| Command | Meaning |
|---|---|
ls |
list files and directories |
ls -l |
do a long listing showing permissions and file sizes |
ls -la |
same as above + show hidden files and directories |
ls -lah |
same as above + make file sizes human readable |
ls -a |
list all files and directories |
mkdir dirname |
make a directory called dirname |
cd directory |
change to directory |
cd |
change to home-directory |
cd ~ |
change to home-directory |
cd .. |
change to parent directory |
pwd |
display the path of the current directory |
| Command | Meaning |
|---|---|
cp file1 file2 |
make a copy file1 and call it file2 |
cp ..\..\fileA . |
copy fileA from two directories back to here |
mv file1 file2 |
move or rename file1 to file2 |
mv file1 .. |
move file1 back one directory |
rm file |
remove a file |
rmdir directory |
remove a directory |
rm -rf directory |
remove a directory (typical way) |
cat file |
display a file |
less file |
display a file a page at a time |
head file |
display the first few lines of a file |
tail file |
display the last few lines of a file |
grep 'keyword' file |
search a file for keywords |
wc file |
count number of lines/words/characters in file |
chmod xxx filename |
change modify permission on filename |
chmod +x filename |
add execute to file name |
| Command | Meaning |
|---|---|
command > file |
redirect standard output to a file |
command >> file |
append standard output to a file |
command < file |
redirect standard input from a file |
| `command1 | command2` |
cat file1 file2 > file0 |
concatenate file1 and file2 to file0 |
sort |
sort data |
who |
list users currently logged in |
| Command | Meaning |
|---|---|
history |
show a history of all your commands |
!x |
this loads command x from your history so you can run it again |