-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
Copy pathbash_cheat_sheet.html
724 lines (546 loc) · 27.4 KB
/
bash_cheat_sheet.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes">
<title>bash_cheat_sheet</title>
<style type="text/css">
body {
font-family: Helvetica, arial, sans-serif;
font-size: 14px;
line-height: 1.6;
padding-top: 10px;
padding-bottom: 10px;
background-color: white;
padding: 30px; }
body > *:first-child {
margin-top: 0 !important; }
body > *:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0 !important; }
a {
color: #4183C4; }
a.absent {
color: #cc0000; }
a.anchor {
display: block;
padding-left: 30px;
margin-left: -30px;
cursor: pointer;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
bottom: 0; }
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
margin: 20px 0 10px;
padding: 0;
font-weight: bold;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
cursor: text;
position: relative; }
h1:hover a.anchor, h2:hover a.anchor, h3:hover a.anchor, h4:hover a.anchor, h5:hover a.anchor, h6:hover a.anchor {
background: url(data:image/png;base64,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) no-repeat 10px center;
text-decoration: none; }
h1 tt, h1 code {
font-size: inherit; }
h2 tt, h2 code {
font-size: inherit; }
h3 tt, h3 code {
font-size: inherit; }
h4 tt, h4 code {
font-size: inherit; }
h5 tt, h5 code {
font-size: inherit; }
h6 tt, h6 code {
font-size: inherit; }
h1 {
font-size: 28px;
color: black; }
h2 {
font-size: 24px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #cccccc;
color: black; }
h3 {
font-size: 18px; }
h4 {
font-size: 16px; }
h5 {
font-size: 14px; }
h6 {
color: #777777;
font-size: 14px; }
p, blockquote, ul, ol, dl, li, table, pre {
margin: 15px 0; }
hr {
background: transparent url(data:image/png;base64,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) repeat-x 0 0;
border: 0 none;
color: #cccccc;
height: 4px;
padding: 0;
}
body > h2:first-child {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }
body > h1:first-child {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }
body > h1:first-child + h2 {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }
body > h3:first-child, body > h4:first-child, body > h5:first-child, body > h6:first-child {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }
a:first-child h1, a:first-child h2, a:first-child h3, a:first-child h4, a:first-child h5, a:first-child h6 {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0; }
h1 p, h2 p, h3 p, h4 p, h5 p, h6 p {
margin-top: 0; }
li p.first {
display: inline-block; }
li {
margin: 0; }
ul, ol {
padding-left: 30px; }
ul :first-child, ol :first-child {
margin-top: 0; }
dl {
padding: 0; }
dl dt {
font-size: 14px;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: italic;
padding: 0;
margin: 15px 0 5px; }
dl dt:first-child {
padding: 0; }
dl dt > :first-child {
margin-top: 0; }
dl dt > :last-child {
margin-bottom: 0; }
dl dd {
margin: 0 0 15px;
padding: 0 15px; }
dl dd > :first-child {
margin-top: 0; }
dl dd > :last-child {
margin-bottom: 0; }
blockquote {
border-left: 4px solid #dddddd;
padding: 0 15px;
color: #777777; }
blockquote > :first-child {
margin-top: 0; }
blockquote > :last-child {
margin-bottom: 0; }
table {
padding: 0;border-collapse: collapse; }
table tr {
border-top: 1px solid #cccccc;
background-color: white;
margin: 0;
padding: 0; }
table tr:nth-child(2n) {
background-color: #f8f8f8; }
table tr th {
font-weight: bold;
border: 1px solid #cccccc;
margin: 0;
padding: 6px 13px; }
table tr td {
border: 1px solid #cccccc;
margin: 0;
padding: 6px 13px; }
table tr th :first-child, table tr td :first-child {
margin-top: 0; }
table tr th :last-child, table tr td :last-child {
margin-bottom: 0; }
img {
max-width: 100%; }
span.frame {
display: block;
overflow: hidden; }
span.frame > span {
border: 1px solid #dddddd;
display: block;
float: left;
overflow: hidden;
margin: 13px 0 0;
padding: 7px;
width: auto; }
span.frame span img {
display: block;
float: left; }
span.frame span span {
clear: both;
color: #333333;
display: block;
padding: 5px 0 0; }
span.align-center {
display: block;
overflow: hidden;
clear: both; }
span.align-center > span {
display: block;
overflow: hidden;
margin: 13px auto 0;
text-align: center; }
span.align-center span img {
margin: 0 auto;
text-align: center; }
span.align-right {
