| 本文 | +
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| 説明 | +
+ You already know that you can connect two clauses with the te-form of predicates, as in:
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+ This sentence, however, tends to suggest that shopping and dining are the only activities you plan to perform in Osaka and that those two activities will be done in that order. If you want to avoid such implications and want to mention activities or events just as examples, and in no set order, you can use the special predicate form ～たり～たりする.
+ 大阪で買い物をして、晩ご飯を食べます。
+ In Osaka, I will do some shopping and eat dinner.
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+ 大阪で買い物をしたり、晩ご飯を食べたりします。
+ In Osaka, I will do such things as shopping and eating dinner.
+ + + verb (short, past) + り、verb (short, past) + り + (する) = do such things as this and that + + + To get the たり form of a predicate (したり and 食べたり in the example above), you just add り to the past tense short form of a predicate (した and 食べた). The helping verb する at the end of the sentence indicates the tense of the sentence. You can change a ～たり～たりする sentence into the past tense, or incorporate it into a bigger sentence, by working on the helping verb part. +
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+ 週末は、勉強したり、友達と話したりしました。
+ I studied and talked with my friends, among other things, over the weekend.
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+ 踊ったり、音楽を聞いたりするのが好きです。
+ I like dancing, listening to music, and so forth.
+ + If ～たり～たりする does not come at the end of the sentence and the predicate is an adjective, する can be omitted. +
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+ If the predicate is a verb, however, する cannot be omitted.
+ 歌ったり踊ったり(して)とても楽しかったです。
+ We did things like singing and dancing, and it was a lot of fun.
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| 英訳 | ++ do such things as ~ and ~; do things like ~ and ~; sometimes ~ and sometimes ~ + | +
| 文型 | +short-past+り、short-past+り(する) | +
| 例文 | +
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| 練習 | ++ + | +
| 本文 | +
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| 説明 | +
+ The past tense short form of a verb + ことがある describes that you did something, or something happened, in earlier times.
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+ 富士山に登ったことがあります。
+ I have had the experience of climbing Mt. Fuji.
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+ たけしさんは授業を休んだことがありません。
+ Takeshi has never been absent from classes (in his life).
+ + + verb (short, past, affirmative) + ことがある = have the experience of... + + If somebody asks you a question using ことがありますか, you can just say あります/ありません or repeat the whole verbal complex (行ったことがあります/行ったことがありません), but not ことがあります without a verb. +
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+ A
+ ヨーロッパに行ったことがありますか。
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+ B
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+ はい、あります。
+ + (×はい、ことがあります。) +
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+ A
+ Have you ever been to Europe?
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+ B
+ Yes, I have.
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| 英訳 | +I have.../have you...?; have had the experience of...; there was a time when... | +
| 文型 | +short-past-affirmative+ことがある | +
| 練習 | ++ + | +
| 本文 | +
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| 説明 | +
+ や connects two nouns, as does と. や suggests that the things referred to are proposed as examples, and that you are not citing an exhaustive list in much the same way that たり in Grammar 2 suggests that the two verbs are used as examples. + AやB = A and B, for example +
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+ 京都や奈良に行きました。
+ I went to Kyoto and Nara (for example, and may have visited other places as well).
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| 英訳 | +and (for example); such things as... | +
| 文型 | +N1やN2 | +
| 例文 | +
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| 練習 | ++ + | +