diff --git a/src/ExpressServer.ts b/src/ExpressServer.ts
index 5c4d26760..cf975feed 100644
--- a/src/ExpressServer.ts
+++ b/src/ExpressServer.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import KeyvRedis from '@keyv/redis'
 import { SystemClock } from 'clock-ts'
-import { Effect } from 'effect'
+import { Context, Effect } from 'effect'
 import * as C from 'fp-ts/lib/Console.js'
 import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/lib/function.js'
-import type { Redis } from 'ioredis'
+import type { Redis as IoRedis } from 'ioredis'
 import Keyv from 'keyv'
 import * as L from 'logger-fp-ts'
 import fetch from 'make-fetch-happen'
@@ -12,7 +12,11 @@ import { P, match } from 'ts-pattern'
 import { app } from './app.js'
 import { decodeEnv } from './env.js'
 
-export const expressServer = (redis: Redis) => {
+export class Redis extends Context.Tag('Redis')<Redis, IoRedis>() {}
+
+export const expressServer = Effect.gen(function* () {
+  const redis = yield* Redis
+
   const env = decodeEnv(process)()
   const loggerEnv: L.LoggerEnv = {
     clock: SystemClock,
@@ -32,76 +36,74 @@ export const expressServer = (redis: Redis) => {
     .exhaustive()
   const createKeyvStore = () => new KeyvRedis(redis)
 