display: block;
overflow: hidden;
clear: both; }
span.align-right > span {
display: block;
overflow: hidden;
margin: 13px 0 0;
text-align: right; }
span.align-right span img {
margin: 0;
text-align: right; }
span.float-left {
display: block;
margin-right: 13px;
overflow: hidden;
float: left; }
span.float-left span {
margin: 13px 0 0; }
span.float-right {
display: block;
margin-left: 13px;
overflow: hidden;
float: right; }
span.float-right > span {
display: block;
overflow: hidden;
margin: 13px auto 0;
text-align: right; }
code, tt {
margin: 0 2px;
padding: 0 5px;
white-space: nowrap;
border: 1px solid #eaeaea;
background-color: #f8f8f8;
border-radius: 3px; }
pre code {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
white-space: pre;
border: none;
background: transparent; }
.highlight pre {
background-color: #f8f8f8;
border: 1px solid #cccccc;
font-size: 13px;
line-height: 19px;
overflow: auto;
padding: 6px 10px;
border-radius: 3px; }
pre {
background-color: #f8f8f8;
border: 1px solid #cccccc;
font-size: 13px;
line-height: 19px;
overflow: auto;
padding: 6px 10px;
border-radius: 3px; }
pre code, pre tt {
background-color: transparent;
border: none; }
sup {
font-size: 0.83em;
vertical-align: super;
line-height: 0;
}
kbd {
display: inline-block;
padding: 3px 5px;
font-size: 11px;
line-height: 10px;
color: #555;
vertical-align: middle;
background-color: #fcfcfc;
border: solid 1px #ccc;
border-bottom-color: #bbb;
border-radius: 3px;
box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 #bbb
}
* {
-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;
}
@media screen and (min-width: 914px) {
body {
width: 854px;
margin:0 auto;
}
}
@media print {
table, pre {
page-break-inside: avoid;
}
pre {
word-wrap: break-word;
}
body {
padding: 2cm;
}
}
</style>
<style type="text/css">
/**
* prism.js default theme for JavaScript, CSS and HTML
* Based on dabblet (http://dabblet.com)
* @author Lea Verou
*/
code[class*="language-"],
pre[class*="language-"] {
color: black;
background: none;
text-shadow: 0 1px white;
font-family: Consolas, Monaco, 'Andale Mono', 'Ubuntu Mono', monospace;
text-align: left;
white-space: pre;
word-spacing: normal;
word-break: normal;
word-wrap: normal;
line-height: 1.5;
-moz-tab-size: 4;
-o-tab-size: 4;
tab-size: 4;
-webkit-hyphens: none;
-moz-hyphens: none;
-ms-hyphens: none;
hyphens: none;
}
pre[class*="language-"]::-moz-selection, pre[class*="language-"] ::-moz-selection,
code[class*="language-"]::-moz-selection, code[class*="language-"] ::-moz-selection {
text-shadow: none;
background: #b3d4fc;
}
pre[class*="language-"]::selection, pre[class*="language-"] ::selection,
code[class*="language-"]::selection, code[class*="language-"] ::selection {
text-shadow: none;
background: #b3d4fc;
}
@media print {
code[class*="language-"],
pre[class*="language-"] {
text-shadow: none;
}
}
/* Code blocks */
pre[class*="language-"] {
padding: 1em;
margin: .5em 0;
overflow: auto;
}
:not(pre) > code[class*="language-"],
pre[class*="language-"] {
background: #f5f2f0;
}
/* Inline code */
:not(pre) > code[class*="language-"] {
padding: .1em;
border-radius: .3em;
white-space: normal;
}
.token.comment,
.token.prolog,
.token.doctype,
.token.cdata {
color: slategray;
}
.token.punctuation {
color: #999;
}
.namespace {
opacity: .7;
}
.token.property,
.token.tag,
.token.boolean,
.token.number,
.token.constant,
.token.symbol,
.token.deleted {
color: #905;
}
.token.selector,
.token.attr-name,
.token.string,
.token.char,
.token.builtin,
.token.inserted {
color: #690;
}
.token.operator,
.token.entity,
.token.url,
.language-css .token.string,
.style .token.string {
color: #a67f59;
background: hsla(0, 0%, 100%, .5);
}
.token.atrule,
.token.attr-value,
.token.keyword {
color: #07a;
}
.token.function {
color: #DD4A68;
}
.token.regex,
.token.important,
.token.variable {
color: #e90;
}
.token.important,
.token.bold {
font-weight: bold;
}
.token.italic {
font-style: italic;
}
.token.entity {
cursor: help;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1 id="toc_0">BASH Cheat Sheet</h1>
<p>Adopted from <a href="https://phoenixnap.com/kb/bash-commands">https://phoenixnap.com/kb/bash-commands</a> and <a href="https://www.educative.io/blog/bash-shell-command-cheat-sheet">https://www.educative.io/blog/bash-shell-command-cheat-sheet</a></p>
<hr>
<h2 id="toc_1"><code>ls</code></h2>
