The categories derived from the text were color-coded (cf. legend above;
The categories derived from the text were color-coded in a manner similar to their presentation in this text (cf. legend above; Since each death list item documents one person that died in- or outside the city of Vienna, the tag However, not every death list entry follows the prototypical pattern of [first name] + [last name] given in Example 2 which provides annotators with a clear conception of where the Nevertheless, not all issues encountered when annotating could be solved solely by widening (or narrowing) the
- scope of the Due to such cases as well as the high frequency of items involving more than one person, an adjustment of the
- initial tagset was deemed necessary: instead of assigning the overarching tag Another type of personal information included in (almost) all death list entries is occupational information.
Here, in contrast to the previous category, no additional distinction between the occupation of a deceased person
and the occupation of a relative/spouse needs to be made since given occupation titles generally refer to male
persons: As another challenge, various textual elements were discovered that cannot be classified as an occupation, but
still reveal essential information about a person and his or her role in society (e.g. While information belonging to the categories While information belonging to the categories Secondly, it must be decided whether one ( Hence, of the four possible ways to allocate the Hence, of the four possible ways to allocate the In addition to this guidance for assigning In addition to this guidance for assigning Besides the aspects already discussed, some (esp. early) death lists also contained the cause of death for
certain persons, which could, among other things, be a disease Example 16, an
accident Example 17 or a crime Example 18: As indicated by these examples, textual elements that are to be tagged with As indicated by these examples, textual elements that are to be tagged with Last but not least, each death list item found in the Person
+ Person
person can be considered fundamental for the
- annotation task. It refers to information identifying the individual whose death is detailed, specifically, their
- first and/or last name, as given in Example 2: person.
+ “Carl Richter” is tagged as person.
Carl Richter / Burgerl. Schuh=macher /
bey dem golden Lammel / auf der Wieden / alt 44. J. (WD 21.06.1730: 8)person tag should start and end. Instead,
- items can also, among other things, involve maternal names Example 3, additional
- titles Example 4, and even unnamed persons Example
- 5. In order to facilitate later disambiguation and to distinguish items with unknown persons from items
- missing an annotation tag, we decided to also subsume such (as well as similar) cases of additional identity
- information under the person tag:person tag:
person.
+ “Augustin von Damian” and “Anna gebohrne von Hoffmann” are tagged as person.
Augustin von Damian, Käyserl.
Wasser=Ambts Gegenhandler / beym rothen Thurn in seim Hauß aussers rothen Hoff / sein Frau Anna gebohrne von Hoffmann; ist am
Schlag=Fluß beschaut / alt 46. Jahr. (WD 08.08.1703: 8)person.
+ “Maria Sibilla Stögerin / von und zu Ladendorff” is tagged as person.
Maria Sibilla Stögerin
/ von und zu Ladendorff / im Graff Herbersteinischen Hauß am alten Kühn=Marckt / alt 82. Jahr. (WD
06.02.1706: 9)person.
+ “unbek. Weibspers” is tagged as person.
unbek. Weibspers. alt b. 56 J.
ist in d. Donau ertrunken gefunden worden. (WZ 04.06.1796: 13)person category. For
- instance, as Example 3 has already depicted, one death list entry might contain
- references to more than one (named) person: As women (e.g. Walburga in 6) and children (e.g. Joseph
- in 7) were considered less autonomous than men, no separate entry is recorded under their name; rather, they are
- identifiable by the mention of their husband (cf. Karl
- Wesselly in 6) or father (e.g. Friedrich
- Eysenhut in 7):person category. For instance, as Example 3
+ has already depicted, one death list entry might contain references to more than one (named) person: As women
+ (e.g. Walburga in 6) and children (e.g. Joseph in 7) were considered less autonomous than men, no separate entry
+ is recorded under their name; rather, they are identifiable by the mention of their husband (cf. Karl Wesselly in 6) or father (e.g. Friedrich Eysenhut in 7):
person.
+ “Karl Wesselly” is tagged as person.
Karl Wesselly, bürgl. Schneiderm.
s. W. Walburga, alt 39 J. b. St. Ruprecht N. 473. (08.07.1786: 10)person.
+ “Friedrich Eysenhut” and “Joseph” are tagged as person.
Friedrich Eysenhut / Burgerlichen
Schneider im Pendenriederischen Hauß beym Bischoff=Hof / sein Kind Joseph / alt 1. Jahr. (19.11.1703: 8)person.
+ “Lorentz Gräz”, “Mich. Gassenthaler”, and “Rosina Schinnaglin” are tagged as person.
Lorentz Gräz / alt 25. Jahr : Mich. Gassenthaler / alt 21. Jahr : und Rosina Schinnaglin / alt 73. Jahr : alle 3.
im dem Kranken=Haus. (WD 13.03.1732: 7)person to all (un-)named persons, the category
- was split into two separate tags, namely person-deceased and
- person-related.
