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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<control countryencoding="iso3166-1"
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<recordid instanceurl="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.foxgeorgew">beinecke.foxgeorgew</recordid>
<otherrecordid localtype="BIB">11766310</otherrecordid>
<filedesc>
<titlestmt>
<titleproper>Guide to the George W. Fox Collection of American Indian Ledger Drawings and Photographs
</titleproper>
<titleproper localtype="filing">Fox (George W.) Collection of American Indian Ledger Drawings and Photographs</titleproper>
<author>by Matthew Daniel Mason</author>
</titlestmt>
<publicationstmt>
<publisher>Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library</publisher>
<address>
<addressline>P. O. Box 208330</addressline>
<addressline>New Haven, CT 06520-8330</addressline>
<addressline localtype="telephone">(203) 432-2977 </addressline>
<addressline localtype="email">[email protected]</addressline>
<addressline>
<ref href="http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/"
linktitle="http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/"
show="new">http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/</ref>
</addressline>
</address>
<date>December 2013</date>
<num>WA MSS S-2893</num>
</publicationstmt>
<notestmt>
<controlnote>
<p>This finding aid, which is compliant with the Yale EAD Best Practice Guidelines, Version 1.0., has a MARC record in Yale's ILS with the following bib number: <num localtype="Orbis-bib">11766310</num>.</p>
</controlnote>
<controlnote localtype="onsite">
<p>Boxes: 1-5</p>
</controlnote>
<controlnote localtype="digital">
<p>This collection contains <num localtype="objects" altrender="35">35</num> published digital objects. And those objects are comprised of <num localtype="files" altrender="53">53</num> digital files.</p>
</controlnote>
</notestmt>
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<maintenanceagency countrycode="US">
<agencycode>US-CtY-BR</agencycode>
<agencyname>Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library</agencyname>
</maintenanceagency>
<languagedeclaration>
<language langcode="eng">English</language>
<script scriptcode="Latn">Latin</script>
<descriptivenote>
<p>Finding aid written in English.</p>
</descriptivenote>
</languagedeclaration>
<conventiondeclaration>
<abbr>dacs</abbr>
<citation>Describing Archives: A Content Standard</citation>
</conventiondeclaration>
<rightsdeclaration>
<abbr>CC0</abbr>
<citation href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"/>
<descriptivenote>
<p>Finding aid description and metadata in Archives at Yale are licensed under a CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication. This means that anyone may copy, modify, and distribute this descriptive metadata without restriction or permission. The CC0 license is explained in full on the Creative Commons website: <ref href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication</ref>. More information is available on our <ref href="https://archives.yale.edu/help">Help page</ref>.</p>
</descriptivenote>
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<maintenancehistory>
<maintenanceevent>
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<eventdatetime>2025-01-09T00:27:52-05:00</eventdatetime>
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<eventdescription>This finding aid was produced using ArchivesSpace on Thursday January 9, 2025 at 00:27</eventdescription>
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<archdesc altrender="/repositories/11/resources/1338" level="collection">
<did>
<unittitle>George W. Fox Collection of American Indian ledger drawings and photographs</unittitle>
<unitid>WA MSS S-2893</unitid>
<repository>
<corpname>
<part>Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library</part>
</corpname>
</repository>
<langmaterial>
<language langcode="eng">English</language>
</langmaterial>
<physdescstructured coverage="whole" physdescstructuredtype="spaceoccupied">
<quantity>1.1</quantity>
<unittype>Linear Feet</unittype>
</physdescstructured>
<physdesc localtype="container_summary">5 boxes</physdesc>
<unitdatestructured altrender="1867-circa 1885"
label="creation"
unitdatetype="inclusive">
<daterange>
<fromdate standarddate="1867">1867</fromdate>
<todate standarddate="1885">1885</todate>
</daterange>
</unitdatestructured>
<abstract id="aspace_804be548d7526d08e6bb129a37bf3d25">Ledger drawings by American Indians and photographs collected by George W. Fox, 1867-circa 1885. Ledger drawings in the collection include two discrete disbound volumes created in 1876 by Wohaw, a Kiowa Indian, and Soaring Eagle, a Cheyenne Indian. Photographs include portraits of American Indians and views of Indian Territory by William Stinson Soule, as well as portraits of American Indian students and views by John Nicholas Choate related to the United States Indian School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. The collection also includes stereograph portraits of American Indian prisoners at Castillo de San Marcos (Fort Marion) in Saint Augustine, Florida, by photographers O. Pierre Havens and George Pierron. Other photographs include views of sites along the Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Railway in Texas by Peter Fassold and Samuel Burnett Hill, as well as other images of Texas and California by Charles Turner Collier and August R. Mignon.</abstract>