-  return Effect.succeed(
-    app({
-      ...loggerEnv,
-      allowSiteCrawlers: env.ALLOW_SITE_CRAWLERS,
-      authorInviteStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'author-invite', store: createKeyvStore() }),
-      avatarStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'avatar-store', store: createKeyvStore() }),
-      canConnectOrcidProfile: () => true,
-      canRequestReviews: () => true,
-      canSeeGatesLogo: true,
-      canUploadAvatar: () => true,
-      canUseSearchQueries: () => true,
-      cloudinaryApi: { cloudName: 'prereview', key: env.CLOUDINARY_API_KEY, secret: env.CLOUDINARY_API_SECRET },
-      coarNotifyToken: env.COAR_NOTIFY_TOKEN,
-      coarNotifyUrl: env.COAR_NOTIFY_URL,
-      contactEmailAddressStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'contact-email-address', store: createKeyvStore() }),
-      environmentLabel: env.ENVIRONMENT_LABEL,
-      fathomId: env.FATHOM_SITE_ID,
-      fetch: fetch.defaults({
-        cachePath: 'data/cache',
-        headers: {
-          'User-Agent': `PREreview (${env.PUBLIC_URL.href}; mailto:engineering@prereview.org)`,
-        },
-      }),
-      formStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'forms', store: createKeyvStore() }),
-      careerStageStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'career-stage', store: createKeyvStore() }),
-      ghostApi: {
-        key: env.GHOST_API_KEY,
-      },
-      isOpenForRequestsStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'is-open-for-requests', store: createKeyvStore() }),
-      isUserBlocked: user => env.BLOCKED_USERS.includes(user),
-      legacyPrereviewApi: {
-        app: env.LEGACY_PREREVIEW_API_APP,
-        key: env.LEGACY_PREREVIEW_API_KEY,
-        url: env.LEGACY_PREREVIEW_URL,
-        update: env.LEGACY_PREREVIEW_UPDATE,
-      },
-      languagesStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'languages', store: createKeyvStore() }),
-      locationStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'location', store: createKeyvStore() }),
-      ...sendMailEnv,
-      orcidApiUrl: env.ORCID_API_URL,
-      orcidApiToken: env.ORCID_API_READ_PUBLIC_TOKEN,
-      orcidOauth: {
-        authorizeUrl: new URL(`${env.ORCID_URL.origin}/oauth/authorize`),
-        clientId: env.ORCID_CLIENT_ID,
-        clientSecret: env.ORCID_CLIENT_SECRET,
-        revokeUrl: new URL(`${env.ORCID_URL.origin}/oauth/revoke`),
-        tokenUrl: new URL(`${env.ORCID_URL.origin}/oauth/token`),
-      },
-      orcidTokenStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'orcid-token', store: createKeyvStore() }),
-      publicUrl: env.PUBLIC_URL,
-      redis,
-      researchInterestsStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'research-interests', store: createKeyvStore() }),
-      reviewRequestStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'review-request', store: createKeyvStore() }),
-      scietyListToken: env.SCIETY_LIST_TOKEN,
-      secret: env.SECRET,
-      sessionCookie: 'session',
-      sessionStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'sessions', store: createKeyvStore(), ttl: 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 30 }),
-      slackOauth: {
-        authorizeUrl: new URL('https://slack.com/oauth/v2/authorize'),
-        clientId: env.SLACK_CLIENT_ID,
-        clientSecret: env.SLACK_CLIENT_SECRET,
-        tokenUrl: new URL('https://slack.com/api/oauth.v2.access'),
+  return app({
+    ...loggerEnv,
+    allowSiteCrawlers: env.ALLOW_SITE_CRAWLERS,
+    authorInviteStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'author-invite', store: createKeyvStore() }),
+    avatarStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'avatar-store', store: createKeyvStore() }),
+    canConnectOrcidProfile: () => true,
+    canRequestReviews: () => true,
+    canSeeGatesLogo: true,
+    canUploadAvatar: () => true,
+    canUseSearchQueries: () => true,
+    cloudinaryApi: { cloudName: 'prereview', key: env.CLOUDINARY_API_KEY, secret: env.CLOUDINARY_API_SECRET },
+    coarNotifyToken: env.COAR_NOTIFY_TOKEN,
+    coarNotifyUrl: env.COAR_NOTIFY_URL,
+    contactEmailAddressStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'contact-email-address', store: createKeyvStore() }),
+    environmentLabel: env.ENVIRONMENT_LABEL,
+    fathomId: env.FATHOM_SITE_ID,
+    fetch: fetch.defaults({
+      cachePath: 'data/cache',
+      headers: {
+        'User-Agent': `PREreview (${env.PUBLIC_URL.href}; mailto:engineering@prereview.org)`,
       },
-      slackApiToken: env.SLACK_API_TOKEN,
-      slackApiUpdate: env.SLACK_UPDATE,
-      slackUserIdStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'slack-user-id', store: createKeyvStore() }),
-      userOnboardingStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'user-onboarding', store: createKeyvStore() }),
-      wasPrereviewRemoved: id => env.REMOVED_PREREVIEWS.includes(id),
-      zenodoApiKey: env.ZENODO_API_KEY,
-      zenodoUrl: env.ZENODO_URL,
     }),
-  )
-}
+    formStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'forms', store: createKeyvStore() }),
+    careerStageStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'career-stage', store: createKeyvStore() }),
+    ghostApi: {
+      key: env.GHOST_API_KEY,
+    },
+    isOpenForRequestsStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'is-open-for-requests', store: createKeyvStore() }),
+    isUserBlocked: user => env.BLOCKED_USERS.includes(user),
+    legacyPrereviewApi: {
+      app: env.LEGACY_PREREVIEW_API_APP,
+      key: env.LEGACY_PREREVIEW_API_KEY,
+      url: env.LEGACY_PREREVIEW_URL,
+      update: env.LEGACY_PREREVIEW_UPDATE,
+    },
+    languagesStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'languages', store: createKeyvStore() }),
+    locationStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'location', store: createKeyvStore() }),
+    ...sendMailEnv,
+    orcidApiUrl: env.ORCID_API_URL,
+    orcidApiToken: env.ORCID_API_READ_PUBLIC_TOKEN,
+    orcidOauth: {
+      authorizeUrl: new URL(`${env.ORCID_URL.origin}/oauth/authorize`),
+      clientId: env.ORCID_CLIENT_ID,
+      clientSecret: env.ORCID_CLIENT_SECRET,
+      revokeUrl: new URL(`${env.ORCID_URL.origin}/oauth/revoke`),
+      tokenUrl: new URL(`${env.ORCID_URL.origin}/oauth/token`),
+    },
+    orcidTokenStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'orcid-token', store: createKeyvStore() }),
+    publicUrl: env.PUBLIC_URL,
+    redis,
+    researchInterestsStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'research-interests', store: createKeyvStore() }),
+    reviewRequestStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'review-request', store: createKeyvStore() }),
+    scietyListToken: env.SCIETY_LIST_TOKEN,
+    secret: env.SECRET,
+    sessionCookie: 'session',
+    sessionStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'sessions', store: createKeyvStore(), ttl: 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 30 }),
+    slackOauth: {
+      authorizeUrl: new URL('https://slack.com/oauth/v2/authorize'),
+      clientId: env.SLACK_CLIENT_ID,
+      clientSecret: env.SLACK_CLIENT_SECRET,
+      tokenUrl: new URL('https://slack.com/api/oauth.v2.access'),
+    },
+    slackApiToken: env.SLACK_API_TOKEN,
+    slackApiUpdate: env.SLACK_UPDATE,
+    slackUserIdStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'slack-user-id', store: createKeyvStore() }),
+    userOnboardingStore: new Keyv({ namespace: 'user-onboarding', store: createKeyvStore() }),
+    wasPrereviewRemoved: id => env.REMOVED_PREREVIEWS.includes(id),
+    zenodoApiKey: env.ZENODO_API_KEY,
+    zenodoUrl: env.ZENODO_URL,
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index e360ef650..f848a9f16 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ import * as C from 'fp-ts/lib/Console.js'
 import * as E from 'fp-ts/lib/Either.js'
 import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/lib/function.js'
 import type { JsonRecord } from 'fp-ts/lib/Json.js'
-import { Redis } from 'ioredis'
+import { Redis as IoRedis } from 'ioredis'
 import * as L from 'logger-fp-ts'
 import type { app } from './app.js'
 import { decodeEnv } from './env.js'
-import { expressServer } from './ExpressServer.js'
+import { expressServer, Redis } from './ExpressServer.js'
 
 const env = decodeEnv(process)()
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ const loggerEnv: L.LoggerEnv = {
   logger: pipe(C.log, L.withShow(env.LOG_FORMAT === 'json' ? L.JsonShowLogEntry : L.getColoredShow(L.ShowLogEntry))),
 }
 
-const redis = new Redis(env.REDIS_URI.href, { commandTimeout: 2 * 1000, enableAutoPipelining: true })
+const redis = new IoRedis(env.REDIS_URI.href, { commandTimeout: 2 * 1000, enableAutoPipelining: true })
 
 redis.on('connect', () => L.debug('Redis connected')(loggerEnv)())
 redis.on('close', () => L.debug('Redis connection closed')(loggerEnv)())
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ pipe(
   expressServerLifecycle,
   Layer.scopedDiscard,
   Layer.launch,
-  Effect.provideServiceEffect(Express, expressServer(redis)),
+  Effect.provideServiceEffect(Express, expressServer),
+  Effect.provideServiceEffect(Redis, Effect.succeed(redis)),
   NodeRuntime.runMain,
 )