- Although this conceptualisation is currently sufficient for our research interests, further sub-categories are
- certainly possible. For instance, depending on the respective purpose, one could additionally distinguish between
- first, second and last name, or between maternal and married name. person to
+ all (un-)named persons, the category was split into two separate tags, namely person-deceased and person-related. Although this conceptualisation is currently
+ sufficient for our research interests, further sub-categories are certainly possible. For instance, depending on
+ the respective purpose, one could additionally distinguish between first, second and last name, or between
+ maternal and married name.
Occupation
+ Occupation
occupation.
+ “Wirth” is tagged as occupation.
Wirth, alt 36. J.
[...] im spanisch. Spit. Mil. Zimm. (WD 20.05.1772: 8)occupation.
+ “burgerl. Fleisch=hackern” is tagged as occupation.
burgerl.
Fleisch=hackern / s. Tochter Maria Anna / in seinem h. an der Wien / alt 16. J. (WD 14.07.1734: 7)civic butcher
) is mentioned by name. The same principle applies to death list entries for married women
and partly even widows (e.g. master
- glazier’s widow
). In this respect, the assignment of occupation entities to person entities does not pose an issue.
- Rather, the difficulty lies in defining the start and the end point of an occupation tag since, as it can already be
- seen from the examples above, occupational information frequently includes additional attributive adjectives
- (e.g. burgerl., gew. [gewester]). Depending on the
- semantics of these adjectives, they can either be considered central occupational distinctions (e.g. imperial tailor
vs. civic tailor
) or other
- descriptive supplements (e.g. been
).
+ glazier’s widow). In this respect, the assignment of occupation entities to person entities does not pose an issue. Rather, the difficulty lies in defining the start
+ and the end point of an occupation tag since, as it can already be seen from the
+ examples above, occupational information frequently includes additional attributive adjectives (e.g. burgerl., gew. [gewester]). Depending on the semantics of
+ these adjectives, they can either be considered central occupational distinctions (e.g. imperial tailor
vs. civic tailor
) or other descriptive
+ supplements (e.g. been
).
without occupation
, poor person
, daughter
, wife
). To account for this valuable information as well, a new category
- and tag was introduced, namely social-role, as
- annotated in the exemplary items below:social-role, as annotated in the exemplary items
+ below:
social-role.
+ “ledigem Menschen” and “Kind” are tagged as social-role.
ledigem Menschen / in der Roßau / ihr Kind Leopold /
alt 9. Wochen. (WD 07.02.1711: 9)social-role.
+ “Armer” is tagged as social-role.
Armer, zur Meerfräule im Lichtenthal, alt 66. J. (WD 16.05.1772: 7)Place
- occupation and social-role is
- frequently, but not always present in a death list entry, the place of residence and/or death is consistently
- specified. According to our category system, such toponyms – understood as names for identifiable and thus
- nameable parts of the earth’s surface (cf. place. However, it
- turned out that an even more precise working definition of place names must be available for this purpose. For
- instance, the prototypical item given in Example 13, where the life and/or death
- of the guardsman Gregori Korber is located near ( bey) the
- house grüne[r] Jäger in the urban area of Lerchenfeld, already raises several questions:occupation and social-role is frequently, but not always present in a death list entry, the place of residence and/or
+ death is consistently specified. According to our category system, such toponyms – understood as names for
+ identifiable and thus nameable parts of the earth’s surface (cf. place. However, it turned out that an
+ even more precise working definition of place names must be available for this purpose. For instance, the
+ prototypical item given in Example 13, where the life and/or death of the
+ guardsman Gregori Korber is located near ( bey) the house
+ grüne[r] Jäger in the urban area of Lerchenfeld, already raises several questions: grünen Jäger im
- Lerchenfeld) or two place
- tags ( grünen Jäger, Lerchenfeld) should be placed in Example 13. As we based the annotation category on the idea of identifying not places
- but place names, we chose to go with the latter variant. This approach also has the advantages that the extracted
- spatial entities can both be directly compared and/or linked to other resources and possible spatial relations
- are made visible through the presence of multiple place tags within a single item. place tag(s) in Example 13 which are shown in Example 14, version is
- considered the correct
way according to our annotation guidelines:place tags ( grünen Jäger, Lerchenfeld) should be placed in Example 13. As we
+ based the annotation category on the idea of identifying not places but place names, we chose to go with the
+ latter variant. This approach also has the advantages that the extracted spatial entities can both be directly
+ compared and/or linked to other resources and possible spatial relations are made visible through the presence of
+ multiple place tags within a single item.
+ place tag(s) in Example 13 which are shown in Example 14, version
+ is considered the correct
way according to our annotation guidelines:place:
+ In the four examples, different parts of the excerpt are tagged as
place:
place tags, further aspects must be taken into account for when annotating toponyms. On the one hand,
- within the death lists, toponyms may appear not only in the form of proper names but also as appellatives (e.g.
- hospital
) and, on the other hand, it
- may be difficult to distinguish between place names and place descriptions, as the following item
- demonstrates:place tags, further aspects must be taken
+ into account for when annotating toponyms. On the one hand, within the death lists, toponyms may appear not only
+ in the form of proper names but also as appellatives (e.g. hospital
) and, on the other hand, it may be difficult to distinguish between
+ place names and place descriptions, as the following item demonstrates:place.