<origination label="Creator">
<persname source="local">
<part localtype="agent_person">Fox, George W., 1853-1886</part>
</persname>
</origination>
<origination label="Creator">
<persname>
<part localtype="agent_person">Choate, J. N. (John N.), 1848-1902</part>
</persname>
</origination>
<origination label="Creator">
<persname source="local">
<part localtype="agent_person">Collier, Charles Turner, 1853-</part>
</persname>
</origination>
<origination label="Creator">
<persname source="local">
<part localtype="agent_person">Fassold, Peter, approximately 1843-</part>
</persname>
</origination>
<origination label="Creator">
<persname rules="aacr">
<part localtype="agent_person">Havens, O. Pierre, 1838-1912</part>
</persname>
</origination>
<origination label="Creator">
<persname>
<part localtype="agent_person">Hill, Samuel B., 1840-1917</part>
</persname>
</origination>
<origination label="Creator">
<persname source="local">
<part localtype="agent_person">Mignon, August R., 1844-1915</part>
</persname>
</origination>
<origination label="Creator">
<persname>
<part localtype="agent_person">Pierron, Geo. (George), 1816-</part>
</persname>
</origination>
<origination label="Creator">
<persname source="local">
<part localtype="agent_person">Soaring Eagle, approximately 1847-1886</part>
</persname>
</origination>
<origination label="Creator">
<persname rules="aacr">
<part localtype="agent_person">Soule, William S. (William Stinson), 1836-1908</part>
</persname>
</origination>
<origination label="Creator">
<persname rules="aacr" source="local">
<part localtype="agent_person">Wohaw, approximately 1853-1924</part>
</persname>
</origination>
</did>
<acqinfo id="aspace_d831a9d5b9791e539826e8085bd6d219">
<head>Immediate Source of Acquisition</head>
<p>Purchased from the William Reese Company on the Frederick W. and Carrie S. Beinecke Fund for Western Americana and Walter McClintock Memorial Fund, 2002.</p>
</acqinfo>
<custodhist id="aspace_1854796c1797773329a9fbd420596585">
<head>Custodial History</head>
<p>Formerly owned by the Cumberland County Historical Society, Greenwich, New Jersey.</p>
</custodhist>
<accessrestrict id="aspace_4594a93a542c176c8c2a9ea6a243bfcb">
<head>Conditions Governing Access</head>
<p>The materials are open for research.</p>
</accessrestrict>
<userestrict id="aspace_182dbaaac763baa9b6e7ccf33d950fe6">
<head>Conditions Governing Use</head>
<p>The George W. Fox Collection of American Indian Ledger Drawings and Photographs is the physical property of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. Literary rights, including copyright, belong to the authors or their legal heirs and assigns. For further information, consult the appropriate curator.</p>
</userestrict>
<prefercite id="aspace_84033222be99c09a9616d9283407321c">
<head>Preferred Citation</head>
<p>George W. Fox Collection of American Indian Ledger Drawings and Photographs. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.</p>
</prefercite>
<processinfo id="aspace_7e0dd0aa982fcb4c00e8f868fd077d7f">
<head>Processing Information</head>
<p>Former call number: Uncat MSS 318</p>
<p>Collections are processed to a variety of levels, depending on the work necessary to make them usable, their perceived research value, the availability of staff, competing priorities, and whether or not further accruals are expected. The library attempts to provide a basic level of preservation and access for all collections, and does more extensive processing of higher priority collections as time and resources permit.</p>
<p>Information included in the Description of Papers note and Collection Contents section is drawn from information supplied with the collection and from a survey of the contents. Folder titles appearing in the contents list below are often based on those provided by the creator or previous custodian. Titles have not been verified against the contents of the folders in all cases. Otherwise, folder titles are supplied by staff during initial processing.</p>
</processinfo>
<bioghist id="aspace_e2be131f72b345c8199b7c329dd260c0">
<head>George W. Fox</head>
<p>George W. Fox (1853-1886) was born in Pennsylvania, the son of George W. Fox (1820-1888). He married Laura E. Shinn Fox Bowen (1858-1933) and they had two daughters, Laura M. Fox (later Mulford) (1878-1965) and Nana S. Fox (later Oliver) (1882-1942). Fox worked as a trader with John "Jack" S. Evans at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, and became an interpreter for Comanche Indians. From 1875 to March 1877, Fox worked with Richard Henry Pratt (1840-1924) and American Indian prisoners of war at Fort Marion (Castillo de San Marcos ) in Saint Augustine, Florida. Fox probably died in New Jersey. In 1890, his widow married Daniel Albert Bowen (1855-1912).</p>
</bioghist>
<scopecontent id="aspace_cb04ef573356709761c2c2672f9546a9">
<head>Scope and Contents</head>
