| 説明 | +
+ おはよう is used between friends and family members, while おはようございます is used between less intimate acquaintances, similarly to ありがとう and ありがとうございます. The rule of thumb is: if you are on a first-name basis with someone, go for the shorter versions. If you would address someone as Mr. or Ms., use the longer versions. + おはよう is a greeting used before noon, but some people use it in casual settings in the afternoon or even at night when they see their classmates or co-workers for the first time that day. + |
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| 英訳 | +
+ おはよう(ございます) = good morning + ありがとう(ございます) = thank you; thanks + |
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| 例文 | +
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| 練習 | ++ + | +
| 説明 | ++ There are several good-bye expressions in Japanese, the choice among which depends on the degree of separation. さようなら indicates that the speaker does not expect to see the person spoken to before he/she "turns a page in his/her life"; not until a new day arrives, or until fate brings the two together again. It sounds dramatic and ritualistic, and its daily use is largely restricted to school children taking leave of their teachers. + | +
| 英訳 | +
+ さようなら = farewell; goodbye + またね = bye; see you later + しつれいします = excuse me + |
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| 例文 | +
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| 練習 | ++ + | +
| 説明 | ++ すみません means (1) "Excuse me," to get another person's attention, (2) "I'm sorry," to apologize for the trouble you have caused, or (3) "Thank you," to show appreciation for what someone has done for you. + | +
| 英訳 | +excuse me; I'm sorry; thank you | +
| 例文 | +
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| 練習 | ++ + | +
| 説明 | ++ いいえ primarily means "No," a negative reply to a question. In the dialogue, it is used to express the English phrase "Don't mention it," or "You're welcome," with which you point out that one is not required to feel obliged for what you have done for them. + | +
| 英訳 | +no; don't mention it; you're welcome | +
| 例文 | +
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| 練習 | ++ + | +
| 説明 | +
+ いってきます and いってらっしゃい is a common exchange used at home when a family member leaves. The person who leaves say いってきます, which literally means "I will go and come back." And the family members respond with いってらっしゃい, which means "Please go and come back." + ただいま and おかえり are used when a person comes home. The person who arrive home says ただいま (I'm home) to the family members, and they respond with おかえりなさい (Welcome home). + |
+
| 英訳 | +
+ いってきます = I will go and come back; see you later + いってらっしゃい = please go and come back; have a good day; take care + ただいま = I'm home; here I am + おかえりなさい = welcome home + |
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| 練習 | ++ + | +
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| 説明 | +
+ の is a particle that connects two nouns. The second noun provides the main idea and the first noun makes it more specific. It can be used like the possessive (Takeshi's) in English, as in the example below.
+
+ たけしさんのでんわばんごう
+ Takeshi's phone number
+ + + NounのNoun acts more or less like one big noun and can be put wherever you can put a noun, as in the following example. +
+
+ たけしさんのおかあさんはこうこうのせんせいです。
+ Takeshi's mother is a high school teacher.
+ |
+
| 英訳 | +'s; of; indicates possessiveness | +
| 文型 | +N1のN2 | +
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| 練習 | ++ + | +
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| 説明 | ++ あのう indicates that you have some reservations about saying what you are going to say next. You may be worried about interrupting something someone is currently doing, or sounding rude and impolite for asking personal questions, for example. + | +
| 英訳 | +um; well; er | +
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| 説明 | ++ そうですか acknowledges that you have understood what was just said. It is equivalent to "Is that so?" (with rising intonation) or "I see" (with falling intonation). + | +
| 英訳 | +is that so?; I see | +
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| 説明 | +
+ Many number words have more than one pronunciation. Refer to this chart for a general picture.
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| 練習 | ++ + | +
| 説明 | ++ The word 先生 is usually reserved for describing somebody else's occupation. 私は先生です makes sense, but may sound slightly arrogant, because the word 先生 actually means "honorable master." If you (or a member of your family) are a teacher, and if you want to be really modest, you can use the word 教師 instead. + | +|
| 英訳 | +
+ 先生 = teacher; master + 教師 = teacher (of a classroom) + |
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| 本文 | +例文 |
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+ 先生に聞きます。
+ I'll ask the teacher.
+ |
| 説明 |
- の is a particle that connects two nouns. The second noun provides the main idea and the first noun makes it more specific. It can be used like the possessive (Takeshi's) in English, as in the example below.
-
- たけしさんのでんわばんごう
- Takeshi's phone number
- - - NounのNoun acts more or less like one big noun and can be put wherever you can put a noun, as in the following example. -
-
+ さん is placed after a name as a generic title to show respect. It goes both with a given name and a family name. Children are referred to with ちゃん (and boys in particular with くん), rather than さん. Professors, doctors, lawyers and others in "high status occupations" are usually referred to with the title 先生 rather than さん. さん and other title words are never used in reference to oneself.
たけしさんのおかあさんはこうこうのせんせいです。
- Takeshi's mother is a high school teacher.
- |
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| 英訳 | -'s; of; indicates possessiveness | -|
| 文型 | -N1のN2 | +Mr.; Ms.; Mrs. |
| 例文 | @@ -821,40 +1391,41 @@||
| 練習 | +
| 説明 |
-
+ ハートさんはカナダ人ですか。 + Instead of ×ハートさん、あなたはカナダ人ですか。
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| 説明 | +(～を)ください means "Please give me...," and can be used to request (concrete) items. | +
| 英訳 | +please (give me) | +
| 文型 | +N(を)ください | +
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| 説明 | ++ (～を)お願いします, like ください, can also be used to request an item. When used to ask for a concrete object, (～を)お願いします sounds slightly more formal than (～を)ください. It is heard often when ordering food at a restaurant (like "I will have..."). (～を)お願いします can also be used to ask for "abstract objects," such as repairs, explanations, and understanding. + | +
| 英訳 | +please | +
| 文型 | +N(を)お願いします | +
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| 説明 | +(～を)どうぞ is used when an offer is made with respect to an item. In the dialogue, the restaurant attendant uses it when he is about to hand the menu to the customer. | +
| 英訳 | +here you are; feel free; please | +
| 文型 | +N(を)どうぞ | +
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| 説明 | ++ Note that the words for 300, 600, 800, 3,000, and 8,000 involve sound changes. "Counters" whose first sound is h, like ひゃく (hundred), generally change in sound after 3, 6, and 8. Some counters that begin with s, like せん (thousand), change in sound after 3 and 8. Refer to the table here. + | +
| 練習 | ++ + | +
| 説明 | +
+ In addition to the digit markers for tens (じゅう), hundreds (ひゃく), and thousands (せん), which are found in Western languages as well, Japanese uses the marker for tens of thousands (まん). Thus, 20,000, for example, is にまん (=2x10,000), rather than にじゅうせん (=20x1,000). While the next unit marker in Western languages is one million, Japanese describes that number as 100x10,000, that is, ひゃくまん. + More complicated numbers can be considered the sums of smaller numbers, as in the following examples. +
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