<p>lists all files and directories in the current directory; can provide information on file sizes, permissions, timestamps, etc.</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ ls [options] [file|dir]</code></pre></div>
<p><em>Example</em>: </p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ ls -lrth</code></pre></div>
<p>lists files and directories in reverse chronological order and displays information on file size.</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ ls -a</code></pre></div>
<p>lists all files, including hidden ones</p>
<h2 id="toc_2"><code>cd</code></h2>
<p>changes the current directory to the specified directory.</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">cd [directory]</code></pre></div>
<p><em>Example</em>:</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ cd ..</code></pre></div>
<p>switches to a directory above</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ cd </code></pre></div>
<p>equivalent to <code>cd ~</code>, switches to home directory</p>
<h2 id="toc_3"><code>pwd</code></h2>
<p>prints the path of the current working directory; useful to get the path to the directory for further use in a bash script.</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ pwd [options]</code></pre></div>
<hr>
<h2 id="toc_4"><code>rm</code></h2>
<p>removes files or directories.</p>
<p><strong><mark>Important</mark></strong>: <code>rm</code> deletes files without prompting for confirmation! deleted files are not recoverable. best used with <code>rm -i</code>.</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ rm [options] [file|dir path]</code></pre></div>
<p><em>Example</em>: </p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ rm -r</code></pre></div>
<p>deletes a directory and everything inside it; removes recursively directories and their contents, including subdirectories and files within them. </p>
<h2 id="toc_5"><code>mkdir</code></h2>
<p>creates a new, empty directory.</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ mkdir [options] [dir]</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="toc_6"><code>cp</code></h2>
<p>copy files and directories between locations.</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ cp [options] [source] [destination]</code></pre></div>
<p><em>Example</em>:</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ cp -r timetables/ timetables-backup</code></pre></div>
<p>copies the specified directory and its entire contents, including subdirectories and their contents into a new location. </p>
<h2 id="toc_7"><code>mv</code></h2>
<p>moves directories and files; can also be used to rename files or directories.</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ mv [options] [source] [destination]</code></pre></div>
<hr>
<h2 id="toc_8"><code>find</code></h2>
<p>searches for files or a specific string of characters in a directory hierarchy.</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ find [location] [expression] [options]</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li><code>[location]</code> is the directory where the search will begin, if not specified, the search starts from the current directory.</li>
<li><code>[expression]</code> is used to combine multiple search criteria using logical operators (<code>-and</code>, <code>-or</code>, <code>-not</code>). </li>
<li><code>[options]</code> can be: <code>-name XXX</code> search by name; <code>-type f/d/l</code>, where <code>f</code> is files, <code>d</code> is directories, <code>l</code> is links; …</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="toc_9"><code>grep</code></h2>
<p>searches inside files for lines that match a given regular expression. </p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ grep [options] [search pattern] [file]</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li><code>[search pattern]</code> is the text or regular expression you’re searching for</li>
<li><code>[file]</code> are the files in which you want to search for the pattern.</li>
<li><code>[options]</code> can be <code>-i</code> to ignore case-sencitivity; <code>-r</code> for recursive, …</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="toc_10"><code>head</code></h2>
<p>previewa the beginning section of a text file or input stream.</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ head [options] [file...]</code></pre></div>
