NN O I-Material +from NN O I-Material +practical NN O I-Material +applications NN O I-Material +are NN O O +presented NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001208) + +Improving NN O B-Task +as NN O I-Task +well NN O I-Task +as NN O I-Task +evaluating NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +performance NN O I-Task +of NN O O +High NN O B-Task +Performance NN O I-Task +Computing NN O I-Task +( NN O O +HPC NN O B-Task +) NN O O +applications NN O O +by NN O O +migrating NN O B-Process +them NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +Cloud NN O I-Process +environments NN O I-Process +are NN O O +widely NN O O +considered NN O O +as NN O O +critical NN O O +issues NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +field NN O O +of NN O O +high NN O B-Task +performance NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +Cloud NN O I-Task +computing NN O I-Task +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +poor NN O B-Process +network NN O I-Process +performance NN O I-Process +, NN O O +heterogeneous NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +dynamic NN O I-Process +environments NN O I-Process +are NN O O +some NN O O +series NN O O +of NN O O +pitfalls NN O O +for NN O O +execution NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +HPC NN O I-Process +applications NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +Cloud NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +paper NN O O +proposes NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +new NN O I-Task +approach NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +improve NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +performance NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +scalability NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +HPC NN O I-Task +applications NN O I-Task +on NN O O +Amazon NN O B-Material +'s NN O I-Material +HPC NN O I-Material +Cloud NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +evidence NN O O +from NN O O +our NN O O +approach NN O O +points NN O O +a NN O O +significant NN O O +improvement NN O O +in NN O O +speed NN O B-Process +up NN O I-Process +and NN O O +scale NN O B-Process +up NN O I-Process +with NN O O +the NN O O +response NN O B-Process +rate NN O I-Process +of NN O O +more NN O O +than NN O O +20 NN O O +percent NN O O +parallel NN O B-Process +efficiency NN O I-Process +on NN O O +the NN O O +Cloud NN O B-Material +in NN O O +comparison NN O O +to NN O O +dedicated NN O O +HPC NN O B-Material +cluster NN O I-Material +. NN O O +We NN O O +state NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +EC2 NN O B-Material +Cloud NN O I-Material +system NN O I-Material +is NN O O +a NN O O +feasible NN O O +platform NN O O +for NN O O +deploying NN O B-Process +on NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +demand NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +small NN O I-Process +sized NN O I-Process +HPC NN O I-Process +applications NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S221266781400121X) + +In NN O O +the NN O O +paper NN O O +we NN O O +present NN O O +an NN O O +extended NN O B-Task +version NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +graph NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +based NN O I-Task +unsupervised NN O I-Task +Word NN O I-Task +Sense NN O I-Task +Disambiguation NN O I-Task +algorithm NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +algorithm NN O B-Process +is NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +spreading NN O B-Process +activation NN O I-Process +scheme NN O I-Process +applied NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +graphs NN O O +dynamically NN O O +built NN O B-Process +on NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +basis NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +text NN O I-Process +words NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +large NN O I-Process +wordnet NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +algorithm NN O B-Process +, NN O O +originally NN O O +proposed NN O O +for NN O O +English NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +Princeton NN O I-Material +WordNet NN O I-Material +, NN O O +was NN O O +adapted NN O O +to NN O O +Polish NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +plWordNet NN O I-Material +. NN O O +An NN O O +extension NN O B-Process +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +knowledge NN O O +acquired NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +corpus NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +derived NN O I-Process +Measure NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +Semantic NN O I-Process +Relatedness NN O I-Process +was NN O O +proposed NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +extended NN O B-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +was NN O O +evaluated NN O O +against NN O O +the NN O O +manually NN O B-Material +disambiguated NN O I-Material +corpus NN O I-Material +. NN O O +We NN O O +observed NN O O +improvement NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +disambiguation NN O B-Process +performed NN O O +for NN O O +shorter NN O O +text NN O O +contexts NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +the NN O O +algorithm NN O O +application NN O O +expressed NN O O +improvement NN O O +in NN O O +document NN O B-Task +clustering NN O I-Task +task NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001245) + +Sentence NN O B-Task +reduction NN O I-Task +is NN O O +one NN O O +of NN O O +approaches NN O O +for NN O O +text NN O B-Task +summarization NN O I-Task +that NN O O +has NN O O +been NN O O +attracted NN O O +many NN O O +researchers NN O O +and NN O O +scholars NN O O +of NN O O +natural NN O B-Task +language NN O I-Task +processing NN O I-Task +field NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +present NN O O +a NN O O +method NN O O +that NN O O +generates NN O B-Task +sentence NN O I-Task +reduction NN O I-Task +and NN O O +applying NN O O +in NN O O +Vietnamese NN O B-Process +text NN O I-Process +summarization NN O I-Process +using NN O O +Bayesian NN O B-Process +Network NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Bayesian NN O B-Process +network NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +is NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +find NN O O +the NN O O +best NN O B-Task +likelihood NN O I-Task +short NN O I-Task +sentence NN O I-Task +through NN O O +compare NN O B-Process +difference NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +probability NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Experimental NN O O +results NN O O +with NN O O +980 NN O B-Material +sentences NN O I-Material +, NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +our NN O O +method NN O O +really NN O O +effectively NN O O +in NN O O +generating NN O B-Process +sentence NN O I-Process +reduction NN O I-Process +that NN O O +understandable NN O O +, NN O O +readable NN O O +and NN O O +exactly NN O O +grammar NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001294) + +Knowledge NN O B-Task +Management NN O I-Task +( NN O O +KM NN O B-Task +) NN O O +is NN O O +one NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +hotspots NN O O +for NN O O +research NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +past NN O O +decade NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +most NN O O +cases NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +users NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +Knowledge NN O B-Process +Management NN O I-Process +System NN O I-Process +( NN O O +KMS NN O B-Process +) NN O O +is NN O O +very NN O O +large NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +they NN O O +are NN O O +from NN O O +varied NN O O +departments NN O O +, NN O O +even NN O O +other NN O O +companies NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +some NN O O +defects NN O B-Task +when NN O I-Task +existing NN O I-Task +methods NN O I-Task +about NN O I-Task +access NN O I-Task +control NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +recommendation NN O I-Task +are NN O I-Task +deployed NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +KMS NN O I-Task +are NN O I-Task +analyzed NN O I-Task +to NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +these NN O O +widely NN O O +- NN O O +used NN O O +approaches NN O O +need NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +extended NN O B-Process +. NN O O +To NN O O +overcome NN O O +the NN O O +deficiencies NN O O +of NN O O +previous NN O O +work NN O O +, NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +proposes NN O O +an NN O O +extended NN O O +Role NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +Based NN O I-Process +Access NN O I-Process +Control NN O I-Process +( NN O O +RBAC NN O B-Process +) NN O O +method NN O O +and NN O O +a NN O O +hybrid NN O B-Process +recommendation NN O I-Process +approach NN O I-Process +for NN O O +Knowledge NN O B-Process +Management NN O I-Process +System NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Also NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +real NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +life NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +is NN O O +presented NN O O +to NN O O +verify NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +proposed NN O I-Task +methodology NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001348) + +Some NN O O +nonlinear NN O B-Process +wave NN O I-Process +equations NN O I-Process +are NN O O +more NN O O +difficult NN O O +to NN O O +investigate NN O B-Task +mathematically NN O I-Task +, NN O O +as NN O O +no NN O O +general NN O O +analytical NN O B-Process +method NN O I-Process +for NN O O +their NN O O +solutions NN O O +exists NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +Exponential NN O B-Process +Time NN O I-Process +Differencing NN O I-Process +( NN O O +ETD NN O B-Process +) NN O O +technique NN O O +requires NN O O +minimum NN O B-Material +stages NN O I-Material +to NN O O +obtain NN O O +the NN O O +requiredaccurateness NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +suggests NN O O +an NN O O +efficient NN O O +technique NN O O +relatingto NN O O +computational NN O B-Process +duration NN O I-Process +thatensures NN O O +remarkable NN O O +stability NN O B-Process +characteristicsupon NN O I-Process +resolving NN O B-Task +nonlinear NN O I-Task +wave NN O I-Task +equations NN O I-Task +. NN O O +This NN O O +article NN O O +solves NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +diagonal NN O I-Task +example NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +Kawahara NN O I-Task +equation NN O I-Task +via NN O O +the NN O O +ETD NN O B-Process +Runge NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +Kutta NN O I-Process +4 NN O I-Process +technique NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Implementation NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +technique NN O O +is NN O O +proposed NN O O +by NN O O +short NN O O +Matlab NN O B-Material +programs NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001361) + +Contractor NN O B-Task +selection NN O I-Task +for NN O O +a NN O O +project NN O O +is NN O O +an NN O O +important NN O O +decision NN O O +, NN O O +one NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +project NN O B-Material +time NN O I-Material +and NN O I-Material +cost NN O I-Material +, NN O O +next NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +quality NN O B-Material +obtained NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +project NN O O +. NN O O +Although NN O O +the NN O O +project NN O B-Material +managers NN O I-Material +can NN O O +easily NN O O +determine NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +project NN O I-Task +time NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +cost NN O I-Task +, NN O O +the NN O O +quality NN O O +is NN O O +usually NN O O +undefined NN O O +especially NN O O +for NN O O +un NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +experienced NN O I-Material +managers NN O I-Material +. NN O O +With NN O O +a NN O O +learnable NN O B-Process +property NN O I-Process +, NN O O +an NN O O +approach NN O O +is NN O O +first NN O O +introduced NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +to NN O O +quantify NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +quality NN O I-Task +obtained NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +gas NN O I-Task +well NN O I-Task +drilling NN O I-Task +project NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Then NN O O +, NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +these NN O O +three NN O O +objectives NN O B-Material +( NN O B-Material +time NN O I-Material +, NN O O +cost NN O B-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +quality NN O B-Material +) NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +contractor NN O B-Task +selection NN O I-Task +problem NN O I-Task +is NN O O +converted NN O O +to NN O O +an NN O O +optimization NN O B-Task +problem NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Next NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +NSGA NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +II NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +is NN O O +utilized NN O O +for NN O O +solution NN O O +. NN O O +At NN O O +the NN O O +end NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +sensitivity NN O B-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +is NN O O +performed NN O O +to NN O O +select NN O O +the NN O O +parameters NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +algorithm NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001397) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +regression NN O B-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +is NN O O +proposed NN O O +to NN O O +calculate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +Journal NN O I-Task +Influence NN O I-Task +Score NN O I-Task +. NN O O +This NN O O +Influence NN O B-Process +Score NN O I-Process +is NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +measure NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +scientific NN O I-Task +influence NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +scholarly NN O I-Task +journals NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Journal NN O B-Process +Influence NN O I-Process +Score NN O I-Process +is NN O O +calculated NN O O +by NN O O +using NN O B-Process +various NN O I-Process +factors NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +a NN O I-Process +weighted NN O I-Process +manner NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +Score NN O O +is NN O O +then NN O O +compared NN O B-Task +with NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +SCImago NN O I-Task +Journal NN O I-Task +Score NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +results NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +error NN O O +is NN O O +small NN O O +between NN O O +the NN O O +existing NN O O +and NN O O +proposed NN O O +methods NN O O +, NN O O +proving NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +model NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +feasible NN O O +and NN O O +effective NN O O +way NN O O +of NN O O +calculating NN O B-Task +scientific NN O I-Task +impact NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +journals NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001440) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +present NN O O +a NN O O +tele NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +operated NN O I-Process +mobile NN O I-Process +robot NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +for NN O O +old NN O B-Task +age NN O I-Task +surveillance NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +robot NN O O +operates NN O O +in NN O O +autonomous NN O B-Process +mode NN O I-Process +in NN O O +which NN O O +the NN O O +robots NN O O +navigates NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +environment NN O I-Process +and NN O O +search NN O B-Process +for NN O I-Process +unusual NN O I-Process +situation NN O I-Process +of NN O O +elderly NN O B-Material +people NN O I-Material +. NN O O +If NN O O +a NN O O +patient NN O B-Material +is NN O O +lying NN O B-Process +on NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +floor NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +robot NN O B-Material +informs NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +user NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +user NN O O +switches NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +control NN O I-Process +mode NN O I-Process +from NN O I-Process +autonomous NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +haptic NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +user NN O O +control NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +autonomous NN O B-Process +mode NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +robot NN O B-Material +utilizes NN O O +the NN O O +visual NN O B-Task +sensor NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +landmarks NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +monitor NN O I-Task +the NN O O +entire NN O O +environment NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +robot NN O B-Material +is NN O O +equipped NN O O +microphone NN O B-Material +, NN O O +speaker NN O B-Material +and NN O O +monitor NN O B-Material +making NN O O +it NN O O +possible NN O O +to NN O O +communicate NN O B-Process +with NN O O +the NN O O +user NN O O +in NN O O +remote NN O B-Material +place NN O I-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +robot NN O B-Material +utilizes NN O O +the NN O O +vital NN O B-Process +sensors NN O I-Process +to NN O O +check NN O O +the NN O O +patient NN O B-Material +'s NN O I-Material +condition NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +preliminary NN O O +surveillance NN O O +experiments NN O O +show NN O O +a NN O O +good NN O O +performance NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001464) + +Recently NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +network NN O B-Task +virtualization NN O I-Task +technology NN O I-Task +has NN O O +attracted NN O O +considerable NN O O +attention NN O O +as NN O O +one NN O O +of NN O O +new NN O B-Task +generation NN O I-Task +network NN O I-Task +technologies NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +permit NN O O +the NN O O +rapid NN O B-Task +changing NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +topology NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +a NN O I-Task +virtual NN O I-Task +network NN O I-Task +, NN O O +we NN O O +propose NN O O +a NN O O +new NN O O +virtual NN O B-Process +network NN O I-Process +construction NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +shortest NN O B-Process +path NN O I-Process +betweenness NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +our NN O O +proposed NN O B-Process +method NN O I-Process +, NN O O +at NN O O +first NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +service NN O B-Material +provider NN O I-Material +receives NN O O +a NN O O +user NN O O +'s NN O O +request NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +reconfiguration NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +constructed NN O I-Process +virtual NN O I-Process +network NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +case NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +service NN O B-Material +provider NN O I-Material +reconfigures NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +topology NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +constructed NN O I-Process +virtual NN O I-Process +network NN O I-Process +rapidly NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +shortest NN O B-Process +path NN O I-Process +betweenness NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +evaluate NN O O +the NN O O +performance NN O O +of NN O O +our NN O O +proposed NN O O +method NN O O +with NN O O +simulation NN O B-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +we NN O O +show NN O O +the NN O O +effectiveness NN O O +of NN O O +our NN O O +proposed NN O O +method NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001476) + +Security NN O O +issues NN O O +of NN O O +data NN O B-Material +hosted NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +Cloud NN O B-Material +Computing NN O I-Material +provider NN O I-Material +remain NN O O +hidden NN O O +seen NN O O +excessive NN O B-Process +marketing NN O I-Process +that NN O O +led NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +totally NN O O +unrealistic NN O O +view NN O O +of NN O O +cloud NN O B-Task +computing NN O I-Task +security NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Although NN O O +Cloud NN O B-Task +Computing NN O I-Task +has NN O O +not NN O O +yet NN O O +reached NN O O +the NN O O +level NN O O +of NN O O +maturity NN O O +expected NN O O +by NN O O +its NN O O +customers NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +problems NN O O +of NN O O +confidentiality NN O B-Process +, NN O I-Process +integrity NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +reliability NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +consistency NN O I-Process +( NN O O +CIRC NN O B-Process +) NN O O +are NN O O +still NN O O +open NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +researchers NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +field NN O O +have NN O O +already NN O O +considered NN O O +a NN O O +future NN O B-Process +cloud NN O I-Process +strategy NN O I-Process +which NN O O +aims NN O O +: NN O O +a NN O O +better NN O O +QoS NN O O +, NN O O +reliability NN O O +and NN O O +high NN O O +availability NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +the NN O O +Multi NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +Clouds NN O I-Process +, NN O O +Cloud NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +Clouds NN O I-Process +or NN O O +Interclouds NN O B-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +paper NN O O +will NN O O +present NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +security NN O I-Task +limitations NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +single NN O I-Task +Cloud NN O I-Task +and NN O O +the NN O O +usefulness NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +adopting NN O I-Task +rather NN O I-Task +Multi NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +Clouds NN O I-Task +strategy NN O I-Task +to NN O O +reduce NN O O +security NN O B-Process +risks NN O I-Process +, NN O O +through NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +DepSky NN O B-Material +which NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +virtual NN O B-Material +storage NN O I-Material +system NN O I-Material +that NN O O +ensures NN O O +better NN O B-Process +availability NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +high NN O I-Process +confidentiality NN O I-Process +of NN O O +data NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001488) + +This NN O O +paper NN O O +presents NN O O +general NN O O +results NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +Java NN O B-Task +source NN O I-Task +code NN O I-Task +snippet NN O I-Task +detection NN O I-Task +problem NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +propose NN O O +the NN O O +tool NN O O +which NN O O +uses NN O O +graph NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +subgraph NN O I-Process +isomorphism NN O I-Process +detection NN O I-Process +. NN O O +A NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +solutions NN O O +for NN O O +all NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O O +tasks NN O O +have NN O O +been NN O O +proposed NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +literature NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +although NN O O +that NN O O +all NN O O +these NN O O +solutions NN O O +are NN O O +really NN O O +fast NN O O +, NN O O +they NN O O +compare NN O B-Process +just NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +constant NN O I-Process +static NN O I-Process +trees NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Our NN O O +solution NN O O +offers NN O O +to NN O O +enter NN O B-Process +an NN O I-Process +input NN O I-Process +sample NN O I-Process +dynamically NN O I-Process +with NN O O +the NN O O +Scripthon NN O B-Material +language NN O I-Material +while NN O O +preserving NN O B-Process +an NN O I-Process +acceptable NN O I-Process +speed NN O I-Process +. NN O O +We NN O O +used NN O O +several NN O B-Process +optimizations NN O I-Process +to NN O O +achieve NN O O +very NN O O +low NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +comparisons NN O B-Process +during NN O O +the NN O O +matching NN O B-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S221266781400149X) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +adaptive NN O B-Task +beamforming NN O I-Task +techniques NN O I-Task +for NN O O +smart NN O B-Material +antennas NN O I-Material +based NN O O +upon NN O O +Least NN O B-Process +Mean NN O I-Process +Squares NN O I-Process +( NN O O +LMS NN O B-Process +) NN O O +, NN O O +Sample NN O B-Process +Matrix NN O I-Process +Inversion NN O I-Process +( NN O O +SMI NN O B-Process +) NN O O +, NN O O +Recursive NN O B-Process +Least NN O I-Process +Squares NN O I-Process +( NN O O +RLS NN O B-Process +) NN O O +and NN O O +Conjugate NN O B-Process +Gradient NN O I-Process +Method NN O I-Process +( NN O O +CGM NN O B-Process +) NN O O +are NN O O +discussed NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +analyzed NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +beamforming NN O B-Process +performance NN O I-Process +is NN O O +studied NN O O +by NN O O +varying NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +element NN O I-Process +spacing NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +number NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +antenna NN O I-Process +array NN O I-Process +elements NN O I-Process +for NN O O +each NN O O +algorithm NN O B-Material +. NN O O +These NN O O +four NN O O +algorithms NN O B-Material +are NN O O +compared NN O O +for NN O O +their NN O O +rate NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +convergence NN O I-Process +, NN O O +beamforming NN O B-Process +and NN O O +null NN O B-Process +steering NN O I-Process +performance NN O I-Process +( NN O O +beamwidth NN O B-Process +, NN O O +null NN O B-Process +depths NN O I-Process +and NN O O +maximum NN O B-Process +side NN O I-Process +lobe NN O I-Process +level NN O I-Process +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612000121) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +three NN O B-Task +different NN O I-Task +approaches NN O I-Task +for NN O O +implementing NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +quantum NN O I-Task +search NN O I-Task +algorithm NN O I-Task +by NN O I-Task +adiabatic NN O I-Task +evolution NN O I-Task +are NN O O +shown NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +expected NN O O +, NN O O +either NN O O +one NN O O +of NN O O +them NN O O +can NN O O +provide NN O O +a NN O O +quadratic NN O B-Process +speed NN O I-Process +up NN O I-Process +as NN O O +opposed NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +classical NN O B-Process +search NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +implies NN O O +that NN O O +adiabatic NN O B-Process +evolution NN O I-Process +based NN O O +quantum NN O B-Task +computation NN O I-Task +gives NN O O +more NN O O +feasibilities NN O B-Material +than NN O O +the NN O O +quantum NN O B-Process +circuit NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +, NN O O +although NN O O +the NN O O +equivalence NN O O +between NN O O +them NN O O +has NN O O +already NN O O +been NN O O +proven NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +corresponding NN O O +literature NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612000613) + +Video NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +oculography NN O I-Process +( NN O O +VOG NN O B-Process +) NN O O +is NN O O +one NN O O +of NN O O +eye NN O B-Process +movement NN O I-Process +measurement NN O I-Process +methods NN O I-Process +. NN O O +A NN O O +key NN O O +problem NN O O +of NN O O +VOG NN O B-Process +is NN O O +to NN O O +accurately NN O B-Task +estimate NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +pupil NN O I-Task +center NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Then NN O O +a NN O O +pupil NN O B-Process +location NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +based NN O O +on NN O O +morphology NN O B-Process +and NN O O +Canny NN O B-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +was NN O O +proposed NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +WIFI NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +VOG NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +which NN O O +was NN O O +developed NN O O +our NN O O +latest NN O O +work NN O O +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +healthy NN O B-Material +volunteer NN O I-Material +was NN O O +introduced NN O O +to NN O O +do NN O O +sinusoidal NN O B-Task +tracking NN O I-Task +test NN O I-Task +to NN O O +evaluate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +pupil NN O I-Task +location NN O I-Task +method NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Experimental NN O O +results NN O O +showed NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +method NN O O +could NN O O +well NN O O +trace NN O B-Process +eye NN O I-Process +movement NN O I-Process +and NN O O +meet NN O O +the NN O O +anticipated NN O O +results NN O O +with NN O O +stimulation NN O B-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612000637) + +The NN O O +Hamiltonian NN O B-Process +approach NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +variational NN O B-Process +approach NN O I-Process +are NN O O +utilized NN O O +to NN O O +treat NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +relativistic NN O I-Task +harmonic NN O I-Task +oscillator NN O I-Task +for NN O O +the NN O O +amplitude NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +frequency NN O I-Process +relationship NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +nice NN O O +reliability NN O O +is NN O O +shown NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +result NN O B-Process +comparison NN O I-Process +with NN O O +that NN O O +from NN O O +open NN O B-Material +literature NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +simplicity NN O O +and NN O O +efficiency NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +methods NN O O +are NN O O +also NN O O +disclosed NN O O +for NN O O +different NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +initial NN O B-Process +amplitude NN O I-Process +during NN O O +looking NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +amplitude NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +frequency NN O I-Process +relationship NN O I-Process +for NN O O +the NN O O +nonlinear NN O B-Process +relativistic NN O I-Process +harmonic NN O I-Process +oscillator NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612000686) + +This NN O O +paper NN O O +make NN O O +the NN O O +explained NN O O +variables NN O O +our NN O O +financial NN O B-Process +stress NN O I-Process +index NN O I-Process +consist NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +synchronous NN O B-Process +variables NN O I-Process +financial NN O I-Process +systemic NN O I-Process +risk NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +make NN O O +the NN O O +explanatory NN O O +variables NN O O +the NN O O +macroeconomic NN O B-Process +variable NN O I-Process +, NN O O +currency NN O B-Process +credit NN O I-Process +variable NN O I-Process +, NN O O +asset NN O B-Process +price NN O I-Process +variable NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +macroeconomic NN O B-Process +variable NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +correlative NN O I-Process +economic NN O I-Process +powers NN O I-Process +, NN O O +then NN O O +use NN O O +stepwise NN O B-Process +regression NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +to NN O O +establish NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +financial NN O I-Task +systemic NN O I-Task +risk NN O I-Task +best NN O I-Task +predict NN O I-Task +equation NN O I-Task +, NN O O +thus NN O O +set NN O B-Task +up NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +reasonable NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +practical NN O I-Task +financial NN O I-Task +systemic NN O I-Task +risk NN O I-Task +early NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +warning NN O I-Task +index NN O I-Task +system NN O I-Task +; NN O O +besides NN O O +, NN O O +use NN O O +the NN O O +best NN O B-Process +prediction NN O I-Process +equations NN O I-Process +predicts NN O O +the NN O O +financial NN O O +systemic NN O O +risk NN O O +status NN O O +in NN O O +2011 NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +predicted NN O O +results NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +Chinese NN O O +financial NN O O +systemic NN O O +risk NN O O +is NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +rise NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +three NN O O +quarters NN O O +and NN O O +higher NN O O +than NN O O +the NN O O +peak NN O O +of NN O O +2008 NN O O +; NN O O +financial NN O O +systemic NN O O +risk NN O O +start NN O O +to NN O O +decline NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +fourth NN O O +quarter NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612000698) + +In NN O O +Obstacle NN O B-Task +detection NN O I-Task +is NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +inverse NN O B-Process +perspective NN O I-Process +mapping NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +homography NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Obstacle NN O B-Task +classification NN O I-Task +is NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +fuzzy NN O B-Process +neural NN O I-Process +network NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +estimation NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +vanishing NN O I-Task +point NN O I-Task +relies NN O O +on NN O O +feature NN O B-Process +extraction NN O I-Process +strategy NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +method NN O O +exploits NN O O +the NN O O +geometrical NN O B-Process +relations NN O I-Process +between NN O O +the NN O O +elements NN O B-Material +in NN O O +the NN O O +scene NN O B-Material +so NN O O +that NN O O +obstacle NN O B-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +detected NN O B-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +estimated NN O B-Process +homography NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +road NN O B-Material +plane NN O I-Material +between NN O O +successive NN O O +images NN O B-Material +is NN O O +used NN O O +for NN O O +image NN O B-Task +alignment NN O I-Task +. NN O O +A NN O O +new NN O O +fuzzy NN O B-Process +decision NN O I-Process +fusion NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +with NN O O +fuzzy NN O B-Process +attribution NN O I-Process +for NN O I-Process +obstacle NN O I-Process +detection NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +classification NN O I-Process +application NN O I-Process +is NN O O +described NN O O +The NN O B-Process +fuzzy NN O I-Process +decision NN O I-Process +function NN O I-Process +modifies NN O O +parameters NN O O +with NN O O +auto NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +adapted NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +to NN O O +get NN O O +better NN O O +classification NN O B-Process +probability NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +shown NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +method NN O O +can NN O O +achieve NN O O +better NN O O +classification NN O B-Process +result NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612000704) + +The NN O O +load NN O O +of NN O O +beam NN O B-Material +pumping NN O I-Material +unit NN O I-Material +is NN O O +changeable NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +often NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +state NN O O +of NN O O +light NN O B-Process +load NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Reducing NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +certain NN O I-Process +voltage NN O I-Process +can NN O O +improve NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +power NN O I-Process +factor NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +efficiency NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +beam NN O I-Process +pumping NN O I-Process +unit NN O I-Process +when NN O O +in NN O O +light NN O B-Process +load NN O I-Process +.We NN O O +can NN O O +change NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +voltage NN O I-Process +by NN O O +changing NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +thyristor NN O I-Process +trigger NN O I-Process +angle NN O I-Process +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +complex NN O O +and NN O O +unacceptable NN O O +to NN O O +analyze NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +change NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +cycles NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +load NN O I-Process +overall NN O I-Process +. NN O O +So NN O O +we NN O O +can NN O O +divide NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +load NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +whole NN O O +cycle NN O O +into NN O O +several NN O O +equal NN O B-Material +parts NN O I-Material +, NN O O +each NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +thought NN O O +of NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +constant NN O B-Process +load NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +most NN O O +optimal NN O B-Process +voltage NN O I-Process +for NN O O +the NN O O +current NN O B-Process +load NN O I-Process +can NN O O +be NN O O +calculated NN O B-Task +by NN O I-Task +genetic NN O I-Task +algorithm NN O I-Task +. NN O O +When NN O O +each NN O O +load NN O O +is NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +most NN O O +optimal NN O B-Process +voltage NN O I-Process +, NN O O +we NN O O +can NN O O +get NN O O +the NN O O +whole NN O B-Process +optimal NN O I-Process +voltage NN O I-Process +changeable NN O I-Process +rule NN O I-Process +. NN O I-Process +Then NN O O +it NN O O +produces NN O O +the NN O O +result NN O O +of NN O O +energy NN O B-Task +saving NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612000716) + +Based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +description NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +of NN O O +object NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +orientation NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +based NN O I-Process +direction NN O I-Process +relation NN O I-Process +in NN O O +two NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +dimensional NN O I-Material +space NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +description NN O B-Task +mode NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +object NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +orientation NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +based NN O I-Task +direction NN O I-Task +relation NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +three NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +dimensional NN O I-Task +space NN O I-Task +is NN O I-Task +proposed NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +basic NN O O +idea NN O O +is NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +actual NN O O +direction NN O B-Process +region NN O I-Process +is NN O O +modeled NN O O +as NN O O +an NN O O +open NN O B-Material +shape NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +computation NN O B-Process +related NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +world NN O B-Material +boundary NN O I-Material +of NN O O +spatial NN O B-Process +direction NN O I-Process +region NN O I-Process +is NN O O +eliminated NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +processing NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +direction NN O I-Process +predicates NN O I-Process +is NN O O +converted NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +processing NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +topological NN O I-Process +operations NN O I-Process +between NN O O +open NN O B-Material +shapes NN O I-Material +and NN O O +closed NN O O +geometry NN O B-Material +objects NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +algorithms NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +topological NN O I-Process +operations NN O I-Process +between NN O O +open NN O B-Material +shapes NN O I-Material +and NN O O +closed NN O O +geometry NN O B-Material +objects NN O I-Material +are NN O O +presented NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +theoretical NN O B-Task +proof NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +correctness NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +completeness NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +algorithms NN O I-Task +is NN O O +performed NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612001163) + +The NN O O +paper NN O O +deals NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +computation NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +distribution NN O I-Task +network NN O I-Task +components NN O I-Task +reliability NN O I-Task +parameters NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Knowledge NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +component NN O B-Process +reliability NN O I-Process +parameters NN O I-Process +in NN O O +power NN O B-Material +networks NN O I-Material +is NN O O +necessary NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +reliability NN O B-Process +computation NN O I-Process +and NN O O +also NN O O +for NN O O +reliability NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +centered NN O I-Process +maintenance NN O I-Process +system NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Component NN O B-Process +reliability NN O I-Process +parameters NN O I-Process +are NN O O +possible NN O O +to NN O O +retrieve NN O B-Process +only NN O O +with NN O O +accurate NN O B-Material +databases NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +distribution NN O I-Material +companies NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Such NN O O +a NN O O +database NN O B-Material +includes NN O O +records NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +outages NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +interruptions NN O I-Process +in NN O O +power NN O B-Material +networks NN O I-Material +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +impossible NN O O +to NN O O +retrieve NN O B-Process +reliability NN O I-Process +parameters NN O I-Process +from NN O O +this NN O O +data NN O B-Material +in NN O O +a NN O O +direct NN O O +way NN O O +because NN O O +of NN O O +heterogeneity NN O B-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +introduce NN O B-Task +some NN O I-Task +results NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +databases NN O I-Task +calculations NN O I-Task +. NN O O +We NN O O +apply NN O O +this NN O O +framework NN O B-Process +for NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +retrieving NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +parameters NN O I-Process +from NN O I-Process +outage NN O I-Process +data NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +Czech NN O O +and NN O O +Slovak NN O O +republics NN O O +. NN O O +There NN O O +are NN O O +also NN O O +actual NN O O +results NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612001291) + +In NN O O +the NN O O +paper NN O O +we NN O O +propose NN O O +a NN O O +conceptual NN O B-Task +methodology NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +control NN O I-Task +liquid NN O I-Task +state NN O I-Task +of NN O O +Al NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +Si NN O I-Material +alloys NN O I-Material +in NN O O +melting NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +holding NN O I-Process +sub NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +process NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +pressure NN O B-Process +die NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +casting NN O I-Process +process NN O I-Process +. NN O O +Given NN O O +that NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +determine NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +characteristic NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +holding NN O I-Task +furnace NN O I-Task +based NN O O +on NN O O +weight NN O B-Material +percent NN O I-Material +( NN O O +wt NN O B-Material +% NN O I-Material +) NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +certain NN O O +alloys NN O B-Material +and NN O O +their NN O O +elements NN O O +. NN O O +Subsequently NN O O +the NN O O +paper NN O O +introduces NN O O +an NN O O +application NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +methodology NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +research NN O I-Task +for NN O O +establishing NN O O +characteristic NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +holding NN O I-Task +furnace NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +application NN O O +was NN O O +realized NN O O +under NN O O +real NN O B-Process +conditions NN O I-Process +in NN O O +foundry NN O B-Material +that NN O O +uses NN O O +horizontal NN O B-Material +cold NN O I-Material +chamber NN O I-Material +machine NN O I-Material +CLH NN O B-Material +400.1 NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +was NN O O +performed NN O O +by NN O O +spectrophotometer NN O B-Material +SPECTROLAB NN O B-Material +JR.CCD NN O I-Material +2000 NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Finally NN O O +the NN O O +last NN O O +part NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +paper NN O O +lists NN O O +overall NN O O +findings NN O O +with NN O O +possible NN O O +future NN O O +direction NN O O +to NN O O +extend NN O B-Task +this NN O I-Task +methodology NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +practice NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612001497) + +Our NN O O +country NN O O +is NN O O +rich NN O O +of NN O O +line NN O B-Process +galloping NN O I-Process +, NN O O +there NN O O +are NN O O +many NN O O +important NN O O +galloping NN O B-Material +data NN O I-Material +failed NN O O +to NN O O +collect NN O B-Task +systematically NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +completely NN O I-Task +because NN O O +there NN O O +is NN O O +no NN O O +unified NN O B-Process +management NN O I-Process +platform NN O I-Process +. NN O O +After NN O O +the NN O O +galloping NN O B-Process +occurrence NN O I-Process +in NN O O +2009–2010 NN O O +'s NN O O +winter NN O O +the NN O O +department NN O O +of NN O O +productive NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +State NN O O +Grid NN O O +Corporation NN O O +organized NN O O +a NN O O +lot NN O O +of NN O O +human NN O O +to NN O O +carry NN O B-Process +out NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +research NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +galloping NN O I-Process +information NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +this NN O O +work NN O O +is NN O O +time NN O O +– NN O O +consuming NN O O +and NN O O +inefficient NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +State NN O O +Grid NN O O +Corporation NN O O +has NN O O +used NN O O +the NN O O +production NN O B-Material +management NN O I-Material +system NN O I-Material +( NN O O +PMS NN O B-Material +) NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +powerful NN O O +and NN O O +easy NN O O +to NN O O +use NN O O +. NN O O +With NN O O +the NN O O +help NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +system NN O O +we NN O O +can NN O O +create NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +galloping NN O I-Task +database NN O I-Task +which NN O O +can NN O O +save NN O B-Process +resources NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +storage NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +galloping NN O I-Process +data NN O I-Process +. NN O O +To NN O O +build NN O O +and NN O O +put NN O O +it NN O O +into NN O O +application NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +database NN O I-Process +can NN O O +provide NN O O +technical NN O B-Process +support NN O I-Process +for NN O O +line NN O B-Process +galloping NN O I-Process +prevention NN O I-Process +and NN O O +galloping NN O B-Process +research NN O I-Process +work NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612001618) + +This NN O O +paper NN O O +presents NN O O +a NN O O +non NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +fragile NN O I-Process +controller NN O I-Process +design NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +based NN O O +on NN O O +system NN O B-Process +quadratic NN O I-Process +performance NN O I-Process +optimization NN O I-Process +. NN O O +For NN O O +the NN O O +additive NN O B-Process +controller NN O I-Process +gain NN O I-Process +variations NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +necessary