<p>Ledger drawings by American Indians and photographs collected by George W. Fox, 1867-circa 1885. Ledger drawings in the collection include two discrete disbound volumes created in 1876 by Wohaw, a Kiowa Indian, and Soaring Eagle, a Cheyenne Indian. Photographs include portraits of American Indians and views of Indian Territory by William Stinson Soule, as well as portraits of American Indian students and views by John Nicholas Choate related to the United States Indian School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. The collection also includes stereograph portraits of American Indian prisoners at Castillo de San Marcos (Fort Marion) in Saint Augustine, Florida, by photographers O. Pierre Havens and George Pierron. Other photographs include views of sites along the Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Railway in Texas by Peter Fassold and Samuel Burnett Hill , as well as other images of Texas and California by Charles Turner Collier and August R. Mignon.</p>
</scopecontent>
<arrangement id="aspace_8d920254cfdd74650a3644f968fdef95">
<head>Arrangement</head>
<p>Organized into two series: I. Ledger Drawings by American Indians, 1876. II. Photographs, 1867-circa 1885.</p>
</arrangement>
<controlaccess>
<subject identifier="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85023188"
source="lcsh">
<part localtype="topical">Cheyenne Indians</part>
</subject>
<subject source="local">
<part localtype="topical">Cheyenne Indians</part>
<part localtype="genre_form">Pictorial works</part>
</subject>
<subject identifier="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85065184"
source="lcsh">
<part localtype="topical">Indians of North America</part>
</subject>
<subject identifier="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85065352"
source="lcsh">
<part localtype="topical">Indians of North America</part>
<part localtype="genre_form">Pictorial works</part>
</subject>
<subject identifier="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85072494"
source="lcsh">
<part localtype="topical">Kiowa Indians</part>
</subject>
<subject source="local">
<part localtype="topical">Kiowa Indians</part>
<part localtype="genre_form">Pictorial works</part>
</subject>
<subject identifier="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh98005794"
source="lcsh">
<part localtype="topical">Indian art</part>
<part localtype="geographic">Great Plains</part>
</subject>
<geogname identifier="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85018876"
source="lcsh">
<part localtype="geographic">California</part>
<part localtype="genre_form">Pictorial works</part>
</geogname>
<geogname source="local">
<part localtype="geographic">Carlisle (Pa.)</part>
<part localtype="genre_form">Pictorial works</part>
</geogname>
<geogname identifier="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2008115047"
source="lcsh">
<part localtype="geographic">Florida</part>
<part localtype="genre_form">Pictorial works</part>
</geogname>
<geogname source="local">
<part localtype="geographic">Indian Territory</part>
<part localtype="genre_form">Pictorial works</part>
</geogname>
<geogname source="local">
<part localtype="geographic">Pennsylvania</part>
<part localtype="genre_form">Pictorial works</part>
</geogname>
<geogname source="local">
<part localtype="geographic">Saint Augustine (Fla.)</part>
<part localtype="genre_form">Pictorial works</part>
</geogname>
<geogname identifier="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2008117253"
source="lcsh">
<part localtype="geographic">Texas</part>
<part localtype="genre_form">Pictorial works</part>
</geogname>
<genreform identifier="http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300265519" source="aat">
<part localtype="genre_form">Ledger drawings</part>
</genreform>
<genreform identifier="http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300127104" source="aat">
<part localtype="genre_form">Photographic prints</part>
</genreform>
<persname>
<part localtype="agent_person">Choate, J. N. (John N.), 1848-1902</part>
</persname>
<persname source="local">
<part localtype="agent_person">Collier, Charles Turner, 1853-</part>
</persname>
<persname source="local">
<part localtype="agent_person">Fassold, Peter, approximately 1843-</part>
</persname>
<persname source="local">
<part localtype="agent_person">Fox, George W., 1853-1886</part>
</persname>
<persname rules="aacr">
<part localtype="agent_person">Havens, O. Pierre, 1838-1912</part>
</persname>
<persname>
<part localtype="agent_person">Hill, Samuel B., 1840-1917</part>
</persname>
<persname source="local">
<part localtype="agent_person">Mignon, August R., 1844-1915</part>
</persname>
<persname>
<part localtype="agent_person">Pierron, Geo. (George), 1816-</part>
</persname>
<persname>
<part localtype="agent_person">Pratt, Richard Henry, 1840-1924</part>
</persname>
<persname source="local">
<part localtype="agent_person">Soaring Eagle, approximately 1847-1886</part>
</persname>
<persname rules="aacr">
<part localtype="agent_person">Soule, William S. (William Stinson), 1836-1908</part>
</persname>
<persname rules="aacr" source="local">
<part localtype="agent_person">Wohaw, approximately 1853-1924</part>
</persname>
<corpname source="local">