+ “wo die Jgfer zum Fenst. aussch” and “Alsterb” are tagged as place.
wo
die Jgfer zum Fenst. aussch. am Alsterb. alt 22. J. (WD 05.03.1768: 6)Cause-of-Death
+ Cause-of-Death
cause-of-death.
+ “innerlicher Faulung” is tagged as cause-of-death.
innerlicher
Faulung / alt 12. Jahr. (WD 03.01.1722: 8)cause-of-death.
+ “vom Fenster herunter gefallen” is tagged as cause-of-death.
vom
Fenster herunter gefallen / und gestern darauf gestorben / ist alda vom Königl. Stadt=Gericht beschauet
worden / alt 14. J. (WD 15.09. 1742: 8)cause-of-death.
+ “erstochen” is tagged as cause-of-death.
erstochen, und
vom K. K. Stadt u. Lgr. in der Alsterg. Casarm beschaut worden. (WD 05.04.1766: 8)cause-of-death can
- be given in various grammatical forms; for instance, both nouns and noun phrases (e.g. internal rot
, Hectica fever
) as well as adjectives, verbs and verbal phrases (e.g. stabbed
, fallen down from the window
) may occur.
- Furthermore, a new agent is introduced in this context, namely an inspecting and/or attesting authority who
- examines the deceased and officially determines the cause of death, like the Royal City Court ( Königl. Stadt=Gericht) in Example 17.
- Depending on one’s research interests, such institutional entities could potentially also be assigned a specific
- annotation tag in the future. But even if this is not the case, the list-internal distinction between causes
- officially autopsied and others only mentioned of death still very much informs the annotation process, as it has
- proven relevant for list items which include both a description of the death situation (cf. underlinings) and the
- result of a pathological examination:cause-of-death can be given in various grammatical forms; for instance, both nouns and noun phrases (e.g.
+ internal rot
, Hectica fever
) as well as adjectives, verbs and
+ verbal phrases (e.g. stabbed
, fallen down from the
+ window
) may occur. Furthermore, a new agent is introduced in this context, namely an inspecting and/or
+ attesting authority who examines the deceased and officially determines the cause of death, like the Royal City
+ Court ( Königl. Stadt=Gericht) in Example 17. Depending on one’s research interests, such institutional entities could potentially also be
+ assigned a specific annotation tag in the future. But even if this is not the case, the list-internal distinction
+ between causes officially autopsied and others only mentioned of death still very much informs the annotation
+ process, as it has proven relevant for list items which include both a description of the death situation (cf.
+ underlinings) and the result of a pathological examination:cause-of-death.
+ “Schlagfl” is tagged as cause-of-death.
ist v. k. k Stadt= u. Landger. am Schlagfl. b. 12.
Apost. in der Josephst. beschauet word. alt 76. J. (WD 16.05.1772: 7)cause-of-death.
+ “Brand” is tagged as cause-of-death.
ist in das
Bäckenh. überbracht, und gestorb. ist v. k. k. Stadt= und Landger. an Brand besch.
@@ -676,22 +660,18 @@
information about it was marked.
Age
+ Age
person-deceased and person-related is
- necessary, as age statements exclusively refer to deceased and never to related persons. Nevertheless, challenges
- still arise in regard to tagging death lists according to the age category. One is the reappearing question
- about the limits of what should be annotated; here concretely, whether the recurrent measurement person-deceased and person-related is necessary, as age
+ statements exclusively refer to deceased and never to related persons. Nevertheless, challenges still arise in
+ regard to tagging death lists according to the age category. One is the reappearing
+ question about the limits of what should be annotated; here concretely, whether the recurrent measurement year
(abbreviated as J.) should be considered as part of the age information and thus be annotated (cf.
21a) or whether it should be excluded as redundant (cf. 21b):
age. In example b, only
- “48” is tagged.
+ In example 21a, “48. Jahr” is tagged age. In example b, only “48” is tagged.
48. Jahr.
@@ -720,12 +700,12 @@
around, approximately, as in Example 22 and Example
23:
age.
+ “bey 60” is tagged age.
bey 60. J. (WD 11.04.1731: 7)age.
+ “bey 40. Jahr” is tagged age.
bey 40. Jahr. (WD 12.10.1709: 9)
-
person-deceased;occupation;social-role;age; andplace.person-deceased;occupation;social-role;age; andplace.Elis.
Heimbergerin, Viehmayrs In the course of the annotation process and the intensive effort to form tangible categories, it has become
apparent that our understanding of the death lists and their entities has deepened increasingly. The initial five
categories soon became insufficient to adequately describe the lists. The expansion of the original five to seven
- descriptive categories, namely person-deceased, person-related, occupation, social-role, place, cause-of-death, and
- age, can therefore also be seen as a
+ descriptive categories, namely person-deceased, person-related,
+ occupation, social-role, place, cause-of-death, and age, can therefore also be seen as a
consequence of a growing comprehension and our competence to make increasingly accurate discernments about the
texts analysed. If the annotation process is compared to a spiral cycle (schematically illustrated in ) or to an extended hermeneutic circle (cf.