NN O O +and NN O O +sufficient NN O O +conditions NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +existence NN O O +of NN O O +non NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +fragile NN O I-Process +state NN O I-Process +feedback NN O I-Process +controller NN O I-Process +are NN O O +given NN O O +and NN O O +transformed NN O B-Process +to NN O O +the NN O O +LMI NN O B-Task +problems NN O I-Task +, NN O O +which NN O O +simplifies NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +solutions NN O I-Process +to NN O O +obtain NN O O +non NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +fragile NN O I-Process +state NN O I-Process +feedback NN O I-Process +controllers NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +flight NN O B-Process +control NN O I-Process +simulation NN O I-Process +results NN O O +prove NN O O +the NN O O +reliability NN O O +and NN O O +validity NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +method NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S221267161200162X) + +A NN O O +fuzzy NN O B-Task +- NN O I-Task +Hammerstein NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +predictive NN O I-Task +control NN O I-Task +method NN O I-Task +is NN O O +proposed NN O O +for NN O O +a NN O O +continuous NN O B-Material +stirred NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +tank NN O I-Material +reactor NN O I-Material +( NN O O +CSTR NN O B-Material +) NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +T NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +S NN O I-Process +fuzzy NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +is NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +approximate NN O O +the NN O O +static NN O B-Task +nonlinear NN O I-Task +characteristics NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +Hammerstein NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +, NN O O +and NN O O +a NN O O +linear NN O B-Process +autoregressive NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +is NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +solve NN O O +the NN O O +results NN O O +of NN O O +optimal NN O B-Process +control NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +designed NN O O +nonlinear NN O B-Process +predictive NN O I-Process +controller NN O I-Process +using NN O O +Hammerstein NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +make NN O O +good NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +ability NN O O +of NN O O +universal NN O B-Process +approach NN O I-Process +nonlinear NN O I-Process +of NN O O +T NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +S NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +divide NN O O +the NN O O +question NN O O +of NN O O +nonlinear NN O B-Process +predictive NN O I-Process +control NN O I-Process +into NN O O +the NN O O +nonlinear NN O B-Process +model NN O I-Process +recongnization NN O I-Process +and NN O O +the NN O O +question NN O O +of NN O O +linear NN O B-Process +predictive NN O I-Process +control NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +application NN O O +results NN O O +of NN O O +CSTR NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +show NN O O +the NN O O +proposed NN O O +control NN O B-Process +method NN O I-Process +has NN O O +good NN O O +control NN O O +performance NN O O +compared NN O O +to NN O O +PID NN O B-Material +controller NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612001692) + +The NN O O +key NN O O +point NN O O +of NN O O +robot NN O B-Task +dynamics NN O I-Task +is NN O O +optimal NN O O +design NN O O +and NN O O +control NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +efficiency NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +robot NN O I-Task +dynamics NN O I-Task +has NN O O +been NN O O +the NN O O +goal NN O O +of NN O O +researchers NN O O +in NN O O +recent NN O O +years NN O O +. NN O O +Screws NN O B-Material +are NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +describe NN O B-Task +dynamic NN O I-Task +problems NN O I-Task +in NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +an NN O O +O(N NN O B-Process +) NN O I-Process +recursive NN O I-Process +robot NN O I-Process +forward NN O I-Process +dynamic NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +is NN O O +given NN O O +on NN O O +this NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +easily NN O O +extended NN O O +to NN O O +tree NN O B-Process +topology NN O I-Process +, NN O I-Process +closed NN O I-Process +loop NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +spatial NN O I-Process +robot NN O I-Process +systems NN O I-Process +. NN O O +And NN O O +three NN O O +classic NN O O +methods NN O O +of NN O O +robot NN O B-Task +dynamics NN O I-Task +are NN O O +compared NN O O +for NN O O +easy NN O O +of NN O O +use NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +results NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +dynamics NN O B-Process +described NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +screws NN O I-Process +are NN O O +helpful NN O O +in NN O O +high NN O B-Process +efficient NN O I-Process +dynamics NN O I-Process +modelling NN O I-Process +. NN O I-Process +The NN O O +dynamical NN O B-Process +expressions NN O I-Process +based NN O O +on NN O O +screws NN O B-Material +are NN O O +concise NN O O +and NN O O +clear NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +'s NN O O +efficiency NN O O +is NN O O +high NN O O +of NN O O +O(N NN O O +) NN O O +and NN O O +is NN O O +linear NN O B-Process +to NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +degree NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +freedom NN O I-Process +. NN O O +With NN O O +the NN O O +improvement NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +computation NN O I-Task +efficiency NN O I-Task +, NN O O +it NN O O +will NN O O +make NN O O +the NN O O +real NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +time NN O I-Process +dynamics NN O I-Process +control NN O I-Process +become NN O O +possible NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612001709) + +An NN O O +algorithm NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +multi NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +axis NN O I-Task +NC NN O I-Task +tool NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +path NN O I-Task +generation NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +subdivision NN O I-Task +surfaces NN O I-Task +is NN O O +proposed NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +algorithm NN O B-Process +includes NN O O +two NN O O +steps NN O O +: NN O O +model NN O B-Process +building NN O I-Process +and NN O O +tool NN O B-Process +path NN O I-Process +generation NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +section NN O O +of NN O O +model NN O B-Process +building NN O I-Process +, NN O O +in NN O O +order NN O O +to NN O O +obtain NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +deformed NN O I-Task +surface NN O I-Task +, NN O O +the NN O O +deformation NN O B-Process +vector NN O I-Process +is NN O I-Process +computed NN O I-Process +which NN O O +is NN O O +associated NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +curvature NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +slope NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +cutter NN O I-Process +location NN O I-Process +surface NN O I-Process +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +procedure NN O O +of NN O O +tool NN O B-Process +path NN O I-Process +generation NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +slicing NN O B-Process +procedure NN O I-Process +is NN O O +adopted NN O O +to NN O O +get NN O O +the NN O O +CL NN O B-Material +points NN O I-Material +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +inversely NN O B-Process +converted NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +is NN O O +used NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +method NN O O +is NN O O +tested NN O B-Task +by NN O I-Task +some NN O I-Task +examples NN O I-Task +with NN O I-Task +actual NN O I-Task +machining NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +results NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +method NN O O +can NN O O +effectively NN O O +reduce NN O O +the NN O O +error NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +scallop NN O B-Material +height NN O I-Material +for NN O O +subdivision NN O B-Material +surface NN O I-Material +and NN O O +obtain NN O O +the NN O O +better NN O O +shape NN O O +and NN O O +quality NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +computational NN O O +complexity NN O O +and NN O O +is NN O O +scalable NN O O +and NN O O +robust NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S221267161200176X) + +Modeling NN O B-Task +or NN O I-Task +approximating NN O I-Task +high NN O I-Task +dimensional NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +computationally NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +expensive NN O I-Task +problems NN O I-Task +faces NN O O +an NN O O +exponentially NN O O +increasing NN O O +difficulty NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +“ NN O O +curse NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +dimensionality NN O I-Process +” NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +paper NN O O +proposes NN O O +a NN O O +new NN O B-Process +form NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +high NN O I-Process +dimensional NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +representation NN O I-Process +( NN O O +HDMR NN O B-Process +) NN O O +by NN O O +utilizing NN O O +the NN O O +support NN O B-Process +vector NN O I-Process +regression NN O I-Process +( NN O O +SVR NN O B-Process +) NN O O +, NN O O +termed NN O O +as NN O O +adaptive NN O B-Process +SVR NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +HMDR NN O I-Process +, NN O O +to NN O O +conquer NN O B-Task +this NN O I-Task +dilemma NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +proposed NN O O +model NN O O +could NN O O +reveal NN O O +explicit NN O B-Process +correlations NN O I-Process +among NN O O +different NN O O +input NN O B-Material +variables NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +underlying NN O O +function NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +unknown NN O O +or NN O O +expensive NN O O +for NN O O +computation NN O B-Process +. NN O O +Taking NN O O +advantage NN O O +of NN O O +HDMR NN O B-Process +'s NN O O +hierarchical NN O O +structure NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +could NN O O +alleviate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +exponential NN O I-Task +increasing NN O I-Task +difficulty NN O I-Task +, NN O O +and NN O O +gain NN O O +satisfying NN O O +accuracy NN O O +with NN O O +small NN O O +set NN O O +of NN O O +samples NN O O +by NN O O +SVR NN O B-Process +. NN O O +Numerical NN O O +examples NN O O +of NN O O +different NN O O +dimensionality NN O O +are NN O O +given NN O O +to NN O O +illustrate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +principle NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +procedure NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +performance NN O I-Task +of NN O O +SVR NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +HDMR NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612001783) + +Metal NN O B-Material +– NN O I-Material +intermetallic NN O I-Material +laminated NN O I-Material +( NN O O +MIL NN O B-Material +) NN O O +composites NN O O +are NN O O +fabricated NN O B-Process +upon NN O I-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +sintering NN O I-Process +of NN O O +titanium NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +aluminum NN O I-Material +foils NN O I-Material +of NN O O +various NN O O +thicknesses NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +intermetallic NN O B-Process +phase NN O I-Process +of NN O O +Al3Ti NN O B-Process +forming NN O I-Process +during NN O O +the NN O O +above NN O O +processing NN O B-Process +gives NN O O +high NN O O +hardness NN O O +and NN O O +stiffness NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +composite NN O B-Material +, NN O O +while NN O O +unreacted NN O B-Material +titanium NN O I-Material +provides NN O O +the NN O O +necessary NN O O +high NN O O +strength NN O O +and NN O O +ductility NN O O +. NN O O +Some NN O O +results NN O O +of NN O O +studies NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +microstructure NN O I-Process +and NN O O +some NN O O +mechanical NN O O +properties NN O O +of NN O O +layered NN O B-Material +composites NN O I-Material +are NN O O +presented NN O B-Task +on NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +example NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +Ti NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +Al NN O I-Task +system NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Static NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +dynamic NN O I-Task +tests NN O I-Task +results NN O I-Task +are NN O I-Task +discussed NN O I-Task +for NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +when NN O O +the NN O O +intermetallic NN O B-Process +reaction NN O I-Process +was NN O O +interrupted NN O B-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +course NN O O +of NN O O +intermetallic NN O B-Process +sintering NN O I-Process +and NN O O +also NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +case NN O O +when NN O O +it NN O O +was NN O O +completed NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612002120) + +A NN O O +design NN O B-Process +method NN O I-Process +for NN O O +network NN O B-Process +attack NN O I-Process +and NN O O +defense NN O B-Process +simulation NN O I-Process +platform NN O I-Process +is NN O O +discussed NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +. NN O O +Firstly NN O O +the NN O O +component NN O O +and NN O O +function NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +platform NN O B-Process +are NN O O +analyzed NN O O +. NN O O +Then NN O O +Visio NN O B-Process +second NN O I-Process +development NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +is NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +construct NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +virtual NN O I-Task +network NN O I-Task +topology NN O I-Task +. NN O O +The NN O O +parsing NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +virtual NN O I-Task +network NN O I-Task +topology NN O I-Task +is NN O O +also NN O O +researched NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +relative NN O B-Material +flow NN O I-Material +sheet NN O I-Material +is NN O O +described NN O O +. NN O O +Lastly NN O O +an NN O O +example NN O O +is NN O O +carried NN O O +out NN O O +to NN O O +test NN O B-Task +performance NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +platform NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Simulation NN O O +results NN O O +show NN O O +the NN O O +effectiveness NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +proposed NN O O +method NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S221267161200217X) + +The NN O O +existing NN O O +GO NN O B-Process +methodology NN O I-Process +algorithm NN O I-Process +is NN O O +theoretical NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +hard NN O O +to NN O O +solve NN O O +with NN O O +computer NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +research NN O O +a NN O O +new NN O B-Task +method NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +get NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +reliability NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +system NN O I-Task +based NN O I-Task +on NN O I-Task +GO NN O I-Task +methodology NN O I-Task +. NN O O +According NN O O +to NN O O +some NN O O +properties NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +operators NN O O +in NN O O +GO NN O B-Material +chart NN O I-Material +, NN O O +GO NN O B-Material +chart NN O I-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +transformed NN O O +into NN O O +series NN O B-Process +structure NN O I-Process +, NN O O +then NN O O +the NN O O +minimal NN O B-Process +path NN O I-Process +sets NN O I-Process +are NN O I-Process +induced NN O I-Process +based NN O O +on NN O O +Enumeration NN O B-Process +method NN O I-Process +from NN O O +first NN O O +operator NN O O +to NN O O +last NN O O +one NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +very NN O O +convenient NN O O +for NN O O +computer NN O O +to NN O O +calculate NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +system NN O I-Task +reliability NN O I-Task +with NN O O +the NN O O +new NN O O +method NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +minimal NN O B-Process +path NN O I-Process +sets NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +case NN O O +study NN O O +indicates NN O O +the NN O O +method NN O O +is NN O O +suitable NN O O +for NN O O +practical NN O B-Task +engineering NN O I-Task +, NN O O +which NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +possess NN O O +the NN O O +quantitative NN O B-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +of NN O O +complex NN O B-Process +GO NN O I-Process +methodology NN O I-Process +models NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612002181) + +The NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +hidden NN O B-Material +nodes NN O I-Material +is NN O O +a NN O O +critical NN O O +factor NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +generalization NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +ELM NN O I-Task +. NN O O +Generally NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +heavy NN O O +for NN O O +time NN O B-Process +consumption NN O I-Process +to NN O O +obtain NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +optimal NN O I-Process +number NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +hidden NN O I-Process +nodes NN O I-Process +with NN O O +trial NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +error NN O I-Process +. NN O O +A NN O O +novel NN O B-Task +algorithm NN O I-Task +is NN O I-Task +proposed NN O I-Task +to NN O O +optimize NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +hidden NN O I-Task +node NN O I-Task +number NN O I-Task +to NN O O +guarantee NN O O +good NN O O +generalization NN O B-Process +, NN O O +which NN O O +employs NN O O +the NN O O +PSO NN O B-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +optimization NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +with NN O O +structural NN O B-Process +risk NN O I-Process +minimization NN O I-Process +principle NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +simulation NN O O +results NN O O +indicate NN O O +our NN O O +algorithm NN O B-Process +for NN O O +the NN O O +optimal NN O O +number NN O O +of NN O O +hidden NN O B-Material +nodes NN O I-Material +is NN O O +reasonable NN O O +and NN O O +feasible NN O O +with NN O O +6 NN O B-Material +datasets NN O I-Material +on NN O O +benchmark NN O O +problems NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +accuracy NN O B-Process +comparisons NN O I-Process +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S221267161200220X) + +For NN O O +providing NN O O +the NN O O +government NN O O +with NN O O +effective NN O B-Task +monitoring NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +trends NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +economic NN O I-Process +variables NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +future NN O O +and NN O O +good NN O O +reference NN O O +for NN O O +developing NN O B-Process +a NN O I-Process +reasonable NN O I-Process +policy NN O I-Process +, NN O O +in NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +establish NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +time NN O I-Task +series NN O I-Task +model NN O I-Task +on NN O O +China NN O O +'s NN O O +Foreign NN O B-Process +Direct NN O I-Process +Investment NN O I-Process +( NN O O +FDI NN O B-Process +) NN O O +by NN O O +using NN O O +wavelet NN O B-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +and NN O O +intervention NN O B-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +and NN O O +time NN O B-Process +series NN O I-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +and NN O O +predict NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +trend NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +FDI NN O I-Task +in NN O O +the NN O O +next NN O O +several NN O O +years NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +model NN O O +eliminates NN O O +the NN O O +interference NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +noise NN O I-Process +for NN O O +predicting NN O O +by NN O O +using NN O O +wavelet NN O B-Process +analysis NN O I-Process +, NN O O +and NN O O +describes NN O O +the NN O O +autocorrelation NN O B-Process +and NN O O +time NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +varying NN O I-Process +volatility NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +financial NN O B-Material +time NN O I-Material +series NN O I-Material +by NN O O +using NN O O +ARIMA- NN O B-Process +GARCH NN O I-Process +- NN O I-Process +M NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +simulation NN O O +results NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +this NN O O +model NN O O +explains NN O O +the NN O O +dynamic NN O O +structure NN O O +of NN O O +China NN O O +'s NN O O +FDI NN O B-Process +trends NN O O +well NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612002302) + +Monitoring NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +wear NN O I-Task +condition NN O I-Task +of NN O O +the NN O O +tramway NN O B-Material +superstructure NN O I-Material +is NN O O +one NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +key NN O O +points NN O O +to NN O O +guarantee NN O O +an NN O O +adequate NN O O +safety NN O B-Process +level NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +light NN O B-Material +rail NN O I-Material +transport NN O I-Material +system NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +purpose NN O O +of NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +suggest NN O O +a NN O O +new NN O B-Task +non NN O I-Task +- NN O I-Task +conventionalprocedure NN O I-Task +for NN O O +measuring NN O O +the NN O O +transverse NN O B-Process +profile NN O I-Process +of NN O O +rails NN O B-Material +in NN O O +operation NN O O +by NN O O +means NN O O +of NN O O +image NN O B-Process +- NN O I-Process +processing NN O I-Process +technique NN O I-Process +. NN O O +This NN O O +methodological NN O O +approach NN O O +is NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +“ NN O O +information NN O B-Material +” NN O I-Material +contained NN O O +in NN O O +high NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +resolution NN O I-Material +photographic NN O I-Material +images NN O I-Material +of NN O O +tracks NN O B-Material +and NN O O +on NN O O +specific NN O B-Process +algorithms NN O I-Process +which NN O O +allow NN O O +to NN O O +obtain NN O O +the NN O O +exact NN O O +geometric NN O O +profile NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +rails NN O B-Material +and NN O O +therefore NN O O +to NN O O +measure NN O O +the NN O O +state NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +rail NN O O +- NN O O +head NN O O +extrados NN O O +wear NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612002338) + +Robust NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +automatic NN O I-Task +thresholding NN O I-Task +of NN O O +gray NN O B-Material +level NN O I-Material +images NN O I-Material +has NN O O +been NN O O +commonly NN O O +used NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +field NN O O +of NN O O +pattern NN O B-Task +recognition NN O I-Task +and NN O O +computer NN O B-Task +vision NN O I-Task +for NN O O +objects NN O B-Task +detecting NN O I-Task +, NN O I-Task +tracking NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +recognizing NN O I-Task +. 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NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2212671612002351) + +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +a NN O O +novel NN O O +position NN O B-Task +estimation NN O I-Task +method NN O I-Task +of NN O O +prism NN O B-Material +was NN O O +proposed NN O O +for NN O O +single NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +lens NN O I-Material +stereovision NN O I-Material +system NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +prism NN O B-Material +with NN O O +multi NN O O +faces NN O O +was NN O O +considered NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O B-Material +optical NN O I-Material +system NN O I-Material +composed NN O O +of NN O O +some NN O O +refractive NN O B-Material +planes NN O I-Material +. 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NN O O +To NN O O +solve NN O O +knowledge NN O B-Task +sharing NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +knowledge NN O I-Task +Base NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +expert NN O I-Task +system NN O I-Task +, NN O O +we NN O O +abstract NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +analyze NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +power NN O I-Task +grid NN O I-Task +security NN O I-Task +investigation NN O I-Task +procedure NN O I-Task +by NN O O +using NN O O +ontology NN O B-Process +Technology NN O I-Process +. NN O O +With NN O O +ontology NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +based NN O I-Material +Power NN O I-Material +Grid NN O I-Material +knowledge NN O I-Material +base NN O I-Material +, NN O O +we NN O O +establish NN O O +associated NN O B-Task +relationship NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +procedure NN O I-Task +vocabularies NN O I-Task +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +paper NN O O +, NN O O +we NN O O +introduce NN O B-Task +and NN O I-Task +analyze NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +semantic NN O I-Task +reasoning NN O I-Task +tools NN O I-Task +such NN O O +as NN O O +Jena NN O B-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +reasoner NN O B-Process +mechanism NN O I-Process +and NN O O +inference NN O B-Material +rules NN O I-Material +of NN O I-Material +grammar NN O I-Material +has NN O O +been NN O O +included NN O O +and NN O O +explained NN O O +. NN O O +At NN O O +last NN O O +we NN O O +give NN O O +a NN O O +specific NN O B-Task +application NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +security NN O I-Task +investigation NN O I-Task +procedure NN O I-Task +ontology NN O I-Task +and NN O I-Task +reasoning NN O I-Task +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S221450951400031X) + +This NN O O +phase NN O O +was NN O O +completed NN O O +in NN O O +2005 NN O O +. NN O O +Previous NN O O +contracts NN O O +had NN O O +been NN O O +procured NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +contractor NN O O +providing NN O O +the NN O O +detailed NN O B-Material +design NN O I-Material +. NN O O +For NN O O +this NN O O +system NN O O +the NN O O +design NN O O +was NN O O +undertaken NN O O +by NN O O +Mott NN O O +MacDonald NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +was NN O O +developed NN O O +by NN O O +looking NN O B-Process +at NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +systems NN O I-Process +installed NN O I-Process +previously NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +calculating NN O I-Process +what NN O O +was NN O O +actually NN O O +required NN O O +to NN O O +achieve NN O O +cathodic NN O B-Task +protection NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +piers NN O I-Task +. NN O O +This NN O O +resulted NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +significant NN O B-Process +reduction NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +number NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +zones NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +monitoring NN O I-Process +probes NN O I-Process +. NN O O +The NN O O +varying NN O B-Process +amounts NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +steelwork NN O I-Process +in NN O O +the NN O O +beams NN O O +had NN O O +previously NN O O +lead NN O O +to NN O O +up NN O O +to NN O O +5 NN O O +zones NN O O +per NN O O +beam NN O O +, NN O O +with NN O O +multiple NN O B-Process +layers NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +mesh NN O I-Process +to NN O O +achieve NN O O +the NN O O +design NN O O +current NN O O +density NN O O +. NN O O +On NN O O +review NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +data NN O B-Material +the NN O O +operating NN O O +current NN O O +density NN O O +was NN O O +similar NN O O +in NN O O +all NN O O +zones NN O O +and NN O O +so NN O O +this NN O O +was NN O O +reduced NN O O +to NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O O +zone NN O O +per NN O O +beam NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +encapsulation NN O B-Process +was NN O O +susceptible NN O O +to NN O O +ASR NN O B-Process +and NN O O +contained NN O O +post NN O O +tensioning NN O O +and NN O O +so NN O O +it NN O O +was NN O O +decided NN O O +to NN O O +use NN O O +a NN O O +galvanic NN O B-Material +system NN O I-Material +based NN O O +on NN O O +Galvashield NN O B-Material +CC NN O I-Material +anodes NN O I-Material +from NN O O +Fosroc NN O O +. NN O O +Our NN O O +design NN O O +did NN O O +not NN O O +include NN O O +an NN O O +option NN O O +to NN O O +allow NN O O +depolarization NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +the NN O I-Task +galvanic NN O I-Task +system NN O I-Task +, NN O O +but NN O O +the NN O O +contractor NN O O +supplied NN O O +one NN O O +, NN O O +such NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +anodes NN O O +could NN O O +be NN O O +remotely NN O O +disconnected NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +control NN O O +unit NN O O +was NN O O +from NN O O +Electrotech NN O O +CP NN O O +and NN O O +operated NN O O +via NN O O +a NN O O +broadband NN O B-Process +connection NN O I-Process +provided NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +contractor NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S221450951530005X) + +An NN O O +innovative NN O O +sound NN O B-Material +wall NN O I-Material +system NN O I-Material +was NN O O +developed NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +University NN O O +of NN O O +Western NN O O +Ontario NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +was NN O O +examined NN O O +to NN O O +serve NN O O +as NN O O +a NN O O +vertical NN O O +extension NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +existing NN O B-Material +sound NN O I-Material +walls NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +wall NN O B-Material +system NN O I-Material +( NN O O +denoted NN O O +as NN O O +flexi NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +wall NN O I-Material +) NN O O +consists NN O O +of NN O O +stay NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +in NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +place NN O I-Material +poly NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +blocks NN O I-Material +as NN O O +formwork NN O O +, NN O O +light NN O B-Material +polyurethane NN O I-Material +foam NN O I-Material +( NN O O +LPF NN O B-Material +) NN O O +reinforced NN O O +with NN O O +steel NN O B-Material +rebars NN O I-Material +as NN O O +structural NN O B-Material +cores NN O I-Material +and NN O O +polyurea NN O B-Material +as NN O O +a NN O O +coating NN O B-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +wall NN O B-Material +surfaces NN O I-Material +( NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +1 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Poly NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +blocks NN O I-Material +are NN O O +interlocking NN O B-Material +light NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +weight NN O I-Material +blocks NN O I-Material +which NN O O +are NN O O +stacked NN O O +up NN O O +layer NN O O +by NN O O +layer NN O O +and NN O O +act NN O O +as NN O O +formwork NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +LPF NN O B-Material +cores NN O I-Material +. NN O O +The NN O O +poly NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +block NN O I-Material +is NN O O +20×20×80cm3 NN O O +and NN O O +includes NN O O +four NN O O +cylindrical NN O B-Material +voids NN O I-Material +with NN O O +14 NN O O +cm NN O O +diameter NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +made NN O O +of NN O O +molded NN O B-Material +low NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +density NN O I-Material +polyurethane NN O I-Material +and NN O O +weighs NN O O +approximately NN O O +1 NN O O +kg NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +poly NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +blocks NN O I-Material +are NN O O +fire NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +resistant NN O I-Material +blocks NN O I-Material +and NN O O +have NN O O +an NN O O +excellent NN O O +capability NN O O +to NN O O +absorb NN O B-Process +, NN O O +mitigate NN O B-Process +and NN O O +reflect NN O B-Process +a NN O O +wide NN O O +range NN O O +of NN O O +noises NN O O +with NN O O +unmatched NN O O +frequency NN O O +of NN O O +reflective NN O O +noise NN O O +. NN O O +Polyurea NN O B-Material +coating NN O I-Material +is NN O O +an NN O O +abrasion NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +resistant NN O I-Material +finishing NN O I-Material +layer NN O I-Material +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +sprayed NN O B-Process +on NN O O +the NN O O +surfaces NN O B-Material +of NN O I-Material +the NN O I-Material +wall NN O I-Material +and NN O O +sets NN O O +within NN O O +2–3min NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +layer NN O B-Material +also NN O O +enhances NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +surface NN O I-Process +resistance NN O I-Process +of NN O O +poly NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +blocks NN O I-Material +against NN O O +stone NN O B-Process +impact NN O I-Process +, NN O O +weathering NN O B-Process +, NN O O +fire NN O B-Process +development NN O I-Process +, NN O O +chemicals NN O B-Material +and NN O O +penetration NN O B-Process +. NN O O +LPF NN O B-Material +is NN O O +an NN O O +expanding NN O B-Material +liquid NN O I-Material +mixture NN O I-Material +which NN O O +is NN O O +injected NN O O +into NN O O +the NN O O +poly NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +block NN O I-Material +voids NN O I-Material +and NN O O +cures NN O B-Material +within NN O O +10min NN O O +. NN O O +Steel NN O B-Material +rebars NN O I-Material +are NN O O +epoxied NN O O +into NN O O +holes NN O B-Material +drilled NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +existing NN O B-Material +sound NN O I-Material +wall NN O I-Material +to NN O O +connect NN O O +the NN O O +wall NN O B-Material +extension NN O I-Material +to NN O O +its NN O O +base NN O B-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2214509515300103) + +Another NN O O +important NN O O +reason NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +damages NN O O +incurred NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +RC NN O O +buildings NN O O +is NN O O +workmanship NN O B-Process +defects NN O I-Process +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +understood NN O O +that NN O O +granulometry NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +handmade NN O I-Process +concretes NN O I-Process +was NN O O +not NN O O +in NN O O +compliance NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +standards NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +aggregate NN O O +utilized NN O O +in NN O O +them NN O O +was NN O O +not NN O O +sieved NN O O +. NN O O +Also NN O O +the NN O O +compaction NN O B-Process +process NN O I-Process +was NN O O +not NN O O +properly NN O O +implemented NN O O +in NN O O +general NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +installment NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +concrete NN O I-Process +in NN O O +RC NN O O +buildings NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +situation NN O O +resulted NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +concrete NN O B-Material +to NN O O +exhibit NN O O +an NN O O +excessively NN O O +porous NN O O +structure NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +most NN O O +fundamental NN O O +rules NN O O +of NN O O +thumb NN O O +of NN O O +construction NN O O +, NN O O +namely NN O O +concrete NN O B-Material +cover NN O I-Material +, NN O O +was NN O O +not NN O O +taken NN O O +care NN O O +of NN O O +in NN O O +formwork NN O O +workmanship NN O O +. NN O O +Faults NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +connections NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +stirrups NN O I-Process +to NN O O +the NN O O +longitudinal NN O O +bars NN O O +, NN O O +unstaggered NN O B-Process +formation NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +stirrup NN O I-Process +hooks NN O B-Material +in NN O O +beams NN O B-Material +and NN O O +columns NN O B-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +perpendicular NN O B-Process +angles NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +hooks NN O B-Material +, NN O O +inadequately NN O B-Process +anchorage NN O I-Process +lengths NN O I-Process +of NN O O +the NN O O +stirrup NN O B-Material +hooks NN O I-Material +and NN O O +longitudinal NN O B-Material +bars NN O I-Material +, NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +cold NN O I-Process +joints NN O I-Process +were NN O O +the NN O O +other NN O O +frequently NN O O +encountered NN O O +workmanship NN O B-Process +defects NN O I-Process +( NN O O +Figs NN O O +. NN O O +19–22 NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2214657115000052) + +The NN O O +exponential NN O B-Process +relationships NN O I-Process +reported NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +plots NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +convert NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +dielectric NN O I-Task +values NN O I-Task +to NN O I-Task +air NN O I-Task +void NN O I-Task +values NN O I-Task +as NN O O +prescribed NN O O +in NN O O +previous NN O O +studies NN O O +[ NN O O +1–3 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +AC NN O B-Process +pavement NN O I-Process +composite NN O I-Process +permittivity NN O I-Process +reduces NN O O +, NN O O +along NN O O +with NN O O +the NN O O +reflection NN O O +coefficient NN O O +, NN O O +as NN O O +the NN O O +volumetric NN O B-Process +proportion NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +air NN O I-Process +increases NN O O +as NN O O +compared NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +remaining NN O O +components NN O O +. NN O O +However NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +method NN O O +relies NN O O +on NN O O +an NN O O +empirical NN O O +fit NN O O +, NN O O +determined NN O O +on NN O O +a NN O O +case NN O O +- NN O O +by NN O O +- NN O O +case NN O O +basis NN O O +, NN O O +since NN O O +the NN O O +permittivity NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +remaining NN O O +components NN O O +depends NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +mix NN O B-Material +design NN O I-Material +( NN O O +aggregate NN O O +type NN O O +, NN O O +binder NN O O +content NN O O +, NN O O +etc NN O O +. NN O O +) NN O O +. NN O O +Long NN O B-Process +term NN O I-Process +studies NN O I-Process +in NN O I-Process +Finland NN O I-Process +concluded NN O O +that NN O O +this NN O O +empirical NN O O +fit NN O O +is NN O O +an NN O O +exponential NN O B-Task +relationship NN O I-Task +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +exponential NN O O +fits NN O O +, NN O O +using NN O O +a NN O O +sufficient NN O B-Process +amount NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +cores NN O I-Process +, NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +map NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +air NN O I-Task +void NN O I-Task +content NN O I-Task +variation NN O I-Task +in NN O O +a NN O O +similar NN O O +manner NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +dielectric NN O B-Material +maps NN O I-Material +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O +4 NN O O +. NN O O +Only NN O O +4 NN O O +cores NN O O +were NN O O +feasible NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +various NN O O +factors NN O O +involved NN O O +with NN O O +testing NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +final NN O I-Task +lift NN O I-Task +of NN O O +an NN O O +in NN O O +- NN O O +service NN O O +pavement NN O O +. NN O O +More NN O O +cores NN O O +are NN O O +needed NN O O +for NN O O +more NN O B-Task +stable NN O I-Task +exponential NN O I-Task +coefficients NN O I-Task +, NN O O +although NN O O +the NN O O +limited NN O O +cores NN O O +show NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +predicted NN O B-Process +relationships NN O I-Process +are NN O O +similar NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +measured NN O B-Process +dielectric NN O I-Process +range NN O I-Process +in NN O O +this NN O O +case NN O O +- NN O O +study NN O O +. NN O O +Since NN O O +both NN O O +regressions NN O B-Process +predict NN O O +air NN O B-Task +void NN O I-Task +content NN O I-Task +at NN O O +a NN O O +maximum NN O O +difference NN O O +of NN O O +0.56 NN O O +% NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +within NN O O +the NN O O +uncertainty NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +core NN O B-Process +measurement NN O I-Process +precision NN O I-Process +of NN O O +0.7 NN O O +% NN O O +, NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +either NN O O +the NN O O +initial NN O B-Process +or NN O I-Process +repeat NN O I-Process +run NN O I-Process +regression NN O I-Process +predictions NN O I-Process +are NN O O +appropriate NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2214657115000155) + +MicroCT NN O B-Process +has NN O O +been NN O O +applied NN O O +to NN O O +AM NN O B-Material +parts NN O I-Material +in NN O O +various NN O O +forms NN O O +. NN O O +Some NN O O +preliminary NN O B-Material +results NN O I-Material +demonstrating NN O O +the NN O O +visualization NN O B-Task +of NN O I-Task +defects NN O I-Task +including NN O O +porosity NN O B-Process +in NN O I-Process +AM NN O I-Process +components NN O I-Process +were NN O O +reported NN O O +in NN O O +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +another NN O O +study NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +porosity NN O B-Task +structures NN O I-Task +in NN O I-Task +parts NN O I-Task +built NN O O +with NN O O +improper NN O O +settings NN O O +were NN O O +investigated NN O O +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +this NN O O +work NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +average NN O B-Process +porosity NN O I-Process +ranged NN O O +from NN O O +0.1–0.5 NN O O +% NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +large NN O O +pores NN O O +were NN O O +observed NN O O +which NN O O +followed NN O O +the NN O O +build NN O B-Process +direction NN O I-Process +and NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +attributed NN O O +to NN O O +the NN O O +electron NN O B-Process +beam NN O I-Process +raster NN O I-Process +and NN O I-Process +overlap NN O I-Process +pattern NN O I-Process +. NN O I-Process +This NN O O +was NN O O +followed NN O O +by NN O O +more NN O O +recent NN O B-Material +reports NN O I-Material +of NN O O +the NN O O +porosity NN O B-Task +distribution NN O I-Task +as NN O O +a NN O O +function NN O O +of NN O O +build NN O O +strategy NN O O +for NN O O +electron NN O B-Material +beam NN O I-Material +melted NN O I-Material +samples NN O I-Material +with NN O O +average NN O O +porosity NN O O +< NN O O +0.2 NN O O +% NN O O +[ NN O O +8 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +another NN O O +study NN O O +, NN O O +similar NN O O +porosity NN O B-Material +images NN O I-Material +from NN O O +microCT NN O B-Material +were NN O O +reported NN O O +at NN O O +levels NN O O +above NN O O +0.2 NN O O +% NN O O +average NN O O +porosity NN O O +[ NN O O +9,10 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Very NN O O +recent NN O O +work NN O O +reports NN O O +similar NN O O +images NN O O +and NN O O +may NN O O +indicate NN O O +that NN O O +the NN O O +porosity NN O O +structure NN O O +depends NN O O +on NN O O +the NN O O +build NN O O +direction NN O O +[ NN O O +11 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Other NN O O +applications NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +use NN O O +of NN O O +microCT NN O B-Material +to NN O O +characterize NN O B-Task +AM NN O I-Task +parts NN O I-Task +include NN O O +the NN O O +comparison NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +part NN O I-Process +to NN O I-Process +its NN O I-Process +design NN O I-Process +model NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +12 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +characterization NN O B-Process +of NN O I-Process +surface NN O I-Process +roughness NN O I-Process +of NN O O +such NN O O +parts NN O O +[ NN O O +13 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +the NN O O +present NN O O +work NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +aim NN O O +is NN O O +to NN O O +demonstrate NN O B-Task +a NN O I-Task +specific NN O I-Task +type NN O I-Task +of NN O I-Task +defect NN O I-Task +present NN O O +at NN O O +very NN O B-Process +low NN O I-Process +average NN O I-Process +porosity NN O I-Process +levels NN O I-Process +below NN O O +0.01 NN O O +% NN O O +, NN O O +and NN O O +which NN O O +does NN O O +not NN O B-Process +follow NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +build NN O I-Process +direction NN O I-Process +as NN O O +in NN O O +some NN O O +other NN O O +reported NN O O +examples NN O O +. NN O O +We NN O O +also NN O O +demonstrate NN O O +how NN O O +this NN O O +porosity NN O B-Task +structure NN O I-Task +changes NN O I-Task +after NN O O +Hot NN O B-Process +Isostatic NN O I-Process +Pressing NN O I-Process +( NN O O +HIP NN O B-Process +) NN O O +treatment NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +same NN O O +sample NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2214657115000179) + +Aeroengine NN O B-Task +turbine NN O I-Task +disks NN O I-Task +often NN O O +consist NN O O +of NN O O +paramagnetic NN O B-Material +, NN O O +that NN O O +means NN O O +non NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +ferromagnetic NN O I-Material +Nickel NN O I-Material +based NN O I-Material +alloys NN O I-Material +. NN O O +Sometimes NN O O +, NN O O +parasitic NN O B-Material +small NN O I-Material +ferromagnetic NN O I-Material +particles NN O I-Material +can NN O O +be NN O O +included NN O O +in NN O O +these NN O O +disks NN O O +that NN O O +may NN O O +decrease NN O B-Task +the NN O I-Task +mechanical NN O I-Task +stability NN O I-Task +. NN O O +For NN O O +this NN O O +reason NN O O +, NN O O +in NN O O +case NN O O +of NN O O +a NN O O +suspicion NN O O +disks NN O O +are NN O O +to NN O O +be NN O O +analysed NN O O +with NN O O +respect NN O O +to NN O O +ferromagnetic NN O B-Process +inclusions NN O I-Process +. NN O O +These NN O O +inclusions NN O O +generate NN O O +a NN O O +magnetic NN O B-Task +density NN O I-Task +which NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +measured NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +flux NN O B-Material +gate NN O I-Material +magnetometer NN O I-Material +using NN O O +the NN O O +magnetic NN O B-Process +remanence NN O I-Process +method NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +detection NN O B-Process +principle NN O I-Process +of NN O I-Process +ferromagnetic NN O I-Process +impurities NN O I-Process +in NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +magnetic NN O O +metallic NN O O +materials NN O O +is NN O O +based NN O O +on NN O O +their NN O O +remanence NN O O +. NN O O +Before NN O O +such NN O O +a NN O O +measurement NN O B-Task +can NN O O +be NN O O +carried NN O O +out NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +aeroengine NN O O +turbine NN O O +disks NN O O +are NN O O +premagnetised NN O B-Process +in NN O O +axial NN O O +direction NN O O +. NN O O +As NN O O +ferromagnetic NN O O +materials NN O O +show NN O O +the NN O O +well NN O O +- NN O O +known NN O O +hysteresis NN O B-Process +behaviour NN O I-Process +, NN O O +those NN O O +materials NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +magnetised NN O O +by NN O O +a NN O O +strong NN O B-Process +magnetic NN O I-Process +field NN O I-Process +which NN O O +drives NN O O +the NN O O +magnetic NN O O +material NN O O +into NN O O +saturation NN O O +. NN O O +When NN O O +removing NN O B-Process +the NN O I-Process +magnetic NN O I-Process +field NN O I-Process +, NN O O +the NN O O +remanence NN O O +is NN O O +left NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +remaining NN O B-Process +flux NN O I-Process +density NN O I-Process +is NN O O +used NN O O +to NN O O +detect NN O O +them NN O O +in NN O O +non NN O O +- NN O O +magnetic NN O O +materials NN O O +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2352179114200032) + +Although