<part localtype="agent_corporate_entity">Castillo de San Marcos (Saint Augustine, Fla.)</part>
<part localtype="genre_form">Pictorial works</part>
</corpname>
<corpname rules="aacr" source="local">
<part localtype="agent_corporate_entity">Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Railway Company</part>
<part localtype="genre_form">Pictorial works</part>
</corpname>
<corpname rules="aacr">
<part localtype="agent_corporate_entity">United States Indian School (Carlisle, Pa.)</part>
<part localtype="genre_form">Pictorial works</part>
</corpname>
</controlaccess>
<dsc>
<c altrender="/repositories/11/archival_objects/494429"
id="ref12"
level="series">
<did>
<unittitle>Ledger Drawings by American Indians</unittitle>
<unitid>Series I</unitid>
<physdescstructured coverage="whole" physdescstructuredtype="spaceoccupied">
<quantity>0.42</quantity>
<unittype>Linear Feet</unittype>
</physdescstructured>
<physdesc localtype="container_summary">2 boxes</physdesc>
<unitdatestructured altrender="1876" label="creation" unitdatetype="inclusive">
<datesingle standarddate="1876">1876</datesingle>
</unitdatestructured>
</did>
<scopecontent id="aspace_53a7288ec79dea38e0f44017451510bb">
<head>Scope and Contents</head>
<p>This series consists of ledger drawings by Wohaw, a Kiowa Indian, and Soaring Eagle, a Cheyenne Indian.</p>
</scopecontent>
<arrangement id="aspace_9d108d38747a0809b64958d4aed248df">
<head>Arrangement</head>
<p>Organized into two subseries: Ledger Drawings by Wohow and Ledger Drawings by Soaring Eagle.</p>
</arrangement>
<bioghist id="aspace_604b9dba615d1400f368bc6c369fad11">
<head>Biographical/Historical note</head>
<p>Ledger drawings are representational drawings of scenes from the lives of nineteenth century Plains Indians, with an emphasis on martial accomplishments. Their name derives from the ruled ledger books in which the artists often executed the drawings, which were usually obtained from soldiers or traders.</p>
</bioghist>
<c altrender="/repositories/11/archival_objects/494430"
id="ref14"
level="subseries">
<did>
<unittitle>Ledger Drawings by Wohaw</unittitle>
</did>
<bioghist id="aspace_c472a7f31a6586dfa4d6d460269c0cf7">
<head>Biographical/Historical note</head>
<p>Wohaw (1855-1924), also known as Wo-haw, Wohow, Beef, Gu-hau-de, or Wolf Robe, was a Kiowa Indian. In October 1874, the United States Army arrested him for participating in the the murder of Jacob Dilsey in 1873, as well as the murders of Manuel Ortega and Lucien Munos in 1874. In April 1875, authorities transferred him to Fort Marion in Saint Augustine, Florida. Following his release from Fort Marion in 1878, Wohaw returned to Indian Territory. He served in the Indian Police between 1879 and 1880, as well as a scout with Troop L of the 7th United States Cavalry from 1891 to 1895.</p>
</bioghist>
<scopecontent id="aspace_9214d0e7e4df9bbf33627742fbd2fddc">
<head>Scope and Contents</head>
<p>Volume of ledger drawings by Wohaw disbound previous to acquisition.</p>
</scopecontent>
<c altrender="/repositories/11/archival_objects/494431"
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level="file">
<did>
<unittitle>Original boards</unittitle>
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<datesingle standarddate="1876">1876</datesingle>
</unitdatestructured>
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<descriptivenote>
<p>Original boards</p>
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</daoset>
</did>
<scopecontent id="aspace_42d261d8327e9dbd18c54a4e3d32a7dd">
<head>Scope and Contents</head>
<p>One board includes pencil and ink inscriptions that identify the creator of the volume as Wohow, September 1876</p>
</scopecontent>
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<p>Five American Indians mounted on horses and hunting deer</p>
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<p>Two American Indians stalking deer</p>
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<p>Five American Indians stalking grazing buffalo</p>
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<p>A group of American Indians wearing civilian clothes and holding bows posing for a photographer while two European American couples look on</p>
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<p>A military camp scene showing United States soldiers and an American Indian woman</p>
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<c altrender="/repositories/11/archival_objects/494437"
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<did>
<unittitle>Fourteen American Indians shown from behind, listening to an American Indian woman addressing them</unittitle>
<unitdatestructured altrender="1876" label="creation" unitdatetype="inclusive">
<datesingle standarddate="1876">1876</datesingle>
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<p>Fourteen American Indians shown from behind, listening to an American Indian woman addressing them</p>
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<c altrender="/repositories/11/archival_objects/494438"
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<p>Three American Indians hunting wild turkey, buffalo, and deer</p>
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