diff --git a/sdk/src/androidTest/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/BoundWitnessTest.kt b/sdk/src/androidTest/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/BoundWitnessTest.kt
index b3c8060..08a0c29 100644
--- a/sdk/src/androidTest/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/BoundWitnessTest.kt
+++ b/sdk/src/androidTest/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/BoundWitnessTest.kt
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class BoundWitnessTest {
             val bw = BoundWitnessBuilder().signer(Account.random()).payloads(listOf(
                 TestPayload1()
             )).build()
-            assert(bw._meta.client == "android")
+            assert(bw.__client == "android")
             assert(bw.__signatures.size == 1)
         }
     }
@@ -92,8 +92,7 @@ class BoundWitnessTest {
             )).build()
             val serializedBw = JsonSerializable.toJson(bw)
             val bwJson = JSONObject(serializedBw)
-            val meta = bwJson.get("\$meta") as JSONObject
-            assert(meta.get("client") == "android")
+            assert(bwJson.get("\$client") == "android")
             assertNotNull(bwJson.get("\$signatures"))
         }
     }
diff --git a/sdk/src/androidTest/java/network/xyo/client/prefs/PreviousHashStorePrefsRepositoryTest.kt b/sdk/src/androidTest/java/network/xyo/client/prefs/PreviousHashStorePrefsRepositoryTest.kt
index 1654cfa..40a8224 100644
--- a/sdk/src/androidTest/java/network/xyo/client/prefs/PreviousHashStorePrefsRepositoryTest.kt
+++ b/sdk/src/androidTest/java/network/xyo/client/prefs/PreviousHashStorePrefsRepositoryTest.kt
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ class PreviousHashStorePrefsRepositoryTest {
         this.appContext = InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().targetContext
     }
 
-    @OptIn(ExperimentalStdlibApi::class)
     @Test
     fun testPreviousHashStorePersistence() {
         runBlocking {
diff --git a/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/BoundWitness.kt b/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/BoundWitness.kt
index 9a9b98c..1a9c6ad 100644
--- a/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/BoundWitness.kt
+++ b/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/BoundWitness.kt
@@ -2,10 +2,14 @@ package network.xyo.client.boundwitness
 
 import com.squareup.moshi.Json
 import com.squareup.moshi.JsonClass
-import network.xyo.client.payload.model.WithMeta
+import network.xyo.client.boundwitness.model.BoundWitnessMeta
 
 @JsonClass(generateAdapter = true)
-open class BoundWitness: WithMeta<BoundWitnessMeta>, BoundWitnessFields() {
-    @Json(name = "\$meta")
-    override var _meta = BoundWitnessMeta()
+open class BoundWitness(client: String? = "android", signatures: List<String> = emptyList()) : BoundWitnessMeta,
+    BoundWitnessFields() {
+    @Json(name = "\$client")
+    final override var __client: String? = client
+
+    @Json(name = "\$signatures")
+    final override var __signatures = signatures
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/BoundWitnessBuilder.kt b/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/BoundWitnessBuilder.kt
index aba5329..a4b46c8 100644
--- a/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/BoundWitnessBuilder.kt
+++ b/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/BoundWitnessBuilder.kt
@@ -72,9 +72,6 @@ open class BoundWitnessBuilder {
         bw.previous_hashes = _signers.map {account -> account.previousHash?.toHexString()}
         bw.addresses = addresses
 
-        // update underscore fields
-        bw._meta.client = "android"
-
         // construct fields involved in hashing
         constructHashableFieldsFields()
     }
diff --git a/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/BoundWitnessFields.kt b/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/BoundWitnessFields.kt
index ea8d8ac..4edace1 100644
--- a/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/BoundWitnessFields.kt
+++ b/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/BoundWitnessFields.kt
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 package network.xyo.client.boundwitness
 
-import com.squareup.moshi.Json
 import com.squareup.moshi.JsonClass
 import network.xyo.client.boundwitness.model.BoundWitnessFields
 import network.xyo.client.payload.Payload
@@ -13,24 +12,18 @@ open class BoundWitnessFields(): BoundWitnessFields, Payload(SCHEMA) {
     final override var previous_hashes = emptyList<String?>()
     final override var timestamp: Long? = null
 
-    // Meta Properties
-    @Json(name = "\$signatures")
-    final override var __signatures = emptyList<String>()
-
     constructor (
         addresses: List<String>,
         previous_hashes: List<String?>,
         payload_hashes: List<String>,
         payload_schemas: List<String>,
         timestamp: Long? = null,
-        signatures: List<String>,
     ) : this() {
         this.addresses = addresses
         this.previous_hashes = previous_hashes
         this.payload_hashes = payload_hashes
         this.payload_schemas = payload_schemas
         this.timestamp = timestamp
-        this.__signatures = signatures
     }
 
     companion object {
diff --git a/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/BoundWitnessMeta.kt b/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/BoundWitnessMeta.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index b43ddfe..0000000
--- a/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/BoundWitnessMeta.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-package network.xyo.client.boundwitness
-
-import com.squareup.moshi.JsonClass
-import network.xyo.client.boundwitness.model.BoundWitnessMeta
-import network.xyo.client.lib.JsonSerializable
-
-@JsonClass(generateAdapter = true)
-class BoundWitnessMeta: BoundWitnessMeta, JsonSerializable() {
-    override var client: String? = null
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/QueryBoundWitnessFields.kt b/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/QueryBoundWitnessFields.kt
index 2323f21..8fd3404 100644
--- a/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/QueryBoundWitnessFields.kt
+++ b/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/QueryBoundWitnessFields.kt
@@ -10,5 +10,4 @@ open class QueryBoundWitnessFields(
     payload_schemas: List<String>,
     val query: String,
     timestamp: Long?,
-    signatures: List<String>,
-): BoundWitnessFields(addresses, previous_hashes, payload_hashes, payload_schemas, timestamp, signatures)
\ No newline at end of file
+): BoundWitnessFields(addresses, previous_hashes, payload_hashes, payload_schemas, timestamp)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/model/BoundWitnessFields.kt b/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/model/BoundWitnessFields.kt
index 8bbce9b..ab1c3ce 100644
--- a/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/model/BoundWitnessFields.kt
+++ b/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/model/BoundWitnessFields.kt
@@ -10,8 +10,4 @@ interface BoundWitnessFields : Payload {
     // Note: Long is a higher precision type than JavaScript's Number type but it is the default type from
     // Kotlin's System.currentTimeMillis().
     var timestamp: Long?
-
-    // Meta Properties
-    // Note - these fields will transform the `__` prefix to `$`
-    var __signatures: List<String>
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/model/BoundWitnessMeta.kt b/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/model/BoundWitnessMeta.kt
index d8bd1a7..6d1d126 100644
--- a/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/model/BoundWitnessMeta.kt
+++ b/sdk/src/main/java/network/xyo/client/boundwitness/model/BoundWitnessMeta.kt
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@ package network.xyo.client.boundwitness.model
 import java.io.Serializable
 
 interface BoundWitnessMeta: Serializable {
-    var client: String?
+    var __client: String?
+    var __signatures: List<String>
 }
\ No newline at end of file