NN O O +the NN O O +presented NN O O +model NN O O +is NN O O +developed NN O O +and NN O O +tested NN O O +with NN O O +a NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +C NN O I-Material +: NN O I-Material +H NN O I-Material +layers NN O I-Material +in NN O O +mind NN O O +, NN O O +it NN O O +is NN O O +not NN O O +necessarily NN O O +limited NN O O +to NN O O +them NN O O +. NN O O +Moreover NN O O +, NN O O +the NN O O +only NN O O +assumptions NN O O +are NN O O +chemical NN O B-Process +reactions NN O I-Process +between NN O O +the NN O O +gas NN O B-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +solid NN O B-Material +forming NN O I-Material +volatiles NN O I-Material +, NN O O +the NN O O +loss NN O O +of NN O O +these NN O O +volatiles NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +material NN O O +and NN O O +the NN O O +two NN O O +stated NN O O +boundary NN O O +conditions NN O O +of NN O O +gas NN O B-Process +influx NN O I-Process +at NN O O +a NN O O +single NN O B-Material +outer NN O I-Material +surface NN O I-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +possibility NN O O +of NN O O +reactions NN O B-Process +throughout NN O O +the NN O O +bulk NN O O +. NN O O +Porosity NN O B-Process +and NN O O +significant NN O O +gas NN O B-Material +inventories NN O I-Material +were NN O O +observed NN O O +not NN O O +only NN O O +for NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +[ NN O O +12 NN O O +] NN O O +but NN O O +, NN O O +e.g. NN O O +also NN O O +for NN O O +beryllium NN O B-Material +co NN O I-Material +- NN O I-Material +deposits NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +25 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +can NN O O +be NN O O +expected NN O O +for NN O O +other NN O O +co NN O O +- NN O O +deposits NN O O +formed NN O O +in NN O O +plasma NN O B-Material +devices NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +Thus NN O O +, NN O O +TCR NN O B-Material +and NN O O +its NN O O +description NN O O +by NN O O +the NN O O +presented NN O O +model NN O O +may NN O O +be NN O O +applicable NN O O +to NN O O +all NN O O +deposits NN O O +. NN O O +If NN O O +a NN O O +layer NN O O +has NN O O +constituents NN O B-Process +that NN O I-Process +are NN O I-Process +not NN O I-Process +forming NN O I-Process +volatiles NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +the NN O I-Process +reactive NN O I-Process +gas NN O I-Process +, NN O O +e.g. NN O O +W NN O B-Process +and NN O I-Process +Be NN O I-Process +with NN O I-Process +O2 NN O I-Process +, NN O O +these NN O O +constituents NN O O +can NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +removed NN O O +by NN O O +TCR NN O B-Material +, NN O O +as NN O O +they NN O O +will NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +removed NN O O +from NN O O +the NN O O +deposit NN O O +. NN O O +This NN O O +can NN O O +influence NN O O +the NN O O +removal NN O O +of NN O O +other NN O O +deposit NN O B-Material +constituents NN O I-Material +and NN O O +the NN O O +time NN O O +evolution NN O O +of NN O O +the NN O O +process NN O O +can NN O O +change NN O O +. NN O O +The NN O O +new NN O O +understanding NN O O +of NN O O +TCR NN O B-Material +may NN O O +, NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +first NN O O +time NN O O +, NN O O +allow NN O O +applying NN O O +the NN O O +method NN O O +in NN O O +a NN O O +controlled NN O O +way NN O O +to NN O O +nuclear NN O B-Material +fusion NN O I-Material +devices NN O I-Material +, NN O O +possibly NN O O +solving NN O O +the NN O O +tritium NN O B-Task +retention NN O I-Task +issue NN O I-Task +especially NN O O +related NN O O +to NN O O +carbon NN O B-Material +based NN O I-Material +materials NN O I-Material +. NN O O + +-DOCSTART- (S2352179114200056) + +Power NN O B-Material +and NN O I-Material +particle NN O I-Material +exhaust NN O I-Material +are NN O O +crucial NN O O +for NN O O +the NN O O +viability NN O O +of NN O O +any NN O O +future NN O O +fusion NN O B-Material +power NN O I-Material +plant NN O I-Material +concept NN O O +. NN O O +Heat NN O O +in NN O O +fusion NN O B-Process +reactors NN O I-Process +must NN O O +be NN O O +extracted NN O O +through NN O O +a NN O O +wall NN O O +and NN O O +can NN O O +not NN O O +be NN O O +exhausted NN O O +volumetrically NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +limits NN O O +the NN O O +allowed NN O O +power NN O O +density NN O O +in NN O O +fusion NN O B-Process +reactors NN O I-Process +[ NN O O +1 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +is NN O O +a NN O O +severe NN O B-Task +technical NN O I-Task +challenge NN O I-Task +in NN O O +itself NN O O +[ NN O O +2 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +In NN O O +addition NN O O +, NN O O +structural NN O B-Process +material NN O I-Process +changes NN O I-Process +resulting NN O O +from NN O O +neutron NN O B-Process +irradiation NN O I-Process +cause NN O O +degradation NN O O +in NN O O +the NN O O +heat NN O O +exhaust NN O O +capabilities NN O O +of NN O O +existing NN O O +designs NN O O +[ NN O O +3 NN O O +] NN O O +and NN O O +static NN O B-Process +surfaces NN O I-Process +can NN O O +suffer NN O O +severely NN O O +from NN O O +erosion NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +impinging NN O B-Material +plasma NN O I-Material +particles NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +4,5 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O +It NN O O +is NN O O +concluded NN O O +that NN O O +conventional NN O O +concepts NN O O +and NN O O +materials NN O O +for NN O O +plasma NN O B-Task +facing NN O I-Task +components NN O I-Task +( NN O O +PFCs NN O B-Task +) NN O O +reach NN O O +their NN O O +limits NN O O +in NN O O +terms NN O O +of NN O O +material NN O O +lifetime NN O O +and NN O O +power NN O O +exhaust NN O O +at NN O O +approximately NN O O +20MW NN O O +/ NN O O +m2 NN O O +, NN O O +which NN O O +is NN O O +presumably NN O O +dramatically NN O O +reduced NN O O +to NN O O +< NN O O +10MW NN O O +/ NN O O +m2 NN O O +due NN O O +to NN O O +neutron NN O B-Process +damage NN O I-Process +in NN O O +a NN O O +D NN O B-Material +- NN O I-Material +T NN O I-Material +reactor NN O I-Material +[ NN O O +6 NN O O +] NN O O +or NN O O +even NN O O +only NN O O +half NN O O +that NN O O +value NN O O +[ NN O O +7 NN O O +] NN O O +. NN O O + From 6c0291d1156c4303f33f1a437d334be88dfb8f33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kyleclo Date: Mon, 18 Feb 2019 10:06:26 -0800 Subject: [PATCH 06/23] typsetting --- sci_bert/common/span.py | 26 +------------------ .../semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py | 2 +- 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-) diff --git a/sci_bert/common/span.py b/sci_bert/common/span.py index 4ed2e12..68fa07a 100644 --- a/sci_bert/common/span.py +++ b/sci_bert/common/span.py @@ -212,12 +212,12 @@ def _is_proper_sents(sent_spans: List[List[Span]]) -> bool: return False return True + def _is_proper_sent(spans: List[Span]) -> bool: # check for sorted tokens & disjoint tokens return all(spans[i].start <= spans[i + 1].start and spans[i] < spans[i + 1] for i in range(len(spans) - 1)) - def _label_token_spans(token_spans: List[TokenSpan], mention_spans: List[MentionSpan]) -> List[str]: num_tokens, num_mentions = len(token_spans), len(mention_spans) @@ -313,27 +313,3 @@ def _match_mention_spans_to_sentences(sent_token_spans: List[List[TokenSpan]], assert len(sent_mention_spans) == len(sent_token_spans) return sent_mention_spans - - # - # - # # split mention spans to match sentences - # sent_mention_spans = [] - # temp_hold_mentions = [] - # index_sent, index_mention = 0, 0 - # while index_sent < num_sents and index_mention < num_mentions: - # mention_span = mention_spans[index_mention] - # sent_start = sent_token_spans[index_sent][0].start - # sent_stop = sent_token_spans[index_sent][-1].stop - # # if mention within sentence, keep it - # if mention_span.start >= sent_start and mention_span.stop <= sent_stop: - # temp_hold_mentions.append(mention_span) - # index_mention += 1 - # # skip if cross-sentence mention - # elif mention_span.start >= sent_start and mention_span.stop > sent_stop and mention_span.start < sent_stop: - # print(f'Mention {mention_span} crosses sentence boundary') - # index_mention += 1 - # # if not, append accumulated spans & move to next sentence - # else: - # sent_mention_spans.append(temp_hold_mentions) - # temp_hold_mentions = [] - # index_sent += 1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py b/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py index 9d9a7a7..d80ebf0 100644 --- a/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py +++ b/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py @@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ - +# TODO: stop here; below incomplete relations script From 11bb876997a898789d4db7ba83c41cb9a8361536 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kyleclo Date: Mon, 18 Feb 2019 11:44:18 -0800 Subject: [PATCH 07/23] refactor Span stuff for clarity --- sci_bert/common/span.py | 130 +++++++++++++++++++++------------------- 1 file changed, 70 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-) diff --git a/sci_bert/common/span.py b/sci_bert/common/span.py index 68fa07a..e201015 100644 --- a/sci_bert/common/span.py +++ b/sci_bert/common/span.py @@ -8,20 +8,22 @@ from typing import * -from collections import defaultdict - class Span: """When comparing `self` to another span `other`, there are cases: - self other - (a) (2, 5) (5, 8) disjoint (i.e. < and > operators) - (b) (2, 5) (3, 8) partial overlap - (c) (2, 5) (1, 8) (strict) subset (i.e. `in` operator) - (d) (2, 5) (2, 5) equal + self other + (a) (0, 3) < (3, 5) disjoint (i.e. < and > operators) + (b) (0, 3) <= (2, 5) partial overlap (i.e. <= and >= operators) + (0, 3) <= (1, 5) + (0, 3) <= (0, 5) + (c) (1, 2) in (0, 3) (strict) subset (i.e. `in` operator) + (d) (0, 3) == (0, 3) equal Notice that the `stop` index is non-inclusive. """ def __init__(self, start: int, stop: int): + if start >= stop: + raise ValueError('Strictly start < stop') self.start = start self.stop = stop @@ -29,10 +31,17 @@ def __eq__(self, other): return self.start == other.start and self.stop == other.stop def __lt__(self, other): - return self.stop <= other.start and self.start < other.start + return self.stop <= other.start def __gt__(self, other): - return other.stop <= self.start and other.start < self.start + return other < self + + def __le__(self, other): + # self is left of other, but not disjoint + return self.start <= other.start and self.stop < other.stop and not self < other + + def __ge__(self, other): + return other <= self def __repr__(self): return str((self.start, self.stop)) @@ -89,8 +98,9 @@ def to_json(self) -> Dict: } @classmethod - def find_token_spans(cls, text: str, tokens: List[str]) -> List['TokenSpan']: - """Given text and its tokenization, associate with each token a span + def find_sent_token_spans(cls, text: str, sent_tokens: List[List[str]]) -> List[List['TokenSpan']]: + """ + Given text and its tokenization, associate with each token a span that indexes characters from the original text text before tokenization: @@ -106,10 +116,21 @@ def find_token_spans(cls, text: str, tokens: List[str]) -> List['TokenSpan']: This should work for arbitrary tokenization (even sub-word tokenization), as long as non-whitespace characters never disappear after tokenization. """ - assert text.strip().replace(' ', '').replace('\t', '').replace('\n', '') == ''.join(tokens) - spans = [] + # assertion should fail if any tokens are whitespace, which can happen like: + # text = "This is too much white space ." + assert ''.join([char.strip() for char in text.strip()]) == ''.join([token for tokens in sent_tokens for token in tokens]) + sent_spans = [] index_char_in_text = 0 + for tokens in sent_tokens: + token_spans, index_char_in_text = TokenSpan._find_token_spans(text, tokens, index_char_in_text) + sent_spans.append(token_spans) + return sent_spans + + @classmethod + def _find_token_spans(cls, text: str, tokens: List[str], index_char_in_text: int) -> Tuple[List['TokenSpan'], int]: + """Private method to process each sentence in `_find_sent_token_spans()`""" + token_spans = [] for token in tokens: # skip whitespace while text[index_char_in_text].strip() == '': @@ -125,38 +146,9 @@ def find_token_spans(cls, text: str, tokens: List[str]) -> List['TokenSpan']: # save span when match all characters in token assert token == text[start:index_char_in_text] token_span = TokenSpan(start=start, stop=index_char_in_text, text=token) - spans.append(token_span) - - return spans - - @classmethod - def find_sent_token_spans(cls, text: str, sent_tokens: List[List[str]]) -> List[List['TokenSpan']]: - # should fail if any tokens are whitespace - assert ''.join([char.strip() for char in text.strip()]) == ''.join([token for tokens in sent_tokens for token in tokens]) - - sent_spans = [] - index_char_in_text = 0 - for tokens in sent_tokens: - token_spans = [] - for token in tokens: - # skip whitespace; this is why not allow any whitespace tokens - while text[index_char_in_text].strip() == '': - index_char_in_text += 1 - - # remember start of span - start = index_char_in_text - - # iterate over token characters - for char in token: - index_char_in_text += 1 - - # save span when match all characters in token - assert token == text[start:index_char_in_text] - token_span = TokenSpan(start=start, stop=index_char_in_text, text=token) - token_spans.append(token_span) - sent_spans.append(token_spans) + token_spans.append(token_span) - return sent_spans + return token_spans, index_char_in_text class MentionSpan(Span): @@ -179,14 +171,25 @@ def to_json(self) -> Dict: } def __hash__(self): - return hash((self.start, self.stop, self.text, tuple(self.entity_types), self.entity_id)) + """This is more strict than equality, which is inhereted from `Span.__eq__` - def __eq__(self, other): - return isinstance(self, type(other)) and self.__hash__() == other.__hash__() + e.g. + MentionSpan(0, 1, '', [], '') == MentionSpan(0, 1, 'abc', [], 'abc') is True + hash(MentionSpan(0, 1, '', [], '')) == hash(MentionSpan(0, 1, 'abc', [], 'abc')) is False + """ + return hash((self.start, self.stop, self.text, tuple(self.entity_types), self.entity_id)) def label_sent_token_spans(sent_token_spans: List[List[TokenSpan]], mention_spans: List[MentionSpan]) -> List[List[str]]: + """ + `sent_token_spans` is a list of sentences, where each sentence is a list of token spans + `mention_spans` is a single list of mention spans + + Assumes both of these are properly sorted (sentences & tokens) & disjoint in their tokens. + + Returns BIO labels for each sentence, for each token, matching structure of `sent_token_spans` + """ assert _is_proper_sents(sent_token_spans) # align mention spans with sentences @@ -214,19 +217,23 @@ def _is_proper_sents(sent_spans: List[List[Span]]) -> bool: def _is_proper_sent(spans: List[Span]) -> bool: - # check for sorted tokens & disjoint tokens - return all(spans[i].start <= spans[i + 1].start and spans[i] < spans[i + 1] for i in range(len(spans) - 1)) + # check for sorted & disjoint tokens + return all(spans[i] < spans[i + 1] for i in range(len(spans) - 1)) def _label_token_spans(token_spans: List[TokenSpan], mention_spans: List[MentionSpan]) -> List[str]: + """Private method to process each sentence in `label_sent_token_spans()`""" num_tokens, num_mentions = len(token_spans), len(mention_spans) + # no tokens + if num_tokens == 0: + return [] # no mentions if num_mentions == 0: return ['O'] * num_tokens - # check mentions should all be match-able to tokens + # check mentions should be within range of tokens assert mention_spans[0].start >= token_spans[0].start assert mention_spans[-1].stop <= token_spans[-1].stop @@ -235,6 +242,7 @@ def _label_token_spans(token_spans: List[TokenSpan], while index_token < num_tokens and index_mention < num_mentions: token_span = token_spans[index_token] mention_span = mention_spans[index_mention] + entity_type = mention_span.entity_types[0] # case 1: token is left of mention (no overlap) if token_span < mention_span: token_labels.append('O') @@ -244,22 +252,19 @@ def _label_token_spans(token_spans: List[TokenSpan], index_mention += 1 # case 3: token captures start of mention elif token_span.start <= mention_span.start: - token_labels.append('B-{}'.format(mention_span.entity_types[0])) + token_labels.append(f'B-{entity_type}') index_token += 1 - # handles case when last token is 'B' - if index_token == num_tokens: - index_mention += 1 # case 4: token within mention elif token_span in mention_span: - token_labels.append('I-{}'.format(mention_span.entity_types[0])) + token_labels.append(f'I-{entity_type}') index_token += 1 # case 5: token captures end of mention elif token_span.stop >= mention_span.stop: - token_labels.append('I-{}'.format(mention_span.entity_types[0])) + token_labels.append(f'I-{entity_type}') index_token += 1 index_mention += 1 - # ran out of mentions, but remaining tokens + # ran out of mentions, but label remaining tokens while index_token < num_tokens: token_labels.append('O') index_token += 1 @@ -270,6 +275,7 @@ def _label_token_spans(token_spans: List[TokenSpan], def _match_mention_spans_to_sentences(sent_token_spans: List[List[TokenSpan]], mention_spans: List[MentionSpan]) -> List[List[MentionSpan]]: + """Private method to process `mention_spans` into sentences in `label_sent_token_spans()`""" num_sents, num_mentions = len(sent_token_spans), len(mention_spans) # check mentions should all be match-able to sentences @@ -292,13 +298,17 @@ def _match_mention_spans_to_sentences(sent_token_spans: List[List[TokenSpan]], elif mention_span.start < this_sent_stop and mention_span.stop > next_sent_start: print(f'Mention {mention_span} crosses sentence boundary') index_mention += 1 - # if mention not within this sentence, go to next one + # if mention not within this sentence, go to next sentence else: sent_mention_spans.append(temp) temp = [] index_sent += 1 - # append remaining mentions + # previous loop should conclude either: + # (1) sentence n-2 with mentions remaining. + # (2) earlier sentence but with no mentions remaining. + + # (1) handle final sentence's mentions while index_mention < num_mentions: mention_span = mention_spans[index_mention] temp.append(mention_span) @@ -306,7 +316,7 @@ def _match_mention_spans_to_sentences(sent_token_spans: List[List[TokenSpan]], sent_mention_spans.append(temp) index_sent += 1 - # remaining sentences without corresp. mentions + # (2) handle remaining sentences without mentions while index_sent < num_sents: sent_mention_spans.append([]) index_sent += 1 From 33cd99a8554805e7658b89eaf790871a0dc47e5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kyleclo Date: Mon, 18 Feb 2019 11:55:03 -0800 Subject: [PATCH 08/23] fix bug in Span where recursively calling itself in <> and <= >= methods --- sci_bert/common/span.py | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/sci_bert/common/span.py b/sci_bert/common/span.py index e201015..9731271 100644 --- a/sci_bert/common/span.py +++ b/sci_bert/common/span.py @@ -34,14 +34,14 @@ def __lt__(self, other): return self.stop <= other.start def __gt__(self, other): - return other < self + return other.__lt__(self) def __le__(self, other): # self is left of other, but not disjoint return self.start <= other.start and self.stop < other.stop and not self < other def __ge__(self, other): - return other <= self + return other.__le__(self) def __repr__(self): return str((self.start, self.stop)) @@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ def __contains__(self, item): return item.start > self.start and item.stop < self.stop @classmethod - def cluster_spans(cls, spans: List['Span']) -> List[List['Span']]: + def sort_cluster_spans(cls, spans: Set['Span']) -> List[List['Span']]: """Iterate over spans; accumulate each span in same group""" - spans = sorted(spans, key=lambda s: (s.start, s.stop)) + spans: List['Span'] = sorted(spans, key=lambda s: (s.start, s.stop)) clusters: List[Dict] = [{ 'proxy': Span(start=spans[0].start, stop=spans[0].stop), 'spans': [spans[0]] From 66db2a34779eedf4cd7c5baedf34ddc2fc5fcfd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kyleclo Date: Mon, 18 Feb 2019 11:55:32 -0800 Subject: [PATCH 09/23] add better comments; revert to sentence splitting since contexts can be too long for bert --- .../semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py | 29 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py b/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py index d80ebf0..c08fafa 100644 --- a/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py +++ b/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py @@ -67,17 +67,19 @@ ann_file = os.path.join(ann_dir, f'{id}.ann') txt_file = ann_file.replace('.ann', '.txt') - # load text + # load text & tokenize w/ Spacy with open(txt_file, 'r') as f_txt: text = f_txt.read().strip() text = ''.join([char if char.strip() != '' else ' ' for char in text]) # normalize whitespaces, such as '\xa0' --> ' ' spacy_text = nlp(text) + # no sentence splitting (one long sentence) & tokenize + # sent_token_spans = TokenSpan.find_sent_token_spans(text=text, sent_tokens=[[token.text for sent in spacy_text.sents for token in sent if token.text.strip() != '']]) + # split sentences & tokenize - sent_token_spans = TokenSpan.find_sent_token_spans(text=text, sent_tokens=[[token.text for sent in spacy_text.sents for token in sent if token.text.strip() != '']]) - # sent_token_spans = TokenSpan.find_sent_token_spans(text=text, sent_tokens=[[token.text for token in sent if token.text.strip() != ''] for sent in spacy_text.sents]) + sent_token_spans = TokenSpan.find_sent_token_spans(text=text, sent_tokens=[[token.text for token in sent if token.text.strip() != ''] for sent in spacy_text.sents]) - # entity mentions might have duplicates & out of order + # load annotated entity mentions mention_spans = set() with open(ann_file, 'r') as f_ann: for line in f_ann: @@ -95,17 +97,16 @@ entity_text = tup[2] mention_span = MentionSpan(start=start, stop=stop, text=entity_text, entity_types=[entity_type], entity_id=entity_id) mention_spans.add(mention_span) - mention_spans = sorted(mention_spans, key=lambda s: (s.start, s.stop)) # overlapping mentions are handled by picking longest mention in the group # this also handles same-mention multiple-types (arbitrarily picks one of them) clean_mention_spans = [] - groups = Span.cluster_spans(mention_spans) - for group in groups: - if len(group) == 1: - clean_mention_spans.extend(group) + clusters = Span.sort_cluster_spans(mention_spans) + for cluster in clusters: + if len(cluster) == 1: + clean_mention_spans.extend(cluster) else: - longest_span = sorted(group, key=lambda s: len(s))[-1] + longest_span = sorted(cluster, key=lambda s: len(s))[-1] clean_mention_spans.append(longest_span) # conll2003 -> BIO @@ -118,8 +119,12 @@ for token_spans, token_labels in zip(sent_token_spans, sent_token_labels): for token_span, token_label in zip(token_spans, token_labels): f_out.write('\t'.join([token_span.text, 'NN', 'O', token_label])) - f_out.write('\n') - f_out.write('\n') + f_out.write('\n') # new token + f_out.write('\n') # new sent + f_out.write('\n') # new paper + + break + break From 15921ca70514cceee61dc80687a43bd0417be2e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kyleclo Date: Mon, 18 Feb 2019 13:15:02 -0800 Subject: [PATCH 10/23] fix bug in span where wrong length --- sci_bert/common/span.py | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sci_bert/common/span.py b/sci_bert/common/span.py index 9731271..491eae6 100644 --- a/sci_bert/common/span.py +++ b/sci_bert/common/span.py @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def __repr__(self): return str((self.start, self.stop)) def __len__(self): - return self.stop - self.start + 1 + return self.stop - self.start def __contains__(self, item): """Only for strict subset, doesn't include equality""" From a092ba79efbaff3249e905c2632634cb24166a67 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kyleclo Date: Mon, 18 Feb 2019 13:20:58 -0800 Subject: [PATCH 11/23] handle bug with whitespacing in entity mention annotations --- scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py | 16 ++++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py b/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py index c08fafa..9e176a9 100644 --- a/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py +++ b/scripts/semeval2017_to_coll2003_and_relations.py @@ -83,18 +83,28 @@ mention_spans = set() with open(ann_file, 'r') as f_ann: for line in f_ann: - tup = line.strip().split('\t') + tup = line.strip('\n').split('\t') if tup[0].startswith('T'): entity_id = tup[0] # note: occasionally data looks really stupid like `Task 400 436;437 453` in `S0167931713005042.ann` try: entity_type, start, stop = tup[1].split(' ') except ValueError as e: - print(f'Tried unpacking line {tup} in {id}') + print(f'Failed unpacking line {tup} in {id}. Skipping...') continue start = int(start) stop = int(stop) entity_text = tup[2] + # note: occasionally, spans include whitespace like `line = "T6 Task 220 268 modelling of red blood cells in Poiseuille flow "` + # where `stop=268` actually includes the `\xa0` token at end of `flow` + # >> correct these situations + if len(entity_text.strip()) != stop - start: + entity_text = entity_text.lstrip() + start += stop - start - len(entity_text) + entity_text = entity_text.rstrip() + stop -= stop - start - len(entity_text) + print(f'Corrected {tup} in {id} -> ({start}, {stop}) due to whitespace in mention text') + assert len(entity_text) == stop - start mention_span = MentionSpan(start=start, stop=stop, text=entity_text, entity_types=[entity_type], entity_id=entity_id) mention_spans.add(mention_span) @@ -123,8 +133,6 @@ f_out.write('\n') # new sent f_out.write('\n') # new paper - break - break From cccd81cf3a621e47ea9adfaaec83c00a9a1d2bd5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kyleclo Date: Mon, 18 Feb 2019 13:21:12 -0800 Subject: [PATCH 12/23] updated data to semeval2017 ner --- data/ner/semeval2017/dev.txt | 428 ++++- data/ner/semeval2017/test.txt | 1048 ++++++++++- data/ner/semeval2017/train.txt | 3114 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--- 3 files changed, 4200 insertions(+), 390 deletions(-) diff --git a/data/ner/semeval2017/dev.txt b/data/ner/semeval2017/dev.txt index 3ee405d..771db8b 100644 --- a/data/ner/semeval2017/dev.txt +++ b/data/ner/semeval2017/dev.txt @@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ on NN O O importance NN O O sampling NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O recent NN O O years NN O O @@ -89,11 +90,13 @@ see NN O O e.g. NN O O Refs NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 9,10 NN O O ] NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O as NN O O @@ -111,10 +114,12 @@ results NN O O are NN O O not NN O O guaranteed NN O O + [ NN O O 11–16 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O calls NN O O for NN O O @@ -132,6 +137,7 @@ and NN O I-Task numerical NN O I-Task insight NN O I-Task . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O recent NN O O @@ -173,6 +179,7 @@ clarified NN O O 17,18 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + An NN O O important NN O O conclusion NN O O @@ -193,6 +200,7 @@ yield NN O O valid NN O O results NN O O . NN O O + Importantly NN O O , NN O O this NN O O @@ -224,6 +232,7 @@ cooling NN O I-Material ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0003491615001839) This NN O O @@ -256,6 +265,7 @@ tackle NN O O phase NN O B-Task transitions NN O I-Task . NN O O + This NN O O method NN O O leads NN O O @@ -290,6 +300,7 @@ der NN O I-Process Waals NN O I-Process model NN O I-Process . NN O O + In NN O O particular NN O O we NN O O @@ -305,6 +316,7 @@ function NN O I-Process ( NN O O Eq NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O 9 NN O O ) NN O O @@ -319,6 +331,7 @@ number NN O O of NN O O particles NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O partition NN O B-Process function NN O I-Process @@ -358,6 +371,7 @@ equal NN O I-Process areas NN O I-Process rule NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O approach NN O O hereby NN O O @@ -430,6 +444,7 @@ virial NN O I-Process expansions NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0009261408017028) We NN O O @@ -493,6 +508,7 @@ optical NN O B-Material - NN O I-Material chopper NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O vibrational NN O B-Process combination NN O I-Process @@ -511,6 +527,7 @@ at NN O I-Material 1560 NN O I-Material nm NN O I-Material . NN O O + These NN O O couplings NN O O result NN O O @@ -540,6 +557,7 @@ transient NN O B-Process thermal NN O I-Process effects NN O I-Process . NN O O + These NN O O transient NN O B-Process thermal NN O I-Process @@ -569,6 +587,7 @@ values NN O O 14 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O transient NN O B-Process thermal NN O I-Process @@ -595,6 +614,7 @@ at NN O O longer NN O O timescales NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O measure NN O B-Task this NN O I-Task @@ -615,6 +635,7 @@ probe NN O I-Process experiment NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0009261413004612) The NN O O @@ -638,6 +659,7 @@ of NN O I-Task chemical NN O I-Task devices NN O I-Task . NN O O + Here NN O O , NN O O we NN O O @@ -668,6 +690,7 @@ orders NN O O of NN O O magnitude NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O basic NN O O idea NN O O @@ -729,6 +752,7 @@ the NN O O singlet NN O B-Material yield NN O I-Material . NN O O + Formally NN O O , NN O O it NN O O @@ -750,6 +774,7 @@ instantaneous NN O B-Process magnetic NN O I-Process sensitivity NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O functional NN O O form NN O O @@ -779,6 +804,7 @@ surrounding NN O O nuclear NN O B-Process spins NN O I-Process . NN O O + Here NN O O , NN O O we NN O O @@ -813,6 +839,7 @@ nucleus NN O I-Material e.g. NN O O nitrogen NN O B-Material . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O context NN O O @@ -878,6 +905,7 @@ and NN O O probe’ NN O O picture NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O Hamiltonian NN O O then NN O O @@ -894,6 +922,7 @@ hyperfine NN O I-Process coupling NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0009261414000372) It NN O O @@ -917,6 +946,7 @@ their NN O O electronic NN O B-Process environment NN O I-Process . NN O O + Local NN O B-Process field NN O I-Process effects NN O I-Process @@ -942,6 +972,7 @@ summarized NN O O 1 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Optical NN O B-Process processes NN O I-Process , NN O O @@ -963,6 +994,7 @@ chromophores NN O I-Process 2–4 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Many NN O O biological NN O O systems NN O O @@ -990,6 +1022,7 @@ nearby NN O O optical NN O O centres NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O instance NN O O , NN O O @@ -1048,6 +1081,7 @@ carotenoid NN O B-Material species NN O I-Material 5–7 NN O O . NN O O + Until NN O O now NN O O , NN O O @@ -1117,6 +1151,7 @@ differential NN O I-Process absorption NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0009261415001517) Since NN O O @@ -1140,6 +1175,7 @@ specified NN O O enantiomeric NN O O form NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O has NN O O spurred NN O O @@ -1162,6 +1198,7 @@ secure NN O I-Task enantiopure NN O I-Task products NN O I-Task . NN O O + Such NN O O methods NN O B-Process , NN O I-Process @@ -1206,6 +1243,7 @@ a NN O O racemic NN O O mixture NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O significant NN O O drawback NN O O @@ -1261,6 +1299,7 @@ complexes NN O I-Material 8,9 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O key NN O O requirement NN O O @@ -1300,6 +1339,7 @@ within NN O O molecular NN O B-Material products NN O I-Material . NN O O + Chiral NN O B-Process discrimination NN O I-Process through NN O O @@ -1355,6 +1395,7 @@ in NN O I-Process optical NN O I-Process rotation NN O I-Process . NN O O + Other NN O O optical NN O B-Process methods NN O I-Process @@ -1380,6 +1421,7 @@ introduced NN O O later NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0009261415008362) For NN O O @@ -1401,6 +1443,7 @@ assess NN O O their NN O O accuracy NN O O . NN O O + A NN O B-Process model NN O I-Process Hamiltonian NN O I-Process @@ -1466,9 +1509,11 @@ CCS NN O I-Process CCS NN O I-Process ) NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 21 NN O O ] NN O O + The NN O B-Process Hamiltonian NN O I-Process consists NN O O @@ -1513,6 +1558,7 @@ system NN O O 22,23 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O Hamiltonian NN O B-Process is NN O O @@ -1531,6 +1577,7 @@ the NN O O same NN O O frequency NN O O . NN O O + System NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process bath NN O I-Process @@ -1560,6 +1607,7 @@ device NN O I-Process ( NN O O SQUID NN O B-Process ) NN O O + [ NN O O 24 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -1592,6 +1640,7 @@ regime NN O I-Task ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0010938X13003818) Based NN O O @@ -1625,6 +1674,7 @@ of NN O I-Process noise NN O I-Process resistance NN O I-Process . NN O O + In NN O O order NN O O to NN O O @@ -1641,6 +1691,7 @@ Fig NN O O was NN O O performed NN O O . NN O O + Specifically NN O O , NN O O a NN O O @@ -1682,6 +1733,7 @@ to NN O I-Material digital NN O I-Material converter NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O electrochemical NN O B-Process noise NN O I-Process @@ -1706,6 +1758,7 @@ at NN O O each NN O O iteration NN O O . NN O O + Between NN O O iterations NN O O , NN O O @@ -1733,6 +1786,7 @@ for NN O O later NN O O processing NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O final NN O O dataset NN O B-Material @@ -1744,6 +1798,7 @@ spaced NN O O in NN O O time NN O O . NN O O + Under NN O O the NN O O assumption NN O O @@ -1798,6 +1853,7 @@ mains NN O O supply NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0010938X14002157) A NN O O @@ -1808,6 +1864,7 @@ surface NN O B-Material active NN O I-Material agent NN O I-Material . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O work NN O O @@ -1851,6 +1908,7 @@ material NN O I-Material 14,20,24 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O surfactants NN O O @@ -1860,6 +1918,7 @@ corrosion NN O B-Task protection NN O I-Task themselves NN O O . NN O O + Some NN O O examples NN O O when NN O O @@ -1880,6 +1939,7 @@ are NN O O given NN O O below NN O O . NN O O + Typical NN O O surfactants NN O B-Material in NN O O @@ -1897,10 +1957,12 @@ ethoxylate NN O I-Material ( NN O O NPE NN O B-Material ) NN O O + [ NN O O 14,15,30,106,107 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O NPEs NN O B-Material @@ -1918,6 +1980,7 @@ of NN O O their NN O O toxicity NN O O . NN O O + On NN O O the NN O O other NN O O @@ -1933,6 +1996,7 @@ acceptable NN O O 20 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O quaternary NN O B-Material ammonium NN O I-Material @@ -1963,6 +2027,7 @@ surface NN O B-Material active NN O I-Material specie NN O I-Material . NN O O + As NN O O the NN O O amines NN O B-Material @@ -1998,6 +2063,7 @@ abbreviated NN O O as NN O O “ NN O O quats NN O B-Material + ” NN O O , NN O O are NN O O @@ -2005,6 +2071,7 @@ not NN O O pH NN O O sensitive NN O O . NN O O + Long NN O B-Material - NN O I-Material chain NN O I-Material @@ -2026,6 +2093,7 @@ materials NN O I-Material 106 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O frequently NN O O employed NN O O @@ -2038,10 +2106,12 @@ bromide NN O I-Material ( NN O O DDPB NN O B-Material ) NN O O + [ NN O O 9,60,61,108,109 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Anionic NN O B-Material sulphates NN O I-Material , NN O O @@ -2061,6 +2131,7 @@ also NN O O useful NN O O surfactants NN O B-Material . NN O O + Ali NN O O reported NN O O that NN O O @@ -2085,6 +2156,7 @@ alkylphenols NN O I-Material 15 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Several NN O O examples NN O O of NN O O @@ -2099,6 +2171,7 @@ Section NN O O 5.6 NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0010938X15003261) The NN O O @@ -2144,6 +2217,7 @@ metal NN O I-Process 12,17 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O scanning NN O B-Process Kelvin NN O I-Process @@ -2196,6 +2270,7 @@ surface NN O I-Material 14,15,19 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O lateral NN O O resolution NN O O @@ -2224,6 +2299,7 @@ to NN O O 19 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Volta NN O B-Process potential NN O I-Process is NN O O @@ -2246,6 +2322,7 @@ processes NN O I-Task 16 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O is NN O O sensitive NN O O @@ -2266,6 +2343,7 @@ stress NN O O 13,17 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Volta NN O B-Process potential NN O I-Process differences NN O I-Process @@ -2282,6 +2360,7 @@ behaviour NN O I-Task 10,15,18,20–22 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Regions NN O O with NN O O larger NN O B-Process @@ -2331,6 +2410,7 @@ reported NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021961415003821) The NN O O @@ -2353,6 +2433,7 @@ spherical NN O I-Material CG NN O I-Material segments NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O development NN O B-Task of NN O I-Task @@ -2396,6 +2477,7 @@ formalism NN O I-Process 118 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O n NN O B-Material - NN O I-Material @@ -2421,6 +2503,7 @@ bonded NN O O Mie NN O B-Material segments NN O I-Material . NN O O + A NN O O certain NN O O degree NN O O @@ -2449,6 +2532,7 @@ description NN O O 132 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O our NN O O current NN O O @@ -2489,6 +2573,7 @@ corresponding NN O O hydrogen NN O B-Material atoms NN O I-Material . NN O O + By NN O O applying NN O O this NN O O @@ -2513,9 +2598,10 @@ n NN O B-Material - NN O I-Material C6H14 NN O I-Material , NN O O -n NN O B-Material -- NN O I-Material -C9H20 NN O I-Material +n NN O O + +- NN O O +C9H20 NN O O , NN O O n NN O B-Material - NN O I-Material @@ -2531,6 +2617,7 @@ C18H38 NN O I-Material , NN O O etc NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O good NN O O description NN O B-Task @@ -2559,6 +2646,7 @@ Mie NN O B-Process ) NN O I-Process potential NN O I-Process . NN O O + For NN O O convenience NN O O , NN O O @@ -2609,6 +2697,7 @@ C NN O O by NN O O three NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O size NN O O σ NN O O @@ -2640,6 +2729,7 @@ SAFT-γ NN O B-Process Mie NN O I-Process procedure NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O chosen NN O O mapping NN O O @@ -2685,6 +2775,7 @@ properties NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999113005652) This NN O O @@ -2724,6 +2815,7 @@ two NN O B-Process compartment NN O I-Process model NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O major NN O O purpose NN O O @@ -2753,6 +2845,7 @@ reaction NN O I-Process in NN O I-Process water NN O I-Process . NN O O + Demonstrating NN O O fundamental NN O O data NN O O @@ -2790,6 +2883,7 @@ also NN O O been NN O O attempted NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O gas NN O B-Process exchange NN O I-Process @@ -2826,6 +2920,7 @@ the NN O I-Process water NN O I-Process phase NN O I-Process . NN O O + A NN O O first NN O O - NN O O @@ -2862,6 +2957,7 @@ phenomena NN O I-Process in NN O I-Process water NN O I-Process . NN O O + While NN O O a NN O O traditional NN O O @@ -2914,6 +3010,7 @@ and NN O I-Task concentration NN O I-Task fields NN O I-Task . NN O O + A NN O O direct NN O B-Process numerical NN O I-Process @@ -2954,6 +3051,7 @@ subgrid NN O B-Process scale NN O I-Process models NN O I-Process . NN O O + We NN O O assume NN O O that NN O O @@ -3013,6 +3111,7 @@ at NN O I-Process the NN O I-Process interface NN O I-Process . NN O O + Six NN O O degrees NN O O of NN O O @@ -3038,6 +3137,7 @@ gas NN O I-Task exchange NN O I-Task mechanisms NN O I-Task . NN O O + Extrapolations NN O O of NN O O the NN O O @@ -3086,6 +3186,7 @@ numerical NN O B-Task experiments NN O I-Task . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999113005846) Although NN O O @@ -3110,6 +3211,7 @@ greater NN O O practical NN O O importance NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O nature NN O O , NN O O @@ -3148,6 +3250,7 @@ bottom NN O I-Process boundary NN O I-Process layer NN O I-Process . NN O O + Regardless NN O O of NN O O the NN O O @@ -3207,6 +3310,7 @@ Gill NN O O 16 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + When NN O O ω≈ωf NN O B-Process , NN O O @@ -3233,6 +3337,7 @@ damping NN O I-Process and NN O O |ω−ωf| NN O B-Process . NN O O + Thus NN O O , NN O O in NN O O @@ -3271,6 +3376,7 @@ forced NN O O response NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S002199911500025X) A NN O O @@ -3298,6 +3404,7 @@ in NN O O this NN O O article NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O fully NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process @@ -3327,6 +3434,7 @@ from NN O I-Process capillary NN O I-Process waves NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O conducted NN O O study NN O O @@ -3356,6 +3464,7 @@ of NN O I-Process surface NN O I-Process tension NN O I-Process . NN O O + Since NN O O surface NN O B-Process tension NN O I-Process @@ -3397,6 +3506,7 @@ of NN O I-Task surface NN O I-Task tension NN O I-Task . NN O O + Further NN O O analysis NN O O shows NN O O @@ -3429,6 +3539,7 @@ numerical NN O I-Process methodology NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999115003423) The NN O O @@ -3440,6 +3551,7 @@ proceeds NN O O as NN O O follows NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O Section NN O O 2 NN O O @@ -3474,6 +3586,7 @@ image NN O I-Material data NN O I-Material sets NN O I-Material . NN O O + We NN O O present NN O O the NN O O @@ -3507,6 +3620,7 @@ experiments NN O O 8,10–12,4,13,9 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O finish NN O O Section NN O O @@ -3545,6 +3659,7 @@ constrained NN O I-Task optimisation NN O I-Task problem NN O I-Task . NN O O + In NN O O Section NN O O 3 NN O O @@ -3572,6 +3687,7 @@ to NN O O the NN O O implementation NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O particular NN O O we NN O O @@ -3606,6 +3722,7 @@ quality NN O O without NN O O segmentation NN O B-Process . NN O O + In NN O O Section NN O O 4 NN O O @@ -3628,6 +3745,7 @@ image NN O B-Material data NN O I-Material sets NN O I-Material . NN O O + Finally NN O O in NN O O Section NN O O @@ -3650,6 +3768,7 @@ the NN O O work NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999115007895) The NN O B-Task @@ -3679,6 +3798,7 @@ a NN O O variational NN O B-Process framework NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O development NN O O of NN O O @@ -3710,6 +3830,7 @@ in NN O O 1,19 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O approach NN O B-Process allows NN O O @@ -3735,6 +3856,7 @@ an NN O O action NN O B-Process integral NN O I-Process . NN O O + Hamiltonian NN O B-Process mechanics NN O I-Process is NN O O @@ -3757,6 +3879,7 @@ of NN O I-Task a NN O I-Task system NN O I-Task . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O expressed NN O O @@ -3780,6 +3903,7 @@ and NN O O conservation NN O O laws NN O O . NN O O + When NN O O one NN O O approximates NN O O @@ -3801,6 +3925,7 @@ the NN O O discrete NN O O level NN O O . NN O O + Given NN O O that NN O O Hamiltonian NN O B-Process @@ -3822,6 +3947,7 @@ significant NN O O relevance NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999115008153) As NN O O @@ -3840,6 +3966,7 @@ after NN O I-Process every NN O I-Process iteration NN O I-Process . NN O O + In NN O O order NN O O to NN O O @@ -3862,6 +3989,7 @@ after NN O I-Process every NN O I-Process iteration NN O I-Process . NN O O + Although NN O O relatively NN O O long NN O O @@ -3888,6 +4016,7 @@ for NN O O GPGPU NN O B-Material architectures NN O I-Material . NN O O + Still NN O O , NN O O full NN O O @@ -3903,6 +4032,7 @@ is NN O O time NN O O consuming NN O O . NN O O + Instead NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -3926,6 +4056,7 @@ the NN O O previous NN O O iteration NN O O . NN O O + Full NN O O updates NN O O of NN O O @@ -3951,6 +4082,7 @@ the NN O O last NN O O iteration NN O O . NN O O + Accumulative NN O O rounding NN O O errors NN O O @@ -3981,6 +4113,7 @@ point NN O O numbers NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999115008372) The NN O O @@ -4013,6 +4146,7 @@ meshes NN O I-Material 3,34,38 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + R NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process adaptivity NN O I-Process @@ -4046,10 +4180,12 @@ by NN O O Dietachmayer NN O O and NN O O Droegemeier NN O O + [ NN O O 14 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O is NN O O an NN O O @@ -4111,6 +4247,7 @@ into NN O O existing NN O O models NN O O . NN O O + Variational NN O B-Process methods NN O I-Process exist NN O O @@ -4134,6 +4271,7 @@ e.g. NN O O ] NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Alternatively NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -4193,6 +4331,7 @@ tangling NN O I-Process 7 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O will NN O O see NN O O @@ -4245,6 +4384,7 @@ r NN O B-Process adaptivity NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311513010313) The NN O O @@ -4268,6 +4408,7 @@ materials NN O O and NN O O geometries NN O O . NN O O + “ NN O B-Material Mock NN O I-Material up NN O I-Material @@ -4384,6 +4525,7 @@ a NN O O PuO2 NN O B-Material surrogate NN O I-Material . NN O O + Commercially NN O O available NN O O ground NN O O @@ -4405,6 +4547,7 @@ additive NN O O 27 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O analysed NN O O chemical NN O O @@ -4415,6 +4558,7 @@ in NN O O Table NN O O 3 NN O O . NN O O + Calumite NN O B-Material is NN O O a NN O O @@ -4432,13 +4576,16 @@ limits NN O O of NN O O ca NN O O . NN O O + 40 NN O O to NN O O ca NN O O . NN O O + 400μm NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311513011422) There NN O O @@ -4473,6 +4620,7 @@ proposed NN O O and NN O O identified NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O complete NN O B-Task characterisation NN O I-Task @@ -4511,6 +4659,7 @@ temperatures NN O O and NN O O irradiation NN O B-Process . NN O O + Ribis NN O O and NN O O de NN O O @@ -4532,6 +4681,7 @@ at NN O O high NN O O temperatures NN O O . NN O O + They NN O O show NN O O that NN O O @@ -4550,12 +4700,14 @@ Ti NN O B-Material containing NN O O phase NN O O . NN O O + Similarly NN O O , NN O O Ratti NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 9 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -4597,6 +4749,7 @@ alloy NN O B-Material without NN O O titanium NN O B-Material . NN O O + For NN O O example NN O O , NN O O @@ -4657,10 +4810,12 @@ phase NN O O to NN O O another NN O O . NN O O + Whittle NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 10 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -4683,6 +4838,7 @@ ways NN O O to NN O O irradiation NN O B-Process . NN O O + They NN O O revealed NN O O that NN O O @@ -4706,6 +4862,7 @@ induced NN O O damage NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311514006722) Zirconium NN O B-Material @@ -4723,6 +4880,7 @@ water NN O O nuclear NN O B-Material reactors NN O I-Material . NN O O + As NN O O such NN O O these NN O O @@ -4745,6 +4903,7 @@ such NN O O as NN O O oxidation NN O B-Process . NN O O + At NN O O high NN O O burn NN O O @@ -4777,6 +4936,7 @@ efficiency NN O O and NN O O safety NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O oxidation NN O B-Process kinetics NN O O @@ -4802,6 +4962,7 @@ transitions NN O O 1–5 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + These NN O O transitions NN O O are NN O O @@ -4827,6 +4988,7 @@ of NN O O mechanical NN O O issues NN O O . NN O O + Understanding NN O B-Task how NN O I-Task these NN O I-Task @@ -4848,6 +5010,7 @@ corrosion NN O I-Task process NN O I-Task . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311514006941) The NN O O @@ -4871,10 +5034,12 @@ classical NN O I-Material glass NN O I-Material matrix NN O I-Material . NN O O + Carter NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 3 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -4883,6 +5048,7 @@ Zhang NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 4 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -4898,6 +5064,7 @@ glass NN O B-Material ceramic NN O I-Material wasteforms NN O I-Material . NN O O + These NN O O wasteforms NN O O were NN O O @@ -4933,6 +5100,7 @@ in NN O O Sydney NN O O respectively NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O work NN O O @@ -4941,11 +5109,13 @@ Carter NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + and NN O O Zhang NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + the NN O O intended NN O O crystalline NN O B-Material @@ -4959,6 +5129,7 @@ pyrochlore NN O I-Material , NN O O CaUTi2O7 NN O B-Material . NN O O + The NN O O glass NN O B-Material matrix NN O I-Material @@ -4988,6 +5159,7 @@ basis NN O O by NN O O sodium NN O B-Material . NN O O + The NN O O stoichiometric NN O O composition NN O O @@ -5000,6 +5172,7 @@ wasteform NN O O was NN O O Na2AlBSi6O16 NN O B-Material . NN O O + This NN O O glass NN O B-Material provides NN O O @@ -5015,6 +5188,7 @@ be NN O O varied NN O O systematically NN O O . NN O O + Given NN O O that NN O O the NN O O @@ -5063,6 +5237,7 @@ crystalline NN O I-Task phase NN O I-Task stability NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O x=1 NN O O end NN O O @@ -5074,6 +5249,7 @@ albite NN O I-Material , NN O O NaAlSi3O8 NN O B-Material . NN O O + The NN O O melting NN O O point NN O O @@ -5104,6 +5280,7 @@ a NN O O HIP NN O O cycle NN O O . NN O O + From NN O O the NN O O available NN O O @@ -5135,6 +5312,7 @@ is NN O O ° NN O O C NN O O . NN O O + No NN O O phase NN O O diagrams NN O O @@ -5142,14 +5320,18 @@ for NN O O the NN O O quaternary NN O O system NN O O -Na2O NN O B-Material -– NN O I-Material -Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2 NN O I-Material + +Na2O NN O O + +– NN O O + +Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2 NN O O could NN O O be NN O O found NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311514009271) Structural NN O O @@ -5187,6 +5369,7 @@ responds NN O O to NN O O stress NN O O . NN O O + Indeed NN O O , NN O O structure NN O O @@ -5201,6 +5384,7 @@ grain NN O I-Task boundary NN O I-Task stability NN O I-Task . NN O O + All NN O O potential NN O O models NN O O @@ -5214,6 +5398,7 @@ the NN O I-Task defect NN O I-Task energies NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O Morelon NN O B-Process potential NN O I-Process @@ -5239,6 +5424,7 @@ the NN O O bulk NN O O modulus NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O energies NN O O calculated NN O O @@ -5273,6 +5459,7 @@ taken NN O O into NN O O account NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O completeness NN O O , NN O O @@ -5292,6 +5479,7 @@ Catlow NN O B-Process potential NN O I-Process model NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O Morl NN O B-Process , NN O I-Process @@ -5333,6 +5521,7 @@ UO2 NN O B-Material ] NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O major NN O O deficiency NN O O @@ -5360,6 +5549,7 @@ will NN O O be NN O O underestimated NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O this NN O O @@ -5386,6 +5576,7 @@ will NN O O contribute NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311515002354) Hydrides NN O B-Material @@ -5418,6 +5609,7 @@ toughness NN O O 35–40 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + These NN O O changes NN O O can NN O O @@ -5441,6 +5633,7 @@ storage NN O O 13 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + As NN O O well NN O O as NN O O @@ -5482,6 +5675,7 @@ cracking NN O I-Process DHC NN O B-Process ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O former NN O O mechanism NN O O @@ -5521,6 +5715,7 @@ concentrations NN O O 13 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O latter NN O O mechanism NN O O @@ -5560,6 +5755,7 @@ raiser NN O I-Process 5,41,42 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O process NN O O occurs NN O O @@ -5588,6 +5784,7 @@ material NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311515301653) Uranium NN O B-Material @@ -5617,6 +5814,7 @@ on NN O O uranium NN O B-Material dioxide NN O I-Material . NN O O + For NN O O the NN O O Generation NN O B-Material @@ -5663,6 +5861,7 @@ reactor NN O I-Material VHTR NN O B-Material ) NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O former NN O O @@ -5684,6 +5883,7 @@ high NN O O burnup NN O B-Process performance NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O latter NN O O @@ -5707,6 +5907,7 @@ and NN O O fissile NN O O density NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O in NN O O @@ -5740,6 +5941,7 @@ a NN O O recent NN O O publication NN O O . NN O O + During NN O O burnup NN O B-Process , NN O O @@ -5752,6 +5954,7 @@ oxidize NN O O to NN O O UO2+x NN O B-Material . NN O O + UO2+x NN O B-Material reacts NN O O with NN O O @@ -5770,6 +5973,7 @@ UO2 NN O B-Material + NN O O xCO NN O B-Material + -DOCSTART- (S0022311515303901) The NN O O @@ -5810,6 +6014,7 @@ provide NN O O neutron NN O B-Process moderation NN O I-Process . NN O O + During NN O O reactor NN O B-Material operation NN O O @@ -5828,6 +6033,7 @@ the NN O O CO2 NN O B-Material coolant NN O I-Material . NN O O + This NN O O CO NN O B-Material in NN O O @@ -5848,6 +6054,7 @@ surfaces NN O I-Task 12 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O non NN O B-Material - NN O I-Material @@ -5869,6 +6076,7 @@ graphite NN O B-Material 12,13 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + During NN O O the NN O O lifetime NN O O @@ -5904,6 +6112,7 @@ oxidation NN O I-Task 14 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Methane NN O B-Material ( NN O O CH4 NN O B-Material @@ -5939,6 +6148,7 @@ strength NN O I-Process 16 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O is NN O O assumed NN O O @@ -5960,6 +6170,7 @@ levels NN O O observed NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0029549313003439) An NN O O @@ -5998,6 +6209,7 @@ dimensional NN O O reactor NN O B-Material core NN O I-Material . NN O O + In NN O O a NN O O majority NN O O @@ -6039,6 +6251,7 @@ dimensional NN O I-Process lattice NN O I-Process geometries NN O I-Process . NN O O + There NN O O has NN O O been NN O O @@ -6091,6 +6304,7 @@ to NN O O these NN O O efforts NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O goal NN O O of NN O O @@ -6119,6 +6333,7 @@ multi NN O I-Material group NN O I-Material library NN O I-Material . NN O O + Results NN O O are NN O O presented NN O O @@ -6137,6 +6352,7 @@ National NN O O Laboratories NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0029549314002854) The NN O O @@ -6162,11 +6378,13 @@ ferritic NN O I-Material stainless NN O I-Material steel NN O I-Material . NN O O + Most NN O O connections NN O O are NN O O welded NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O pipes NN O B-Material may NN O O @@ -6193,6 +6411,7 @@ etc NN O O . NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Event NN O B-Task screening NN O I-Task in NN O O @@ -6215,6 +6434,7 @@ to NN O O leaks NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Three NN O O main NN O O causes NN O O @@ -6235,6 +6455,7 @@ of NN O O manufacturing NN O O defects NN O O . NN O O + Human NN O O factor NN O O induced NN O O @@ -6259,6 +6480,7 @@ to NN O O operation NN O O errors NN O O . NN O O + Fatigue NN O O was NN O O found NN O O @@ -6291,6 +6513,7 @@ of NN O O these NN O O factors NN O O . NN O O + Corrosion NN O O was NN O O induced NN O O @@ -6323,6 +6546,7 @@ fluid NN O B-Material inside NN O O pipes NN O B-Material . NN O O + Manufacturing NN O O defects NN O O mostly NN O O @@ -6345,6 +6569,7 @@ heat NN O O treatment NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0038092X14004824) Historically NN O O @@ -6360,6 +6585,7 @@ started NN O O decades NN O O ago NN O O . NN O O + Early NN O O studies NN O O ( NN O O @@ -6405,6 +6631,7 @@ as NN O O circumsolar NN O O irradiance NN O O . NN O O + Pastiels NN O O ( NN O O 1959 NN O O @@ -6435,6 +6662,7 @@ of NN O O the NN O O latter NN O O . NN O O + Various NN O O communications NN O O were NN O O @@ -6471,6 +6699,7 @@ the NN O I-Task circumsolar NN O I-Task enhancement NN O I-Task . NN O O + Ångström NN O O ( NN O O 1961 NN O O @@ -6500,6 +6729,7 @@ Major NN O O 1980 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O whole NN O O issue NN O O @@ -6527,6 +6757,7 @@ had NN O O differing NN O O geometries NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O was NN O O considerably NN O O @@ -6557,6 +6788,7 @@ all NN O O recent NN O O instruments NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O experimental NN O O issues NN O O @@ -6573,6 +6805,7 @@ Section NN O O 3.2 NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0038092X15001024) The NN O O @@ -6590,6 +6823,7 @@ for NN O O seasonal NN O O variations NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O Markov NN O B-Process chain NN O I-Process @@ -6620,6 +6854,7 @@ four NN O O chains NN O O each NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O okta NN O B-Process number NN O I-Process @@ -6643,6 +6878,7 @@ and NN O O diurnal NN O O variation NN O O . NN O O + Eight NN O O okta NN O B-Process Markov NN O I-Process @@ -6687,6 +6923,7 @@ for NN O O each NN O O season NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O intent NN O O is NN O O @@ -6713,6 +6950,7 @@ of NN O O solar NN O O energy NN O O . NN O O + 5 NN O O am NN O O is NN O O @@ -6736,6 +6974,7 @@ applied NN O O study NN O O locations NN O O . NN O O + 5h NN O O represents NN O O 5 NN O O @@ -6763,6 +7002,7 @@ represented NN O O , NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 8 NN O O demonstrates NN O O the NN O O @@ -6770,8 +7010,10 @@ diurnal NN O O transition NN O O differences NN O O . NN O O + Fig NN O O . NN O O + 2 NN O O visually NN O O demonstrates NN O O @@ -6796,9 +7038,11 @@ seen NN O O in NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 11 NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0038092X15003059) In NN O O @@ -6822,10 +7066,12 @@ of NN O O CPV NN O B-Process modules NN O O . NN O O + Rodrigo NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O 2014 NN O O ) NN O O @@ -6848,6 +7094,7 @@ HCPV NN O B-Process ) NN O O modules NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O methods NN O O were NN O O @@ -6874,6 +7121,7 @@ and NN O O atmospheric NN O O parameters NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O first NN O O two NN O O @@ -6907,10 +7155,12 @@ Error NN O O ( NN O O RMSE NN O O ) NN O O + 1.7–2.5 NN O O K NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Most NN O O of NN O O the NN O O @@ -6921,6 +7171,7 @@ Rodrigo NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O 2014 NN O O ) NN O O @@ -6934,6 +7185,7 @@ open NN O B-Process circuit NN O I-Process conditions NN O I-Process . NN O O + Methods NN O O that NN O O predict NN O O @@ -6975,6 +7227,7 @@ Yandt NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O 2012 NN O O ) NN O O @@ -6996,6 +7249,7 @@ Fernández NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O 2014b NN O O ) NN O O @@ -7012,6 +7266,7 @@ Fernández NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O 2014a NN O O ) NN O O @@ -7071,6 +7326,7 @@ al NN O O ) NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O main NN O O disadvantage NN O O @@ -7097,6 +7353,7 @@ temperature NN O I-Task calculation NN O I-Task . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0045782514001947) Our NN O O @@ -7116,12 +7373,14 @@ different NN O O flow NN O B-Process types NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O Edeling NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 9 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -7139,6 +7398,7 @@ boundary NN O B-Process layer NN O I-Process flows NN O I-Process . NN O O + They NN O O summarized NN O O this NN O O @@ -7174,6 +7434,7 @@ p NN O B-Material box NN O I-Material ) NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O p NN O B-Material - NN O I-Material @@ -7192,6 +7453,7 @@ within NN O O each NN O O calibration NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O prediction NN O O of NN O O @@ -7226,6 +7488,7 @@ with NN O O measurement NN O O data NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O approach NN O O is NN O O @@ -7271,6 +7534,7 @@ the NN O I-Process outcomes NN O I-Process afterwards NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O a NN O O @@ -7283,6 +7547,7 @@ future NN O O research NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0045782515001322) One NN O O @@ -7339,6 +7604,7 @@ hours NN O O for NN O O FE NN O B-Process . NN O O + Table NN O O 1 NN O O reports NN O O @@ -7351,6 +7617,7 @@ for NN O O both NN O O methods NN O O . NN O O + Free NN O O expansion NN O O is NN O O @@ -7387,6 +7654,7 @@ take NN O O approximately NN O O 30 NN O O s. NN O O + Most NN O O of NN O O the NN O O @@ -7417,6 +7685,7 @@ the NN O O stent NN O O structure NN O O . NN O O + Interestingly NN O O , NN O O in NN O O @@ -7453,6 +7722,7 @@ aortic NN O O dissection NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Another NN O O fact NN O O worth NN O O @@ -7474,6 +7744,7 @@ in NN O O both NN O O methods NN O O . NN O O + While NN O O the NN O O computational NN O O @@ -7502,6 +7773,7 @@ the NN O O FE NN O B-Process simulations NN O I-Process . NN O O + Such NN O O outcome NN O O is NN O O @@ -7535,6 +7807,7 @@ the NN O O vessel NN O B-Material wall NN O I-Material . NN O O + On NN O O the NN O O contrary NN O O @@ -7561,6 +7834,7 @@ the NN O O simulations NN O B-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0079642514000784) Gas NN O B-Process @@ -7595,6 +7869,7 @@ vdW NN O I-Process ) NN O I-Process interactions NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O former NN O O can NN O O @@ -7615,6 +7890,7 @@ by NN O O chemical NN O B-Process substitution NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O strength NN O O of NN O O @@ -7666,6 +7942,7 @@ and NN O O quadrupole NN O O moment NN O O . NN O O + Li NN O O et NN O O al NN O O @@ -7688,6 +7965,7 @@ and NN O O herein NN O O Table NN O O 1 NN O O + we NN O O show NN O O a NN O O @@ -7712,10 +7990,12 @@ NH3 NN O B-Material SO2 NN O B-Material and NN O O H2S NN O B-Material + [ NN O O 90 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O instance NN O O , NN O O @@ -7743,6 +8023,7 @@ but NN O O no NN O O polarity NN O O . NN O O + Adsorbents NN O B-Material with NN O O highly NN O O @@ -7759,6 +8040,7 @@ high NN O O dipole NN O O moment NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O adsorbents NN O B-Material with NN O O @@ -7783,6 +8065,7 @@ molecules NN O I-Material 91 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Normally NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -7819,6 +8102,7 @@ H2S NN O B-Material NH3 NN O B-Material and NN O O H2O. NN O B-Material + Thus NN O O , NN O O surface NN O B-Process @@ -7848,6 +8132,7 @@ enhance NN O B-Task gas NN O I-Task adsorption NN O I-Task . NN O O + For NN O O this NN O O purpose NN O O @@ -7865,6 +8150,7 @@ carbonaceous NN O B-Material adsorbents NN O I-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0079642515000705) When NN O O @@ -7891,6 +8177,7 @@ non NN O O local NN O O phenomenon NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O literature NN O O @@ -7933,6 +8220,7 @@ direction NN O I-Process 38,41 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Continuum NN O B-Process approaches NN O I-Process , NN O O @@ -7974,6 +8262,7 @@ been NN O O also NN O O explored NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O instance NN O O , NN O O @@ -7981,6 +8270,7 @@ Poxson NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 228 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -8000,6 +8290,7 @@ as NN O O surface NN O B-Process diffusion NN O I-Process . NN O O + This NN O O model NN O O accurately NN O O @@ -8039,11 +8330,13 @@ of NN O O the NN O O film NN O B-Material . NN O O + Moreover NN O O , NN O O in NN O O Ref NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 39 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -8075,6 +8368,7 @@ the NN O O fan NN O O angle NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O material NN O O - NN O O @@ -8109,6 +8403,7 @@ with NN O O film NN O B-Material thickness NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O model NN O O was NN O O @@ -8151,6 +8446,7 @@ several NN O O materials NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0167844214000652) A NN O O @@ -8183,6 +8479,7 @@ their NN O I-Process common NN O I-Process face NN O I-Process . NN O O + Initially NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -8213,6 +8510,7 @@ to NN O O force NN O O redistribution NN O O . NN O O + Interaction NN O O and NN O O coalescence NN O O @@ -8227,6 +8525,7 @@ micro NN O B-Material cracks NN O I-Material increases NN O O . NN O O + These NN O O situations NN O O are NN O O @@ -8234,8 +8533,10 @@ illustrated NN O O in NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 3 NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O structure NN O O of NN O O @@ -8284,11 +8585,13 @@ continuous NN O O larger NN O O crack NN O B-Material . NN O O + With NN O O reference NN O O to NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 3 NN O O , NN O O each NN O O @@ -8303,6 +8606,7 @@ each NN O O pair NN O O of NN O O neighbouring NN O O + failed NN O B-Material faces NN O I-Material is NN O O @@ -8311,6 +8615,7 @@ graph NN O O edge NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0254058415300766) Half NN O B-Material @@ -8334,6 +8639,7 @@ devices NN O I-Task 1 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Dilute NN O B-Material magnetic NN O I-Material semiconductors NN O I-Material @@ -8352,6 +8658,7 @@ show NN O I-Material half NN O I-Material metallicity NN O I-Material . NN O O + These NN O O materials NN O O have NN O O @@ -8387,6 +8694,7 @@ electrons NN O I-Material 2 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O major NN O O advantage NN O O @@ -8429,6 +8737,7 @@ electrons NN O B-Material 3 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O major NN O O issue NN O O @@ -8448,6 +8757,7 @@ above NN O I-Task room NN O I-Task temperature NN O I-Task . NN O O + That NN O O 's NN O O why NN O O @@ -8461,6 +8771,7 @@ band NN O I-Material gap NN O I-Material materials NN O I-Material . NN O O + A NN O O lot NN O O of NN O O @@ -8506,6 +8817,7 @@ SnO2 NN O B-Material ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0301010409001219) It NN O O @@ -8544,6 +8856,7 @@ the NN O O laser NN O B-Material field NN O I-Material . NN O O + Depending NN O O on NN O O the NN O O @@ -8566,6 +8879,7 @@ suppressed NN O O 14,18,22 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Controlling NN O O the NN O O outcome NN O O @@ -8595,6 +8909,7 @@ the NN O O recent NN O O years NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O efforts NN O O @@ -8626,6 +8941,7 @@ study NN O O 20,22–24 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Here NN O O we NN O O report NN O O @@ -8653,6 +8969,7 @@ fragmentation NN O B-Material channel NN O I-Material available NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O found NN O O that NN O O @@ -8688,6 +9005,7 @@ other NN O O possible NN O O channels NN O B-Material . NN O O + In NN O O fact NN O O , NN O O @@ -8722,6 +9040,7 @@ the NN O O positive NN O B-Material chirp NN O I-Material . NN O O + Moreover NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -8760,6 +9079,7 @@ noise NN O O level NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0301010413002139) The NN O O @@ -8788,6 +9108,7 @@ state NN O O 10–14 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Spectral NN O B-Process assignments NN O I-Process have NN O O @@ -8815,6 +9136,7 @@ isolated NN O B-Process molecule NN O I-Process approximation NN O I-Process . NN O O + For NN O O systems NN O O that NN O O @@ -8835,6 +9157,7 @@ experiment NN O O and NN O O theory NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O striking NN O O example NN O O @@ -8888,6 +9211,7 @@ between NN O O the NN O O tautomers NN O B-Material . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O present NN O O @@ -8918,6 +9242,7 @@ essential NN O O 19 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O only NN O O work NN O O @@ -8943,6 +9268,7 @@ to NN O O extract NN O O assignments NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O aim NN O O of NN O O @@ -8982,6 +9308,7 @@ experimental NN O I-Process methods NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0301010413004096) It NN O O @@ -9010,6 +9337,7 @@ the NN O O observed NN O O signal NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O technique NN O O therefore NN O O @@ -9026,6 +9354,7 @@ with NN O O low NN O O uptakes NN O O . NN O O + Furthermore NN O O , NN O O static NN O B-Task @@ -9044,6 +9373,7 @@ adsorbed NN O B-Material gas NN O I-Material molecules NN O I-Material . NN O O + Thus NN O O , NN O O it NN O O @@ -9077,6 +9407,7 @@ suitable NN O O characterisation NN O B-Process techniques NN O I-Process . NN O O + We NN O O report NN O O herein NN O O @@ -9132,6 +9463,7 @@ uptake NN O O of NN O O H2 NN O B-Material . NN O O + This NN O O neutron NN O B-Task spectroscopy NN O I-Task @@ -9177,6 +9509,7 @@ Al NN O B-Process O⋯H2 NN O I-Process ) NN O O . NN O O + Interestingly NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -9239,6 +9572,7 @@ MOF NN O B-Material host NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0301010415002189) The NN O O @@ -9254,6 +9588,7 @@ and NN O O experimental NN O O studies NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O pioneering NN O O theoretical NN O O @@ -9283,6 +9618,7 @@ conformation NN O I-Process 6 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Several NN O O extended NN O O PES NN O B-Process @@ -9327,6 +9663,7 @@ functions NN O I-Process 9 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Recently NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -9349,6 +9686,7 @@ been NN O O tested NN O O for NN O O Na3 NN O B-Material + [ NN O O 10 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -9402,6 +9740,7 @@ spectra NN O I-Material ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0301010415300355) Alternatively NN O O @@ -9423,6 +9762,7 @@ as NN O O reducing NN O B-Material agents NN O I-Material . NN O O + Evidence NN O O has NN O O been NN O O @@ -9458,6 +9798,7 @@ methanol NN O B-Material with NN O O suitable NN O O catalyzers NN O B-Material + [ NN O O 27–29 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -9476,6 +9817,7 @@ understood NN O O 30–32 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O theoretically NN O O predicted NN O O @@ -9502,6 +9844,7 @@ respectively NN O O see NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 4 NN O O ) NN O O , NN O O @@ -9524,6 +9867,7 @@ about NN O O 1 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Pyridinyl NN O B-Material is NN O O thus NN O O @@ -9537,6 +9881,7 @@ and NN O O related NN O O radicals NN O B-Material . NN O O + It NN O O is NN O O therefore NN O O @@ -9557,6 +9902,7 @@ dark NN O I-Task reactions NN O I-Task . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0301932213000487) As NN O O @@ -9591,6 +9937,7 @@ equation NN O I-Task of NN O I-Task motion NN O I-Task . NN O O + For NN O O very NN O O dilute NN O B-Material @@ -9606,6 +9953,7 @@ most NN O O natural NN O O choice NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O when NN O O @@ -9631,6 +9979,7 @@ only NN O O realistic NN O O option NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O is NN O O interesting NN O O @@ -9647,8 +9996,10 @@ affects NN O O the NN O O statistics NN O O . NN O O + Fig NN O O . NN O O + 14 NN O O compares NN O O the NN O O @@ -9663,6 +10014,7 @@ the NN O O experimental NN O O data NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O same NN O O comparison NN O O @@ -9673,6 +10025,7 @@ the NN O O smooth NN O B-Material walls NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O differences NN O O between NN O O @@ -9690,6 +10043,7 @@ are NN O O almost NN O O negligible NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -9708,6 +10062,7 @@ walls NN O I-Material are NN O O minor NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O because NN O O @@ -9759,6 +10114,7 @@ wall NN O I-Material is NN O O considered NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O because NN O O @@ -9779,6 +10135,7 @@ amount NN O O of NN O O time NN O O . NN O O + Similarly NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -9791,10 +10148,12 @@ the NN O O fluid NN O B-Material statistics NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 15 NN O O , NN O O which NN O O @@ -9812,6 +10171,7 @@ are NN O O somewhat NN O O larger NN O O . NN O O + Additionally NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -9855,11 +10215,13 @@ shown NN O O in NN O O Figs NN O O . NN O O + 16 NN O O and NN O O 17 NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0301932213001985) In NN O O @@ -9885,6 +10247,7 @@ finite NN O B-Process difference NN O I-Process scheme NN O I-Process . NN O O + By NN O O appropriately NN O O choosing NN O O @@ -9922,6 +10285,7 @@ Xiao NN O O 2012 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Although NN O O a NN O O high NN O B-Process @@ -9997,6 +10361,7 @@ maintains NN O O order NN O O accuracy NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O a NN O O @@ -10024,6 +10389,7 @@ primary NN O I-Task breakup NN O I-Task . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0301932214001931) The NN O O @@ -10059,6 +10425,7 @@ significant NN O O Stokes NN O O number NN O O . NN O O + To NN O O achieve NN O O this NN O O @@ -10096,6 +10463,7 @@ Zastawny NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O 2012 NN O O ) NN O O @@ -10103,6 +10471,7 @@ al NN O O are NN O O performed NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O well NN O O - NN O O @@ -10132,6 +10501,7 @@ a NN O O reference NN O O case NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O measurements NN O O in NN O O @@ -10156,6 +10526,7 @@ particle NN O B-Material velocity NN O O simultaneously NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O numerical NN O B-Process framework NN O I-Process @@ -10179,6 +10550,7 @@ Wachem NN O O 2013 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O that NN O O paper NN O O @@ -10220,6 +10592,7 @@ hard NN O B-Process sphere NN O I-Process model NN O I-Process . NN O O + Moreover NN O O , NN O O this NN O O @@ -10237,6 +10610,7 @@ the NN O O LES NN O B-Process framework NN O I-Process . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O current NN O O @@ -10255,6 +10629,7 @@ spherical NN O I-Material particles NN O I-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0378381215300297) The NN O O @@ -10282,6 +10657,7 @@ properties NN O O of NN O O fluids NN O B-Material . NN O O + The NN O O reader NN O O is NN O O @@ -10309,6 +10685,7 @@ available NN O O 50–53 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O fundamental NN O O difference NN O O @@ -10329,6 +10706,7 @@ unbounded NN O B-Material constituent NN O I-Material particles NN O I-Material . NN O O + Hard NN O B-Material spheres NN O I-Material , NN O O @@ -10356,6 +10734,7 @@ incarnations NN O O of NN O O SAFT NN O B-Process . NN O O + For NN O O the NN O O purpose NN O O @@ -10387,6 +10766,7 @@ Laffitte NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 54 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -10405,10 +10785,12 @@ Papaioannou NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 55 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O particular NN O O version NN O O @@ -10458,6 +10840,7 @@ by NN O O decades NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O Mie NN O B-Process potential NN O I-Process @@ -10584,6 +10967,7 @@ parameters NN O O 57 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Accordingly NN O O , NN O O we NN O O @@ -10623,11 +11007,13 @@ parameter NN O O as NN O O λ=λr NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O potential NN O O simplifies NN O O to(2)ϕ(r)=λλ−6λ66/(λ−6)εσrλ−σr6 NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1359028614000989) The NN O O @@ -10654,6 +11040,7 @@ and NN O I-Task statistical NN O I-Task modeling NN O I-Task . NN O O + Approaches NN O O for NN O O extraction NN O B-Task @@ -10701,6 +11088,7 @@ statistical NN O B-Process model NN O I-Process level NN O O . NN O O + To NN O O capture NN O B-Task the NN O I-Task @@ -10752,6 +11140,7 @@ contents NN O O 68,69 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O raw NN O O data NN O O @@ -10766,6 +11155,7 @@ query NN O B-Task and NN O O modeling NN O B-Task . NN O O + Similarly NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -10795,6 +11185,7 @@ and NN O I-Process macroscopic NN O I-Process approaches NN O I-Process . NN O O + Laboratory NN O B-Task and NN O I-Task real NN O I-Task @@ -10829,6 +11220,7 @@ degradation NN O B-Task science NN O I-Task . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1877750315000575) There NN O O @@ -10845,6 +11237,7 @@ systems NN O I-Task using NN O O simulations NN O B-Process . NN O O + One NN O O category NN O O of NN O O @@ -10876,6 +11269,7 @@ global NN O O network NN O O performance NN O O . NN O O + Our NN O O approach NN O O is NN O O @@ -10905,6 +11299,7 @@ that NN O O receive NN O O information NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O analyse NN O B-Task what NN O I-Task @@ -10923,6 +11318,7 @@ this NN O O effect NN O O appears NN O O . NN O O + Information NN O O is NN O O disseminated NN O O @@ -10940,6 +11336,7 @@ the NN O O roads NN O O are NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O approach NN O O is NN O O @@ -10964,6 +11361,7 @@ have NN O O on NN O O traffic NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O can NN O O be NN O O @@ -10983,6 +11381,7 @@ steering NN O O tool NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1877750315300119) Generalized NN O B-Process @@ -10990,6 +11389,7 @@ polynomial NN O I-Process chaos NN O I-Process expansions NN O I-Process . NN O O + One NN O O approach NN O O to NN O O @@ -11022,6 +11422,7 @@ expansion NN O I-Process 34 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + As NN O O described NN O O in NN O O @@ -11048,6 +11449,7 @@ hypercube NN O O 0 NN O O , NN O O 1]D. NN O O + With NN O O a NN O O double NN O O @@ -11073,6 +11475,7 @@ t NN O O , NN O O R)=∑n∈INcn(x NN O O , NN O O + t)Φn(R),where NN O O R NN O O is NN O O @@ -11094,6 +11497,7 @@ of NN O O independent NN O O components NN O O . NN O O + Also NN O O , NN O O { NN O O @@ -11111,6 +11515,7 @@ LR NN O O not NN O O LQ NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O any NN O O case NN O O @@ -11134,6 +11539,7 @@ discretized NN O B-Process Stieltjes NN O I-Process procedure NN O I-Process . NN O O + We NN O O remark NN O O that NN O O @@ -11155,6 +11561,7 @@ smooth NN O O 34 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Dakota NN O O , NN O O Turns NN O O @@ -11182,6 +11589,7 @@ in NN O O Table NN O O 2 NN O O . NN O O + Since NN O O Chaospy NN O O has NN O O @@ -11206,6 +11614,7 @@ all NN O O densities NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S2352179115300041) The NN O O @@ -11274,6 +11683,7 @@ oxygen NN O B-Material 10 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -11305,6 +11715,7 @@ the NN O O device NN O O design NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O analysis NN O O of NN O O @@ -11355,6 +11766,7 @@ and NN O O remote NN O B-Material parts NN O I-Material . NN O O + At NN O O present NN O O , NN O O @@ -11398,6 +11810,7 @@ large NN O O heat NN O O loads NN O O . NN O O + Nevertheless NN O O , NN O O many NN O O @@ -11456,6 +11869,7 @@ events NN O O , NN O O etc NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O temperatures NN O O used NN O O @@ -11484,6 +11898,7 @@ extrapolated NN O O to NN O O them NN O O . NN O O + Moreover NN O O , NN O O even NN O O @@ -11521,3 +11936,4 @@ unexpected NN O O reasons NN O O . NN O O + diff --git a/data/ner/semeval2017/test.txt b/data/ner/semeval2017/test.txt index 678e7de..aae536b 100644 --- a/data/ner/semeval2017/test.txt +++ b/data/ner/semeval2017/test.txt @@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ in NN O O all NN O O patients NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O raw NN O O data NN O O @@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ target NN O I-Task vessel NN O I-Task segment NN O I-Task . NN O O + These NN O O data NN O O were NN O O @@ -93,6 +95,7 @@ MA NN O O USA NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + An NN O O unstructured NN O O computational NN O B-Material @@ -105,6 +108,7 @@ the NN O O triangulated NN O B-Material surface NN O I-Material . NN O O + Smoothing NN O B-Process and NN O O remeshing NN O B-Process @@ -113,6 +117,7 @@ as NN O O next NN O O steps NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O STL NN O B-Material file NN O I-Material @@ -138,6 +143,7 @@ MN NN O O USA NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O resolution NN O O of NN O O @@ -163,6 +169,7 @@ resin NN O I-Material Vero NN O B-Material ) NN O O . NN O O + Following NN O O immersion NN O B-Process in NN O I-Process @@ -187,10 +194,12 @@ removing NN O B-Process spicule NN O I-Process . NN O I-Process + -DOCSTART- (S0010938X15301268) Fig NN O O . NN O O + 9 NN O O displays NN O O the NN O O @@ -218,6 +227,7 @@ hydrozincite NN O B-Material ( NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 9a NN O O ) NN O O and NN O O @@ -225,9 +235,11 @@ Cu2O NN O B-Material ( NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 9b NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O should NN O O be NN O O @@ -244,6 +256,7 @@ of NN O O the NN O O exposure NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O data NN O O is NN O O @@ -274,6 +287,7 @@ DP NN O B-Material and NN O O HZ7 NN O B-Material . NN O O + The NN O O tendency NN O O is NN O O @@ -309,6 +323,7 @@ surface NN O I-Material DP NN O B-Material ) NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O summary NN O O , NN O O @@ -357,6 +372,7 @@ and NN O O cuprite NN O B-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0010938X15301554) AA NN O B-Material @@ -397,6 +413,7 @@ appropriate NN O O thermomechanical NN O B-Process processing NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O microstructure NN O O of NN O O @@ -420,6 +437,7 @@ identified NN O O 1 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Although NN O O possessing NN O O favourable NN O O @@ -442,6 +460,7 @@ in NN O O practical NN O O applications NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O corrosion NN O B-Process behaviour NN O O @@ -473,6 +492,7 @@ matrix NN O I-Material 2–9 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Copper NN O B-Material - NN O I-Material containing NN O I-Material @@ -500,6 +520,7 @@ sites NN O O 2,10 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + One NN O O of NN O O the NN O O @@ -531,6 +552,7 @@ particle NN O O 1,11 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Dealloying NN O O of NN O O S NN O B-Material @@ -548,6 +570,7 @@ the NN O O constituent NN O B-Material particles NN O I-Material in NN O O + AA2024 NN O B-Material alloys NN O I-Material [ NN O O @@ -567,6 +590,7 @@ an NN O O aggressive NN O O environment NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O particles NN O B-Material are NN O O @@ -586,6 +610,7 @@ alloy NN O B-Material 11–22 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O dealloying NN O B-Process of NN O O @@ -626,6 +651,7 @@ sites NN O I-Material ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0011227514002136) Measuring NN O B-Task @@ -684,8 +710,10 @@ servo NN O B-Process control NN O I-Process program NN O I-Process . NN O O + Fig NN O O . NN O O + 17 NN O O shows NN O O the NN O O @@ -703,6 +731,7 @@ subsequent NN O O operation NN O B-Process at NN O I-Process 200mK. NN O I-Process + During NN O O the NN O O hold NN O O @@ -722,6 +751,7 @@ within NN O O a NN O O millikelvin NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O is NN O O expected NN O O @@ -783,6 +813,7 @@ readout NN O O used NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0011227515000648) The NN O O @@ -804,6 +835,7 @@ the NN O O test NN O O results NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O redesign NN O O and NN O O @@ -822,6 +854,7 @@ by NN O O approximately NN O O half NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O mainly NN O O @@ -848,6 +881,7 @@ and NN O O bit NN O B-Process errors NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O difference NN O O in NN O O @@ -897,6 +931,7 @@ have NN O O been NN O O changed NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O means NN O O different NN O O @@ -917,6 +952,7 @@ lower NN O O the NN O O temperature NN O O . NN O O + Some NN O O of NN O O the NN O O @@ -947,6 +983,7 @@ slope NN O I-Process ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0011227515001216) Prior NN O O @@ -972,6 +1009,7 @@ to NN O O cryostat NN O B-Material constraints NN O I-Material . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O based NN O O @@ -997,11 +1035,13 @@ has NN O O been NN O O estimated NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O Hills NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 8 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -1042,11 +1082,13 @@ T NN O O see NN O O Eq NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O 1 NN O O ) NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + To NN O O estimate NN O O the NN O O @@ -1062,6 +1104,7 @@ parameters NN O O in NN O O Eq NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O 1 NN O O ) NN O O @@ -1155,8 +1198,10 @@ a NN O O good NN O O approximation NN O O . NN O O + Fig NN O O . NN O O + 5 NN O O gives NN O O the NN O O @@ -1180,6 +1225,7 @@ based NN O O on NN O O Eq NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O 1 NN O O ) NN O O @@ -1214,6 +1260,7 @@ and NN O O 1.7 NN O O respectively NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O should NN O O be NN O O @@ -1257,6 +1304,7 @@ Section NN O O + NN O O 1a1+a2T2T+Bna3T+a4T4 NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S002002551630384X) An NN O O @@ -1302,6 +1350,7 @@ to NN O O follow NN O O curves NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O addition NN O O , NN O O @@ -1326,6 +1375,7 @@ formed NN O O Euler NN O B-Process diagrams NN O I-Process . NN O O + Compound NN O B-Material graphs NN O I-Material can NN O O @@ -1343,6 +1393,7 @@ data NN O I-Material 8 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Graph NN O B-Material clusters NN O I-Material are NN O O @@ -1358,6 +1409,7 @@ Theron NN O O 39 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -1378,10 +1430,12 @@ arbitrary NN O O overlapping NN O O sets NN O O . NN O O + Itoh NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 24 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -1403,6 +1457,7 @@ encode NN O O multiple NN O O categories NN O O . NN O O + Each NN O O set NN O O is NN O O @@ -1420,6 +1475,7 @@ the NN O O same NN O O colour NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O causes NN O O difficulties NN O O @@ -1442,6 +1498,7 @@ in NN O O Section NN O O 5.3 NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O related NN O O class NN O O @@ -1463,6 +1520,7 @@ Vizster NN O B-Process 22 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O they NN O O @@ -1474,6 +1532,7 @@ set NN O O overlaps NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021961414003255) Moreover NN O O @@ -1503,6 +1562,7 @@ to NN O O room NN O O temperature NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O phase NN O O analysis NN O O @@ -1534,6 +1594,7 @@ on NN O O the NN O O surface NN O B-Material . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O thermograms NN O B-Process @@ -1550,6 +1611,7 @@ or NN O O clear NN O B-Process inflections NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O proportion NN O O of NN O O @@ -1573,6 +1635,7 @@ be NN O O also NN O O small NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O reflected NN O B-Process light NN O I-Process @@ -1586,6 +1649,7 @@ change NN O I-Process during NN O O cooling NN O O . NN O O + As NN O O well NN O O , NN O O @@ -1612,6 +1676,7 @@ re NN O B-Material solidified NN O I-Material material NN O I-Material . NN O O + At NN O O the NN O O surface NN O O @@ -1670,6 +1735,7 @@ solidified NN O I-Material material NN O I-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S002199911200068X) Myocardial NN O B-Process @@ -1688,6 +1754,7 @@ PDEs NN O I-Material 5,6 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Due NN O O to NN O O its NN O O @@ -1766,6 +1833,7 @@ a NN O O short NN O O simulation NN O B-Process . NN O O + Thus NN O O , NN O O they NN O O @@ -1785,6 +1853,7 @@ end NN O I-Process supercomputing NN O I-Process resources NN O I-Process . NN O O + This NN O O computational NN O O demand NN O O @@ -1816,6 +1885,7 @@ time NN O I-Task 7–12 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O study NN O O @@ -1873,6 +1943,7 @@ field NN O O 16–19 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O schemes NN O O where NN O O @@ -1904,6 +1975,7 @@ p NN O I-Process - NN O I-Process version NN O I-Process . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O work NN O O @@ -1920,6 +1992,7 @@ p NN O O fixed NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999112002847) In NN O O @@ -1940,6 +2013,7 @@ three NN O I-Task dimensional NN O I-Task problems NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O present NN O O DEA NN O B-Process @@ -1977,6 +2051,7 @@ space NN O I-Material coordinate NN O I-Material system NN O I-Material . NN O O + In NN O O two NN O O dimensions NN O O @@ -2009,6 +2084,7 @@ to NN O O the NN O O boundary NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O basis NN O O can NN O O @@ -2041,6 +2117,7 @@ polynomials NN O I-Material 9 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Defining NN O O a NN O O suitable NN O O @@ -2058,6 +2135,7 @@ much NN O O more NN O O difficult NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O momentum NN O O space NN O O @@ -2076,6 +2154,7 @@ not NN O O arise NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999112003579) We NN O O @@ -2111,6 +2190,7 @@ discrete NN O O Lagrange NN O B-Material multipliers NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O linear NN O O systems NN O O @@ -2129,6 +2209,7 @@ solution NN O I-Process of NN O O Eq NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O 10 NN O O ) NN O O @@ -2187,6 +2268,7 @@ the NN O O Lagrange NN O B-Material multipliers NN O I-Material . NN O O + We NN O O refer NN O O to NN O O @@ -2232,6 +2314,7 @@ in NN O O related NN O O problems NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O note NN O O that NN O O @@ -2265,6 +2348,7 @@ equilibrium NN O B-Process configuration NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999113002945) Inequality NN O B-Process @@ -2286,6 +2370,7 @@ p NN O B-Material - NN O I-Material norms NN O I-Material . NN O O + Fortunately NN O O , NN O O this NN O O @@ -2312,6 +2397,7 @@ the NN O O and NN O O 1-norm NN O B-Material . NN O O + The NN O O maximum NN O B-Material - NN O I-Material @@ -2334,6 +2420,7 @@ limitation NN O O 24 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O would NN O O greatly NN O O @@ -2354,6 +2441,7 @@ vast NN O B-Process solution NN O I-Process set NN O I-Process . NN O O + On NN O O the NN O O other NN O O @@ -2389,6 +2477,7 @@ the NN O O space NN O O domain NN O O . NN O O + Therefore NN O O , NN O O we NN O O @@ -2418,6 +2507,7 @@ as NN O O possible NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999113003422) Similar NN O O @@ -2450,6 +2540,7 @@ second NN O O derivatives NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Furthermore NN O O , NN O O it NN O O @@ -2496,6 +2587,7 @@ kernel NN O B-Process interpolation NN O I-Process functions NN O I-Process . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O paper NN O O @@ -2519,6 +2611,7 @@ these NN O I-Task spurious NN O I-Task oscillations NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O kernel NN O B-Process functions NN O I-Process @@ -2566,6 +2659,7 @@ when NN O O computing NN O B-Process derivatives NN O I-Process . NN O O + A NN O O Maple NN O B-Task computer NN O I-Task @@ -2583,6 +2677,7 @@ new NN O I-Task kernels NN O I-Task . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S002199911300346X) Contact NN O B-Process @@ -2606,6 +2701,7 @@ for NN O O many NN O O years NN O O . NN O O + Early NN O O examples NN O O of NN O O @@ -2623,14 +2719,17 @@ Cherry NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 7 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Hallquist NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 17 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -2655,6 +2754,7 @@ HEMP NN O B-Process 37 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Of NN O O particular NN O O interest NN O O @@ -2663,6 +2763,7 @@ Hallquist NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 17 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -2686,6 +2787,7 @@ DYNA2D NN O B-Process 36 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O contact NN O B-Process method NN O I-Process @@ -2698,6 +2800,7 @@ master NN O B-Process slave NN O I-Process approach NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O goal NN O O of NN O O @@ -2721,6 +2824,7 @@ an NN O O internal NN O B-Material node NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O physical NN O O properties NN O O @@ -2749,6 +2853,7 @@ the NN O O slave NN O B-Material zones NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O physical NN O O properties NN O O @@ -2767,6 +2872,7 @@ surface NN O O area NN O O weights NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O surface NN O O area NN O O @@ -2791,6 +2897,7 @@ the NN O O master NN O B-Material surface NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O contact NN O B-Task surface NN O I-Task @@ -2824,6 +2931,7 @@ those NN O O in NN O O TOODY NN O B-Process . NN O O + Following NN O O the NN O O area NN O B-Process @@ -2866,20 +2974,23 @@ zone NN O I-Task ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999113004555) Three NN O O -Runge NN O B-Process -– NN O I-Process -Kutta NN O I-Process -IMEX NN O I-Process -schemes NN O I-Process +Runge NN O O +– NN O O + +Kutta NN O O +IMEX NN O O +schemes NN O O were NN O O tested NN O O by NN O O Ullrich NN O O and NN O O Jablonowski NN O O + [ NN O O 23 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -2894,6 +3005,7 @@ governing NN O O atmospheric NN O B-Process motion NN O I-Process . NN O O + They NN O O tested NN O O the NN O O @@ -2905,6 +3017,7 @@ Ascher NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 1 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -2923,6 +3036,7 @@ Strang NN O B-Process carryover NN O I-Process scheme NN O I-Process . NN O O + This NN O O involves NN O O Strang NN O B-Process @@ -2948,6 +3062,7 @@ previous NN O O time NN O O - NN O O step NN O O + and NN O O so NN O O there NN O O @@ -2961,6 +3076,7 @@ time NN O O - NN O O step NN O O . NN O O + Another NN O O novel NN O O approach NN O O @@ -2969,6 +3085,7 @@ by NN O O Ullrich NN O O and NN O O Jablonowski NN O O + [ NN O O 23 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -2998,6 +3115,7 @@ in NN O O wave NN O B-Process propagation NN O I-Process . NN O O + A NN O O Rosenbrock NN O B-Process solution NN O I-Process @@ -3009,6 +3127,7 @@ a NN O I-Process Newton NN O I-Process solver NN O I-Process . NN O O + This NN O O circumvents NN O O the NN O O @@ -3030,6 +3149,7 @@ vertical NN O I-Process advection NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999113005603) After NN O O @@ -3055,6 +3175,7 @@ to NN O O reduce NN O B-Task noise NN O I-Task . NN O O + Each NN O O micro NN O O element NN O O @@ -3082,6 +3203,7 @@ shear NN O I-Process stress NN O I-Process profiles NN O I-Process . NN O O + Velocity NN O O in NN O O each NN O O @@ -3109,14 +3231,16 @@ is NN O O measured NN O O using NN O O the NN O O -Irving NN O B-Process -– NN O I-Process -Kirkwood NN O I-Process -relationship NN O I-Process +Irving NN O O +– NN O O + +Kirkwood NN O O +relationship NN O O [ NN O O 25 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O least NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process @@ -3135,6 +3259,7 @@ reduce NN O B-Task noise NN O I-Task further NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O fit NN O O produces NN O O @@ -3156,6 +3281,7 @@ the NN O I-Process macro NN O I-Process solver NN O I-Process . NN O O + A NN O O least NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process @@ -3200,7 +3326,9 @@ and(17)〈ui NN O O , NN O O cs〉=∑k=1Mck NN O O , NN O O + iyi″(M−k),for NN O O + 0⩽yi″⩽hcs NN O O , NN O O where NN O O @@ -3228,6 +3356,7 @@ constrained NN O O region NN O O respectively NN O O . NN O O + An NN O O estimate NN O O of NN O O @@ -3264,6 +3393,7 @@ at NN O O yi′=0 NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999113005652) It NN O O @@ -3293,6 +3423,7 @@ B NN O I-Material in NN O O water NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O data NN O O could NN O O @@ -3322,6 +3453,7 @@ the NN O O chemical NN O B-Process reaction NN O I-Process . NN O O + Here NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -3336,6 +3468,7 @@ defined NN O O by(24)CB⁎¯=∫01〈CB⁎〉(z⁎)dz⁎ NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 15 NN O O depicts NN O O the NN O O @@ -3355,6 +3488,7 @@ bulk NN O B-Material mean NN O I-Material concentration NN O I-Material CB⁎¯. NN O I-Material + It NN O O is NN O O worth NN O O @@ -3400,6 +3534,7 @@ at NN O O the NN O O interface NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O figure NN O O indicates NN O O @@ -3432,6 +3567,7 @@ approximately NN O O 60 NN O O % NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O efficiency NN O O of NN O O @@ -3464,6 +3600,7 @@ Reynolds NN O B-Material number NN O I-Material increases NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O need NN O O an NN O O @@ -3503,6 +3640,7 @@ and NN O O water NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999113005718) Numerical NN O B-Task @@ -3525,6 +3663,7 @@ however NN O O extremely NN O O challenging NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O because NN O O @@ -3579,6 +3718,7 @@ collisions NN O I-Process 1 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + An NN O O accurate NN O B-Process and NN O I-Process @@ -3602,6 +3742,7 @@ DSMC NN O B-Process 2 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O DSMC NN O B-Process @@ -3639,6 +3780,7 @@ cross NN O O section NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O high NN O B-Material - NN O I-Material @@ -3696,6 +3838,7 @@ network NN O I-Process simultaneously NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999113006955) The NN O O @@ -3729,6 +3872,7 @@ surface NN O I-Material are NN O O smooth NN O O . NN O O + Errors NN O O are NN O O found NN O O @@ -3758,6 +3902,7 @@ spatial NN O O discretisation NN O O errors NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O the NN O O smooth NN O B-Material @@ -3801,6 +3946,7 @@ solution NN O I-Process polynomial NN O I-Process orders NN O I-Process . NN O O + Increasing NN O O the NN O O order NN O O @@ -3813,6 +3959,7 @@ the NN O O geometric NN O B-Process error NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O analytic NN O B-Task test NN O I-Task @@ -3859,6 +4006,7 @@ the NN O O solution NN O B-Material error NN O O . NN O O + If NN O O the NN O O solution NN O B-Material @@ -3875,6 +4023,7 @@ see NN O O rapid NN O O convergence NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O case NN O O @@ -3916,6 +4065,7 @@ with NN O I-Process element NN O I-Process boundaries NN O I-Process . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O if NN O O @@ -3943,6 +4093,7 @@ not NN O O be NN O O captured NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O cardiac NN O B-Task @@ -3961,6 +4112,7 @@ be NN O O smooth NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999116303291) DPD NN O B-Process @@ -3997,6 +4149,7 @@ method NN O O 5 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O DPD NN O B-Process , NN O O @@ -4011,6 +4164,7 @@ coarse NN O B-Material grained NN O I-Material particle NN O I-Material . NN O O + These NN O O particles NN O B-Material interact NN O O @@ -4047,6 +4201,7 @@ of NN O O freedom NN O O required NN O O . NN O O + As NN O O in NN O O Langevin NN O B-Process @@ -4069,6 +4224,7 @@ to NN O O each NN O O particle NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O unlike NN O O @@ -4104,6 +4260,7 @@ the NN O O linear NN O B-Process momentum NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O property NN O O of NN O O @@ -4152,6 +4309,7 @@ NEMD NN O I-Task 8 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O momentum NN O O is NN O O @@ -4187,6 +4345,7 @@ in NN O O 9 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Due NN O O to NN O O the NN O O @@ -4239,6 +4398,7 @@ systems NN O I-Material 13 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + DPD NN O B-Process has NN O O been NN O O @@ -4283,6 +4443,7 @@ the NN O O latter NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0032386107010518) Copper NN O B-Material @@ -4315,6 +4476,7 @@ side NN O O functional NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O post NN O O - NN O O @@ -4345,6 +4507,7 @@ or NN O O functional NN O O groups NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O example NN O O , NN O O @@ -4381,6 +4544,7 @@ ATRP NN O B-Process and NN O O CuAAC NN O B-Process . NN O O + This NN O O strategy NN O O was NN O O @@ -4394,6 +4558,7 @@ van NN O O Hest NN O O and NN O O Opsteen NN O O + [ NN O O 31 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -4402,6 +4567,7 @@ Lutz NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 32 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -4411,10 +4577,12 @@ Matyjaszewski NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 33 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Such NN O O step NN O O was NN O O @@ -4435,6 +4603,7 @@ science NN O O 34,35 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Indeed NN O O , NN O O ATRP NN O B-Process @@ -4476,6 +4645,7 @@ architecture NN O O 36–41 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -4491,6 +4661,7 @@ broadened NN O O by NN O O CuAAC NN O B-Process . NN O O + For NN O O instance NN O O , NN O O @@ -4526,6 +4697,7 @@ Scheme NN O O 32 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Due NN O O to NN O O the NN O O @@ -4553,6 +4725,7 @@ of NN O O ω-functional NN O B-Material polymers NN O I-Material . NN O O + Moreover NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -4579,6 +4752,7 @@ and NN O O rigidity NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0032386108009397) The NN O O @@ -4611,6 +4785,7 @@ networks NN O O 66–68 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Polymer NN O B-Material chains NN O I-Material trapped NN O O @@ -4636,6 +4811,7 @@ uncrosslinked NN O O polymer NN O B-Material melts NN O I-Material . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O because NN O O @@ -4674,6 +4850,7 @@ fixed NN O O network NN O O systems NN O O . NN O O + Most NN O O of NN O O the NN O O @@ -4687,6 +4864,7 @@ as NN O O host NN O O networks NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O case NN O O @@ -4714,6 +4892,7 @@ a NN O O broad NN O O distribution NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O end NN O O - NN O O @@ -4744,6 +4923,7 @@ the NN O O precursor NN O B-Material chains NN O I-Material . NN O O + We NN O O investigated NN O O the NN O O @@ -4781,12 +4961,14 @@ Mx NN O B-Material ( NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 9a NN O O ) NN O O [ NN O O 70 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O employed NN O O two NN O O @@ -4795,13 +4977,15 @@ of NN O O host NN O O networks NN O O with NN O O -Mx NN O B-Process -> NN O I-Process -Me NN O I-Process +Mx NN O O +> NN O O + +Me NN O O and NN O O -Mx NN O B-Process -< NN O I-Process -Me NN O I-Process +Mx NN O O + +< NN O O +Me NN O O where NN O O Me NN O O ( NN O O @@ -4821,14 +5005,17 @@ the NN O O molten NN O O state NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O -Mx NN O B-Process -> NN O I-Process -Me NN O I-Process +Mx NN O O +> NN O O + +Me NN O O and NN O O -Mx NN O B-Process -< NN O I-Process -Me NN O I-Process +Mx NN O O + +< NN O O +Me NN O O networks NN O O ( NN O O designated NN O O @@ -4860,6 +5047,7 @@ Mn=4,550 NN O O , NN O O respectively NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O mesh NN O B-Material of NN O O @@ -4887,6 +5075,7 @@ cross NN O I-Material links NN O I-Material . NN O I-Material + -DOCSTART- (S0032386109001463) When NN O O @@ -4919,6 +5108,7 @@ field NN O O in NN O O bulk NN O O . NN O O + That NN O O is NN O O , NN O O @@ -4947,8 +5137,10 @@ shown NN O O in NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 1 NN O O . NN O O + Furthermore NN O O , NN O O when NN O O @@ -4974,6 +5166,7 @@ and NN O O long NN O O one NN O O . NN O O + Consequently NN O O each NN O O domain NN O O @@ -4996,6 +5189,7 @@ polygons NN O B-Material 28,29 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O because NN O O @@ -5050,6 +5244,7 @@ graft NN O O copolymer NN O O systems NN O O . NN O O + As NN O O a NN O O matter NN O O @@ -5121,6 +5316,7 @@ theorem NN O I-Process ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0032386109003991) A NN O O @@ -5143,6 +5339,7 @@ complete NN O O monomer NN O B-Process conversion NN O I-Process . NN O O + In NN O O addition NN O O , NN O O @@ -5173,6 +5370,7 @@ can NN O O be NN O O obtained NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O case NN O O @@ -5210,6 +5408,7 @@ molar NN O I-Material mass NN O I-Material oligomers NN O I-Material . NN O O + Since NN O O head NN O O - NN O O @@ -5236,6 +5435,7 @@ than NN O O radical NN O O one NN O O . NN O O + Therefore NN O O , NN O O production NN O B-Task @@ -5274,6 +5474,7 @@ industrial NN O O radical NN O O processes NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O use NN O O of NN O O @@ -5302,6 +5503,7 @@ limitation NN O O to NN O O overcome NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O possibilities NN O O to NN O O @@ -5345,6 +5547,7 @@ the NN O O anionic NN O O process NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O implied NN O O at NN O O @@ -5368,6 +5571,7 @@ operating NN O O conditions NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0032386109005357) A NN O O @@ -5392,15 +5596,18 @@ dimethyl NN O B-Material malonate NN O I-Material and NN O O 1,4-butanediol NN O B-Material + ( NN O O Scheme NN O O 2(a NN O O ) NN O O ) NN O O + [ NN O O 24a NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Yao NN O O et NN O O al NN O O @@ -5445,6 +5652,7 @@ groups NN O O 24b NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O PLCA NN O B-Material oligomer NN O I-Material @@ -5459,11 +5667,12 @@ macromonomer NN O O , NN O O yielding NN O O a NN O O -PLCA NN O B-Material -– NN O I-Material -PLLA NN O I-Material -multiblock NN O I-Material -copolymer NN O I-Material +PLCA NN O O +– NN O O + +PLLA NN O O +multiblock NN O O +copolymer NN O O as NN O O shown NN O O in NN O O @@ -5471,6 +5680,7 @@ Scheme NN O O 2(b NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + While NN O O lipases NN O B-Material have NN O O @@ -5507,6 +5717,7 @@ by NN O O polycondensation NN O B-Process reactions NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O advantage NN O O of NN O O @@ -5528,6 +5739,7 @@ pendant NN O O functional NN O O groups NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O field NN O O @@ -5560,6 +5772,7 @@ in NN O O Scheme NN O O 2(c NN O O ) NN O O + [ NN O O 27 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -5578,6 +5791,7 @@ alditols NN O B-Material 28 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Very NN O O recently NN O O , NN O O @@ -5607,10 +5821,12 @@ Scheme NN O O 2(d NN O O ) NN O O ) NN O O + [ NN O O 29 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Biodegradable NN O B-Material polyesters NN O I-Material with NN O O @@ -5631,6 +5847,7 @@ low NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0032386110001254) Despite NN O O @@ -5672,6 +5889,7 @@ to NN O O several NN O O applications NN O O . NN O O + Imidazolium NN O B-Material salts NN O I-Material are NN O O @@ -5707,6 +5925,7 @@ surfaces NN O O 17 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O example NN O O , NN O O @@ -5736,6 +5955,7 @@ surfaces NN O I-Material 17 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + One NN O O of NN O O the NN O O @@ -5764,6 +5984,7 @@ crystals NN O I-Material 19,20 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium NN O B-Material chlorides NN O I-Material and NN O O @@ -5793,6 +6014,7 @@ activity NN O I-Process 18 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Hydrogels NN O B-Material form NN O I-Material from NN O O @@ -5827,6 +6049,7 @@ applications NN O I-Task 19 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Other NN O O bioactive NN O B-Task applications NN O I-Task @@ -5856,6 +6079,7 @@ steroids NN O I-Material 24 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Separation NN O B-Process applications NN O I-Process include NN O O @@ -5867,6 +6091,7 @@ CO2 NN O I-Process 25 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Imidazolium NN O B-Material salts NN O I-Material enhance NN O O @@ -5892,6 +6117,7 @@ actuators NN O I-Process ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0039602899010493) Although NN O O @@ -5923,6 +6149,7 @@ of NN O O experimental NN O O data NN O O . NN O O + What NN O O is NN O O needed NN O O @@ -5948,6 +6175,7 @@ and NN O O adsorbed NN O B-Material species NN O I-Material . NN O O + Such NN O O electronic NN O O structure NN O O @@ -5960,6 +6188,7 @@ time NN O O - NN O O consuming NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O many NN O O cases NN O O @@ -5980,9 +6209,11 @@ or NN O O intuitive NN O O models NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O Refs NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 4,6,23 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -6059,6 +6290,7 @@ code NN O I-Process ] NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O effect NN O O of NN O O @@ -6091,6 +6323,7 @@ the NN O O surface NN O O DOS NN O B-Process . NN O O + Other NN O O workers NN O O [ NN O O @@ -6113,6 +6346,7 @@ projectile NN O O atomic NN O O orbital NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O they NN O O @@ -6135,6 +6369,7 @@ surface NN O O electronic NN O O structure NN O O . NN O O + Yet NN O O the NN O O success NN O O @@ -6180,6 +6415,7 @@ projectile NN O O orbital NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0098300413002124) In NN O O @@ -6203,6 +6439,7 @@ data NN O I-Task transformation NN O I-Task method NN O I-Task . NN O O + Since NN O O Google NN O O Maps NN O O @@ -6229,6 +6466,7 @@ from NN O O other NN O O sources NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O fine NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process @@ -6263,6 +6501,7 @@ data NN O O are NN O O necessary NN O O . NN O O + Moreover NN O O , NN O O since NN O O @@ -6292,6 +6531,7 @@ resolution NN O O terrain NN O O data NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O project NN O O @@ -6310,6 +6550,7 @@ Farr NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + 2007 NN O O ) NN O O with NN O O @@ -6324,6 +6565,7 @@ equator NN O O ) NN O O resolution NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O data NN O O covers NN O O @@ -6339,6 +6581,7 @@ to NN O O 60N NN O O latitudes NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O use NN O O the NN O O @@ -6366,6 +6609,7 @@ holes NN O O were NN O O filled NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O original NN O O data NN O O @@ -6379,10 +6623,12 @@ Geodetic NN O I-Material System NN O I-Material 84 NN O I-Material ) NN O O + geodetic NN O O coordinate NN O O system NN O O . NN O O + When NN O O the NN O O data NN O O @@ -6412,9 +6658,11 @@ coordinate NN O O see NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 3 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Since NN O O the NN O O 3DWF NN O B-Process @@ -6461,6 +6709,7 @@ Earth NN O O 's NN O O surface NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O transformation NN O O from NN O O @@ -6488,6 +6737,7 @@ Claessens NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0098300414000259) Apache NN O B-Process @@ -6502,6 +6752,7 @@ workflows NN O I-Process with NN O O Hadoop NN O B-Material . NN O O + These NN O O workflows NN O O are NN O O @@ -6531,6 +6782,7 @@ of NN O O MapReduce NN O B-Process jobs NN O O . NN O O + Pig NN O B-Process Latin NN O I-Process is NN O O @@ -6557,6 +6809,7 @@ relational NN O O database NN O O systems NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O addition NN O O to NN O O @@ -6581,6 +6834,7 @@ written NN O O in NN O O Java NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O adopted NN O O Pig NN O B-Process @@ -6624,6 +6878,7 @@ Mayer NN O O 2013 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Specifically NN O O , NN O O in NN O O @@ -6666,6 +6921,7 @@ be NN O O rewritten NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0098300414002532) The NN O B-Task @@ -6703,6 +6959,7 @@ trial NN O O and NN O O error NN O O . NN O O + After NN O O the NN O O parameter NN O O @@ -6718,6 +6975,7 @@ process NN O O is NN O O automated NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O we NN O O @@ -6742,6 +7000,7 @@ all NN O O of NN O O Mars NN O O . NN O O + To NN O O minimize NN O O the NN O O @@ -6771,6 +7030,7 @@ Steinwand NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O 1995 NN O O ) NN O O @@ -6789,6 +7049,7 @@ for NN O I-Process Graphics NN O I-Process and NN O I-Process Shapes NN O I-Process + ” NN O O ( NN O O http://www.jennessent.com/arcgis/shapes_graphics.htm)Although NN O O @@ -6833,6 +7094,7 @@ al NN O O 2008 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Thus NN O O the NN O O volume NN O O @@ -6846,6 +7108,7 @@ a NN O O lower NN O O bound NN O O . NN O O + Comparing NN O O the NN O O estimates NN O O @@ -6866,6 +7129,7 @@ of NN O O HRSC NN O B-Material value NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O MOLA NN O B-Material @@ -6877,6 +7141,7 @@ HRSC NN O B-Material does NN O O not NN O O . NN O O + Therefore NN O O , NN O O for NN O O @@ -6898,6 +7163,7 @@ by NN O O 1.1 NN O O times NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O algorithm NN O O has NN O O @@ -6927,6 +7193,7 @@ for NN O O MOLA NN O B-Material ) NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O can NN O O certainly NN O O @@ -6954,6 +7221,7 @@ be NN O O adjusted NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0166361516300926) This NN O O @@ -6982,6 +7250,7 @@ Chinese NN O O service NN O O company NN O O . NN O O + Misalignments NN O O between NN O O the NN O O @@ -7002,6 +7271,7 @@ within NN O O the NN O O organisation NN O O . NN O O + These NN O O processes NN O O are NN O O @@ -7023,6 +7293,7 @@ the NN O O formal NN O O organisation NN O O . NN O O + Rather NN O O than NN O O to NN O O @@ -7052,6 +7323,7 @@ towards NN O O organisational NN O O goals NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O company NN O O achieved NN O O @@ -7091,6 +7363,7 @@ Software NN O I-Process ESS NN O B-Process ) NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O the NN O O company NN O O @@ -7123,6 +7396,7 @@ and NN O O communication NN O O channels NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O narrative NN O O provided NN O O @@ -7148,6 +7422,7 @@ in NN O O the NN O O literature NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O leads NN O O to NN O O @@ -7194,6 +7469,7 @@ hybrid NN O O implementations NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0168365912007560) We NN O O @@ -7216,6 +7492,7 @@ lectin NN O I-Process receptor NN O I-Process targeting NN O I-Process . NN O O + Therefore NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -7252,6 +7529,7 @@ lysosomes NN O B-Material of NN O O cells NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O vitro NN O O characterization NN O O @@ -7274,20 +7552,22 @@ demonstrated NN O O superior NN O O ingestion NN O B-Process of NN O O -mannan NN O B-Material -- NN O I-Material -conjugates NN O I-Material -MN NN O I-Material -– NN O I-Material -Ova NN O I-Material -and NN O I-Material -MN NN O I-Material -– NN O I-Material -Pap NN O I-Material +mannan NN O O +- NN O O +conjugates NN O O +MN NN O O +– NN O O +Ova NN O O +and NN O O +MN NN O O + +– NN O O +Pap NN O O ( NN O O Supplementary NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + S4A NN O O - NN O O D NN O O @@ -7295,6 +7575,7 @@ D NN O O F NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O was NN O O confirmed NN O O @@ -7315,6 +7596,7 @@ pinnae NN O O of NN O O mice NN O O . NN O O + Antigen NN O B-Material uptake NN O O and NN O O @@ -7322,6 +7604,7 @@ transport NN O O to NN O O the NN O O ear NN O O + dLNs NN O O were NN O O measured NN O O @@ -7331,6 +7614,7 @@ by NN O O FACS NN O B-Process analysis NN O I-Process . NN O O + DCs NN O O in NN O O cervical NN O O @@ -7349,6 +7633,7 @@ II NN O O ( NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 3A NN O O ) NN O O and NN O O @@ -7372,6 +7657,7 @@ antigen NN O I-Material ( NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 3B NN O O , NN O O D NN O O @@ -7379,6 +7665,7 @@ D NN O O F NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O results NN O O showed NN O O @@ -7418,9 +7705,11 @@ antigens NN O B-Material ( NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 3C NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Both NN O O carbohydrates NN O B-Material targeted NN O O @@ -7445,11 +7734,13 @@ antigens NN O B-Material ( NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 3E NN O O and NN O O F NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Nevertheless NN O O , NN O O whether NN O O @@ -7478,6 +7769,7 @@ be NN O O fully NN O O elucidated NN O O . NN O O + Histology NN O O revealed NN O O that NN O O @@ -7499,6 +7791,7 @@ injection NN O I-Process Supplementary NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + S4 NN O O G NN O O ) NN O O @@ -7508,6 +7801,7 @@ both NN O O mechanisms NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0168365913001521) The NN O O @@ -7529,6 +7823,7 @@ previously NN O O 18,24 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Briefly NN O O , NN O O a NN O O @@ -7565,6 +7860,7 @@ ethanol NN O B-Material and NN O O water NN O B-Material . NN O I-Material + A NN O O surfactant NN O B-Material , NN O O @@ -7616,6 +7912,7 @@ structure NN O I-Material directing NN O I-Material template NN O I-Material . NN O O + Aerosol NN O B-Material solutions NN O I-Material of NN O O @@ -7652,6 +7949,7 @@ Paul NN O O MN NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O aerosol NN O B-Material droplets NN O I-Material @@ -7668,6 +7966,7 @@ C NN O O until NN O O dry NN O O . NN O O + Once NN O O dried NN O O , NN O O @@ -7689,6 +7988,7 @@ collect NN O O the NN O O particles NN O O . NN O O + As NN O O a NN O O final NN O O @@ -7707,6 +8007,7 @@ for NN O O via NN O O calcination NN O B-Process . NN O O + The NN O O surface NN O O of NN O O @@ -7762,6 +8063,7 @@ negatively NN O O charged NN O O cargo NN O O . NN O O + Further NN O O , NN O O Liu NN O O @@ -7797,6 +8099,7 @@ used NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0168365913009589) Ultrasound NN O B-Process @@ -7847,6 +8150,7 @@ the NN O O surrounding NN O O media NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O collapse NN O O creates NN O O @@ -7865,6 +8169,7 @@ liposomal NN O O drug NN O O carriers NN O O . NN O O + To NN O O date NN O O , NN O O @@ -7915,6 +8220,7 @@ liposomes NN O O 14 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O concerns NN O O @@ -7944,6 +8250,7 @@ widely NN O O clinically NN O O applicable NN O O . NN O O + An NN O O alternative NN O O strategy NN O O @@ -7971,6 +8278,7 @@ existing NN O O gas NN O O bubbles NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O provides NN O O an NN O O @@ -7997,6 +8305,7 @@ agents NN O I-Material 15 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Indeed NN O O , NN O O in NN O O @@ -8024,6 +8333,7 @@ promise NN O O 16 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O further NN O O advantage NN O O @@ -8068,6 +8378,7 @@ applications NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0168583X14003929) The NN O O @@ -8096,6 +8407,7 @@ LMIS NN O O 1 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Gallium NN O B-Material is NN O O attractive NN O O @@ -8129,6 +8441,7 @@ volatility NN O O 1 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O some NN O O @@ -8141,6 +8454,7 @@ Ga NN O B-Process ion NN O I-Process beam NN O I-Process . NN O O + This NN O O sensitivity NN O O is NN O O @@ -8168,6 +8482,7 @@ beam NN O I-Process 5 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Group NN O O III NN O O – NN O O @@ -8184,6 +8499,7 @@ show NN O O such NN O O sensitivity NN O O . NN O O + Cryo NN O B-Task - NN O I-Task FIB NN O I-Task @@ -8210,6 +8526,7 @@ materials NN O I-Material 6 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O suggested NN O O advantage NN O O @@ -8272,6 +8589,7 @@ systems NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0257897213003563) According NN O O @@ -8295,6 +8613,7 @@ appropriate NN O O fitting NN O O model NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O order NN O O to NN O O @@ -8336,6 +8655,7 @@ the NN O O ellipsometric NN O O spectra NN O O . NN O O + TiO2 NN O O belongs NN O O to NN O O @@ -8345,6 +8665,7 @@ band NN O O gap NN O O semiconductors NN O B-Process . NN O O + Considering NN O O the NN O O contribution NN O O @@ -8377,6 +8698,7 @@ model NN O I-Process ε(Ε)=ε∞+{A0[2−(1+χ0)1/2−(1−χ0)1/2]}/(EOBG2/3χ02 NN O B-Process ) NN O I-Process . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O model NN O O @@ -8424,6 +8746,7 @@ transition NN O O , NN O O respectively NN O O . NN O O + As NN O O an NN O O example NN O O @@ -8449,8 +8772,10 @@ shown NN O O in NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 4 NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O Fabry NN O B-Material – NN O I-Material @@ -8491,6 +8816,7 @@ in NN O O this NN O O region NN O O . NN O O + Note NN O O that NN O O a NN O O @@ -8512,6 +8838,7 @@ photon NN O O energy NN O O range NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O fitting NN O O thickness NN O O @@ -8536,15 +8863,18 @@ SEM NN O B-Process see NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 1(b NN O O ) NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0257897213004131) Fig NN O O . NN O O + 7 NN O O shows NN O O the NN O O @@ -8563,6 +8893,7 @@ under NN O O dry NN O O conditions NN O O . NN O O + There NN O O exist NN O O running NN O O @@ -8604,6 +8935,7 @@ with NN O O Al2O3 NN O B-Material nanoparticles NN O I-Material . NN O O + At NN O O the NN O O same NN O O @@ -8624,6 +8956,7 @@ of NN O I-Process friction NN O I-Process coefficient NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O friction NN O O coefficient NN O O @@ -8650,6 +8983,7 @@ for NN O O anodizing NN O B-Material coatings NN O I-Material . NN O O + This NN O O may NN O O be NN O O @@ -8670,6 +9004,7 @@ of NN O O oxide NN O O coating NN O O . NN O O + Spherical NN O B-Material nanoparticles NN O I-Material change NN O O @@ -8689,6 +9024,7 @@ becomes NN O O more NN O O stable NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O friction NN O O coefficient NN O O @@ -8708,6 +9044,7 @@ damage NN O O of NN O O coating NN O B-Process . NN O O + In NN O O contrast NN O O to NN O O @@ -8726,6 +9063,7 @@ lower NN O O friction NN O B-Process coefficient NN O I-Process . NN O O + This NN O O can NN O O be NN O O @@ -8742,6 +9080,7 @@ high NN O O hardness NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0263822312000657) Functionally NN O B-Material @@ -8798,6 +9137,7 @@ across NN O O the NN O O material NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O idea NN O O of NN O O @@ -8823,6 +9163,7 @@ exhibit NN O O this NN O O property NN O O . NN O O + Study NN O B-Task of NN O I-Task bone NN O I-Task @@ -8855,6 +9196,7 @@ protection NN O O is NN O O required NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O it NN O O was NN O O @@ -8897,6 +9239,7 @@ fission NN O I-Task reactors NN O I-Task . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0263822312001468) Recently NN O O @@ -8920,6 +9263,7 @@ to NN O O transportation NN O B-Process industries NN O I-Process . NN O O + Hence NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -8949,6 +9293,7 @@ of NN O O a NN O O crash NN O O . NN O O + Crashworthiness NN O B-Task parameters NN O I-Task for NN O O @@ -8972,6 +9317,7 @@ have NN O O been NN O O studied NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O critical NN O O difference NN O O @@ -8988,6 +9334,7 @@ the NN O O brittle NN O B-Process collapse NN O I-Process . NN O O + In NN O O addition NN O O , NN O O @@ -9018,6 +9365,7 @@ of NN O O plastic NN O B-Process deformation NN O I-Process . NN O O + Implementation NN O B-Task of NN O I-Task composite NN O I-Task @@ -9052,6 +9400,7 @@ reinforced NN O I-Material composite NN O I-Material material NN O I-Material . NN O O + He NN O O found NN O O that NN O O @@ -9082,6 +9431,7 @@ metals NN O B-Material 1 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O observation NN O O has NN O O @@ -9097,6 +9447,7 @@ of NN O O composite NN O B-Material materials NN O I-Material . NN O O + Studies NN O O have NN O O examined NN O O @@ -9138,6 +9489,7 @@ tubes NN O I-Material ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0301679X13003289) Nanoparticle NN O B-Process @@ -9165,6 +9517,7 @@ Microscoscopy NN O I-Process TEM NN O B-Process ) NN O O . NN O O + Soot NN O B-Material nanoparticles NN O I-Material were NN O O @@ -9184,6 +9537,7 @@ automotive NN O O diesel NN O O engine NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O samples NN O O were NN O O @@ -9195,6 +9549,7 @@ diluting NN O O with NN O O heptane NN O B-Material . NN O O + Individual NN O O tracking NN O O of NN O O @@ -9206,6 +9561,7 @@ size NN O B-Process distribution NN O I-Process analysis NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O size NN O O of NN O O @@ -9225,6 +9581,7 @@ images NN O O of NN O O agglomerates NN O B-Material . NN O O + Both NN O O the NN O O techniques NN O O @@ -9245,6 +9602,7 @@ of NN O O 120 NN O O nm NN O O . NN O O + NTA NN O B-Process is NN O O able NN O O @@ -9308,6 +9666,7 @@ Microscoscopy NN O I-Process TEM NN O B-Process ) NN O O . NN O O + Soot NN O O nanoparticles NN O O were NN O O @@ -9327,6 +9686,7 @@ automotive NN O O diesel NN O O engine NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O samples NN O O were NN O O @@ -9338,6 +9698,7 @@ diluting NN O O with NN O O heptane NN O B-Material . NN O O + Individual NN O O tracking NN O O of NN O O @@ -9349,6 +9710,7 @@ size NN O B-Process distribution NN O I-Process analysis NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O size NN O O of NN O O @@ -9368,6 +9730,7 @@ images NN O O of NN O O agglomerates NN O B-Material . NN O O + Both NN O O the NN O O techniques NN O O @@ -9388,6 +9751,7 @@ of NN O O 120 NN O O nm NN O O . NN O O + NTA NN O B-Process is NN O O able NN O O @@ -9429,10 +9793,12 @@ with NN O O TEM NN O B-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0301679X14000449) Fig NN O O . NN O O + 11 NN O O shows NN O O the NN O O @@ -9463,6 +9829,7 @@ surface NN O O were NN O O chosen NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O value NN O O of NN O O @@ -9486,6 +9853,7 @@ literature NN O O 22 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O Sc NN O O of NN O O @@ -9508,6 +9876,7 @@ stage NN O O of NN O O friction NN O O . NN O O + Thus NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -9523,6 +9892,7 @@ formation NN O I-Process or NN O O plowing NN O B-Process . NN O O + In NN O O addition NN O O , NN O O @@ -9552,6 +9922,7 @@ critical⁎).(3)Sc⁎=HvRmaxKIc(4)Sc NN O I-Material critical⁎=51 NN O I-Process + NN O I-Process 10μwhere NN O I-Process + Hv NN O O is NN O O the NN O O @@ -9560,10 +9931,12 @@ hardness NN O I-Process of NN O O RH NN O O ceramics NN O O + [ NN O O Pa NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O initial NN O O wear NN O O @@ -9586,9 +9959,11 @@ demonstrated NN O O in NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 12(a NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Furthermore NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -9607,9 +9982,11 @@ shown NN O O in NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 12(b NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O map NN O O @@ -9624,6 +10001,7 @@ curve NN O O to NN O O plowing NN O B-Process . NN O O + In NN O O particular NN O O , NN O O @@ -9647,6 +10025,7 @@ or NN O I-Material Si3N4 NN O I-Material balls NN O I-Material . NN O O + Therefore NN O O , NN O O RH NN O O @@ -9667,6 +10046,7 @@ other NN O O counterpart NN O O materials NN O O . NN O O + Nevertheless NN O O , NN O O these NN O O @@ -9708,6 +10088,7 @@ wear NN O O 5×10−9mm2/N NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Indeed NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -9738,9 +10119,11 @@ shown NN O O in NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 13 NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0301679X14003272) The NN O O @@ -9772,6 +10155,7 @@ quasi NN O O stationary NN O O LSMB NN O B-Process . NN O O + The NN O O LSMB NN O B-Process is NN O O @@ -9811,8 +10195,10 @@ shown NN O O in NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 2 NN O O . NN O O + Both NN O O displacement NN O B-Process and NN O I-Process @@ -9833,6 +10219,7 @@ in NN O O static NN O O conditions NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O load NN O O and NN O O @@ -9865,6 +10252,7 @@ generate NN O O fretting NN O B-Material loops NN O I-Material . NN O I-Material + The NN O O loops NN O O were NN O O @@ -9894,10 +10282,12 @@ Fouvry NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 17 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Average NN O O values NN O O for NN O O @@ -9929,12 +10319,14 @@ by NN O O Hirsch NN O O and NN O O Neu NN O O + [ NN O O 18 NN O O ] NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0304399111001811) We NN O O @@ -9950,6 +10342,7 @@ orbital NN O I-Process angular NN O I-Process momentum NN O I-Process . NN O I-Process + To NN O O make NN O O connection NN O O @@ -9989,6 +10382,7 @@ the NN O O holographic NN O B-Material mask NN O I-Material . NN O O + It NN O O turns NN O O out NN O O @@ -10024,6 +10418,7 @@ Bessel NN O O differential NN O O equation NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O ensuing NN O O eigenfunctions NN O O @@ -10048,6 +10443,7 @@ magnetic NN O O quantum NN O O number NN O O . NN O O + Those NN O O vortices NN O B-Material can NN O O @@ -10076,6 +10472,7 @@ the NN O O cylindrical NN O O problem NN O O . NN O O + Vortices NN O O can NN O O be NN O O @@ -10103,6 +10500,7 @@ the NN O O diffraction NN O O plane NN O O . NN O O + Inclusion NN O B-Process of NN O I-Process spherical NN O I-Process @@ -10124,6 +10522,7 @@ vortices NN O O with NN O O m≠0 NN O O . NN O O + Partial NN O B-Process coherence NN O I-Process of NN O O @@ -10140,6 +10539,7 @@ central NN O O intensity NN O O minimum NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O is NN O O shown NN O O @@ -10167,6 +10567,7 @@ volcano NN O O structure NN O O intact NN O O . NN O O + Their NN O O small NN O O angular NN O O @@ -10203,6 +10604,7 @@ serious NN O O difficulty NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S030439911200040X) Some NN O O @@ -10230,6 +10632,7 @@ averaging NN O I-Process 17 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + An NN O O inadequacy NN O O of NN O O @@ -10241,6 +10644,7 @@ it NN O O neglects NN O O astigmatism NN O B-Process . NN O O + Astigmatism NN O B-Process distorts NN O O the NN O O @@ -10262,6 +10666,7 @@ obtained NN O O 1D NN O B-Material profile NN O I-Material . NN O O + A NN O O few NN O O algorithms NN O O @@ -10341,6 +10746,7 @@ ATLAS NN O B-Process 23 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Some NN O O other NN O O approaches NN O O @@ -10375,6 +10781,7 @@ not NN O O guarantee NN O O convergence NN O O . NN O O + Furthermore NN O O , NN O O only NN O O @@ -10396,6 +10803,7 @@ analysis NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0305440314001927) Traditionally NN O O @@ -10423,6 +10831,7 @@ cross NN O I-Material - NN O I-Material sections NN O I-Material . NN O O + Given NN O O these NN O O constraints NN O O @@ -10463,6 +10872,7 @@ Bates NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + , NN O O 2010 NN O O ; NN O O @@ -10473,6 +10883,7 @@ Robson NN O O 2010 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O highest NN O O specification NN O O @@ -10489,10 +10900,11 @@ true NN O O colour NN O O fidelity NN O O than NN O O -SfM NN O B-Process -– NN O I-Process -MVS NN O I-Process -methods NN O I-Process +SfM NN O O +– NN O O + +MVS NN O O +methods NN O O ( NN O O James NN O O and NN O O @@ -10517,6 +10929,7 @@ unique NN O O selling NN O O points NN O O . NN O O + Unlike NN O O traditional NN O B-Process digital NN O I-Process @@ -10547,15 +10960,17 @@ setup NN O O are NN O O involved NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O the NN O O key NN O O attraction NN O O of NN O O -SfM NN O B-Process -– NN O I-Process -MVS NN O I-Process +SfM NN O O +– NN O O + +MVS NN O O is NN O O that NN O O the NN O O @@ -10583,6 +10998,7 @@ overlap NN O I-Process of NN O I-Process photographs NN O I-Process . NN O O + A NN O O whole NN O O series NN O O @@ -10624,9 +11040,12 @@ in NN O O the NN O O museum NN O O . NN O O + Fig NN O O . NN O O + 2a NN O O + – NN O O c NN O O shows NN O O @@ -10646,6 +11065,7 @@ is NN O O considerable NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0370269301015222) Recent NN O O @@ -10705,6 +11125,7 @@ of NN O O accelerated NN O O expansion NN O O . NN O O + If NN O O one NN O O analyzes NN O O @@ -10756,6 +11177,7 @@ critical NN O B-Process density NN O I-Process ρcrit NN O B-Process . NN O O + Most NN O O interestingly NN O O , NN O O @@ -10798,6 +11220,7 @@ the NN O O critical NN O B-Process density NN O I-Process . NN O O + With NN O O ΩM≡ρ/ρcrit NN O O , NN O O @@ -10808,6 +11231,7 @@ and NN O O ( NN O O 1.2)ΩM≈1/3,ΩΛ≈2/3,Ωtot≈1 NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O implies NN O O that NN O O @@ -10819,6 +11243,7 @@ is NN O O approximately NN O O −1/2 NN O O . NN O O + While NN O O originally NN O O the NN O O @@ -10885,6 +11310,7 @@ moment NN O I-Task ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0370269302011838) First NN O O @@ -10942,6 +11368,7 @@ the NN O I-Material produced NN O I-Material secondaries NN O I-Material . NN O O + Multiplicities NN O B-Task and NN O O their NN O B-Task @@ -10952,6 +11379,7 @@ are NN O O successfully NN O O reproduced NN O O . NN O O + Transverse NN O B-Process momentum NN O I-Process distributions NN O I-Process @@ -10975,6 +11403,7 @@ with NN O O increasing NN O O centrality NN O O . NN O O + Discrepancies NN O B-Process with NN O I-Process particle NN O I-Process @@ -10994,6 +11423,7 @@ at NN O O SPS NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0370269302012492) In NN O O @@ -11031,6 +11461,7 @@ five NN O I-Material - NN O I-Material brane NN O I-Material . NN O O + We NN O O will NN O O adopt NN O O @@ -11047,6 +11478,7 @@ of NN O O 21–23 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O begin NN O O by NN O O @@ -11134,6 +11566,7 @@ R NN O O = NN O O Q1/3ℓp NN O O . NN O O + Note NN O O , NN O O as NN O O @@ -11179,6 +11612,7 @@ six NN O O dimensional NN O O supergravity NN O O . NN O O + Nevertheless NN O O , NN O O for NN O O @@ -11218,6 +11652,7 @@ calculation NN O I-Process ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0370269302013412) We NN O O @@ -11266,6 +11701,7 @@ the NN O O Planck NN O B-Material mass NN O I-Material . NN O O + Instead NN O O of NN O O the NN O O @@ -11298,6 +11734,7 @@ the NN O O mass NN O B-Process history NN O I-Process . NN O O + We NN O O show NN O O that NN O O @@ -11349,6 +11786,7 @@ for NN O O z>1.7 NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0370269302014880) Production NN O B-Task @@ -11381,6 +11819,7 @@ and NN O O NA50 NN O O Collaborations NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O experimental NN O B-Task program NN O I-Task @@ -11414,6 +11853,7 @@ of NN O I-Task the NN O I-Task collision NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O original NN O B-Material picture NN O I-Material @@ -11451,6 +11891,7 @@ nucleon NN O I-Process nucleon NN O I-Process collisions NN O I-Process . NN O O + During NN O O the NN O O subsequent NN O B-Process @@ -11518,6 +11959,7 @@ anomalous NN O B-Process suppression NN O I-Process ) NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O was NN O O found NN O O @@ -11541,10 +11983,11 @@ proton NN O B-Material – NN O I-Material nucleus NN O I-Material and NN O O -nucleus NN O B-Process -– NN O I-Process -nucleus NN O I-Process -collisions NN O I-Process +nucleus NN O O +– NN O O + +nucleus NN O O +collisions NN O O with NN O O light NN O B-Material projectiles NN O I-Material @@ -11569,6 +12012,7 @@ nuclear NN O B-Process suppression NN O I-Process alone NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O contrast NN O O , NN O O @@ -11596,6 +12040,7 @@ collisions NN O I-Process 4–7 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O anomalous NN O O J/ψ NN O B-Process @@ -11629,6 +12074,7 @@ excluded NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0370269302014892) Brodsky NN O O @@ -11678,6 +12124,7 @@ factor NN O O R(s NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O formula NN O B-Task was NN O O @@ -11699,6 +12146,7 @@ opposite NN O I-Process photon NN O I-Process helicities NN O I-Process . NN O O + As NN O O has NN O O been NN O O @@ -11726,6 +12174,7 @@ not NN O O generically NN O O small NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O also NN O O remark NN O O @@ -11780,6 +12229,7 @@ with NN O O 13 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Notice NN O O further NN O O that NN O O @@ -11814,6 +12264,7 @@ a NN O O pion NN O B-Material pair NN O I-Material . NN O O + In NN O O contrast NN O O , NN O O @@ -11834,6 +12285,7 @@ after NN O O 24 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Finally NN O O , NN O O due NN O O @@ -11864,6 +12316,7 @@ neutral NN O B-Material pseudoscalars NN O I-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0370269303015478) Since NN O O @@ -11898,6 +12351,7 @@ improved NN O I-Process unitarity NN O I-Process bounds NN O I-Process . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O study NN O O @@ -11918,6 +12372,7 @@ analysis NN O I-Task 20 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O tree NN O B-Task level NN O I-Task @@ -11964,6 +12419,7 @@ gauge NN O B-Material boson NN O I-Material masses NN O I-Material . NN O O + We NN O O will NN O O consider NN O O @@ -12001,6 +12457,7 @@ is NN O O also NN O O fulfilled NN O O . NN O O + Our NN O O purpose NN O O is NN O O @@ -12038,6 +12495,7 @@ decoupling NN O I-Task regime NN O I-Task . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0370269303017222) In NN O O @@ -12081,6 +12539,7 @@ parity NN O O baryon NN O O mass NN O O . NN O O + Pairwise NN O B-Process spin NN O I-Process - NN O I-Process @@ -12092,6 +12551,7 @@ the NN O O level NN O B-Process ordering NN O I-Process . NN O O + As NN O O mentioned NN O O earlier NN O O @@ -12118,6 +12578,7 @@ the NN O O desired NN O O effect NN O O . NN O O + Since NN O O the NN O O q3 NN O B-Process @@ -12139,6 +12600,7 @@ is NN O O totally NN O O symmetric NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O all NN O O quarks NN O B-Material @@ -12171,6 +12633,7 @@ flavor NN O B-Process spin NN O I-Process interaction NN O I-Process . NN O O + If NN O O one NN O O quark NN O B-Material @@ -12209,6 +12672,7 @@ a NN O O less NN O O attractive NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O SU(3)F NN O O @@ -12217,6 +12681,7 @@ case NN O O , NN O O Eq NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O 1 NN O O ) NN O O @@ -12229,6 +12694,7 @@ splittings NN O I-Process 2)ΔMχ=−14Cχ,N(939),N∗(1440),−4Cχ,Δ(1232),−2Cχ,N∗(1535 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Here NN O O we NN O O have NN O O @@ -12245,6 +12711,7 @@ quark NN O B-Process spin-1/2 NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S037026930301801X) The NN O O @@ -12264,6 +12731,7 @@ structures NN O I-Material in NN O O 10–12,14Be NN O O . NN O O + Certainly NN O O , NN O O if NN O O @@ -12299,6 +12767,7 @@ shown NN O O in NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 4(a NN O O ) NN O O , NN O O @@ -12321,6 +12790,7 @@ A=10 NN O O and NN O O 14 NN O O . NN O O + Given NN O O also NN O O that NN O O @@ -12345,6 +12815,7 @@ increase NN O O in NN O O clustering NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O breakup NN O B-Process cross NN O I-Process @@ -12382,6 +12853,7 @@ may NN O O be NN O O complex NN O O . NN O O + That NN O O is NN O O to NN O O @@ -12408,6 +12880,7 @@ plus NN O O valence NN O B-Material neutrons NN O I-Material . NN O O + These NN O O comprehensive NN O B-Task measurements NN O I-Task @@ -12445,6 +12918,7 @@ their NN O O reactions NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0370269304005829) Let NN O O @@ -12460,6 +12934,7 @@ beta NN O B-Material beam NN O I-Material source NN O I-Material . NN O O + Similarly NN O O to NN O O the NN O O @@ -12488,8 +12963,10 @@ very NN O O accurately NN O O calculated NN O O . NN O O + Fig NN O O . NN O O + 3 NN O O shows NN O O the NN O O @@ -12516,12 +12993,15 @@ keV NN O O , NN O O respectively NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O In NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 3(b NN O O ) NN O O + we NN O O have NN O O rounded NN O O @@ -12534,6 +13014,7 @@ of NN O O counts NN O O . NN O O ) NN O O + The NN O O shape NN O O of NN O O @@ -12561,6 +13042,7 @@ in NN O O the NN O O figures NN O O . NN O O + As NN O O can NN O O be NN O O @@ -12601,6 +13083,7 @@ magnetic NN O I-Process moment NN O I-Process of NN O O 5×10−11μB. NN O O + These NN O O figures NN O O are NN O O @@ -12620,6 +13103,7 @@ neutrinos NN O B-Material from NN O O 18Ne NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O results NN O O shown NN O O @@ -12640,6 +13124,7 @@ ions NN O O s NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + If NN O O there NN O O is NN O O @@ -12678,6 +13163,7 @@ range NN O O per NN O O year NN O O . NN O O + These NN O O numbers NN O O increase NN O O @@ -12698,6 +13184,7 @@ moment NN O O of NN O O 5×10−11μB. NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0370269304007567) Each NN O O @@ -12724,6 +13211,7 @@ to NN O I-Material digital NN O I-Material converter NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O calculation NN O O was NN O O @@ -12748,6 +13236,7 @@ t NN O I-Process relation NN O I-Process ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O x NN O B-Process – NN O I-Process @@ -12780,6 +13269,7 @@ MAGBOLTZ NN O B-Material 21 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Although NN O O the NN O O chambers NN O B-Material @@ -12815,6 +13305,7 @@ the NN O O electric NN O O field NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O order NN O O to NN O O @@ -12845,6 +13336,7 @@ throughout NN O O the NN O O experiments NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O correction NN O O was NN O O @@ -12871,6 +13363,7 @@ without NN O O magnetic NN O B-Process field NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O correction NN O O was NN O O @@ -12886,6 +13379,7 @@ the NN O O chamber NN O B-Process manufacturing NN O I-Process . NN O O + During NN O O the NN O O observations NN O O @@ -12910,6 +13404,7 @@ the NN O O chamber NN O B-Material gas NN O I-Material . NN O O + In NN O O order NN O O to NN O O @@ -12936,6 +13431,7 @@ data NN O O taking NN O O run NN O O . NN O O + Especially NN O O in NN O O calibrating NN O O @@ -12970,6 +13466,7 @@ nor NN O O temperature NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0370269304007816) We NN O O @@ -12996,6 +13493,7 @@ three NN O I-Process body NN O I-Process interactions NN O I-Process . NN O O + Using NN O O the NN O O underlying NN O O @@ -13021,6 +13519,7 @@ Bargmann NN O O Fock NN O O space NN O O . NN O O + There NN O O are NN O O towers NN O O @@ -13035,6 +13534,7 @@ in NN O O each NN O O tower NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O explicitely NN O O construct NN O B-Process @@ -13061,6 +13561,7 @@ their NN O I-Process corresponding NN O I-Process eigenenergies NN O I-Process . NN O O + We NN O O also NN O O construct NN O B-Process @@ -13072,6 +13573,7 @@ global NN O O collective NN O O states NN O O . NN O O + Analysing NN O B-Task corresponding NN O I-Task Fock NN O I-Task @@ -13091,6 +13593,7 @@ exhibits NN O O singular NN O O behavior NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O above NN O O results NN O O @@ -13107,6 +13610,7 @@ SU(1,1 NN O O symmetry NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0370269304008421) The NN O O @@ -13149,6 +13653,7 @@ and NN O O matter NN O B-Process Hamiltonians NN O I-Process . NN O O + This NN O O allows NN O O to NN O O @@ -13178,6 +13683,7 @@ the NN O I-Process NSI NN O I-Process case NN O I-Process . NN O O + For NN O O example NN O O , NN O O @@ -13237,6 +13743,7 @@ the NN O O rotated NN O O basis NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O “ NN O O resonant NN O O @@ -13261,6 +13768,7 @@ A≃Δ NN O O 21 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O neutrino NN O B-Material produced NN O O @@ -13284,6 +13792,7 @@ undergo NN O O level NN O O crossing NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O probability NN O O Pc NN O B-Material @@ -13334,6 +13843,7 @@ and NN O O Θ(x)=0 NN O O otherwise NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O emphasize NN O O that NN O O @@ -13409,6 +13919,7 @@ from NN O O 21 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O stress NN O O that NN O O @@ -13419,6 +13930,7 @@ of NN O O α NN O O and NN O O φ≃π/2 NN O O + adiabaticity NN O O is NN O O violated NN O O @@ -13428,6 +13940,7 @@ values NN O O of NN O O θ. NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0370269304008494) One NN O O @@ -13449,6 +13962,7 @@ of NN O I-Task chiral NN O I-Task symmetry NN O I-Task . NN O O + Since NN O O the NN O O chiral NN O B-Material @@ -13495,6 +14009,7 @@ in NN O O photonuclear NN O B-Process reactions NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O conjecture NN O O that NN O O @@ -13554,6 +14069,7 @@ nuclei NN O B-Material 7 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O contrast NN O O to NN O O @@ -13612,6 +14128,7 @@ system NN O I-Process 8–11 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Measuring NN O B-Process a NN O I-Process threshold NN O I-Process @@ -13653,6 +14170,7 @@ of NN O O QCD NN O B-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0370269304009293) An NN O O @@ -13667,6 +14185,7 @@ in NN O O 3 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O and NN O O @@ -13686,6 +14205,7 @@ to NN O O our NN O O analysis NN O O . NN O O + Within NN O O this NN O O framework NN O O @@ -13730,6 +14250,7 @@ r→ NN O O at NN O O r≪ΛQCD−1 NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O following NN O O relation NN O O @@ -13740,6 +14261,7 @@ derived NN O O 16)VQCD(r)=VS(r)+δEUS(r),(17)δEUS=−ig2TFNC∫0∞dte−iΔV(r)t×〈r→⋅E→a(t)φadj(t,0)abr→⋅E→b(0)〉+O(r3 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + VS(r NN O O ) NN O O denotes NN O O @@ -13747,6 +14269,7 @@ the NN O O singlet NN O O potential NN O O . NN O O + δEUS(r NN O O ) NN O O denotes NN O O @@ -13770,6 +14293,7 @@ the NN O O multipole NN O B-Process expansion NN O I-Process . NN O O + ΔV(r)=VO(r)−VS(r NN O O ) NN O O denotes NN O O @@ -13789,6 +14313,7 @@ see NN O O for NN O O details NN O O . NN O O + Intuitively NN O O VS(r NN O O ) NN O O @@ -13803,6 +14328,7 @@ to NN O O VIR(r;μf NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O adopt NN O O dimensional NN O B-Process @@ -13824,6 +14350,7 @@ conceptual NN O O aspects NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0370269304012638) It NN O O @@ -13878,6 +14405,7 @@ the NN O O same NN O O background NN O O . NN O O + There NN O O are NN O O expectations NN O O @@ -13909,6 +14437,7 @@ for NN O O gauge NN O O theories NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O supersymmetric NN O O @@ -13950,6 +14479,7 @@ in NN O O 15 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Further NN O O progress NN O O in NN O O @@ -13966,6 +14496,7 @@ N=2 NN O I-Task covariant NN O I-Task supergraphs NN O I-Task . NN O O + Finally NN O O , NN O O we NN O O @@ -14003,9 +14534,10 @@ energy NN O O action NN O O for NN O O N=4 NN O