diff --git a/lessons-3rd/appendix/grammar-index/index.html b/lessons-3rd/appendix/grammar-index/index.html index 2b436b14..de5aaae9 100644 --- a/lessons-3rd/appendix/grammar-index/index.html +++ b/lessons-3rd/appendix/grammar-index/index.html @@ -380,8 +380,8 @@

Abbreviations used in the Grammar Notes - plain - plain form, also called "short form," "informal form," etc. + short + short form, also called "plain form," "informal form," etc. 話はなす; 話はなした; 高たかい; 静しずかだった @@ -4665,6 +4665,218 @@

3. Short Forms in Quoted Speech (～と思おもいます) Genki I: p.192-193

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
本文ほんぶん +
    +
  • + メアリーさんも来くると思おもいます。【Dialogue I: //.3】
    + I think Mary will come, too. +
    • +
  • + 何なにもいらないと思おもいます。【Dialogue I: //.7】
    + I think nothing is needed. +
    • +
+
説明せつめい + To describe what you're thinking, you use the short form, plus と思おもいます (I think that...). と here acts as a quotation particle, which does that job of both the English word "that" in indirect quotation and of quotation marks (" ") in direct quotation. +
+
(私わたしは)たけしさんはメアリーさんが好すきだと思おもいます。
+
I think Takeshi likes Mary.
+
+ If you want to say that you don't think something is the case, it is more common in Japanese to negate the sentence before the quotation particle ～ないと思おもいます (I think that something is not the case) rather than saying ～と思おもいません (I don't think). +
+
(私わたしは)メアリーさんはたけしさんが好すきじゃないと思おもいます。
+
I don't think Mary likes Takeshi. (=I think Mary doesn't like Takeshi.)
+
+
英訳えいやくI think that...
文型ぶんけい + a. shortと思おもう = I think...
+ b. short-negと思おもう = I don't think... +
例文れいぶん +
    +
  1. +
    +
    明日あしたは雨あめが降ふると思おもいます。
    +
    I think it's going to rain tomorrow.
    +
    +
    2. +
+
練習れんしゅう + +

+ +

4. Short Forms in Quoted Speech (～と言いっていました) Genki I: p.193

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
本文ほんぶん +
    +
  • + ケンさんはアルバイトがあると言いっていました。【Dialogue I: //.5】
    + Ken said he had a part-time job. +
    • +
  • + メアリーさんも来くると言いっていましたから。【Dialogue II: //.7】
    + Mary said that she would come. +
    • +
+
説明せつめい + To quote what a person said, you use the short form plus と言いっていました (He/she said "..."). The tense of the original utterance is preserved in the quotation. +
+
ヤスミンさんは、あした試験しけんがあると言いっていました。
+
Yasmin said that there would be an exam tomorrow.
+
+
+
山下先生やましたは結婚けっこんしていないと言いっていました。
+
Professor Yamashita said that he is not married.
+
+ The action in progress expression in と言いっていました indicates that you were there when somebody said that, as in "I heard them saying..." If you were not there when the utterance was made, と言いいました is more appropriate. +
+
ベンジャミン・フランクリンは準備じゅんびの失敗しっぱいは失敗しっぱいの準備じゅんびだと言いました。
+
Benjamin Franklin once said "By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail."
+
+
英訳えいやくHe/she said "..."
文型ぶんけい + a. shortと{言いっていました／言いっていた} (if present during utterance)
+ b. shortと{言いいました／言いった} (if not present during utterance) +
例文れいぶん +
    +
  1. +
    +
    彼女かのじょは猫ねこが好すきだと言いっていました。
    +
    My girlfriend said that she likes cats.
    +
    +
    2. +
+
練習れんしゅう + +

+ +

5. ～ないでください Genki I: p.194

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
本文ほんぶん +
    +
  • + あっ、まだ飲まないでください。【Dialogue II: //.6】
    + Ah, please don't drink yet. +
    • +
+
説明せつめい + To politely request that someone refrain from doing something, one can use a negative short form of a verb plus でください. +
+
ここで写真しゃしんを撮とらないでください。
+
Please don't take pictures here.
+
+ + 　verb (short, negative) + でください = Please don't...　 +
+ ないでください is often a better response to a てもいいですか question than てはいけません due to its softer tone. てはいけません on the other hand has a harsher feel to it due to being used mainly by those in a position of authority or for prohibitory signs/rules. +
+
+ Ａ：この部屋へやに入はいってもいいですか。
+ 　　May I enter this room?
+ Ｂ：入はいらないでください。
+ 　　Please don't. +
+
+
+
+ Compare: 入はいってはいけません。
+ (Implies that you are in a position of authority.) +
+
+
英訳えいやくPlease don't...
文型ぶんけいshort-negでください
例文れいぶん +
    +
  1. +
    +
    私わたしのピザを食たべないでください。
    +
    Please don't eat my pizza.
    +
    +
    2. +
+
練習れんしゅう + +

+

More coming soon...

diff --git a/lessons-3rd/lesson-8/grammar-5/index.html b/lessons-3rd/lesson-8/grammar-5/index.html index 0698e4fb..b6098cba 100644 --- a/lessons-3rd/lesson-8/grammar-5/index.html +++ b/lessons-3rd/lesson-8/grammar-5/index.html @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@

News and Info