O -SU(N NN O B-Material -) NN O I-Material -SYM NN O I-Material +SU(N NN O O + +) NN O O +SYM NN O O on NN O O its NN O O Coulomb NN O B-Material @@ -14023,6 +14555,7 @@ to NN O O SU(N−1)×U(1 NN O B-Material ) NN O I-Material . NN O O + There NN O O have NN O O appeared NN O O @@ -14041,6 +14574,7 @@ with NN O O conflicting NN O O conclusions NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O approach NN O O advocated NN O O @@ -14054,6 +14588,7 @@ further NN O O test NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S037877531001949X) The NN O O @@ -14078,6 +14613,7 @@ with NN O O small NN O O particles NN O O . NN O O + Most NN O O research NN O O so NN O O @@ -14100,6 +14636,7 @@ blacks NN O I-Material 34,35,36 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Layers NN O O deposited NN O O by NN O O @@ -14142,6 +14679,7 @@ Teflon NN O B-Material 37,38,39 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + An NN O O advantage NN O O of NN O O @@ -14184,6 +14722,7 @@ meta NN O B-Process stable NN O I-Process dispersion NN O I-Process . NN O O + Recently NN O O , NN O O a NN O O @@ -14211,6 +14750,7 @@ dispersions NN O O 36 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + These NN O O dispersions NN O O were NN O O @@ -14242,6 +14782,7 @@ high NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0885230816301759) This NN O O @@ -14267,6 +14808,7 @@ models NN O O are NN O O combined NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O system NN O O provides NN O B-Task @@ -14297,6 +14839,7 @@ self NN O O study NN O O setting NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O sentence NN O O stress NN O O @@ -14316,6 +14859,7 @@ any NN O O practice NN O O sentence NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O accuracy NN O O of NN O O @@ -14333,6 +14877,7 @@ and NN O O , NN O O respectively NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O stress NN O B-Process feedback NN O I-Process @@ -14365,6 +14910,7 @@ detected NN O O stress NN O O pattern NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O an NN O O experiment NN O O @@ -14409,6 +14955,7 @@ control NN O O group NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S092583881302834X) Plastically NN O O @@ -14426,6 +14973,7 @@ regions NN O O 16 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + While NN O O this NN O O could NN O O @@ -14454,6 +15002,7 @@ dislocation NN O O based NN O O theory NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O search NN O B-Task for NN O I-Task @@ -14488,6 +15037,7 @@ conventional NN O O alloys NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Anelastic NN O B-Process deformation NN O I-Process is NN O O @@ -14522,6 +15072,7 @@ onset NN O O of NN O O plasticity NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O particular NN O O , NN O O @@ -14554,10 +15105,12 @@ deformation NN O O of NN O O MGs NN O B-Material . NN O O + Fujita NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + have NN O O used NN O O torsion NN O O @@ -14592,12 +15145,14 @@ of NN O O the NN O O shear NN O O yield NN O O + stress NN O O τy NN O O [ NN O O 18 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O present NN O O @@ -14635,6 +15190,7 @@ torque NN O I-Task reversal NN O I-Task . NN O I-Task + -DOCSTART- (S0925838814009669) SPS NN O B-Material @@ -14655,6 +15211,7 @@ powders NN O I-Process during NN O I-Process consolidation NN O I-Process . NN O O + Ye NN O O et NN O O al NN O O @@ -14675,6 +15232,7 @@ SPS NN O B-Process 13 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + X NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process ray NN O I-Process @@ -14714,6 +15272,7 @@ bulk NN O O state NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Subsequently NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -14748,6 +15307,7 @@ a NN O O larger NN O O scale NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O another NN O O study NN O O @@ -14776,34 +15336,39 @@ the NN O O bulk NN O B-Material nanocomposite NN O I-Material . NN O O + Rana NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 14 NN O O ] NN O O -investigated NN O B-Task -the NN O I-Task -effect NN O I-Task -of NN O I-Task -SPS NN O I-Task -on NN O I-Task -mechanically NN O I-Task -milled NN O I-Task -AA6061 NN O I-Task -( NN O I-Task -Al NN O I-Task -– NN O I-Task -Mg NN O I-Task -– NN O I-Task -Si NN O I-Task -) NN O I-Task -micro NN O I-Task -- NN O I-Task -alloy NN O I-Task -powder NN O I-Task +investigated NN O O +the NN O O +effect NN O O +of NN O O +SPS NN O O +on NN O O +mechanically NN O O +milled NN O O +AA6061 NN O O + +( NN O O +Al NN O O +– NN O O + +Mg NN O O +– NN O O +Si NN O O +) NN O O +micro NN O O +- NN O O +alloy NN O O +powder NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O average NN O O grain NN O O @@ -14830,6 +15395,7 @@ at NN O O ° NN O O C NN O O . NN O O + Microhardness NN O O and NN O O compressive NN O O @@ -14878,6 +15444,7 @@ grain NN O O size NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0927025614003322) A NN O O @@ -14908,6 +15475,7 @@ any NN O O specific NN O O application NN O O . NN O O + Trends NN O O and NN O O insights NN O O @@ -14916,6 +15484,7 @@ deduced NN O O a NN O O posteriori NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O requires NN O O efficient NN O B-Task @@ -14928,6 +15497,7 @@ on NN O I-Task various NN O I-Task levels NN O I-Task . NN O O + We NN O O have NN O O developed NN O O @@ -14956,6 +15526,7 @@ the NN O O scientific NN O O community NN O O . NN O O + Through NN O O it NN O O , NN O O @@ -14989,6 +15560,7 @@ the NN O O included NN O O systems NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O data NN O O may NN O O @@ -15018,6 +15590,7 @@ work NN O I-Process - NN O I-Process flows NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O interface NN O B-Process also NN O O @@ -15055,6 +15628,7 @@ expanded NN O O systematically NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0927025614006181) The NN O O @@ -15094,6 +15668,7 @@ Asmar NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 8 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -15130,6 +15705,7 @@ simply NN O O a NN O O summary NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O applies NN O O an NN O O @@ -15161,6 +15737,7 @@ at NN O O each NN O O timestep NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O inter NN O B-Material - NN O I-Material @@ -15181,6 +15758,7 @@ dashpot NN O I-Process slider NN O I-Process analogy NN O I-Process . NN O O + Contact NN O B-Process forces NN O I-Process are NN O O @@ -15201,6 +15779,7 @@ the NN O O particles NN O B-Material centres NN O I-Material . NN O O + Particle NN O B-Process elastic NN O I-Process stiffness NN O I-Process @@ -15221,6 +15800,7 @@ damping NN O I-Process is NN O O applied NN O O . NN O O + Particle NN O B-Process cohesion NN O I-Process can NN O O @@ -15238,6 +15818,7 @@ the NN O O current NN O O study NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O translational NN O B-Process and NN O I-Process @@ -15266,6 +15847,7 @@ positions NN O I-Material and NN O O velocities NN O B-Material . NN O O + Near NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process neighbour NN O I-Process @@ -15327,6 +15909,7 @@ door NN O O neighbour NN O O zones NN O O . NN O O + Full NN O O details NN O O are NN O O @@ -15336,11 +15919,13 @@ Asmar NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 8 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0927025615006357) In NN O O @@ -15384,6 +15969,7 @@ at NN O O high NN O O temperature NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O first NN O O objective NN O O @@ -15411,6 +15997,7 @@ realistic NN O O material NN O O microstructure NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O second NN O O objective NN O O @@ -15456,6 +16043,7 @@ element NN O O package NN O O ABAQUS NN O B-Material . NN O O + The NN O O model NN O O parameters NN O O @@ -15478,6 +16066,7 @@ cyclic NN O I-Material test NN O I-Material data NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O third NN O O objective NN O O @@ -15511,6 +16100,7 @@ fracture NN O B-Process criterion NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S096386951400070X) This NN O O @@ -15549,6 +16139,7 @@ reaches NN O O a NN O O peak NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O SNR NN O B-Material of NN O O @@ -15576,6 +16167,7 @@ measured NN O O at NN O O 1MHz NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O a NN O O @@ -15605,6 +16197,7 @@ NERSE NN O B-Process ) NN O O phenomenon NN O O . NN O O + NERSE NN O B-Process frequency NN O O operation NN O O @@ -15624,6 +16217,7 @@ of NN O O investigative NN O O possibilities NN O O . NN O O + Within NN O O this NN O O investigation NN O O @@ -15639,6 +16233,7 @@ has NN O O been NN O O analyzed NN O O . NN O O + An NN O O immediate NN O O extension NN O O @@ -15663,6 +16258,7 @@ effect NN O O exists NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0963869514000875) There NN O O @@ -15689,6 +16285,7 @@ frequency NN O I-Task analysis NN O I-Task methods NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O STFT NN O B-Process spectrogram NN O I-Process @@ -15704,6 +16301,7 @@ simplest NN O O to NN O O implement NN O O . NN O O + Whilst NN O O all NN O O of NN O O @@ -15742,6 +16340,7 @@ in NN O O frequency NN O B-Material resolution NN O I-Material . NN O O + Other NN O O methods NN O O of NN O O @@ -15788,6 +16387,7 @@ components NN O I-Material 25,18,19 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Also NN O O , NN O O whilst NN O O @@ -15820,6 +16420,7 @@ types NN O O of NN O O waves NN O O . NN O O + Future NN O O work NN O O will NN O O @@ -15845,6 +16446,7 @@ electromagnetic NN O B-Material waves NN O I-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0963869514000954) Global NN O B-Process @@ -15885,6 +16487,7 @@ minima NN O I-Material / NN O I-Material maxima NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O genetic NN O B-Process algorithm NN O I-Process @@ -15910,6 +16513,7 @@ this NN O O particular NN O O study NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O algorithm NN O O starts NN O O @@ -15929,6 +16533,7 @@ domain NN O I-Material X NN O B-Material ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O genetic NN O B-Process algorithm NN O I-Process @@ -15937,6 +16542,7 @@ modifies NN O O this NN O O population NN O O . NN O O + At NN O O each NN O O step NN O O @@ -15970,6 +16576,7 @@ the NN O O next NN O O generation NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O process NN O O is NN O O @@ -15984,6 +16591,7 @@ solution NN O O is NN O O reached NN O O . NN O O + See NN O O [ NN O O 19 NN O O @@ -15997,6 +16605,7 @@ the NN O O GA NN O B-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0963869514001066) In NN O O @@ -16025,6 +16634,7 @@ region NN O O as NN O O follows NN O O . NN O O + After NN O O obtaining NN O O the NN O O @@ -16048,6 +16658,7 @@ in NN O O ( NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 1 NN O O ) NN O O , NN O O @@ -16057,6 +16668,7 @@ into NN O I-Process a NN O I-Process grid NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O signals NN O O from NN O O @@ -16079,6 +16691,7 @@ in NN O I-Process this NN O I-Process grid NN O I-Process . NN O O + Linear NN O B-Process interpolation NN O I-Process of NN O O @@ -16094,6 +16707,7 @@ are NN O O discretely NN O B-Process sampled NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O intensity NN O O of NN O O @@ -16160,6 +16774,7 @@ element NN O I-Material R NN O B-Material ) NN O O . NN O O + Note NN O O that NN O O the NN O O @@ -16174,9 +16789,11 @@ zero NN O O ( NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 3a NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O summation NN O B-Process is NN O O @@ -16199,6 +16816,7 @@ captured NN O O with NN O O FMC NN O B-Material . NN O O + This NN O O algorithm NN O O is NN O O @@ -16213,6 +16831,7 @@ this NN O O paper NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0963869514001078) It NN O O @@ -16260,6 +16879,7 @@ efficient NN O O 15 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Previously NN O O this NN O O has NN O O @@ -16291,6 +16911,7 @@ material NN O O 16,17 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O layer NN O O concentrates NN O O @@ -16302,6 +16923,7 @@ increasing NN O O generation NN O B-Process efficiency NN O I-Process . NN O O + Recent NN O O studies NN O O also NN O O @@ -16329,6 +16951,7 @@ the NN O O magnetostrictive NN O O constant NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O ferromagnetic NN O B-Process to NN O I-Process @@ -16367,6 +16990,7 @@ alloys NN O I-Material ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0963869515000572) Shear NN O B-Material @@ -16424,6 +17048,7 @@ speed NN O I-Process 11,12 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O properties NN O O of NN O O @@ -16453,6 +17078,7 @@ are NN O O a NN O O complication NN O O . NN O O + SH0 NN O B-Material has NN O O a NN O O @@ -16490,6 +17116,7 @@ all NN O O frequencies NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O oscillation NN O B-Process direction NN O O @@ -16521,6 +17148,7 @@ shown NN O O in NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 1 NN O O , NN O O with NN O O @@ -16537,6 +17165,7 @@ a NN O O sample NN O O surface NN O O . NN O O + Under NN O O certain NN O O conditions NN O O @@ -16558,6 +17187,7 @@ bulk NN O B-Material waves NN O I-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0968432814000250) Volume NN O B-Task @@ -16572,6 +17202,7 @@ scanning NN O B-Material electron NN O I-Material microscopes NN O I-Material . NN O O + Each NN O O approach NN O O has NN O O @@ -16611,6 +17242,7 @@ structure NN O O of NN O O interest NN O O . NN O O + Historically NN O O , NN O O transmission NN O B-Material @@ -16636,6 +17268,7 @@ sub NN O O nanometer NN O O resolution NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O for NN O O @@ -16660,6 +17293,7 @@ during NN O O sample NN O O preparation NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O addition NN O O , NN O O @@ -16687,6 +17321,7 @@ Bock NN O O 2012 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Advances NN O O in NN O O scanning NN O B-Process @@ -16706,6 +17341,7 @@ in NN O O electron NN O B-Task imaging NN O I-Task . NN O O + SEMs NN O B-Process with NN O O field NN O B-Material @@ -16744,6 +17380,7 @@ Winter NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + , NN O O 2009 NN O O ; NN O O @@ -16788,6 +17425,7 @@ al NN O O 2013 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O use NN O O of NN O O @@ -16811,6 +17449,7 @@ Denk NN O O 2007 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O review NN O O @@ -16851,6 +17490,7 @@ been NN O O automated NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1010603009002676) In NN O O @@ -16860,25 +17500,26 @@ paper NN O O we NN O O present NN O O our NN O O -experimental NN O B-Task -observations NN O I-Task -on NN O I-Task -how NN O I-Task -solvents NN O I-Task -can NN O I-Task -vary NN O I-Task -the NN O I-Task -TPA NN O I-Task -and NN O I-Task -TPF NN O I-Task -properties NN O I-Task -of NN O I-Task -fluorescent NN O I-Task -rhodamine NN O I-Task -( NN O I-Task -Rh NN O I-Task -) NN O I-Task -dyes NN O I-Task +experimental NN O O +observations NN O O +on NN O O +how NN O O +solvents NN O O +can NN O O +vary NN O O +the NN O O +TPA NN O O +and NN O O +TPF NN O O +properties NN O O +of NN O O +fluorescent NN O O +rhodamine NN O O + +( NN O O +Rh NN O O +) NN O O +dyes NN O O Rh6 NN O B-Material G NN O I-Material , NN O O @@ -16886,6 +17527,7 @@ RhB NN O B-Material and NN O O Rh101 NN O B-Material . NN O O + Rhodamines NN O B-Material are NN O O well NN O O @@ -16939,6 +17581,7 @@ visible NN O O spectral NN O O region NN O O . NN O O + Molecular NN O O geometries NN O O of NN O O @@ -16962,6 +17605,7 @@ non NN O O - NN O O centrosymmetric NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O general NN O O , NN O O @@ -16986,6 +17630,7 @@ the NN O O excitation NN O O frequencies NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O for NN O O @@ -17013,6 +17658,7 @@ peaks NN O I-Process may NN O O coincide NN O O . NN O O + So NN O O we NN O O set NN O O @@ -17040,6 +17686,7 @@ the NN O O dyes NN O B-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1010603013001809) The NN O O @@ -17056,6 +17703,7 @@ co NN O B-Material - NN O I-Material catalysts NN O I-Material . NN O O + There NN O O are NN O O two NN O O @@ -17085,6 +17733,7 @@ separation NN O B-Process of NN O I-Process holes NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O former NN O O representative NN O O @@ -17104,6 +17753,7 @@ Cu2 NN O B-Material 9–12 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O was NN O O reported NN O O @@ -17111,8 +17761,9 @@ that NN O O Fe3 NN O B-Material + NN O I-Material and NN O O -Cu2 NN O B-Material -+ NN O I-Material +Cu2 NN O O + ++ NN O O were NN O O grafted NN O O as NN O O @@ -17140,6 +17791,7 @@ respectively NN O O 11,12 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O reduced NN O B-Material metal NN O I-Material @@ -17164,6 +17816,7 @@ to NN O O molecular NN O O oxygen NN O B-Material . NN O O + The NN O O latter NN O O ones NN O O @@ -17206,6 +17859,7 @@ oxidation NN O I-Process 13 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O there NN O O @@ -17225,6 +17879,7 @@ in NN O O gaseous NN O B-Process phase NN O I-Process . NN O O + We NN O O expected NN O O that NN O O @@ -17254,6 +17909,7 @@ be NN O O further NN O O enhanced NN O O . NN O O + Moreover NN O O , NN O O complex NN O O @@ -17277,6 +17933,7 @@ photocatalytic NN O B-Process activity NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S107158191630074X) An NN O O @@ -17307,6 +17964,7 @@ for NN O I-Task each NN O I-Task condition NN O I-Task . NN O O + Furthermore NN O O of NN O O interest NN O O @@ -17347,6 +18005,7 @@ refilling NN O O it NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O relatively NN O O high NN O O @@ -17399,6 +18058,7 @@ just NN O O in NN O O case NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O low NN O O average NN O O @@ -17425,6 +18085,7 @@ signal NN O O interaction NN O O needs NN O O . NN O O + On NN O O the NN O O other NN O O @@ -17462,6 +18123,7 @@ users NN O O in NN O O time NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O many NN O O cases NN O O @@ -17496,6 +18158,7 @@ to NN O O the NN O O participants NN O O . NN O O + Therefore NN O O , NN O O if NN O O @@ -17518,6 +18181,7 @@ into NN O O account NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1359646214000165) The NN O O @@ -17550,6 +18214,7 @@ pseudopotential NN O I-Process DFT NN O I-Process method NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O exchange NN O B-Process correlation NN O I-Process @@ -17566,6 +18231,7 @@ PBE NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process GGA NN O I-Process ) NN O O + [ NN O O 22 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -17588,6 +18254,7 @@ pseudopotentials NN O I-Process 23 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O plane NN O B-Material wave NN O I-Material @@ -17627,6 +18294,7 @@ space NN O O of NN O O 0.04Å−1 NN O O . NN O O + Tests NN O O show NN O O that NN O O @@ -17643,6 +18311,7 @@ for NN O O present NN O O purposes NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O ferromagnetism NN O B-Process of NN O O @@ -17671,6 +18340,7 @@ its NN O O ground NN O O state NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O for NN O O @@ -17707,6 +18377,7 @@ their NN O O phase NN O O stability NN O O . NN O O + Table NN O O 1 NN O O shows NN O O @@ -17730,6 +18401,7 @@ ordered NN O O ηP NN O B-Material structures NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O change NN O O in NN O O @@ -17756,6 +18428,7 @@ radius NN O O of NN O O Ti NN O B-Material . NN O O + The NN O O calculated NN O O lattice NN O O @@ -17784,6 +18457,7 @@ of NN O O ∼2.75 NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1364815216302122) When NN O O @@ -17809,6 +18483,7 @@ the NN O O following NN O O problems NN O O . NN O O + Minimizing NN O O the NN O O sum NN O O @@ -17827,6 +18502,7 @@ units NN O O and NN O O ranges NN O O . NN O O + Even NN O O with NN O O an NN O O @@ -17850,6 +18526,7 @@ a NN O O local NN O O minimum NN O O . NN O O + Firstly NN O O , NN O O we NN O O @@ -17873,6 +18550,7 @@ by NN O O the NN O O regression NN O B-Process . NN O O + Thus NN O O , NN O O designing NN O O @@ -17899,6 +18577,7 @@ objectives NN O O in NN O O advance NN O O . NN O O + Secondly NN O O , NN O O adding NN O O @@ -17924,6 +18603,7 @@ optimization NN O B-Process more NN O O difficult NN O O . NN O O + To NN O O avoid NN O O these NN O O @@ -17965,6 +18645,7 @@ or NN O I-Process cost NN O I-Process function NN O I-Process . NN O O + Approaches NN O O for NN O O multi NN O B-Process @@ -17980,6 +18661,7 @@ in NN O O evolutionary NN O B-Task computation NN O I-Task . NN O O + In NN O O SPEA NN O B-Process the NN O O @@ -17999,6 +18681,7 @@ the NN O O different NN O O models NN O O . NN O O + Further NN O O , NN O O a NN O O @@ -18018,6 +18701,7 @@ is NN O O returned NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1364815216302705) The NN O O @@ -18041,6 +18725,7 @@ New NN O I-Task York NN O I-Task coast NN O I-Task . NN O O + Although NN O O the NN O O base NN O O @@ -18073,6 +18758,7 @@ not NN O O accounted NN O O for NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O addition NN O O , NN O O @@ -18105,6 +18791,7 @@ run NN O O the NN O O model NN O O . NN O O + To NN O O ignore NN O O the NN O O @@ -18137,6 +18824,7 @@ would NN O O be NN O O unknown NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O unique NN O O capability NN O O @@ -18169,6 +18857,7 @@ and NN O O confidence NN O O intervals NN O O . NN O O + Uncertainty NN O O in NN O O elevation NN O O @@ -18195,6 +18884,7 @@ Ferdaña NN O O , NN O O 2012 NN O O ; NN O O + Schmid NN O O et NN O O al NN O O @@ -18203,6 +18893,7 @@ al NN O O 2014 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O to NN O O @@ -18236,6 +18927,7 @@ VDATUM NN O B-Process etc NN O O . NN O O ) NN O O + and NN O O parameter NN O B-Process choices NN O I-Process @@ -18249,10 +18941,12 @@ ranges NN O I-Process etc NN O O . NN O O ) NN O O + on NN O O landcover NN O B-Process projections NN O I-Process . NN O O + This NN O O added NN O O feature NN O O @@ -18280,6 +18974,7 @@ and NN O O parameter NN O O uncertainties NN O O . NN O O + Further NN O O , NN O O by NN O O @@ -18311,6 +19006,7 @@ not NN O O available NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S136481521630305X) Using NN O O @@ -18358,6 +19054,7 @@ of NN O O the NN O O residuals NN O O . NN O O + Also NN O O , NN O O we NN O O @@ -18391,6 +19088,7 @@ sum NN O O of NN O O residuals NN O O . NN O O + By NN O O dividing NN O O the NN O O @@ -18424,6 +19122,7 @@ have NN O O been NN O O identified NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O challenging NN O O task NN O O @@ -18445,6 +19144,7 @@ determine NN O O their NN O O cause NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O task NN O O becomes NN O O @@ -18466,6 +19166,7 @@ various NN O O interacting NN O O variables NN O O . NN O O + Even NN O O more NN O O so NN O O @@ -18507,6 +19208,7 @@ widely NN O O in NN O O size NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O study NN O O @@ -18547,6 +19249,7 @@ respective NN O O results NN O O for NN O O N2O. NN O B-Material + In NN O O our NN O O first NN O O @@ -18579,6 +19282,7 @@ gradually NN O O through NN O O time NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O our NN O O second NN O O @@ -18612,6 +19316,7 @@ positive NN O O relationship NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1364815216303061) In NN O O @@ -18643,6 +19348,7 @@ flows NN O O from NN O O it NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O such NN O O models NN O O @@ -18696,10 +19402,12 @@ Kadlec NN O O Johnson NN O O et NN O O al NN O O + . NN O O , NN O O 2010 NN O O ; NN O O + Kadlec NN O O and NN O O Wallace NN O O @@ -18734,6 +19442,7 @@ Mitsch NN O O 2005 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O in NN O O @@ -18761,6 +19470,7 @@ to NN O O be NN O O bidirectional NN O O . NN O O + Such NN O O interactions NN O B-Task should NN O I-Task @@ -18798,6 +19508,7 @@ Liu NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + , NN O O 2008 NN O O ; NN O O @@ -18820,6 +19531,7 @@ al NN O O 1998 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O WATFLOOD NN O B-Process @@ -18853,6 +19565,7 @@ Kouwen NN O O 2013 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Since NN O O exchange NN O O between NN O O @@ -18874,6 +19587,7 @@ Restrepo NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O 1998 NN O O ) NN O O @@ -18903,6 +19617,7 @@ MODFLOW NN O B-Process model NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1364815216303243) Typical NN O O @@ -18926,6 +19641,7 @@ high NN O O computational NN O O resources NN O O . NN O O + Many NN O O of NN O O these NN O O @@ -18952,6 +19668,7 @@ of NN O I-Process the NN O I-Process SWEs NN O I-Process . NN O O + This NN O O reduction NN O O is NN O O @@ -18972,6 +19689,7 @@ Hunter NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + , NN O O 2007 NN O O ; NN O O @@ -18982,6 +19700,7 @@ Tsai NN O O 2001 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O JFLOW NN O B-Process model NN O O @@ -19000,6 +19719,7 @@ Model NN O I-Process ( NN O O UIM NN O B-Process ) NN O O + ( NN O O Chen NN O O et NN O O @@ -19054,6 +19774,7 @@ Tsai NN O O 2001 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O inertial NN O O version NN O O @@ -19077,6 +19798,7 @@ the NN O O advection NN O O term NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O either NN O O version NN O O @@ -19093,6 +19815,7 @@ the NN O O Cartesian NN O B-Process directions NN O I-Process . NN O O + Other NN O O models NN O O use NN O O @@ -19137,6 +19860,7 @@ al NN O O 2013 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + These NN O O last NN O O two NN O O @@ -19161,6 +19885,7 @@ public NN O O domain NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1386505616301769) The NN O O @@ -19176,6 +19901,7 @@ are NN O O widely NN O O promoted NN O O . NN O O + Increasingly NN O O capable NN O O health NN O B-Task @@ -19201,6 +19927,7 @@ communities NN O O like NN O O Kibera NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O available NN O O @@ -19237,6 +19964,7 @@ opportunistic NN O O not NN O O strategic NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O study NN O O described NN O O @@ -19251,6 +19979,7 @@ urban NN O O slum NN O O clinics NN O O . NN O O + They NN O O shared NN O O many NN O O @@ -19279,6 +20008,7 @@ in NN O O like NN O O communities NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O future NN O O for NN O O @@ -19290,6 +20020,7 @@ slums NN O O is NN O O promising NN O O . NN O O + Innovative NN O O new NN O O technologies NN O O @@ -19318,6 +20049,7 @@ infrastructure NN O O is NN O O wanting NN O O . NN O O + New NN O O cloud NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process @@ -19355,6 +20087,7 @@ for NN O O vulnerable NN O O populations NN O O . NN O O + Summary NN O O pointsWhat NN O O was NN O O @@ -19398,6 +20131,7 @@ care NN O O system NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1574119211001544) As NN O O @@ -19413,6 +20147,7 @@ promote NN O O two NN O O items NN O O . NN O O + Firstly NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -19458,6 +20193,7 @@ in NN O O its NN O O entirety NN O O . NN O O + Further NN O O insights NN O O to NN O O @@ -19508,6 +20244,7 @@ specifically NN O I-Process defined NN O I-Process areas NN O I-Process . NN O O + Secondly NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -19527,6 +20264,7 @@ across NN O O the NN O O network NN O B-Process . NN O O + The NN O O push NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process @@ -19552,6 +20290,7 @@ the NN O O nodes’ NN O B-Material behaviour NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O vulnerability NN O O ( NN O O @@ -19576,13 +20315,14 @@ worth NN O O exploring NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1574119215000796) The NN O O proposed NN O O -multihop NN O B-Process -routing NN O I-Process -protocol NN O I-Process +multihop NN O B-Task +routing NN O I-Task +protocol NN O I-Task , NN O O PHASeR NN O B-Process , NN O O @@ -19611,6 +20351,7 @@ of NN O O multiple NN O O routes NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O approach NN O O requires NN O O @@ -19630,6 +20371,7 @@ a NN O O dynamic NN O O topology NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O literature NN O O commonly NN O O @@ -19668,6 +20410,7 @@ dead NN O O end NN O O problem NN O O . NN O O + PHASeR NN O B-Process uses NN O O a NN O O @@ -19692,6 +20435,7 @@ local NN O O topology NN O O information NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O facilitated NN O O @@ -19728,6 +20472,7 @@ decrease NN O O packet NN O B-Material latency NN O I-Material . NN O O + PHASeR NN O B-Process is NN O O also NN O O @@ -19761,6 +20506,7 @@ volumes NN O O of NN O O traffic NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O utilises NN O O node NN O B-Process @@ -19773,6 +20519,7 @@ multipath NN O O routing NN O O solution NN O O . NN O O + As NN O O such NN O O , NN O O @@ -19806,6 +20553,7 @@ mobile NN O O situations NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1631070514000954) Superconductivity NN O B-Task @@ -19843,6 +20591,7 @@ in NN O O 9 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O new NN O O class NN O O @@ -19866,6 +20615,7 @@ superconductors NN O I-Material 10 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Further NN O O surprises NN O O came NN O O @@ -19905,6 +20655,7 @@ neptunium NN O B-Material ] NN O O compounds NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O actinides NN O B-Material ( NN O O @@ -19937,6 +20688,7 @@ Lr NN O B-Material ) NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Transuranium NN O B-Material elements NN O I-Material ( NN O O @@ -19978,6 +20730,7 @@ essentially NN O O synthetic NN O B-Material elements NN O I-Material . NN O O + Above NN O O Z=103 NN O O ( NN O O @@ -19994,6 +20747,7 @@ superactinides NN O B-Material ) NN O O elements NN O O . NN O O + These NN O O latter NN O O elements NN O O @@ -20019,6 +20773,7 @@ matter NN O I-Task properties NN O I-Task . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S167420011300196X) PV NN O B-Task @@ -20040,6 +20795,7 @@ into NN O I-Process electric NN O I-Process power NN O I-Process . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O this NN O O @@ -20070,6 +20826,7 @@ and NN O O energy NN O O density NN O O . NN O O + Theoretically NN O O , NN O O there NN O O @@ -20094,6 +20851,7 @@ threshold NN O O or NN O O band NN O O gap NN O O + Eg NN O O : NN O O ( NN O O @@ -20186,6 +20944,7 @@ Henry NN O O 1980 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Taking NN O O an NN O O air NN O O @@ -20200,6 +20959,7 @@ for NN O O different NN O O band NN O O gap NN O O + Eg NN O O these NN O O three NN O O @@ -20223,8 +20983,10 @@ S3 NN O O in NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 1 NN O O . NN O O + Note NN O O that NN O O the NN O O @@ -20253,6 +21015,7 @@ the NN O O load NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1687850714000405) Xylanases NN O B-Material @@ -20263,6 +21026,7 @@ in NN O O various NN O O fields NN O O . NN O O + Some NN O O of NN O O the NN O O @@ -20272,6 +21036,7 @@ are NN O O as NN O O fallows NN O O . NN O O + Xylanases NN O B-Material are NN O O used NN O O @@ -20285,6 +21050,7 @@ and NN O I-Task paper NN O I-Task industry NN O I-Task . NN O O + Mostly NN O O they NN O O are NN O O @@ -20315,6 +21081,7 @@ Puls NN O O 1994 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O also NN O O helps NN O O @@ -20345,6 +21112,7 @@ Archibald NN O O 1989 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O bakeries NN O O the NN O O @@ -20378,6 +21146,7 @@ Saddler NN O O 1992 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Xylanases NN O B-Material also NN O O have NN O O @@ -20388,6 +21157,7 @@ animal NN O B-Task feed NN O I-Task industry NN O I-Task . NN O O + They NN O O are NN O O used NN O O @@ -20416,6 +21186,7 @@ Headon NN O O 1993 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Xylanases NN O B-Material also NN O O play NN O O @@ -20500,6 +21271,7 @@ Saddler NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1746809416300933) ObjectiveElectrically NN O B-Material @@ -20541,6 +21313,7 @@ implant NN O I-Process CI NN O B-Process ) NN O O . NN O O + EASSRs NN O B-Material could NN O O potentially NN O O @@ -20551,6 +21324,7 @@ objective NN O O CI NN O B-Process fitting NN O I-Process . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O EEG NN O B-Process @@ -20562,6 +21336,7 @@ electrical NN O O CI NN O B-Process artifacts NN O I-Process . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O paper NN O O @@ -20595,6 +21370,7 @@ artifact NN O I-Process is NN O O successful NN O O . NN O O + MethodsCI NN O O artifacts NN O O were NN O O @@ -20609,6 +21385,7 @@ functions NN O O and NN O O duration NN O O . NN O O + ResultsCI NN O B-Process artifact NN O I-Process durations NN O O @@ -20623,6 +21400,7 @@ contralateral NN O B-Process recording NN O I-Process electrodes NN O I-Process . NN O O + At NN O O ipsilateral NN O B-Process recording NN O I-Process @@ -20640,6 +21418,7 @@ larger NN O O than NN O O 2ms NN O O . NN O O + ConclusionAt NN O O contralateral NN O B-Process recording NN O I-Process @@ -20667,6 +21446,7 @@ case NN O O for NN O O 900pps NN O O . NN O O + SignificanceCI NN O B-Process artifact NN O I-Process - NN O O @@ -20682,6 +21462,7 @@ and NN O O neuroscience NN O B-Task research NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O CI NN O B-Process artifact NN O I-Process @@ -20705,6 +21486,7 @@ at NN O O 500pps NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1877750311000676) One NN O O @@ -20727,6 +21509,7 @@ lane NN O B-Task selection NN O I-Task policy NN O I-Task . NN O O + VISSIM NN O B-Process , NN O O along NN O O @@ -20753,6 +21536,7 @@ down NN O O unique NN O O routes NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O a NN O O @@ -20769,6 +21553,7 @@ around NN O O a NN O O simulation NN O B-Process . NN O O + While NN O O these NN O O methods NN O O @@ -20806,6 +21591,7 @@ at NN O O precise NN O O locations NN O O . NN O O + So NN O O in NN O O this NN O O @@ -20834,6 +21620,7 @@ the NN O O respective NN O O probabilities NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O turns NN O O out NN O O @@ -20877,9 +21664,11 @@ runs NN O O ( NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 7 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + One NN O O of NN O O the NN O O @@ -20913,8 +21702,10 @@ highlight NN O O unrealistic NN O O behaviour NN O O . NN O O + Fig NN O O . NN O O + 7 NN O O shows NN O O the NN O O @@ -20928,6 +21719,7 @@ for NN O O different NN O O runs NN O O . NN O O + Using NN O O probabilistic NN O B-Process routing NN O I-Process @@ -20947,6 +21739,7 @@ simulation NN O B-Process brittleness NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1877750313000240) A NN O O @@ -20964,6 +21757,7 @@ to NN O O this NN O O work NN O O . NN O O + These NN O O include NN O O a NN O O @@ -21003,6 +21797,7 @@ solvers NN O I-Process 22,23 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O performance NN O B-Process prediction NN O I-Process @@ -21037,6 +21832,7 @@ the NN O O LB NN O B-Process simulations NN O I-Process . NN O O + Mazzeo NN O O and NN O O Coveney NN O O @@ -21053,6 +21849,7 @@ version NN O O of NN O O HemeLB NN O B-Process . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -21122,6 +21919,7 @@ inner NN O O loops NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S187775031300077X) Although NN O O @@ -21151,6 +21949,7 @@ extended NN O I-Task dynamical NN O I-Task systems NN O I-Task . NN O O + In NN O O part NN O O , NN O O @@ -21162,6 +21961,7 @@ their NN O O staggering NN O O complexity NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O Liley NN O B-Process model NN O I-Process @@ -21202,6 +22002,7 @@ mean NN O O synaptic NN O B-Material inputs NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O model NN O O can NN O O @@ -21247,6 +22048,7 @@ references NN O O therein NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O order NN O O to NN O O @@ -21303,6 +22105,7 @@ grown NN O O human NN O O cortex NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O also NN O O need NN O O @@ -21319,6 +22122,7 @@ large NN O I-Task sparse NN O I-Task matrices NN O I-Task . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O paper NN O O @@ -21344,6 +22148,7 @@ PETSc NN O B-Material 17 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Our NN O O implementation NN O O consists NN O O @@ -21363,6 +22168,7 @@ publicly NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1877750313001269) While NN O O @@ -21398,6 +22204,7 @@ performance NN O I-Task computing NN O I-Task scenarios NN O I-Task . NN O O + As NN O O its NN O O name NN O O @@ -21413,6 +22220,7 @@ from NN O O computing NN O O platforms NN O O . NN O O + Extra NN O O software NN O O layers NN O O @@ -21441,6 +22249,7 @@ metal’ NN O O as NN O O possible NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O addition NN O O to NN O O @@ -21466,6 +22275,7 @@ itself NN O O very NN O O important NN O O . NN O O + Grid NN O B-Process and NN O I-Process cloud NN O I-Process @@ -21475,6 +22285,7 @@ different NN O O interaction NN O B-Process models NN O I-Process . NN O O + In NN O O grid NN O B-Process computing NN O I-Process @@ -21502,6 +22313,7 @@ a NN O O queuing NN O B-Process system NN O I-Process . NN O O + In NN O O cloud NN O B-Process computing NN O I-Process @@ -21526,6 +22338,7 @@ complete NN O O operating NN O O system NN O O . NN O O + Both NN O O of NN O O these NN O O @@ -21581,6 +22394,7 @@ the NN O O pathway NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S1877750315000460) FabHemeLB NN O B-Material @@ -21600,6 +22414,7 @@ ensemble NN O I-Task simulation NN O I-Task workflows NN O I-Task . NN O O + FabHemeLB NN O B-Material is NN O O an NN O O @@ -21616,6 +22431,7 @@ handle NN O O HemeLB NN O B-Material operations NN O O . NN O O + Both NN O O FabSim NN O B-Material and NN O O @@ -21634,6 +22450,7 @@ on NN O I-Task remote NN O I-Task resources NN O I-Task . NN O O + FabHemeLB NN O B-Material can NN O O be NN O O @@ -21663,6 +22480,7 @@ curate NN O I-Process simulation NN O I-Process data NN O I-Process . NN O O + It NN O O can NN O O also NN O O @@ -21689,6 +22507,7 @@ completing NN O O a NN O O simulation NN O B-Process . NN O O + The NN O O tool NN O O is NN O O @@ -21721,6 +22540,7 @@ one NN O I-Process line NN O I-Process commands NN O I-Process . NN O O + In NN O O general NN O O , NN O O @@ -21733,6 +22553,7 @@ following NN O O structure NN O O : NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S2212671612000431) In NN O O @@ -21760,6 +22581,7 @@ platform NN O I-Material is NN O O presented NN O O . NN O O + First NN O O , NN O O face NN O O @@ -21774,6 +22596,7 @@ using NN O O AdaBoost NN O B-Process algorithm NN O I-Process . NN O O + Second NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -21796,6 +22619,7 @@ normalization NN O I-Task illumination NN O I-Task normalization NN O I-Task . NN O O + During NN O O the NN O O face NN O B-Task @@ -21817,6 +22641,7 @@ proposed NN O O and NN O O implemented NN O O . NN O O + Last NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -21827,6 +22652,7 @@ adopted NN O O for NN O O recognition NN O B-Task . NN O O + Although NN O O the NN O O computational NN O O @@ -21850,6 +22676,7 @@ rate NN O O and NN O O time NN O O . NN O O + in NN O O pressIn NN O O this NN O O @@ -21876,6 +22703,7 @@ platform NN O I-Material is NN O O presented NN O O . NN O O + First NN O O , NN O O face NN O O @@ -21890,6 +22718,7 @@ using NN O O AdaBoost NN O B-Process algorithm NN O I-Process . NN O O + Second NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -21912,6 +22741,7 @@ normalization NN O I-Task illumination NN O B-Task normalization NN O I-Task . NN O O + During NN O O the NN O O face NN O O @@ -21933,6 +22763,7 @@ proposed NN O O and NN O O implemented NN O O . NN O O + Last NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -21943,6 +22774,7 @@ adopted NN O O for NN O O recognition NN O B-Process . NN O O + Although NN O O the NN O O computational NN O O @@ -21966,9 +22798,11 @@ rate NN O O and NN O O time NN O O . NN O O + in NN O O press NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S2212671612000741) A NN O O @@ -21991,6 +22825,7 @@ method NN O O is NN O O proposed NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O model NN O O @@ -22053,6 +22888,7 @@ alignments NN O O by NN O O KEMM NN O B-Process . NN O O + Experimental NN O O results NN O O illustrated NN O O @@ -22084,6 +22920,7 @@ rate NN O O decreasing NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S221267161400105X) In NN O O @@ -22100,6 +22937,7 @@ methods NN O I-Task is NN O O presented NN O O . NN O O + Scale NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process invariant NN O I-Process @@ -22114,6 +22952,7 @@ the NN O O first NN O O method NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O Speeded NN O B-Process up NN O I-Process @@ -22128,6 +22967,7 @@ presented NN O O as NN O O second NN O O . NN O O + These NN O O two NN O O methods NN O O @@ -22139,6 +22979,7 @@ of NN O O depth NN O B-Material maps NN O I-Material . NN O O + Ten NN O O defined NN O O gestures NN O O @@ -22151,6 +22992,7 @@ these NN O O depth NN O O maps NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O Microsoft NN O B-Process Kinect NN O I-Process @@ -22165,6 +23007,7 @@ images NN O O 1 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O Support NN O B-Process vector NN O I-Process @@ -22179,6 +23022,7 @@ as NN O O classification NN O B-Process method NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O results NN O O are NN O O @@ -22191,6 +23035,7 @@ selected NN O O images NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S221450951400014X) This NN O O @@ -22220,6 +23065,7 @@ waste NN O B-Material glass NN O I-Material cullet NN O I-Material . NN O O + As NN O O the NN O O percentage NN O O @@ -22239,6 +23085,7 @@ asphalt NN O I-Material increases NN O O too NN O O . NN O O + But NN O O with NN O O pass NN O O @@ -22255,6 +23102,7 @@ asphaltic NN O B-Material samples NN O I-Material decrease NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O trend NN O O in NN O O @@ -22267,6 +23115,7 @@ content NN O O is NN O O existing NN O O . NN O O + Due NN O O to NN O O that NN O O @@ -22301,6 +23150,7 @@ of NN O O bitumen NN O B-Material content NN O O . NN O O + Glass NN O B-Material particles NN O I-Material do NN O O @@ -22326,10 +23176,12 @@ of NN O O glass NN O B-Material cullet NN O I-Material . NN O O + According NN O O to NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 2 NN O O and NN O O the NN O O @@ -22356,6 +23208,7 @@ waste NN O B-Material glass NN O I-Material cullet NN O I-Material . NN O O + As NN O O the NN O O percentage NN O O @@ -22386,6 +23239,7 @@ waste NN O B-Material glass NN O I-Material cullet NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O stiffness NN O B-Process modulus NN O I-Process @@ -22415,6 +23269,7 @@ glass NN O B-Material cullet NN O I-Material content NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O increase NN O O in NN O O @@ -22449,6 +23304,7 @@ waste NN O B-Material glass NN O I-Material cullet NN O I-Material . NN O O + But NN O O as NN O O the NN O O @@ -22472,6 +23328,7 @@ particles NN O O on NN O O together NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O stiffness NN O B-Process modulus NN O I-Process @@ -22486,6 +23343,7 @@ glass NN O B-Material cullet NN O I-Material increases NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O variations NN O O in NN O O @@ -22511,6 +23369,8 @@ shown NN O O in NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 3 NN O O . NN O O + diff --git a/data/ner/semeval2017/train.txt b/data/ner/semeval2017/train.txt index 9eac1ba..2bf6e2a 100644 --- a/data/ner/semeval2017/train.txt +++ b/data/ner/semeval2017/train.txt @@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ liquids NN O I-Material 15,16 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + There NN O O were NN O O attempts NN O O @@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ correlations NN O I-Process 17,18 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Still NN O O , NN O O no NN O O @@ -84,6 +86,7 @@ attempts NN O O 19,20,10 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O field NN O B-Task of NN O I-Task @@ -109,6 +112,7 @@ and NN O O imaging NN O B-Process techniques NN O I-Process . NN O O + Semiclassical NN O O approaches NN O O were NN O O @@ -132,6 +136,7 @@ describe NN O I-Process dynamical NN O I-Process processes NN O I-Process . NN O I-Process + But NN O O such NN O O approaches NN O O @@ -154,6 +159,7 @@ justifying NN O O semiclassical NN O O approximations NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O case NN O O of NN O O @@ -166,6 +172,7 @@ the NN O O much NN O O celebrated NN O O C60 NN O B-Material + [ NN O O 4,23 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -177,6 +184,7 @@ treated NN O O this NN O O way NN O O . NN O O + Semi NN O O classical NN O O , NN O O @@ -200,10 +208,12 @@ very NN O B-Process intense NN O I-Process laser NN O I-Process pulses NN O I-Process + [ NN O O 2 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O such NN O O cases NN O O @@ -224,6 +234,7 @@ not NN O O matter NN O O anymore NN O O . NN O O + But NN O O for NN O O less NN O O @@ -239,6 +250,7 @@ be NN O O ignored NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0003491615001505) The NN O O @@ -254,6 +266,7 @@ the NN O O Dirac NN O B-Process equation NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O B-Process Creutz NN O I-Process model NN O I-Process @@ -294,6 +307,7 @@ space NN O O time NN O O continuum NN O O . NN O O + Recall NN O O that NN O O up NN O O @@ -315,6 +329,7 @@ is NN O O explicitly NN O O discrete NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O Section NN O O 2.4 NN O O @@ -344,6 +359,7 @@ space NN O I-Material - NN O I-Material time NN O I-Material . NN O O + Of NN O O course NN O O , NN O O @@ -385,6 +401,7 @@ on NN O O a NN O O lattice NN O B-Material . NN O O + Therefore NN O O it NN O O seems NN O O @@ -419,6 +436,7 @@ corresponding NN O O lattice NN O B-Process model NN O I-Process . NN O O + An NN O O in NN O O - NN O O @@ -449,6 +467,7 @@ future NN O B-Task research NN O I-Task . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0003491615001955) A NN O O @@ -478,6 +497,7 @@ but NN O O one NN O O example NN O O . NN O O + Fermionic NN O B-Process fields NN O I-Process such NN O O @@ -511,6 +531,7 @@ in NN O O some NN O O way NN O O . NN O O + Such NN O O effects NN O O were NN O O @@ -540,6 +561,7 @@ nucleon NN O I-Task 13 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O bag NN O O @@ -559,6 +581,7 @@ describing NN O I-Task confined NN O I-Task quarks NN O I-Task . NN O O + These NN O O quarks NN O O are NN O O @@ -581,6 +604,7 @@ nucleon NN O O ’s NN O O surface NN O O . NN O O + Just NN O O as NN O O in NN O O @@ -609,10 +633,12 @@ of NN O O a NN O O Casimir NN O B-Task force NN O I-Task + [ NN O O 14–18 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O force NN O O , NN O O @@ -637,6 +663,7 @@ in NN O O nuclear NN O B-Task physics NN O I-Task . NN O O + It NN O O therefore NN O O has NN O O @@ -656,6 +683,7 @@ nucleon NN O I-Material ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0009261409006666) We NN O O @@ -677,6 +705,7 @@ Ni(II)–OEP NN O B-Material and NN O O Co(II)–OEP NN O B-Material . NN O O + Increased NN O B-Task degree NN O I-Task of NN O I-Task @@ -712,6 +741,7 @@ photon NN O I-Process echo NN O I-Process signals NN O I-Process . NN O O + By NN O O varying NN O B-Process the NN O I-Process @@ -732,6 +762,7 @@ photon NN O B-Material echo NN O I-Material spectra NN O I-Material . NN O O + Time NN O B-Material - NN O I-Material integrated NN O I-Material @@ -743,6 +774,7 @@ two NN O O different NN O O timescales NN O B-Material . NN O O + The NN O O electronic NN O B-Material relaxation NN O I-Material @@ -785,6 +817,7 @@ for NN O I-Material Zn(II)–OEP NN O I-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0009261412006513) Water NN O B-Material @@ -816,6 +849,7 @@ research NN O O 1–9 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Much NN O O of NN O O this NN O O @@ -848,6 +882,7 @@ two NN O O distinct NN O O components NN O O . NN O O + One NN O O major NN O O development NN O O @@ -899,6 +934,7 @@ water NN O B-Material 2,10–12 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + These NN O O methods NN O O can NN O O @@ -921,6 +957,7 @@ hydrogen NN O B-Task bonding NN O I-Task network NN O I-Task . NN O O + Theoretical NN O O studies NN O O play NN O O @@ -954,6 +991,7 @@ the NN O O underlying NN O B-Task structure NN O I-Task . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -1002,6 +1040,7 @@ and NN O O line NN O B-Task intensities NN O I-Task . NN O O + Furthermore NN O O , NN O O adequate NN O B-Material @@ -1017,6 +1056,7 @@ accounted NN O O for NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0009261412012365) Under NN O O @@ -1045,6 +1085,7 @@ ionization NN O I-Process 30 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O two NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process @@ -1073,6 +1114,7 @@ in NN O O Figure NN O O 8a NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O fitting NN O O of NN O O @@ -1099,6 +1141,7 @@ Levenberg NN O I-Process Marquardt NN O I-Process algorithm NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O best NN O B-Process fit NN O I-Process @@ -1133,6 +1176,7 @@ and NN O O , NN O O respectively NN O O . NN O O + These NN O O decay NN O B-Task constants NN O I-Task @@ -1151,6 +1195,7 @@ norbornadiene NN O B-Material 22,23 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O transients NN O O of NN O O @@ -1186,13 +1231,14 @@ not NN O O that NN O O of NN O O the NN O O -parent NN O B-Task -ion NN O I-Task -fragmentation NN O I-Task +parent NN O B-Process +ion NN O I-Process +fragmentation NN O I-Process [ NN O O 24 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Applying NN O B-Process laser NN O I-Process control NN O I-Process @@ -1223,6 +1269,7 @@ of NN O I-Process DCPD NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0009261412013838) Experimental NN O O @@ -1262,6 +1309,7 @@ sub NN O B-Process Ångstrom NN O I-Process resolution NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O examples NN O O include NN O O @@ -1306,6 +1354,7 @@ defect NN O I-Process 3 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O AC NN O O - NN O O @@ -1332,6 +1381,7 @@ nanoribbons NN O I-Process from NN O O molecular NN O B-Material precursors NN O I-Material + [ NN O O 4,5 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -1350,6 +1400,7 @@ sidewall NN O I-Process 6 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Based NN O O on NN O O AC NN O B-Process @@ -1390,6 +1441,7 @@ proposed NN O O 7 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O critical NN O O step NN O O @@ -1434,6 +1486,7 @@ e NN O I-Process beam NN O I-Process ) NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O subsequent NN O B-Task formation NN O I-Task @@ -1469,6 +1522,7 @@ structure NN O O 7 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Thus NN O O , NN O O dynamic NN O O @@ -1504,6 +1558,7 @@ like NN O I-Task structures NN O I-Task . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0009261413006738) The NN O O @@ -1517,13 +1572,14 @@ tested NN O O in NN O O order NN O O to NN O O -verify NN O B-Process -their NN O I-Process -validity NN O I-Process -for NN O I-Process -dynamical NN O I-Process -purposes NN O I-Process +verify NN O B-Task +their NN O I-Task +validity NN O I-Task +for NN O I-Task +dynamical NN O I-Task +purposes NN O I-Task . NN O O + Such NN O O tests NN O O include NN O O @@ -1572,6 +1628,7 @@ of NN O O same NN O O symmetry NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O was NN O O concluded NN O O @@ -1608,6 +1665,7 @@ lowest NN O O adiabatic NN O O PES NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O fact NN O O , NN O O @@ -1647,6 +1705,7 @@ in NN O O this NN O O case NN O O . NN O O + Also NN O O neglected NN O O are NN O O @@ -1680,6 +1739,7 @@ spin NN O O forbidden NN O O character NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O should NN O O also NN O O @@ -1706,6 +1766,7 @@ involved NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0009261413011111) The NN O O @@ -1722,6 +1783,7 @@ organic NN O B-Task semiconductor NN O I-Task photophysics NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O injection NN O O of NN O O @@ -1751,6 +1813,7 @@ a NN O O charged NN O B-Material polaron NN O I-Material . NN O O + Absorption NN O O of NN O O light NN O O @@ -1770,6 +1833,7 @@ organic NN O I-Task optoelectronic NN O I-Task devices NN O I-Task . NN O O + It NN O O is NN O O particularly NN O O @@ -1782,6 +1846,7 @@ electrically NN O I-Task pumped NN O I-Task lasers NN O I-Task . NN O O + With NN O O recent NN O O advances NN O O @@ -1811,6 +1876,7 @@ by NN O O inorganic NN O B-Material laser NN O I-Material diodes NN O I-Material + [ NN O O 1–3 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -1839,6 +1905,7 @@ chemosensing NN O B-Process 5,6 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O light NN O B-Process @@ -1862,6 +1929,7 @@ lasing NN O I-Process 7 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Injected NN O O charges NN O O can NN O O @@ -1896,6 +1964,7 @@ as NN O O in NN O O lasers NN O B-Material . NN O O + Absorption NN O O cross NN O O - NN O O @@ -1923,6 +1992,7 @@ into NN O O the NN O O film NN O O . NN O O + Previous NN O O studies NN O O used NN O O @@ -1976,6 +2046,7 @@ three NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S000926141301539X) In NN O O @@ -1999,6 +2070,7 @@ developments NN O O in NN O O TST NN O B-Material . NN O O + For NN O O barrierless NN O O systems NN O O @@ -2029,6 +2101,7 @@ space NN O B-Material geometrical NN O I-Material objects NN O I-Material . NN O O + ( NN O O For NN O O work NN O O @@ -2043,11 +2116,13 @@ OTS NN O B-Material see NN O O Refs NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 38–40 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O ) NN O O + The NN O O first NN O O goal NN O O @@ -2072,6 +2147,7 @@ attached NN O I-Material to NN O I-Material NHIMs NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O second NN O O and NN O O @@ -2093,6 +2169,7 @@ Chesnavich NN O B-Process model NN O I-Process Hamiltonian NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O associated NN O B-Process potential NN O I-Process @@ -2121,6 +2198,7 @@ the NN O I-Task roaming NN O I-Task effect NN O I-Task . NN O O + Based NN O O on NN O O our NN O O @@ -2158,6 +2236,7 @@ roaming NN O O mechanism NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0009261415000974) Within NN O O @@ -2174,6 +2253,7 @@ very NN O O simple NN O O behaviour NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O result NN O O is NN O O @@ -2214,6 +2294,7 @@ higher NN O O energy NN O O minima NN O O . NN O O + Indeed NN O O , NN O O cross NN O B-Process @@ -2261,6 +2342,7 @@ would NN O O occur NN O O at NN O O 1170K. NN O O + In NN O O general NN O O , NN O O @@ -2279,6 +2361,7 @@ is(4)kBTxo NN O O V1−V2ln((o2ν¯2κ)/(o1ν¯1κ)),from NN O O Eq NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O 3 NN O O ) NN O O @@ -2296,6 +2379,7 @@ well NN O I-Task entropy NN O I-Task . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0009261415002730) Both NN O O @@ -2328,6 +2412,7 @@ in NN O O Figure NN O O 5 NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O there NN O O @@ -2344,6 +2429,7 @@ octyl NN O B-Material side NN O I-Material chains NN O I-Material . NN O O + Whilst NN O O for NN O O the NN O O @@ -2388,6 +2474,7 @@ Figure NN O O 5A NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O rotation NN O O angle NN O O @@ -2423,6 +2510,7 @@ Figure NN O O 5A NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Two NN O O features NN O O of NN O O @@ -2432,6 +2520,7 @@ conformation NN O O are NN O O interesting NN O O . NN O O + First NN O O , NN O O a NN O O @@ -2458,10 +2547,12 @@ MD NN O I-Process and NN O I-Process VASP NN O I-Process calculations NN O I-Process + [ NN O O 33 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Second NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -2484,6 +2575,7 @@ for NN O O both NN O O molecules NN O O . NN O O + Interestingly NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -2516,6 +2608,7 @@ Figure NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S000926141500651X) Previous NN O O @@ -2540,6 +2633,7 @@ DSBs NN O I-Process 16,17 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O γ-ray NN O B-Process radiation NN O I-Process @@ -2578,6 +2672,7 @@ photon NN O B-Material of NN O I-Material γ-ray NN O I-Material . NN O O + Whereas NN O O photo NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process @@ -2610,6 +2705,7 @@ single NN O B-Process strand NN O I-Process break NN O I-Process . NN O O + Then NN O O , NN O O when NN O O @@ -2638,6 +2734,7 @@ two NN O B-Process step NN O I-Process mechanism NN O I-Process . NN O O + Summarizing NN O O the NN O O results NN O O @@ -2673,15 +2770,18 @@ ROS NN O B-Material by NN O O AA NN O B-Material . NN O O + ( NN O O 2 NN O O ) NN O O + For NN O O the NN O O γ-ray NN O B-Material induced NN O I-Material DSB NN O I-Material , NN O O + the NN O O protective NN O O effect NN O O @@ -2699,6 +2799,7 @@ of NN O O photo NN O B-Process irradiation NN O I-Process . NN O O + This NN O O may NN O O be NN O O @@ -2716,6 +2817,7 @@ photon NN O I-Material of NN O I-Material γ-ray NN O I-Material . NN O O + Surviving NN O O oxygen NN O O species NN O O @@ -2729,9 +2831,11 @@ may NN O O cause NN O O DSBs NN O B-Material . NN O O + ( NN O O 3 NN O O ) NN O O + As NN O O for NN O O the NN O O @@ -2754,6 +2858,7 @@ cavitations NN O B-Material 18 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Thus NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -2777,6 +2882,7 @@ of NN O O DSBs NN O B-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0010938X12001163) In NN O B-Process @@ -2804,6 +2910,7 @@ a NN O O diamond NN O O finish NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O 3 NN O O mm NN O O @@ -2813,16 +2920,18 @@ then NN O O oxidised NN O B-Process in NN O O a NN O O -Philips NN O B-Material -XL-30 NN O I-Material -FEG NN O I-Material -ESEM NN O I-Material +Philips NN O O +XL-30 NN O O + +FEG NN O O +ESEM NN O O with NN O O a NN O O hot NN O B-Material stage NN O I-Material attachment NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O oxidising NN O O atmosphere NN O O @@ -2837,6 +2946,7 @@ of NN O O 266 NN O O Pa NN O O . NN O O + During NN O O the NN O O experiment NN O O @@ -2863,6 +2973,7 @@ secondary NN O O electron NN O O detector NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O sample NN O O was NN O O @@ -2898,6 +3009,7 @@ and NN O I-Process the NN O I-Process microscope NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O sample NN O O was NN O O @@ -2917,6 +3029,7 @@ same NN O O heating NN O O rate NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O total NN O O time NN O O @@ -2939,6 +3052,7 @@ the NN O O heating NN O B-Material coils NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O samples NN O O were NN O O @@ -2956,6 +3070,7 @@ gathered NN O O using NN O O EDS NN O B-Material . NN O O + Cross NN O O - NN O O sections NN O O @@ -3009,6 +3124,7 @@ W NN O I-Material filament NN O I-Material TEM NN O I-Material . NN O O + EDS NN O B-Material maps NN O O of NN O O @@ -3042,6 +3158,7 @@ voltage NN O I-Process of NN O I-Process 30kV. NN O I-Process + -DOCSTART- (S0010938X12002508) The NN O O @@ -3104,6 +3221,7 @@ current NN O I-Process 1 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + These NN O O structures NN O O had NN O O @@ -3124,6 +3242,7 @@ of NN O O the NN O O study NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O protective NN O B-Process current NN O I-Process @@ -3149,6 +3268,7 @@ been NN O O turned NN O O off NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O paper NN O O develops NN O B-Task @@ -3193,6 +3313,7 @@ concrete NN O I-Material structures NN O I-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0010938X13002187) The NN O O @@ -3209,6 +3330,7 @@ in NN O O this NN O O study NN O O . NN O O + Table NN O O 1 NN O O shows NN O O @@ -3221,6 +3343,7 @@ two NN O O approaches NN O O included NN O O . NN O O + All NN O O the NN O O 100h NN O O @@ -3243,6 +3366,7 @@ balance NN O I-Process TGA NN O B-Process ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O weight NN O B-Material change NN O I-Material @@ -3259,6 +3383,7 @@ accommodate NN O I-Process buoyancy NN O I-Process effects NN O I-Process . NN O O + All NN O O other NN O O tests NN O O @@ -3269,6 +3394,7 @@ horizontal NN O B-Material tube NN O I-Material furnaces NN O I-Material . NN O O + For NN O O these NN O O latter NN O O @@ -3290,6 +3416,7 @@ furnaces NN O B-Material at NN O O temperature NN O O . NN O O + Intermittent NN O O weighing NN O O at NN O O @@ -3303,6 +3430,7 @@ the NN O I-Task oxidation NN O I-Task kinetics NN O I-Task . NN O O + At NN O O selected NN O O time NN O O @@ -3330,6 +3458,7 @@ of NN O O the NN O O batch NN O O . NN O O + Table NN O B-Material 1 NN O I-Material shows NN O I-Material @@ -3340,6 +3469,7 @@ chosen NN O I-Material for NN O I-Material examination NN O I-Material . NN O O + At NN O O 600 NN O O ° NN O O @@ -3362,6 +3492,7 @@ to NN O O date NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0010938X13005945) The NN O O @@ -3401,6 +3532,7 @@ indentor NN O I-Material diameter NN O I-Material ) NN O I-Material . NN O O + Six NN O O scratch NN O B-Process indentations NN O I-Process @@ -3421,6 +3553,7 @@ mode NN O O 4Nmin−1 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O order NN O O to NN O O @@ -3444,6 +3577,7 @@ mm NN O O was NN O O employed NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O scratch NN O O tracks NN O O @@ -3471,6 +3605,7 @@ the NN O I-Task coating NN O I-Task failure NN O I-Task . NN O O + During NN O O the NN O O scratch NN O O @@ -3496,6 +3631,7 @@ observed NN O I-Process failure NN O I-Process locations NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O surface NN O B-Task roughness NN O I-Task @@ -3523,6 +3659,7 @@ standard NN O O 29 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Due NN O O to NN O O the NN O O @@ -3556,6 +3693,7 @@ mm NN O O was NN O O used NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O total NN O O , NN O O @@ -3569,6 +3707,7 @@ different NN O O directions NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0010938X14000420) One NN O O @@ -3593,11 +3732,13 @@ contamination NN O O as NN O O possible NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O as NN O O follows NN O O : NN O O + The NN O O lead NN O O surface NN O O @@ -3628,6 +3769,7 @@ fresh NN O O metal NN O B-Material surface NN O I-Material . NN O O + Coupons NN O O were NN O O then NN O O @@ -3656,6 +3798,7 @@ diamond NN O I-Material suspension NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O polishing NN O B-Material cloth NN O I-Material @@ -3672,6 +3815,7 @@ appropriate NN O O diamond NN O B-Material suspension NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O custom NN O B-Material - NN O I-Material @@ -3700,6 +3844,7 @@ during NN O O automated NN O B-Process polishing NN O I-Process . NN O O + Coupons NN O B-Material were NN O O polished NN O B-Process @@ -3732,6 +3877,7 @@ an NN O O ultrasonic NN O B-Material bath NN O I-Material . NN O O + After NN O O polishing NN O B-Process with NN O O @@ -3758,6 +3904,7 @@ each NN O O cleaning NN O B-Process cycle NN O O . NN O O + Polished NN O O coupons NN O B-Material were NN O O @@ -3768,6 +3915,7 @@ until NN O O required NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0010938X1500195X) Poor NN O O @@ -3793,6 +3941,7 @@ temperature NN O O structural NN O O applications NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O demand NN O O to NN O O @@ -3836,6 +3985,7 @@ alloys NN O I-Task 1–3 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O attempt NN O O to NN O O @@ -3876,6 +4026,7 @@ techniques NN O I-Task 1,4–6 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + While NN O O it NN O O is NN O O @@ -3937,6 +4088,7 @@ observed NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0010938X15002085) The NN O O @@ -3952,6 +4104,7 @@ and NN O O surface NN O O area NN O O . NN O O + Artificially NN O O changing NN O O the NN O O @@ -3967,6 +4120,7 @@ calculated NN O O oxide NN O B-Material thickness NN O O . NN O O + SEM NN O B-Material images NN O I-Material of NN O O @@ -3992,6 +4146,7 @@ in NN O O applied NN O O roughness NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O profile NN O B-Material lengths NN O O @@ -4015,6 +4170,7 @@ the NN O O surface NN O B-Material area NN O I-Material . NN O O + Table NN O O 1 NN O O shows NN O O @@ -4042,6 +4198,7 @@ the NN O O percentage NN O O difference NN O O . NN O O + Results NN O O show NN O O a NN O O @@ -4063,6 +4220,7 @@ accounts NN O O for NN O O roughness NN O O . NN O O + Comparing NN O O the NN O O change NN O O @@ -4082,6 +4240,7 @@ than NN O O 1 NN O O % NN O O . NN O O + As NN O O such NN O O , NN O O @@ -4105,6 +4264,7 @@ to NN O O be NN O O insignificant NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O addition NN O O , NN O O @@ -4140,6 +4300,7 @@ of NN O O oxidation NN O B-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0010938X15002954) There NN O O @@ -4168,6 +4329,7 @@ growing NN O O 2D NN O B-Material pits NN O I-Material . NN O O + Frankel NN O O presented NN O O a NN O O @@ -4199,6 +4361,7 @@ alloy NN O I-Material 34 NN O O ] NN O O and NN O O + Ni NN O B-Material – NN O I-Material Fe NN O I-Material @@ -4208,12 +4371,14 @@ Fe NN O I-Material thin NN O I-Material films NN O I-Material . NN O O + Subsequently NN O O , NN O O Ryan NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 27,36 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -4241,6 +4406,7 @@ edge NN O I-Material movement NN O O velocity NN O O . NN O O + Ernst NN O O and NN O O Newman NN O O @@ -4277,6 +4443,7 @@ in NN O O pencil NN O I-Material electrodes NN O I-Material . NN O O + They NN O O developed NN O O a NN O O @@ -4310,6 +4477,7 @@ within NN O O the NN O O pit NN O B-Material . NN O O + More NN O O recently NN O O , NN O O @@ -4339,6 +4507,7 @@ Co NN O I-Material thin NN O I-Material films NN O I-Material . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O there NN O O @@ -4375,6 +4544,7 @@ recognised NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0010938X15300512) Anodizing NN O B-Process @@ -4392,6 +4562,7 @@ corrosion NN O B-Process 1 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O resultant NN O B-Material films NN O I-Material @@ -4425,6 +4596,7 @@ region NN O O 2,3 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O porous NN O O region NN O O @@ -4447,6 +4619,7 @@ the NN O O barrier NN O B-Material layer NN O I-Material . NN O O + Near NN O O the NN O O film NN O B-Material @@ -4470,6 +4643,7 @@ stages NN O I-Process of NN O I-Process anodizing NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O diameter NN O O of NN O O @@ -4503,6 +4677,7 @@ of NN O O 3,4 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Studies NN O O of NN O O ionic NN O B-Task @@ -4531,6 +4706,7 @@ of NN O O 5,6 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + During NN O O the NN O O formation NN O O @@ -4566,6 +4742,7 @@ bases NN O I-Material 7 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O electronic NN O O current NN O O @@ -4580,6 +4757,7 @@ to NN O O be NN O O negligible NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O thickness NN O O of NN O O @@ -4666,6 +4844,7 @@ walls NN O I-Material 9–13 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O pores NN O B-Material may NN O O @@ -4688,6 +4867,7 @@ anodizing NN O O conditions NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0010938X15301189) Failure NN O B-Process @@ -4719,6 +4899,7 @@ to NN O O economic NN O O performance NN O O . NN O O + Stress NN O B-Process corrosion NN O I-Process cracking NN O I-Process @@ -4785,6 +4966,7 @@ PWR NN O B-Material 1–5 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Stress NN O B-Process corrosion NN O I-Process cracking NN O I-Process @@ -4825,6 +5007,7 @@ mechanisms NN O I-Material 2,6,7 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Understanding NN O O the NN O O mechanisms NN O O @@ -4855,6 +5038,7 @@ nuclear NN O I-Task reactors NN O I-Task . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0010938X1530161X) A NN O O @@ -4878,6 +5062,7 @@ small NN O O inspected NN O O area NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O area NN O O @@ -4904,6 +5089,7 @@ the NN O I-Task smallest NN O I-Task thicknesses NN O I-Task . NN O O + An NN O O inspector NN O O can NN O O @@ -4928,6 +5114,7 @@ equally NN O B-Material sized NN O I-Material blocks NN O I-Material . NN O O + In NN O O each NN O O block NN O B-Material @@ -4937,6 +5124,7 @@ thickness NN O O is NN O O recorded NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O set NN O O forms NN O O @@ -4948,6 +5136,7 @@ smallest NN O O thickness NN O O measurements NN O O . NN O O + From NN O O this NN O O sample NN O O @@ -4969,6 +5158,7 @@ smallest NN O I-Process thickness NN O I-Process measurements NN O I-Process . NN O O + Extreme NN O B-Process value NN O I-Process analysis NN O I-Process @@ -4983,6 +5173,7 @@ for NN O O this NN O O model NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O states NN O O that NN O O @@ -5022,6 +5213,7 @@ GEVD NN O B-Process ) NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021961413004321) The NN O O @@ -5040,6 +5232,7 @@ of NN O O numerous NN O O investigations NN O O . NN O O + Brass NN O B-Material is NN O O characterised NN O O @@ -5059,6 +5252,7 @@ which NN O O are NN O O negative NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O enthalpic NN O B-Material data NN O I-Material @@ -5103,6 +5297,7 @@ e.g. NN O O 7–9 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O excess NN O O entropy NN O O @@ -5116,6 +5311,7 @@ the NN O I-Task configurational NN O I-Task parts NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O excess NN O O vibrational NN O O @@ -5142,9 +5338,11 @@ B NN O O ( NN O O i.e. NN O O , NN O O -Smmechmix NN O B-Material -= NN O I-Material -XASmA+XBSmB NN O I-Material +Smmechmix NN O O += NN O O + +XASmA+XBSmB NN O O + ) NN O O , NN O O can NN O O @@ -5167,6 +5365,7 @@ versus NN O I-Process composition NN O I-Process behaviour NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O determination NN O O of NN O O @@ -5195,6 +5394,7 @@ much NN O O more NN O O difficult NN O O . NN O O + Here NN O O , NN O O neutron NN O B-Process @@ -5208,6 +5408,7 @@ are NN O O normally NN O O used NN O O . NN O O + If NN O O , NN O O however NN O O @@ -5249,6 +5450,7 @@ simply NN O O by NN O O subtraction NN O B-Process . NN O O + Since NN O O configurational NN O O and NN O O @@ -5269,6 +5471,7 @@ the NN O I-Task entropic NN O I-Task effects NN O I-Task . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O one NN O O @@ -5277,6 +5480,7 @@ of NN O O this NN O O study NN O O . NN O O + Another NN O O aim NN O O is NN O O @@ -5312,6 +5516,7 @@ on NN O O temperature NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999113002362) The NN O O @@ -5330,6 +5535,7 @@ binary NN O B-Process collision NN O I-Process approximation NN O I-Process . NN O O + It NN O O uses NN O O a NN O O @@ -5360,6 +5566,7 @@ to NN O O Pauli NN O B-Process blocking NN O I-Process . NN O O + It NN O O is NN O O not NN O O @@ -5386,6 +5593,7 @@ on NN O O breaks NN O O down NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O strong NN O B-Task coupling NN O I-Task @@ -5403,6 +5611,7 @@ logarithm NN O I-Process 10 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O code NN O O is NN O O @@ -5421,6 +5630,7 @@ level NN O O of NN O O degeneracy NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O is NN O O noted NN O O @@ -5455,6 +5665,7 @@ fully NN O B-Material ionised NN O I-Material plasmas NN O I-Material . NN O O + Some NN O O of NN O O the NN O O @@ -5483,6 +5694,7 @@ PIC NN O O codes NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999113003422) Similar NN O O @@ -5515,6 +5727,7 @@ second NN O O derivatives NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Furthermore NN O O , NN O O it NN O O @@ -5561,6 +5774,7 @@ kernel NN O B-Process interpolation NN O I-Process functions NN O I-Process . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O paper NN O O @@ -5584,6 +5798,7 @@ these NN O I-Task spurious NN O I-Task oscillations NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O kernel NN O B-Process functions NN O I-Process @@ -5631,6 +5846,7 @@ when NN O O computing NN O O derivatives NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O Maple NN O B-Material computer NN O I-Material @@ -5648,6 +5864,7 @@ new NN O I-Task kernels NN O I-Task . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999113005603) After NN O O @@ -5673,6 +5890,7 @@ to NN O O reduce NN O B-Task noise NN O I-Task . NN O O + Each NN O O micro NN O B-Material element NN O I-Material @@ -5700,6 +5918,7 @@ shear NN O I-Task stress NN O I-Task profiles NN O I-Task . NN O O + Velocity NN O O in NN O O each NN O O @@ -5727,14 +5946,16 @@ is NN O O measured NN O O using NN O O the NN O O -Irving NN O B-Process -– NN O I-Process -Kirkwood NN O I-Process -relationship NN O I-Process +Irving NN O O +– NN O O + +Kirkwood NN O O +relationship NN O O [ NN O O 25 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O least NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process @@ -5753,6 +5974,7 @@ reduce NN O B-Process noise NN O I-Process further NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O fit NN O O produces NN O O @@ -5774,6 +5996,7 @@ the NN O O macro NN O B-Material solver NN O I-Material . NN O O + A NN O O least NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process @@ -5818,7 +6041,9 @@ and(17)〈ui NN O O , NN O O cs〉=∑k=1Mck NN O O , NN O O + iyi″(M−k),for NN O O + 0⩽yi″⩽hcs NN O O , NN O O where NN O O @@ -5846,6 +6071,7 @@ constrained NN O B-Material region NN O I-Material respectively NN O O . NN O O + An NN O O estimate NN O O of NN O O @@ -5882,6 +6108,7 @@ at NN O O yi′=0 NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999113005652) It NN O O @@ -5911,6 +6138,7 @@ B NN O B-Material in NN O O water NN O B-Material . NN O O + The NN O O data NN O O could NN O O @@ -5940,6 +6168,7 @@ the NN O O chemical NN O B-Process reaction NN O I-Process . NN O O + Here NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -5954,6 +6183,7 @@ defined NN O O by(24)CB⁎¯=∫01〈CB⁎〉(z⁎)dz⁎ NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 15 NN O O depicts NN O O the NN O O @@ -5973,6 +6203,7 @@ bulk NN O B-Material mean NN O I-Material concentration NN O I-Material CB⁎¯. NN O B-Material + It NN O O is NN O O worth NN O O @@ -6018,6 +6249,7 @@ at NN O O the NN O O interface NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O figure NN O O indicates NN O O @@ -6050,6 +6282,7 @@ approximately NN O O 60 NN O O % NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O efficiency NN O O of NN O O @@ -6082,6 +6315,7 @@ Reynolds NN O O number NN O O increases NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O need NN O O an NN O O @@ -6121,6 +6355,7 @@ and NN O I-Task water NN O I-Task . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999113005718) Numerical NN O B-Process @@ -6143,6 +6378,7 @@ however NN O O extremely NN O O challenging NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O because NN O O @@ -6197,6 +6433,7 @@ collisions NN O I-Process 1 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + An NN O O accurate NN O O and NN O O @@ -6220,6 +6457,7 @@ DSMC NN O B-Process 2 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O DSMC NN O B-Process @@ -6257,6 +6495,7 @@ cross NN O O section NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O high NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process @@ -6314,6 +6553,7 @@ network NN O O simultaneously NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999113006955) The NN O O @@ -6347,6 +6587,7 @@ surface NN O I-Material are NN O O smooth NN O O . NN O O + Errors NN O O are NN O O found NN O O @@ -6376,6 +6617,7 @@ spatial NN O O discretisation NN O O errors NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O the NN O O smooth NN O O @@ -6419,6 +6661,7 @@ solution NN O I-Task polynomial NN O I-Task orders NN O I-Task . NN O O + Increasing NN O O the NN O O order NN O O @@ -6431,6 +6674,7 @@ the NN O I-Task geometric NN O I-Task error NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O analytic NN O O test NN O O @@ -6477,6 +6721,7 @@ the NN O O solution NN O O error NN O O . NN O O + If NN O O the NN O O solution NN O B-Material @@ -6493,6 +6738,7 @@ see NN O O rapid NN O O convergence NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O case NN O O @@ -6534,6 +6780,7 @@ with NN O O element NN O O boundaries NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O if NN O O @@ -6561,6 +6808,7 @@ not NN O O be NN O O captured NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O cardiac NN O B-Task @@ -6579,6 +6827,7 @@ be NN O O smooth NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999114002587) Designers NN O O @@ -6608,6 +6857,7 @@ complex NN O I-Task micro NN O I-Task geometries NN O I-Task . NN O O + Numerical NN O B-Process simulation NN O I-Process of NN O O @@ -6624,6 +6874,7 @@ however NN O O extremely NN O O challenging NN O O . NN O O + Conventional NN O B-Process continuum NN O I-Process fluid NN O I-Process @@ -6662,6 +6913,7 @@ path NN O O 1,2 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + When NN O O λ/h≳0.1 NN O O , NN O O @@ -6693,6 +6945,7 @@ of NN O I-Material interacting NN O I-Material particles NN O I-Material . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -6755,6 +7008,7 @@ high NN O O 3,4 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O computational NN O O intensity NN O O @@ -6793,6 +7047,7 @@ temperature NN O I-Material gradients NN O I-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999114007396) In NN O O @@ -6831,6 +7086,7 @@ derivatives NN O I-Process in NN O I-Process time NN O I-Process . NN O O + A NN O O complete NN O O error NN O O @@ -6844,6 +7100,7 @@ scheme NN O I-Process is NN O O provided NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O theory NN O O covers NN O O @@ -6861,6 +7118,7 @@ right NN O O hand NN O O side NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O analysis NN O O relies NN O O @@ -6880,6 +7138,7 @@ fractional NN O O diffusion NN O O equation NN O O . NN O O + Further NN O O , NN O O we NN O O @@ -6901,6 +7160,7 @@ Caputo NN O I-Process fractional NN O I-Process derivatives NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O stability NN O O and NN O O @@ -6921,6 +7181,7 @@ solution NN O O is NN O O smooth NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O extensive NN O O numerical NN O B-Process @@ -6955,6 +7216,7 @@ nonsmooth NN O O data NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999114007876) In NN O O @@ -6982,6 +7244,7 @@ equation NN O I-Process was NN O O studied NN O O . NN O O + Light NN O O propagation NN O O in NN O O @@ -7022,6 +7285,7 @@ sub NN O O - NN O O domains NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O resulting NN O O coupled NN O B-Process @@ -7035,6 +7299,7 @@ using NN O O the NN O O FEM NN O B-Process . NN O O + The NN O O proposed NN O O model NN O O @@ -7054,6 +7319,7 @@ Monte NN O I-Material Carlo NN O I-Material method NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O results NN O O show NN O O @@ -7074,6 +7340,7 @@ Monte NN O B-Material Carlo NN O I-Material method NN O I-Material . NN O O + In NN O O addition NN O O , NN O O @@ -7095,6 +7362,7 @@ of NN O O scattered NN O O light NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O indicates NN O O that NN O O @@ -7124,6 +7392,7 @@ reconstruction NN O I-Process procedure NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999114008432) The NN O O @@ -7172,6 +7441,7 @@ function NN O I-Process 27,28,46 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O numerical NN O B-Material test NN O I-Material @@ -7214,6 +7484,7 @@ see NN O O Section NN O O 4.3 NN O O . NN O O + Other NN O B-Material recent NN O I-Material studies NN O I-Material @@ -7258,6 +7529,7 @@ region NN O O 47 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Despite NN O O their NN O O approximate NN O O @@ -7290,6 +7562,7 @@ values NN O O of NN O O Lres NN O O . NN O O + Due NN O O to NN O O the NN O O @@ -7310,6 +7583,7 @@ voltages NN O I-Task VDS≠0 NN O O V. NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999114008523) A NN O O @@ -7331,6 +7605,7 @@ a NN O O hybrid’ NN O I-Process model NN O I-Process . NN O O + In NN O O fluid NN O B-Task dynamics NN O I-Task @@ -7381,6 +7656,7 @@ latter NN O I-Task 1–4 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O micro NN O B-Process and NN O I-Process @@ -7436,6 +7712,7 @@ periods NN O O are NN O O intractable NN O O . NN O O + If NN O O the NN O O system NN O O @@ -7479,10 +7756,12 @@ macro NN O O scale NN O O accuracy NN O O . NN O O + E NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 5 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -7515,6 +7794,7 @@ Lockerby NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 6 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -7543,6 +7823,7 @@ interruption NN O O ] NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O paper NN O O @@ -7562,6 +7843,7 @@ coupled NN O I-Task models NN O I-Task . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999115000546) The NN O O @@ -7608,6 +7890,7 @@ of NN O O 8 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + One NN O O feature NN O O of NN O O @@ -7632,6 +7915,7 @@ relaxational NN O O phenomena NN O O are NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O resulting NN O O PDEs NN O B-Material @@ -7640,6 +7924,7 @@ of NN O O Allen NN O O – NN O O Cahn NN O O + [ NN O O 9 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -7652,6 +7937,7 @@ type NN O O 10 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + That NN O O is NN O O to NN O O @@ -7682,6 +7968,7 @@ free NN O B-Process energy NN O I-Process functional NN O I-Process . NN O O + As NN O O the NN O O dendrite NN O B-Material @@ -7707,6 +7994,7 @@ from NN O O the NN O O dendrite NN O B-Material . NN O O + Although NN O O we NN O O have NN O O @@ -7755,6 +8043,7 @@ melt NN O B-Material ) NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999115001412) Inspired NN O O @@ -7789,6 +8078,7 @@ developed NN O O 37,33 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O theory NN O O models NN O B-Process @@ -7827,6 +8117,7 @@ energy NN O O 41,58 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O energy NN O O - NN O O @@ -7843,6 +8134,7 @@ as NN O O unit NN O O vectors NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O average NN O O of NN O O @@ -7871,6 +8163,7 @@ a NN O O polarization NN O B-Process field NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O polarization NN O B-Process field NN O I-Process @@ -7894,6 +8187,7 @@ in NN O O the NN O O fluid NN O B-Material . NN O O + The NN O O relationship NN O O between NN O O @@ -7924,6 +8218,7 @@ consumption NN O O of NN O O energy NN O O . NN O O + These NN O B-Process equations NN O I-Process , NN O I-Process @@ -7958,6 +8253,7 @@ fluid NN O I-Material 37,33,32,41 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O resulting NN O O partial NN O O @@ -7981,6 +8277,7 @@ analytically NN O O intractable NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999115003459) The NN O O @@ -8014,6 +8311,7 @@ introduction NN O O to NN O O BEM NN O B-Process . NN O O + First NN O O of NN O O all NN O O @@ -8045,6 +8343,7 @@ shape NN O B-Process optimisation NN O I-Process process NN O O . NN O O + Moreover NN O O , NN O O BEM NN O B-Process @@ -8063,6 +8362,7 @@ electrostatic NN O B-Process field NN O I-Process analysis NN O I-Process . NN O O + In NN O O gradient NN O B-Task - NN O I-Task @@ -8087,6 +8387,7 @@ needed NN O O 9–11 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + To NN O O this NN O O purpose NN O O @@ -8109,6 +8410,7 @@ problems NN O I-Task with NN O O BEM NN O B-Process . NN O O + The NN O O associated NN O O linear NN O O @@ -8139,6 +8441,7 @@ their NN O O efficient NN O O solution NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O some NN O O recent NN O O @@ -8165,6 +8468,7 @@ to NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999115003939) The NN O O @@ -8188,6 +8492,7 @@ on NN O O unstructured NN O B-Material meshes NN O I-Material . NN O O + As NN O O discussed NN O O in NN O O @@ -8217,6 +8522,7 @@ meshes NN O I-Material are NN O O considered NN O O . NN O O + Given NN O O how NN O O the NN O O @@ -8262,6 +8568,7 @@ as NN O O explicit NN O B-Process extrapolation NN O I-Process . NN O O + Both NN O O methods NN O O precisely NN O O @@ -8295,6 +8602,7 @@ in NN O O Section NN O O 3.2 NN O O . NN O O + Using NN O O the NN O O explicit NN O B-Process @@ -8316,6 +8624,7 @@ upwind NN O O value NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999115004301) A NN O O @@ -8349,6 +8658,7 @@ a NN O O collocation NN O B-Process method NN O I-Process . NN O O + There NN O O are NN O O many NN O O @@ -8402,6 +8712,7 @@ Huynh NN O O 23 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O collocation NN O B-Process methods NN O I-Process @@ -8433,6 +8744,7 @@ incur NN O O numerical NN O O error NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -8470,6 +8782,7 @@ is NN O O incurred NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999115007238) An NN O O @@ -8492,6 +8805,7 @@ the NN O I-Process discretised NN O I-Process bins NN O I-Process . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O called NN O O @@ -8511,6 +8825,7 @@ in NN O O 48,49,20 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O In NN O O the NN O O @@ -8526,6 +8841,7 @@ ray NN O B-Task effect NN O I-Task . NN O O ) NN O O + To NN O O showcase NN O O this NN O O @@ -8563,6 +8879,7 @@ d=10000 NN O O m NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O the NN O O spatial NN O B-Process @@ -8585,10 +8902,12 @@ km NN O O ( NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 11(a NN O O ) NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O initial NN O O wave NN O B-Material @@ -8628,10 +8947,12 @@ km NN O O ( NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 11(b NN O O ) NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Its NN O O mean NN O O direction NN O O @@ -8651,6 +8972,7 @@ frequency NN O O of NN O O 0.1Hz NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O simulation NN O B-Process is NN O O @@ -8671,6 +8993,7 @@ of NN O O 600s NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999115008207) Multi NN O B-Task @@ -8691,6 +9014,7 @@ and NN O I-Process industrial NN O I-Process processes NN O I-Process . NN O O + Broadly NN O O these NN O O may NN O O @@ -8750,6 +9074,7 @@ breakup NN O I-Process ] NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O some NN O O cases NN O O @@ -8774,6 +9099,7 @@ at NN O O least NN O O locally NN O O . NN O O + Air NN O B-Task entrainment NN O I-Task , NN O O @@ -8788,6 +9114,7 @@ an NN O O obvious NN O O example NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O consider NN O O here NN O O @@ -8822,6 +9149,7 @@ be NN O O considered NN O O incompressible NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O interface NN O O is NN O O @@ -8834,6 +9162,7 @@ distorted NN O B-Process and NN O I-Process interconnected NN O I-Process . NN O O + Such NN O O problems NN O O have NN O O @@ -8862,6 +9191,7 @@ functions NN O I-Process 40 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O these NN O O @@ -8891,6 +9221,7 @@ conservation NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0021999115008256) This NN O O @@ -8920,6 +9251,7 @@ different NN O O polynomial NN O O orders NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O spectral NN O O / NN O O @@ -8938,8 +9270,10 @@ in NN O O 7 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Sec NN O O . NN O O + 2.1 NN O O describes NN O O in NN O O @@ -8972,6 +9306,7 @@ can NN O O be NN O O obtained NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O inviscid NN O B-Material case NN O I-Material @@ -8985,6 +9320,7 @@ addressed NN O O in NN O O Sec NN O O . NN O O + 2.2 NN O O , NN O O where NN O O @@ -9006,6 +9342,7 @@ in NN O O 9 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O viscous NN O B-Material case NN O I-Material @@ -9015,6 +9352,7 @@ considered NN O O in NN O O Sec NN O O . NN O O + 2.3 NN O O , NN O O where NN O O @@ -9036,6 +9374,7 @@ or NN O O diffusion NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311511010014) Discovering NN O O @@ -9072,6 +9411,7 @@ to NN O O pure NN O O Pu NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O degree NN O O to NN O O @@ -9104,6 +9444,7 @@ the NN O O Ga NN O B-Material atoms NN O I-Material . NN O O + If NN O O vacancies NN O O and NN O O @@ -9132,6 +9473,7 @@ will NN O O be NN O O extended NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O viable NN O O @@ -9163,6 +9505,7 @@ PuGa NN O I-Material 11,12 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O may NN O O also NN O O @@ -9189,6 +9532,7 @@ atomic NN O I-Material density NN O I-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311513001165) Our NN O O @@ -9217,6 +9561,7 @@ W NN O B-Task gross NN O I-Task erosion NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O estimated NN O B-Process upstream NN O I-Process @@ -9235,10 +9580,12 @@ experimentally NN O B-Material observed NN O I-Material values NN O I-Material ⩽1019m-2s-1 NN O O + [ NN O O 16 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Moreover NN O O , NN O O this NN O O @@ -9253,6 +9600,7 @@ divertor NN O B-Material plasma NN O O temperature NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O low NN O O temperatures NN O O @@ -9296,6 +9644,7 @@ plasma NN O I-Material increases NN O O too NN O O . NN O O + As NN O O a NN O O result NN O O @@ -9320,6 +9669,7 @@ to NN O O the NN O O plates NN O B-Material . NN O O + There NN O O are NN O O two NN O O @@ -9390,6 +9740,7 @@ a NN O O Larmor NN O O radius NN O O . NN O O + Important NN O O to NN O O note NN O O @@ -9417,6 +9768,7 @@ main NN O I-Process ions NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311513011951) The NN O O @@ -9432,6 +9784,7 @@ order NN O O picoseconds NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Further NN O O migration NN O B-Process of NN O I-Process @@ -9454,6 +9807,7 @@ nanoseconds NN O O 17 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O still NN O O @@ -9537,6 +9891,7 @@ in NN O O the NN O O process NN O O . NN O O + Defects NN O O can NN O O be NN O O @@ -9573,6 +9928,7 @@ each NN O O grain NN O B-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311514000919) The NN O O @@ -9588,6 +9944,7 @@ the NN O O sample NN O O surface NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O shows NN O O that NN O O @@ -9624,6 +9981,7 @@ in NN O I-Process plutonium NN O I-Process dioxide NN O I-Process . NN O O + Subsequently NN O O , NN O O due NN O O @@ -9648,6 +10006,7 @@ be NN O O rapidly NN O O restored NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O is NN O O however NN O O @@ -9685,6 +10044,7 @@ in NN O O the NN O O liquid NN O B-Material . NN O O + A NN O O surface NN O B-Material solid NN O I-Material @@ -9706,9 +10066,11 @@ insets NN O O in NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 4 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O double NN O O inflection NN O O @@ -9746,6 +10108,7 @@ second NN O O inflection NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O highest NN O O recalescence NN O O @@ -9781,6 +10144,7 @@ small NN O B-Task segregation NN O I-Task effects NN O I-Task . NN O O + These NN O O latter NN O O have NN O O @@ -9801,6 +10165,7 @@ material NN O I-Process characterisation NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311514001640) The NN O O @@ -9832,6 +10197,7 @@ full NN O O temperature NN O O range NN O O . NN O O + As NN O O an NN O O immediate NN O O @@ -9852,6 +10218,7 @@ with NN O O excess NN O O carbon NN O B-Material . NN O O + This NN O O carbon NN O B-Material is NN O O @@ -9882,6 +10249,7 @@ K NN O O 24 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Within NN O O the NN O O TRISO NN O B-Material @@ -9898,6 +10266,7 @@ of NN O O dense NN O O carbon NN O B-Material . NN O O + The NN O O partial NN O B-Material pressure NN O I-Material @@ -9923,6 +10292,7 @@ added NN O O to NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 1 NN O O [ NN O O 25 NN O O @@ -9959,6 +10329,7 @@ phases NN O O above NN O O SiC. NN O B-Material + -DOCSTART- (S0022311514005480) The NN O O @@ -9984,6 +10355,7 @@ advancing NN O B-Material crack NN O I-Material tip NN O I-Material . NN O O + Micro NN O O - NN O O scale NN O O @@ -10014,9 +10386,11 @@ interface NN O I-Material ( NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 1 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Finite NN O B-Process element NN O I-Process analysis NN O I-Process @@ -10050,6 +10424,7 @@ roughness NN O O 31 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + These NN O O cracks NN O O are NN O O @@ -10072,6 +10447,7 @@ monoclinic NN O I-Process phase NN O I-Process transformation NN O I-Process . NN O O + An NN O O assumption NN O O is NN O O @@ -10109,6 +10485,7 @@ still NN O O be NN O O present NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O manufactured NN O B-Material partially NN O I-Material @@ -10124,6 +10501,7 @@ the NN O O tetragonal NN O B-Process phase NN O I-Process . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O simulated NN O B-Task @@ -10139,6 +10517,7 @@ direction NN O I-Task and NN O I-Task 3 NN O I-Task . NN O O + As NN O O this NN O O the NN O O @@ -10174,6 +10553,7 @@ it NN O O is NN O O approximately NN O O equal NN O O + to NN O O three NN O O times NN O O @@ -10192,6 +10572,7 @@ zirconia NN O I-Material 34 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O the NN O O biaxial NN O B-Task @@ -10223,6 +10604,7 @@ this NN O O work NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311514006849) The NN O O @@ -10254,6 +10636,7 @@ methods NN O I-Process 6 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + More NN O O recently NN O O “ NN O O @@ -10265,6 +10648,7 @@ clusters NN O I-Task ( NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 1 NN O O ) NN O O have NN O O @@ -10285,6 +10669,7 @@ Govers NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + which NN O O found NN O O the NN O O @@ -10307,6 +10692,7 @@ interstitial NN O I-Material ( NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 1(b NN O O ) NN O O ) NN O O @@ -10329,6 +10715,7 @@ from NN O O the NN O O VO NN O B-Material . NN O O + This NN O O result NN O O was NN O O @@ -10343,10 +10730,12 @@ Geng NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 7 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O family NN O O of NN O O @@ -10401,13 +10790,16 @@ and NN O O six NN O O Oi NN O B-Material ) NN O O + ( NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 1(d NN O O ) NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Following NN O O this NN O O Andersson NN O O @@ -10456,6 +10848,7 @@ counterpart NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311514007119) In NN O O @@ -10483,6 +10876,7 @@ Fe NN O B-Material lattice NN O I-Material parameter NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O all NN O O calculations NN O O @@ -10495,6 +10889,7 @@ volume NN O O are NN O O used NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O Monte NN O B-Process Carlo NN O I-Process @@ -10517,6 +10912,7 @@ organised NN O O as NN O O follows NN O O . NN O O + First NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -10528,6 +10924,7 @@ helium NN O I-Material are NN O O investigated NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O vacancy NN O O is NN O O @@ -10577,6 +10974,7 @@ system NN O O is NN O O minimised NN O B-Process . NN O O + This NN O O scheme NN O O is NN O O @@ -10601,6 +10999,7 @@ each NN O O is NN O O calculated NN O O . NN O O + Next NN O O , NN O O helium NN O B-Material @@ -10611,6 +11010,7 @@ to NN O O the NN O O vacancies NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O total NN O B-Material system NN O I-Material @@ -10620,6 +11020,7 @@ measured NN O O and NN O O recorded NN O O . NN O O + At NN O O this NN O O point NN O O @@ -10640,6 +11041,7 @@ low NN O B-Material energy NN O I-Material configurations NN O I-Material . NN O O + Every NN O O helium NN O B-Material in NN O O @@ -10689,6 +11091,7 @@ conjugate NN O B-Process gradient NN O I-Process algorithm NN O I-Process . NN O O + Each NN O O bubble NN O O is NN O O @@ -10700,6 +11103,7 @@ of NN O O 10,000 NN O O steps NN O O . NN O O + After NN O O that NN O O , NN O O @@ -10721,6 +11125,7 @@ further NN O O 10 NN O O steps NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O schematic NN O O of NN O O @@ -10732,9 +11137,11 @@ shown NN O O in NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 1 NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311514008691) The NN O O @@ -10773,6 +11180,7 @@ throughout NN O I-Material the NN O I-Material matrix NN O I-Material . NN O O + These NN O O oxide NN O B-Material particles NN O I-Material @@ -10803,6 +11211,7 @@ grain NN O O boundary NN O O sliding NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O nuclear NN O O applications NN O O @@ -10834,11 +11243,12 @@ for NN O O the NN O O formation NN O O of NN O O -nano NN O B-Material -- NN O I-Material -scale NN O I-Material -He NN O I-Material -bubbles NN O I-Material +nano NN O O +- NN O O +scale NN O O + +He NN O O +bubbles NN O O therefore NN O O reducing NN O B-Task swelling NN O I-Task @@ -10852,6 +11262,7 @@ steels NN O I-Material 12–15 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O ability NN O O of NN O O @@ -10871,6 +11282,7 @@ composition NN O I-Material of NN O I-Material the NN O I-Material particles NN O I-Material + [ NN O O 10,11,16,17 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -10880,6 +11292,7 @@ stability NN O O under NN O O irradiation NN O B-Process . NN O O + Typical NN O O compositions NN O O of NN O O @@ -10951,10 +11364,12 @@ of NN O O Fe NN O B-Material and NN O I-Material impurities NN O I-Material + [ NN O O 18 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O this NN O O reason NN O O @@ -10973,6 +11388,7 @@ constituent NN O B-Material elements NN O I-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S002231151500032X) Zirconium NN O B-Material @@ -10993,6 +11409,7 @@ water NN O B-Material nuclear NN O I-Material reactors NN O I-Material . NN O O + Research NN O O into NN O O oxidation NN O B-Task @@ -11009,6 +11426,7 @@ of NN O O the NN O O material NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -11029,6 +11447,7 @@ still NN O O remain NN O O unanswered NN O O . NN O O + One NN O O such NN O O issue NN O O @@ -11045,6 +11464,7 @@ metal NN O B-Material oxide NN O I-Material interface NN O I-Material . NN O O + Small NN O O cracks NN O O have NN O O @@ -11071,6 +11491,7 @@ of NN O O oxide NN O O growth NN O O . NN O O + These NN O O networks NN O O of NN O O @@ -11084,10 +11505,12 @@ in NN O O the NN O O corrosion NN O B-Material kinetics NN O I-Material + [ NN O O 1–7 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + These NN O O lateral NN O O cracks NN O O @@ -11116,6 +11539,7 @@ in NN O O 8,9 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Experiments NN O O using NN O O Synchrotron NN O B-Process @@ -11177,6 +11601,7 @@ growth NN O O 4,10 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + One NN O O theory NN O O is NN O O @@ -11197,6 +11622,7 @@ metal NN O B-Material oxide NN O I-Material interface NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O phase NN O B-Process transformation NN O I-Process @@ -11236,6 +11662,7 @@ species NN O I-Material ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311515002391) Spark NN O B-Process @@ -11266,28 +11693,30 @@ is NN O O loaded NN O O into NN O O an NN O O -electrically NN O B-Process -and NN O I-Process -thermally NN O I-Process -conductive NN O I-Process -graphite NN O I-Process -mould NN O I-Process -and NN O I-Process -a NN O I-Process -large NN O I-Process -DC NN O I-Process -pulsed NN O I-Process -current NN O I-Process -( NN O I-Process -1000–5000A NN O I-Process -) NN O I-Process -is NN O I-Process -applied NN O I-Process -under NN O I-Process -a NN O I-Process -uniaxial NN O I-Process -pressure NN O I-Process +electrically NN O O +and NN O O +thermally NN O O +conductive NN O O +graphite NN O O +mould NN O O +and NN O O + +a NN O O +large NN O O +DC NN O O +pulsed NN O O +current NN O O +( NN O O +1000–5000A NN O O +) NN O O +is NN O O +applied NN O O +under NN O O +a NN O O +uniaxial NN O O +pressure NN O O . NN O O + When NN O O current NN O O passes NN O O @@ -11341,6 +11770,7 @@ powder NN O B-Material material NN O I-Material ) NN O O . NN O O + SPS NN O B-Process is NN O O characterised NN O O @@ -11376,6 +11806,7 @@ density NN O O 17 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Thus NN O O SPS NN O B-Process occupies NN O O @@ -11385,6 +11816,7 @@ different NN O O time NN O O – NN O O temperature NN O O + – NN O O density NN O O space NN O O @@ -11421,6 +11853,7 @@ hours NN O O holding NN O O time NN O O . NN O O + Although NN O O SPS NN O B-Process has NN O O @@ -11463,6 +11896,7 @@ reviewed NN O O below NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311515002470) To NN O O @@ -11495,6 +11929,7 @@ at NN O O ° NN O O C NN O O . NN O O + Both NN O O electrochemical NN O B-Process and NN O O @@ -11518,6 +11953,7 @@ and NN O I-Task reduction NN O I-Task pathway NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O electrochemical NN O O reduction NN O O @@ -11539,6 +11975,7 @@ within NN O O the NN O O melt NN O B-Material . NN O O + The NN O O electrochemical NN O B-Process reduction NN O I-Process @@ -11588,6 +12025,7 @@ the NN O O EDXD NN O B-Process data NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O electrochemical NN O B-Process reduction NN O I-Process @@ -11606,6 +12044,7 @@ the NN O O molten NN O B-Material salt NN O I-Material . NN O O + That NN O O is NN O O , NN O O @@ -11636,6 +12075,7 @@ the NN O O molten NN O B-Material salt NN O I-Material . NN O O + This NN O O could NN O O be NN O O @@ -11673,6 +12113,7 @@ the NN O O working NN O O electrode NN O B-Material . NN O O + This NN O O could NN O O then NN O O @@ -11712,6 +12153,7 @@ future NN O O work NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311515002664) The NN O O @@ -11733,6 +12175,7 @@ anisotropic NN O B-Task material NN O I-Task properties NN O I-Task . NN O O + As NN O O a NN O O hexagonal NN O O @@ -11765,6 +12208,7 @@ component NN O O 23–26 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Abaqus NN O B-Process allows NN O O this NN O O @@ -11777,6 +12221,7 @@ plasticity NN O B-Process potential NN O I-Process ratios NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O anisotropic NN O B-Material elastic NN O I-Material @@ -11789,6 +12234,7 @@ in NN O O Table NN O O 1 NN O O . NN O O + Zirconium NN O B-Material alloys NN O O can NN O O @@ -11826,6 +12272,7 @@ Zircaloy-4 NN O I-Material 27,28 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O for NN O O @@ -11847,6 +12294,7 @@ the NN O O normal NN O O direction NN O O . NN O O + As NN O O such NN O O the NN O O @@ -11890,6 +12338,7 @@ zirconium NN O B-Material unit NN O I-Material lattice NN O I-Material . NN O O + Table NN O O 1 NN O O also NN O O @@ -11902,6 +12351,7 @@ into NN O O the NN O O simulations NN O B-Process . NN O O + The NN O O oxide NN O B-Material layer NN O I-Material @@ -11914,6 +12364,7 @@ purely NN O B-Material elastic NN O I-Material material NN O I-Material . NN O O + Although NN O O it NN O O is NN O O @@ -11951,6 +12402,7 @@ all NN O O simulations NN O B-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311515300295) Zirconium NN O B-Material @@ -11994,6 +12446,7 @@ strength NN O O 1 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Despite NN O O high NN O O corrosion NN O O @@ -12008,6 +12461,7 @@ around NN O O ° NN O O C NN O O ) NN O O + [ NN O O 2 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -12027,6 +12481,7 @@ hundred NN O O degrees NN O O higher NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O an NN O O @@ -12065,6 +12520,7 @@ Daiichi NN O O nuclear NN O O accident NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O this NN O O reason NN O O @@ -12084,6 +12540,7 @@ fuels NN O I-Task ATF NN O B-Material ) NN O O . NN O O + Additionally NN O O , NN O O ATFs NN O B-Material @@ -12113,6 +12570,7 @@ burn NN O O up NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311515300477) In NN O O @@ -12174,6 +12632,7 @@ the NN O O nanometre NN O O level NN O O . NN O O + Understanding NN O B-Task why NN O I-Task this NN O I-Task @@ -12211,6 +12670,7 @@ nuclear NN O B-Material power NN O I-Material reactors NN O I-Material . NN O O + No NN O O model NN O O will NN O O @@ -12228,6 +12688,7 @@ on NN O I-Task during NN O I-Task oxidation NN O I-Task . NN O O + Thus NN O O , NN O O it NN O O @@ -12270,6 +12731,7 @@ of NN O I-Process the NN O I-Process metal NN O I-Process . NN O O + Whilst NN O O a NN O O number NN O O @@ -12322,6 +12784,7 @@ probe NN O I-Process tomography NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311515300830) Solid NN O B-Material @@ -12354,6 +12817,7 @@ a NN O O drop NN O B-Process detector NN O I-Process . NN O O + For NN O O more NN O O details NN O O @@ -12370,6 +12834,7 @@ studies NN O O 9,10 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O measurements NN O O were NN O O @@ -12407,6 +12872,7 @@ a NN O O reference NN O B-Material material NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O temperature NN O O range NN O O @@ -12424,6 +12890,7 @@ using NN O O steps NN O O of NN O O 50 NN O O + K. NN O O Each NN O O isothermal NN O B-Process @@ -12453,6 +12920,7 @@ device NN O O was NN O O determined NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O drops NN O O were NN O O @@ -12476,6 +12944,7 @@ heat NN O B-Process flow NN O I-Process signal NN O O . NN O O + Background NN O B-Process subtraction NN O I-Process and NN O I-Process @@ -12491,6 +12960,7 @@ for NN O I-Material data NN O I-Material processing NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O reported NN O O temperatures NN O O @@ -12541,6 +13011,7 @@ of NN O O the NN O O measurement NN O O . NN O O + After NN O O drop NN O O calorimetric NN O B-Process @@ -12573,6 +13044,7 @@ experimental NN O O conditions NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311515301069) The NN O O @@ -12588,6 +13060,7 @@ activation NN O B-Material monitor NN O I-Material sets NN O I-Material . NN O I-Material + These NN O O monitor NN O B-Material sets NN O I-Material @@ -12608,6 +13081,7 @@ specific NN O O energy NN O O range NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O different NN O O activation NN O O @@ -12625,6 +13099,7 @@ can NN O O be NN O O reconstructed NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O BODEX NN O O , NN O O @@ -12663,6 +13138,7 @@ of NN O O the NN O O capsules NN O B-Material . NN O O + Additionally NN O O , NN O O one NN O O @@ -12689,6 +13165,7 @@ sets NN O O per NN O O leg NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O fluence NN O O in NN O O @@ -12709,6 +13186,7 @@ in NN O O each NN O O capsule NN O B-Material . NN O O + The NN O O sets NN O O have NN O O @@ -12733,6 +13211,7 @@ specific NN O O energy NN O O range NN O O . NN O O + Table NN O O 3 NN O O show NN O O @@ -12749,6 +13228,7 @@ containing NN O O molybdenum NN O B-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311515301963) Following NN O O @@ -12779,10 +13259,12 @@ be NN O O Schottky NN O B-Process trivacancy NN O I-Process defects NN O I-Process + [ NN O O 4,5,31 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Diffusion NN O B-Process to NN O O either NN O O @@ -12823,6 +13305,7 @@ ensure NN O O continued NN O O diffusion NN O B-Process . NN O O + The NN O O rate NN O O determining NN O O @@ -12855,6 +13338,7 @@ diffusion NN O I-Process 6–8 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Activation NN O B-Process energies NN O O for NN O O @@ -12880,6 +13364,7 @@ the NN O O crystal NN O B-Process stoichiometry NN O I-Process . NN O O + For NN O O Xe NN O B-Process diffusion NN O I-Process @@ -12928,14 +13413,16 @@ the NN O O presence NN O O of NN O O a NN O O -Jahn NN O B-Process -– NN O I-Process -Teller NN O I-Process -distortion NN O I-Process +Jahn NN O O +– NN O O + +Teller NN O O +distortion NN O O [ NN O O 7 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Activation NN O O energies NN O O calculated NN O O @@ -12953,10 +13440,12 @@ choice NN O O of NN O O potential NN O B-Process . NN O O + Govers NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + examined NN O O three NN O O different NN O O @@ -12987,13 +13476,16 @@ different NN O O parameterisations NN O O for NN O O the NN O O -U NN O B-Material -– NN O I-Material -Xe NN O I-Material +U NN O O + +– NN O O + +Xe NN O O and NN O O -O NN O B-Material -– NN O I-Material -Xe NN O I-Material +O NN O O +– NN O O + +Xe NN O O interactions NN O O from NN O O Geng NN O O @@ -13048,6 +13540,7 @@ respectively NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0022311515303640) Ferritic NN O B-Material @@ -13066,6 +13559,7 @@ reactors NN O I-Material 1,2 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O transmutation NN O B-Material - NN O I-Material @@ -13091,6 +13585,7 @@ under NN O I-Task neutron NN O I-Task irradiation NN O I-Task . NN O O + In NN O O a NN O O previous NN O O @@ -13124,6 +13619,7 @@ bubbles NN O I-Task was NN O O discussed NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O was NN O O shown NN O O @@ -13155,6 +13651,7 @@ more NN O O He NN O B-Material atoms NN O I-Material . NN O O + Small NN O O bubbles NN O B-Material up NN O O @@ -13215,6 +13712,7 @@ from NN O O the NN O O bubbles NN O B-Material . NN O O + Subsequent NN O O bubble NN O B-Process enlargement NN O I-Process @@ -13246,6 +13744,7 @@ the NN O I-Task lattice NN O I-Task strain NN O I-Task . NN O O + Emission NN O B-Process of NN O I-Process interracial NN O I-Process @@ -13263,6 +13762,7 @@ dynamics NN O I-Process simulations NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0029549314001551) An NN O O @@ -13307,6 +13807,7 @@ neutron NN O B-Material economy NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Extensive NN O O studies NN O O determined NN O O @@ -13329,6 +13830,7 @@ less NN O O positive NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Among NN O O the NN O O most NN O O @@ -13370,8 +13872,10 @@ the NN O I-Task plenum NN O I-Task ) NN O O . NN O O + Fig NN O O . NN O O + 19 NN O O shows NN O O the NN O O @@ -13389,6 +13893,7 @@ and NN O I-Material boron NN O I-Material layers NN O I-Material . NN O O + It NN O O can NN O O be NN O O @@ -13414,6 +13919,7 @@ slightly NN O O over NN O O 800pcm NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O pair NN O O of NN O O @@ -13434,6 +13940,7 @@ the NN O O boron NN O B-Material layer NN O I-Material . NN O O + These NN O O modifications NN O O implied NN O O @@ -13466,6 +13973,7 @@ al NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0029549314002970) The NN O O @@ -13513,6 +14021,7 @@ working NN O O temperature NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O temperature NN O O above NN O O @@ -13530,6 +14039,7 @@ six NN O I-Process dedicated NN O I-Process thermocouples NN O I-Process . NN O O + In NN O O order NN O O to NN O O @@ -13577,6 +14087,7 @@ the NN O O containment NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O heat NN O O generated NN O O @@ -13620,6 +14131,7 @@ wet NN O I-Material channel NN O I-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0031920113000708) Geomagnetic NN O B-Process @@ -13648,6 +14160,7 @@ behind NN O O their NN O O origins NN O O . NN O O + Jerks NN O B-Process are NN O O most NN O O @@ -13691,6 +14204,7 @@ field NN O I-Material MF NN O B-Material ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O times NN O O of NN O O @@ -13733,6 +14247,7 @@ third NN O O time NN O O derivative NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O ‘ NN O O V’ NN O O @@ -13784,6 +14299,7 @@ variable NN O O background NN O O noise NN O O . NN O O + Jerks NN O B-Process can NN O O be NN O O @@ -13831,6 +14347,7 @@ before NN O O the NN O O jerk NN O B-Process . NN O O + This NN O O measure NN O O is NN O O @@ -13844,6 +14361,7 @@ across NN O O a NN O O jerk NN O B-Process . NN O O + Jerk NN O B-Process amplitude NN O I-Process is NN O O @@ -13862,6 +14380,7 @@ a NN O O negative NN O O step NN O O . NN O O + Here NN O O we NN O O do NN O O @@ -13893,6 +14412,7 @@ single NN O O jerk NN O B-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0031920113001222) Seismic NN O B-Process @@ -13910,6 +14430,7 @@ under NN O I-Task the NN O I-Task volcanoes NN O I-Task . NN O O + With NN O O the NN O O recently NN O O @@ -13985,6 +14506,7 @@ are NN O O densely NN O O spaced NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O overview NN O O @@ -14019,9 +14541,11 @@ volcano NN O O ( NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 1 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O also NN O O evaluate NN O O @@ -14038,6 +14562,7 @@ deriving NN O O potential NN O O information NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O work NN O O updates NN O O @@ -14066,6 +14591,7 @@ available NN O O information NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0032386108010392) Microhardness NN O B-Task @@ -14096,6 +14622,7 @@ from NN O O compression NN O B-Process testing NN O I-Process . NN O O + For NN O O work NN O B-Material - NN O I-Material @@ -14119,6 +14646,7 @@ H≈3σ NN O O 20 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O it NN O O @@ -14141,6 +14669,7 @@ plasticity NN O I-Material 9,10 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Deviations NN O B-Task from NN O I-Task this NN O I-Task @@ -14169,6 +14698,7 @@ negligible NN O O 9 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Hence NN O O , NN O O the NN O B-Task @@ -14198,6 +14728,7 @@ elasto NN O O plastic NN O O models NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O way NN O O @@ -14233,6 +14764,7 @@ modulus NN O O 9,11–13 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O has NN O O been NN O O @@ -14281,6 +14813,7 @@ determined NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S003238610801080X) Up NN O O @@ -14307,6 +14840,7 @@ and NN O I-Process scattering NN O I-Process methods NN O I-Process . NN O O + Optical NN O B-Material microscopes NN O I-Material , NN O O @@ -14337,6 +14871,7 @@ and NN O O widely NN O O used NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O biggest NN O O advantage NN O O @@ -14356,6 +14891,7 @@ the NN O O various NN O O morphologies NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O when NN O O @@ -14386,6 +14922,7 @@ field NN O O of NN O O view NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O contrast NN O O , NN O O @@ -14415,6 +14952,7 @@ of NN O O the NN O O microscopes NN O B-Material . NN O O + One NN O O must NN O O remember NN O O @@ -14453,6 +14991,7 @@ as NN O O does NN O O microscopy NN O B-Task . NN O O + After NN O O all NN O O , NN O O @@ -14499,6 +15038,7 @@ are NN O O complementary NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S003238610900086X) We NN O O @@ -14518,6 +15058,7 @@ hydrogenated NN O B-Process PE NN O B-Material chains NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O algorithm NN O O used NN O O @@ -14538,6 +15079,7 @@ is NN O O very NN O O simplified NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O checked NN O O it NN O O @@ -14562,6 +15104,7 @@ more NN O O precise NN O O calculations NN O B-Task . NN O O + The NN O O scattering NN O B-Material centres NN O I-Material @@ -14607,6 +15150,7 @@ folds NN O I-Material is NN O O neglected NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O parallel NN O B-Material stem NN O I-Material @@ -14647,6 +15191,7 @@ all NN O O the NN O O stems NN O B-Material . NN O O + Defining NN O O an NN O O integer NN O O @@ -14668,6 +15213,7 @@ have NN O O ( NN O O q<1 NN O O ) NN O O + [ NN O O 9](1A)q2·I(q)=C·(bH−bD)2∑i=1ns·100∑j=1ns·1004πqsin(q·dij)dij;dij2=Δij2+(zj−zi)2;q=2πsinθλwhere NN O O bH NN O O @@ -14701,6 +15247,7 @@ and NN O O the NN O O wavelength NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O i NN O O - NN O O @@ -14714,6 +15261,7 @@ stem NN O O axis NN O O is NN O O zi NN O O + and NN O O Δij NN O O is NN O O @@ -14731,6 +15279,7 @@ and NN O O j NN O O belong NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O all NN O O the NN O O @@ -14744,11 +15293,13 @@ of NN O O zi NN O O coordinates NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O sum NN O O in NN O O Eq NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O 1A NN O O ) NN O O @@ -14766,6 +15317,7 @@ domain NN O O see NN O O Figs NN O O . NN O O + 2 NN O O and NN O O 10 NN O O @@ -14773,6 +15325,7 @@ for NN O O examples NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0032386109001712) With NN O O @@ -14790,6 +15343,7 @@ have NN O O become NN O O feasible NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O full NN O B-Process @@ -14825,6 +15379,7 @@ system NN O I-Process is NN O O imperative NN O O . NN O O + From NN O O a NN O O series NN O O @@ -14855,6 +15410,7 @@ of NN O O poly(vinyl NN O B-Material alcohol NN O I-Material ) NN O I-Material + ( NN O O PVA NN O B-Material ) NN O O @@ -14865,6 +15421,7 @@ stage NN O O of NN O O crystallization NN O B-Process . NN O O + They NN O O investigated NN O O the NN O O @@ -14883,6 +15440,7 @@ quenching NN O I-Process 51,52 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + They NN O O could NN O O reproduce NN O O @@ -14916,6 +15474,7 @@ surface NN O I-Material , NN O O etc NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O their NN O O work NN O O @@ -14936,6 +15495,7 @@ to NN O O accelerate NN O O computation NN O O . NN O O + Their NN O O model NN O O has NN O O @@ -14971,6 +15531,7 @@ in NN O O conventional NN O O sense NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O their NN O O @@ -15009,6 +15570,7 @@ polymer NN O B-Process crystallization NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0032386109004996) SPM NN O B-Process @@ -15028,6 +15590,7 @@ in NN O I-Task polymer NN O I-Task crystallization NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O technique NN O O has NN O O @@ -15042,6 +15605,7 @@ for NN O O such NN O O studies NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O is NN O O a NN O O @@ -15079,6 +15643,7 @@ to NN O O be NN O O observed NN O O . NN O O + AFM NN O B-Process requires NN O O no NN O O @@ -15097,6 +15662,7 @@ is NN O O relatively NN O O straightforward NN O O . NN O O + Also NN O O , NN O O it NN O O @@ -15108,6 +15674,7 @@ under NN O O many NN O O circumstances NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O allows NN O O images NN O O @@ -15142,6 +15709,7 @@ resolution NN O O 15–18 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O is NN O O this NN O O @@ -15196,6 +15764,7 @@ conditions NN O O influence NN O O kinetics NN O O . NN O O + AFM NN O B-Material has NN O O a NN O O @@ -15247,6 +15816,7 @@ techniques NN O O attractions NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0032386109005485) Inverse NN O B-Process @@ -15286,6 +15856,7 @@ concentration NN O I-Material CMC NN O B-Material ) NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O process NN O O contains NN O O @@ -15316,6 +15887,7 @@ continuous NN O O organic NN O B-Material medium NN O I-Material . NN O O + Stable NN O B-Material inverse NN O I-Material miniemulsions NN O I-Material @@ -15335,6 +15907,7 @@ speed NN O I-Material mechanical NN O I-Material stirrer NN O I-Material . NN O O + Oil NN O B-Material - NN O I-Material soluble NN O I-Material @@ -15363,6 +15936,7 @@ resulting NN O I-Task inverse NN O I-Task emulsion NN O I-Task . NN O O + Upon NN O O addition NN O O of NN O O @@ -15381,12 +15955,15 @@ particles NN O I-Material ( NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 2 NN O O ) NN O O + [ NN O O 83 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Several NN O O reports NN O O have NN O O @@ -15423,6 +16000,7 @@ particles NN O I-Material 91–93 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O method NN O O also NN O O @@ -15443,6 +16021,7 @@ crosslinkers NN O I-Process 27,94–100 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O addition NN O O , NN O O @@ -15474,6 +16053,7 @@ and NN O O nanogels NN O B-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0032386109006612) In NN O O @@ -15517,6 +16097,7 @@ on NN O I-Process catalyst NN O I-Process particles NN O I-Process . NN O O + MWNTs NN O B-Task were NN O O first NN O O @@ -15542,6 +16123,7 @@ SWNTs NN O B-Material 3 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Similarly NN O O , NN O O the NN O B-Process @@ -15575,6 +16157,7 @@ particles NN O I-Material 28–30 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O number NN O O of NN O O @@ -15606,6 +16189,7 @@ compound NN O I-Process as NN O I-Process feedstock NN O I-Process . NN O O + These NN O O processes NN O O include NN O O @@ -15640,19 +16224,23 @@ shown NN O O in NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 3 NN O O , NN O O and NN O O -“ NN O B-Process -catalytic NN O I-Process -gas NN O I-Process -flow NN O I-Process -CVD NN O I-Process -” NN O I-Process +“ NN O O +catalytic NN O O +gas NN O O +flow NN O O +CVD NN O O + +” NN O O + [ NN O O 36,37 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + One NN O O of NN O O the NN O B-Task @@ -15695,6 +16283,7 @@ techniques NN O I-Process ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0032386109007290) ELRs NN O B-Material @@ -15718,6 +16307,7 @@ such NN O O as NN O O micelles NN O B-Material . NN O O + The NN O O first NN O O work NN O O @@ -15749,6 +16339,7 @@ respectively NN O O 49 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O resulting NN O O micelles NN O B-Material @@ -15774,6 +16365,7 @@ self NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process assembly NN O I-Process . NN O O + A NN O O tri NN O B-Material - NN O I-Material @@ -15799,6 +16391,7 @@ aggregates NN O I-Material 50 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Other NN O O multivalent NN O B-Material spherical NN O I-Material @@ -15834,6 +16427,7 @@ cells NN O I-Task 51 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Bidwell NN O O et NN O O al NN O O @@ -15858,6 +16452,7 @@ delivery NN O I-Task of NN O I-Task drugs NN O I-Task . NN O O + Attachment NN O O of NN O O doxorubicin NN O B-Material @@ -15884,6 +16479,7 @@ hyperthermia NN O B-Process ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0032386109007423) In NN O O @@ -15925,6 +16521,7 @@ in NN O O a NN O O membrane NN O B-Material . NN O O + Beyond NN O O a NN O O certain NN O O @@ -15958,6 +16555,7 @@ resistance NN O O 17,18 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Therefore NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -15982,6 +16580,7 @@ investigation NN O O 19–23 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + To NN O O achieve NN O O high NN O B-Process @@ -16009,6 +16608,7 @@ has NN O O been NN O O studied NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O course NN O O @@ -16074,6 +16674,7 @@ the NN O I-Task mechanical NN O I-Task properties NN O I-Task . NN O O + An NN O O image NN O O of NN O O @@ -16087,9 +16688,11 @@ shown NN O O in NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 2 NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0032386109010386) From NN O O @@ -16120,6 +16723,7 @@ free NN O B-Process radical NN O I-Process polymerization NN O I-Process . NN O O + Step NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process growth NN O I-Process @@ -16148,6 +16752,7 @@ free NN O B-Process radical NN O I-Process polymerization NN O I-Process . NN O O + These NN O O polymerization NN O B-Process reactions NN O I-Process @@ -16165,6 +16770,7 @@ in NN O O dispersed NN O B-Material media NN O I-Material . NN O O + Heterophase NN O B-Process polymerizations NN O I-Process ( NN O O @@ -16203,6 +16809,7 @@ the NN O O reaction NN O B-Material medium NN O I-Material . NN O O + Polymerization NN O B-Process in NN O O solution NN O B-Material @@ -16235,6 +16842,7 @@ of NN O O organic NN O B-Material solvents NN O I-Material . NN O O + These NN O O problems NN O O are NN O O @@ -16264,6 +16872,7 @@ used NN O O as NN O O medium NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O use NN O O of NN O O @@ -16289,6 +16898,7 @@ water NN O B-Material phase NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0032386110001667) Note NN O O @@ -16327,6 +16937,7 @@ initiator NN O I-Material 7,12,21,61–65 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O exclusive NN O O preparation NN O B-Process @@ -16381,6 +16992,7 @@ as NN O O described NN O O below NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O contrast NN O O , NN O O @@ -16433,6 +17045,7 @@ Scheme NN O O 67–69 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + An NN O O equilibrium NN O O between NN O O @@ -16483,6 +17096,7 @@ probable NN O O side NN O O reactions NN O O . NN O O + Importance NN O O of NN O O using NN O O @@ -16527,6 +17141,7 @@ deactivation NN O B-Process ) NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0032386110004039) An NN O O @@ -16549,6 +17164,7 @@ a NN O I-Task polymer NN O I-Task matrix NN O I-Task . NN O O + ROM NN O B-Material polymers NN O I-Material have NN O O @@ -16566,6 +17182,7 @@ complex NN O I-Material platinum NN O I-Material tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin NN O I-Material . NN O O + A NN O O correlation NN O O between NN O O @@ -16593,6 +17210,7 @@ established NN O O 34 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + Several NN O O works NN O O are NN O O @@ -16640,6 +17258,7 @@ in NN O I-Task the NN O I-Task copolymers NN O I-Task . NN O O + Another NN O O application NN O O comprises NN O O @@ -16685,6 +17304,7 @@ stability NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0032386114008428) Another NN O B-Process @@ -16702,10 +17322,12 @@ with NN O I-Process functional NN O I-Process groups NN O I-Process . NN O O + Casazza NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 52 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -16736,6 +17358,7 @@ co NN O I-Material ethyl NN O I-Material acrylate NN O I-Material ) NN O O + random NN O O copolymer NN O B-Material through NN O O @@ -16743,10 +17366,12 @@ hexamethylene NN O B-Process diisocyanate NN O I-Process functionality NN O I-Process . NN O O + Malshe NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 53,54 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -16771,6 +17396,7 @@ methacrylate NN O I-Material HEMA NN O B-Material ) NN O O . NN O O + They NN O O partially NN O O esterified NN O O @@ -16792,6 +17418,7 @@ melamine NN O I-Material formaldehyde NN O I-Material resin NN O I-Material . NN O O + Such NN O O methods NN O O were NN O O @@ -16816,6 +17443,7 @@ living NN O B-Process polymerization NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0038092X11004129) Assuming NN O O @@ -16851,6 +17479,7 @@ radiation NN O I-Process intensity NN O O level NN O O . NN O O + From NN O O Table NN O O 2 NN O O @@ -16897,6 +17526,7 @@ the NN O O % NN O O assumed NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O energy NN O O dissipated NN O O @@ -16912,6 +17542,7 @@ be NN O O % NN O O higher NN O O . NN O O + To NN O O correct NN O O for NN O O @@ -16927,9 +17558,11 @@ modified NN O O using NN O O the NN O O following NN O O -formula:(3)Iact NN O B-Process -= NN O I-Process -I×0.850.85+dηwhere NN O I-Process +formula:(3)Iact NN O O + += NN O O +I×0.850.85+dηwhere NN O O + Iact NN O O is NN O O the NN O O @@ -16963,6 +17596,7 @@ cell NN O O temperature NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0038092X14000942) Thermal NN O B-Task @@ -16997,8 +17631,10 @@ water NN O B-Process flow NN O I-Process rate NN O I-Process . NN O O + Fig NN O O . NN O O + 11 NN O O shows NN O O a NN O O @@ -17029,6 +17665,7 @@ on NN O O Table NN O O 3 NN O O . NN O O + Simulation NN O B-Material data NN O I-Material has NN O O @@ -17039,6 +17676,7 @@ all NN O O successive NN O O simulations NN O B-Process . NN O O + The NN O O effect NN O O of NN O O @@ -17058,8 +17696,10 @@ shown NN O O in NN O O Fig NN O O . NN O O + 12 NN O O . NN O O + Three NN O O different NN O O simulations NN O B-Process @@ -17107,9 +17747,11 @@ K NN O O K NN O O and NN O O 0.01kg NN O O + / NN O O s NN O O . NN O O + Water NN O O temperature NN O O was NN O O @@ -17152,6 +17794,7 @@ solar NN O B-Process radiation NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0038092X14004770) Shading NN O B-Process @@ -17168,6 +17811,7 @@ a NN O O domestic NN O B-Material system NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O impact NN O O of NN O O @@ -17195,6 +17839,7 @@ an NN O O installed NN O B-Material array NN O I-Material . NN O O + Whilst NN O O many NN O O approaches NN O O @@ -17226,6 +17871,7 @@ energy NN O B-Process yield NN O I-Process model NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O lack NN O O of NN O O @@ -17263,17 +17909,19 @@ antennas NN O B-Material or NN O O chimneys NN O B-Material . NN O O + As NN O O an NN O O example NN O O , NN O O the NN O O -system NN O B-Material -shown NN O I-Material -in NN O I-Material -Fig NN O I-Material -. NN O I-Material -1 NN O I-Material +system NN O O +shown NN O O +in NN O O +Fig NN O O +. NN O O + +1 NN O O illustrates NN O O the NN O O case NN O O @@ -17324,6 +17972,7 @@ cell NN O I-Process mismatch NN O I-Process effects NN O I-Process . NN O O + An NN O O effective NN O B-Process shading NN O I-Process @@ -17356,6 +18005,7 @@ power NN O I-Process computing NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0038092X15000559) Progressive NN O B-Process @@ -17369,6 +18019,7 @@ Hachisuka NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O 2008 NN O O ) NN O O @@ -17390,6 +18041,7 @@ the NN O O Radiance NN O B-Process extension NN O I-Process . NN O O + It NN O O combines NN O O multiple NN O O @@ -17413,6 +18065,7 @@ the NN O O traditional NN O B-Process approach NN O I-Process . NN O O + Through NN O O iteration NN O O , NN O O @@ -17434,6 +18087,7 @@ and NN O I-Process averaging NN O I-Process them NN O O . NN O O + At NN O O the NN O O same NN O O @@ -17479,6 +18133,7 @@ Jensen NN O O 2001 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O resulting NN O O irradiance NN O B-Material @@ -17506,6 +18161,7 @@ furthest NN O O photon NN O B-Material found NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O paper NN O O @@ -17549,6 +18205,7 @@ to NN O O mitigate NN O B-Process bias NN O I-Process . NN O O + As NN O O Hachisuka NN O O points NN O O @@ -17568,6 +18225,7 @@ the NN O O limit NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0038092X15001681) For NN O O @@ -17605,6 +18263,7 @@ high NN O B-Material efficiency NN O I-Material modules NN O I-Material . NN O O + For NN O O the NN O O standard NN O B-Material @@ -17641,6 +18300,7 @@ of NN O I-Material VDC NN O B-Material ] NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O the NN O O high NN O B-Material @@ -17673,12 +18333,15 @@ system NN O O Voc NN O B-Material of NN O I-Material 873 NN O I-Material + [ NN O O VDC NN O B-Material ] NN O O . NN O O + Fig NN O O . NN O O + 5(a NN O O ) NN O O shows NN O O @@ -17703,8 +18366,10 @@ by NN O O 90 NN O O % NN O O . NN O O + Fig NN O O . NN O O + 5(b NN O O ) NN O O shows NN O O @@ -17728,6 +18393,7 @@ short NN O I-Process - NN O I-Process circuited NN O I-Process . NN O O + For NN O O both NN O O figures NN O O @@ -17752,6 +18418,7 @@ efficiency NN O I-Material system NN O I-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0039602899010869) The NN O O @@ -17767,6 +18434,7 @@ der NN O I-Process Waals NN O I-Process interaction NN O I-Process . NN O O + It NN O O includes NN O O the NN O O @@ -17835,6 +18503,7 @@ the NN O O sample NN O B-Material atoms NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O first NN O O contribution NN O O @@ -17845,6 +18514,7 @@ analytically NN O O 27 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O fact NN O O , NN O O @@ -17897,6 +18567,7 @@ system NN O O 27 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + All NN O O these NN O O quantities NN O O @@ -17905,6 +18576,7 @@ identical NN O O in NN O O each NN O O system NN O O + we NN O O look NN O O at NN O O @@ -17934,6 +18606,7 @@ system NN O O 8 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O Hamaker NN O O constant NN O O @@ -17953,11 +18626,13 @@ estimated NN O O to NN O O be NN O O 0.5eV NN O O + [ NN O O 32 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0045782511003823) In NN O O @@ -17987,6 +18662,7 @@ of NN O I-Task nonlinear NN O I-Task elasticity NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O mortar NN O B-Process method NN O I-Process @@ -18004,6 +18680,7 @@ Laursen NN O O ( NN O O 2002 NN O O ) NN O O + [ NN O O 25 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -18015,6 +18692,7 @@ is NN O O variationally NN O O consistent NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O show NN O O that NN O O @@ -18042,6 +18720,7 @@ has NN O O been NN O O implemented NN O O . NN O O + Furthermore NN O O , NN O O a NN O O @@ -18066,6 +18745,7 @@ system NN O I-Process under NN O O consideration NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O excellent NN O O performance NN O O @@ -18089,6 +18769,7 @@ representative NN O O numerical NN O O examples NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O the NN O O present NN O O @@ -18116,6 +18797,7 @@ of NN O I-Task nonlinear NN O I-Task elasticity NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O mortar NN O B-Process method NN O I-Process @@ -18133,6 +18815,7 @@ Laursen NN O O ( NN O O 2002 NN O O ) NN O O + [ NN O O 25 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -18144,6 +18827,7 @@ is NN O O variationally NN O O consistent NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O show NN O O that NN O O @@ -18171,6 +18855,7 @@ has NN O O been NN O O implemented NN O O . NN O O + Furthermore NN O O , NN O O a NN O O @@ -18195,6 +18880,7 @@ system NN O I-Process under NN O O consideration NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O excellent NN O O performance NN O O @@ -18219,6 +18905,7 @@ numerical NN O O examples NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0045782512000266) In NN O O @@ -18248,6 +18935,7 @@ uncertainty NN O I-Process is NN O O suggested NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O contribution NN O O , NN O O @@ -18279,6 +18967,7 @@ in NN O O the NN O O literature NN O O . NN O O + Firstly NN O O , NN O O the NN O O @@ -18301,6 +18990,7 @@ elements NN O I-Material 24–26 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O application NN O O of NN O O @@ -18320,6 +19010,7 @@ a NN O I-Task unified NN O I-Task framework NN O I-Task . NN O O + It NN O O should NN O O be NN O O @@ -18344,6 +19035,7 @@ phenomenon NN O I-Task 27,28 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O its NN O O application NN O O @@ -18357,6 +19049,7 @@ constitutes NN O O a NN O O novelty NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O second NN O O innovative NN O O @@ -18383,6 +19076,7 @@ the NN O I-Process maintenance NN O I-Process scheduling NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O estimation NN O B-Process of NN O I-Process @@ -18430,6 +19124,7 @@ the NN O I-Task failure NN O I-Task probability NN O I-Task . NN O O + A NN O O new NN O O approach NN O O @@ -18441,6 +19136,7 @@ is NN O O proposed NN O O herein NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O continuous NN O B-Material and NN O I-Material @@ -18464,6 +19160,7 @@ failure NN O I-Process events NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0045782512002599) Finite NN O B-Process @@ -18491,6 +19188,7 @@ in NN O I-Task computational NN O I-Task mechanics NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O numerical NN O B-Material simulation NN O I-Material @@ -18514,7 +19212,9 @@ in NN O O appropriate NN O O ways NN O O . NN O O + NURBS- NN O B-Process + ( NN O O Non NN O B-Process - NN O I-Process @@ -18524,6 +19224,7 @@ B NN O I-Process - NN O I-Process spline NN O I-Process ) NN O O + based NN O O isogeometric NN O B-Process analysis NN O I-Process @@ -18548,6 +19249,7 @@ several NN O I-Task NURBS NN O I-Task geometries NN O I-Task . NN O O + Since NN O O there NN O O is NN O O @@ -18575,6 +19277,7 @@ using NN O O FETI NN O B-Process methods NN O I-Process . NN O O + This NN O O paper NN O O proposes NN O O @@ -18605,6 +19308,7 @@ representation NN O I-Process of NN O O IGA NN O B-Process . NN O O + We NN O O describe NN O O the NN O O @@ -18650,6 +19354,7 @@ hanging NN O B-Material nodes NN O I-Material ) NN O O . NN O O + Special NN O O attention NN O O is NN O O @@ -18672,6 +19377,7 @@ the NN O O interface NN O O problem NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O report NN O O several NN O O @@ -18688,6 +19394,7 @@ IETI NN O I-Task method NN O I-Task . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0045782512002678) To NN O O @@ -18717,9 +19424,11 @@ linear NN O I-Process algebra NN O I-Process solvers NN O I-Process . NN O O + In NN O O Ref NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 16 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -18747,9 +19456,11 @@ three NN O O - NN O O dimensions NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O Ref NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 29 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -18804,6 +19515,7 @@ and NN O I-Process interconnecting NN O I-Process method NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O only NN O O paper NN O O @@ -18825,6 +19537,7 @@ Beirao NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 12 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -18837,6 +19550,7 @@ overlapping NN O O Schwarz NN O B-Process methods NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O same NN O O authors NN O O @@ -18854,6 +19568,7 @@ in NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0045782512003234) An NN O O @@ -18899,6 +19614,7 @@ Pivonka NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 25,26 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -18915,6 +19631,7 @@ Section NN O O 2 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + Then NN O O , NN O O we NN O O @@ -18929,6 +19646,7 @@ Hellmich NN O O et NN O O al NN O O . NN O O + [ NN O O 30 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -18976,6 +19694,7 @@ load NN O I-Process carrying NN O I-Process capacity NN O I-Process . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O extension NN O O @@ -19006,6 +19725,7 @@ Section NN O O 3 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O micromechanics NN O B-Process formulation NN O I-Process @@ -19037,6 +19757,7 @@ the NN O O micromechanics NN O B-Process model NN O I-Process . NN O O + We NN O O then NN O O apply NN O O @@ -19074,6 +19795,7 @@ Section NN O O 6 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + After NN O O emphasizing NN O O the NN O O @@ -19099,6 +19821,7 @@ Section NN O O 8) NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0045782512003428) The NN O O @@ -19126,6 +19849,7 @@ of NN O I-Task the NN O I-Task formulation NN O I-Task . NN O O + For NN O O example NN O O , NN O O @@ -19147,6 +19871,7 @@ low NN O O energy NN O O modes NN O O . NN O O + They NN O O need NN O O non NN O B-Material @@ -19159,6 +19884,7 @@ that NN O O stabilize NN O B-Task them NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O articles NN O O [ NN O O @@ -19193,6 +19919,7 @@ continuous NN O B-Process deformation NN O I-Process gradients NN O I-Process . NN O O + For NN O O first NN O B-Material order NN O I-Material @@ -19211,7 +19938,9 @@ element NN O B-Material types NN O I-Material C3D_8N_27C NN O B-Material and NN O O + C3D_8N_8I. NN O B-Material + The NN O O first NN O O is NN O O @@ -19236,6 +19965,7 @@ by NN O O Lagrange NN O O polynomials NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O latter NN O O element NN O O @@ -19263,6 +19993,7 @@ the NN O O element NN O O interior NN O O . NN O O + Among NN O O the NN O O tested NN O O @@ -19289,6 +20020,7 @@ be NN O O most NN O O accurate NN O O . NN O O + It NN O O turned NN O O out NN O O @@ -19326,8 +20058,10 @@ restoring NN O O force NN O O assembly NN O O . NN O O + Fig NN O O . NN O O + 1 NN O O illustrates NN O O the NN O O @@ -19343,6 +20077,7 @@ SFEM NN O I-Process formulations NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0045782513000479) Algorithms NN O B-Material @@ -19357,6 +20092,7 @@ level NN O B-Process set NN O I-Process equation NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O level NN O B-Process set NN O I-Process @@ -19388,6 +20124,7 @@ Hamilton NN O B-Process Jacobi NN O I-Process equation NN O I-Process . NN O O + This NN O O is NN O O performed NN O O @@ -19407,6 +20144,7 @@ or NN O I-Material three NN O I-Material dimensions NN O I-Material . NN O O + Information NN O O on NN O O normal NN O O @@ -19417,6 +20155,7 @@ can NN O O be NN O O obtained NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O fast NN O B-Process marching NN O I-Process @@ -19441,6 +20180,7 @@ on NN O I-Task the NN O I-Task grid NN O I-Task . NN O O + It NN O O is NN O O a NN O O @@ -19477,6 +20217,7 @@ by NN O I-Process the NN O I-Process interface NN O I-Process . NN O O + An NN O O overview NN O O on NN O O @@ -19521,6 +20262,7 @@ times NN O I-Task , NN O O etc NN O O . NN O O + Distance NN O B-Task fields NN O I-Task are NN O O @@ -19544,6 +20286,7 @@ is NN O O 1 NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0045782513000546) In NN O O @@ -19575,6 +20318,7 @@ viscoelastic NN O I-Task porous NN O I-Task medium NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O constitutive NN O B-Process equations NN O I-Process @@ -19598,6 +20342,7 @@ the NN O O fluid NN O B-Material ) NN O O . NN O O + Fully NN O B-Process discrete NN O I-Process numerical NN O I-Process @@ -19628,6 +20373,7 @@ element NN O I-Material spatial NN O I-Material discretization NN O I-Material . NN O O + We NN O O show NN O O that NN O O @@ -19648,6 +20394,7 @@ bound NN O O for NN O O it NN O O . NN O O + Furthermore NN O O , NN O O this NN O O @@ -19692,6 +20439,7 @@ one NN O O time NN O O step NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O required NN O O additional NN O O @@ -19727,6 +20475,7 @@ engines NN O I-Material remain NN O O intact NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O idea NN O O of NN O O @@ -19753,6 +20502,7 @@ is NN O O not NN O O new NN O O . NN O O + Lagging NN O O in NN O O numerical NN O B-Process @@ -19769,6 +20519,7 @@ in NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0045782513001448) Traditionally NN O O @@ -19795,6 +20546,7 @@ formulation NN O I-Process WCSPH NN O B-Process ) NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O this NN O O approach NN O O @@ -19817,6 +20569,7 @@ equation NN O I-Process of NN O I-Process state NN O I-Process . NN O O + The NN O O sound NN O O speed NN O O @@ -19841,6 +20594,7 @@ actual NN O O fluid NN O B-Material density NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O practice NN O O , NN O O @@ -19865,12 +20619,14 @@ Courant NN O O – NN O O Friedrichs NN O O – NN O O + Lewy NN O O ( NN O O CFL NN O O ) NN O O constraint NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O particular NN O O weakness NN O O @@ -19899,6 +20655,7 @@ the NN O O local NN O O pressure NN O O . NN O O + This NN O O can NN O O make NN O O @@ -19928,6 +20685,7 @@ this NN O O 1,2 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O review NN O O of NN O O @@ -19964,6 +20722,7 @@ in NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0045782513001473) In NN O O @@ -19984,6 +20743,7 @@ by NN O O Hadjiconstantinou NN O O and NN O O Patera NN O O + [ NN O O 16 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -20012,6 +20772,7 @@ of NN O O the NN O O box NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O framed NN O B-Process cell NN O I-Process @@ -20043,6 +20804,7 @@ produce NN O O spurious NN O O results NN O O . NN O O + We NN O O need NN O O the NN O O @@ -20062,10 +20824,12 @@ term NN O O in NN O O Eq NN O O . NN O O + ( NN O O 3 NN O O ) NN O O . NN O O + There NN O O are NN O O other NN O O @@ -20154,6 +20918,7 @@ the NN O O momentum NN O O flux NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O new NN O O method NN O O @@ -20199,6 +20964,7 @@ IK NN O B-Process equation NN O I-Process . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S004578251300176X) Powder NN O B-Process @@ -20224,6 +20990,7 @@ high NN O O product NN O O quality NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O a NN O O hardmetal NN O B-Material @@ -20257,6 +21024,7 @@ the NN O O subsequent NN O O heating NN O B-Process . NN O O + This NN O O means NN O O that NN O O @@ -20290,6 +21058,7 @@ stored NN O O surface NN O O energy NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O resulting NN O O flow NN O O @@ -20322,6 +21091,7 @@ at NN O O least NN O O ideally NN O O . NN O O + To NN O O model NN O B-Task and NN O I-Task @@ -20335,6 +21105,7 @@ a NN O O challenging NN O O task NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O goal NN O O is NN O O @@ -20373,6 +21144,7 @@ sintered NN O B-Material component NN O I-Material . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0045782514000607) As NN O O @@ -20413,6 +21185,7 @@ the NN O O projection NN O O operator NN O O . NN O O + The NN O O equivalence NN O O of NN O O @@ -20439,6 +21212,7 @@ of NN O O each NN O O method NN O O . NN O O + For NN O O instance NN O O , NN O O @@ -20463,6 +21237,7 @@ the NN O O PL NN O B-Process formulation NN O I-Process . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O due NN O O @@ -20496,6 +21271,7 @@ deteriorated NN O O nonlinear NN O B-Material convergence NN O I-Material . NN O O + This NN O O stands NN O O in NN O O @@ -20523,6 +21299,7 @@ high NN O O bulk NN O O modulus NN O O . NN O O + However NN O O , NN O O we NN O O @@ -20558,6 +21335,7 @@ should NN O O be NN O O similar NN O O . NN O O + Examining NN O O the NN O O update NN O O @@ -20601,6 +21379,7 @@ the NN O I-Task residual NN O I-Task . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0045782514001492) Energy NN O B-Process @@ -20621,10 +21400,12 @@ contact NN O B-Task and NN O I-Task collision NN O I-Task problems NN O I-Task + [ NN O O 28,43 NN O O ] NN O O . NN O O + A NN O O number NN O O of NN O O @@ -20638,6 +21419,7 @@ ensure NN O O energy NN O B-Task conservation NN O I-Task . NN O O + These NN O O schemes NN O O make NN O O @@ -20659,6 +21441,7 @@ from NN O O continuum NN O B-Task problems NN O I-Task . NN O O + These NN O O conservation NN O B-Process schemes NN O I-Process @@ -20686,9 +21469,11 @@ contact NN O I-Task and NN O I-Task collision NN O I-Task . NN O O + Hesch NN O O and NN O O Betsch NN O O + [ NN O O 45 NN O O ] NN O O @@ -20712,6 +21497,7 @@ the NN O O conserving NN O B-Process scheme NN O I-Process . NN O O + More NN O O recently NN O O , NN O O @@ -20739,6 +21525,7 @@ friction NN O B-Process and NN O O dissipation NN O B-Process . NN O O + Even NN O O though NN O O the NN O O @@ -20764,6 +21551,7 @@ determine NN O O penalty NN O O parameters NN O O . NN O O + In NN O O order NN O O to NN O O @@ -20797,6 +21585,7 @@ penalty NN O O parameters NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S004578251400334X) In NN O O @@ -20836,6 +21625,7 @@ Reynolds NN O I-Task number NN O I-Task flows NN O I-Task . NN O O + The NN O O method NN O O is NN O O @@ -20857,6 +21647,7 @@ boundary NN O I-Material layer NN O I-Material mesh NN O I-Material . NN O O + It NN O O is NN O O based NN O O @@ -20910,6 +21701,7 @@ high NN O I-Material order NN O I-Material prisms NN O I-Material . NN O O + The NN O O procedure NN O O is NN O O @@ -20955,6 +21747,7 @@ chosen NN O O appropriately NN O O . NN O O + -DOCSTART- (S0045782514004812) We NN O O @@ -20999,6 +21792,7 @@ time NN O I-Task - NN O I-Task derivative NN O I-Task . NN O O + In NN O O particular NN O O , NN O O @@ -21014,6 +21808,7 @@ within NN O O this NN O O class NN O O . NN O O + Another NN O O interesting NN O O application NN O O @@ -21036,6 +21831,7 @@ a NN O O Hamiltonian NN O B-Task description NN O I-Task . NN O O + It NN O O is NN O O of NN O O @@ -21092,6 +21888,7 @@ the NN O O next NN O O one NN O O . NN O O + To NN O O this NN O O end NN O O @@ -21101,6 +21898,7 @@ introduce NN O O a NN O O partition NN O O 0=t0