<p><em>Example</em>: </p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ head -100 script.sh</code></pre></div>
<p>shows the first 100 lines of the file. </p>
<h2 id="toc_11"><code>tail</code></h2>
<p>displays the last [default = 10] lines of a file,</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ tail [options] [file...]</code></pre></div>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ tail -100 script.sh</code></pre></div>
<p>shows last 100 lines in the file </p>
<h2 id="toc_12"><code>more</code></h2>
<p>displays one screenfull of file contents at a time. use space bar to more to next screenfull</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ more [file]</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="toc_13"><code>history</code></h2>
<p>lists recently executed commands within a terminal session in chronological order.</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">history [options]</code></pre></div>
<p>alternatively, <code>arrow up</code> allows to navigate the previous commands within the command line.</p>
<hr>
<h2 id="toc_14"><code>echo</code></h2>
<p>displays text or variables in the terminal as the standard output; often used in a script.</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">echo [options] [string]</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="toc_15"><code>|</code> pipe</h2>
<p>allows users to connect the standard output of one command to the standard input of another, thus enabling the flow of data between commands.</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ [command1] | [command 2]</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="toc_16"><code>></code> <code>>></code> <code><</code> redirect operator</h2>
<p>a mechanism that allows users to control the input and output of commands.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>></code> redirects the standard output of a command to a file, overwriting its content if the file already exists. </li>
<li><code>>></code> appends the standard output to the specified file.</li>
<li><code><</code> redirects the standard input of a command from a file. </li>
</ul>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ date > time.txt</code></pre></div>
<p>writes current time and date into a file </p>
<hr>
<h2 id="toc_17"><code>scp</code></h2>
<p>secure copy. Like a copy command, allows copying a file or directory between two machines </p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ scp [options] [file] [destination] </code></pre></div>
<p><em>Example</em>:</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ scp -r mycodes/ [email protected]:~/project1/.</code></pre></div>
<p>copies directory <code>mycodes</code> from the local machine to remote machine, and places into a directory <code>project1</code> located in a home directory.</p>
<h2 id="toc_18"><code>ssh</code></h2>
<p>secure shell, connects to a remote machine.</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ ssh [options] [user]@[server]</code></pre></div>
<p><em>Example</em>:</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ ssh -Y [email protected]</code></pre></div>
<p>logs in a user <code>s123456</code> to Eddie HPC, allowing for visualisation of graphics on a remote machine.</p>
<h2 id="toc_19"><code>qsub</code></h2>
<p>submits a gridengine job on a supercomputer.</p>
<p><em>Example</em>:</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ qsub myjob.sh</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="toc_20"><code>qstat</code></h2>
<p>checks for the status of submitted gridengine jobs to a supercomputer for a given user. </p>
<p><em>Example</em>:</p>
<div><pre><code class="language-bash">$ qstat -u s123456</code></pre></div>
<script type="text/javascript">
var _self="undefined"!=typeof window?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?self:{},Prism=function(){var e=/\blang(?:uage)?-(\w+)\b/i,t=0,n=_self.Prism={util:{encode:function(e){return e instanceof a?new a(e.type,n.util.encode(e.content),e.alias):"Array"===n.util.type(e)?e.map(n.util.encode):e.replace(/&/g,"&").replace(/</g,"<").replace(/\u00a0/g," ")},type:function(e){return Object.prototype.toString.call(e).match(/\[object (\w+)\]/)[1]},objId:function(e){return e.__id||Object.defineProperty(e,"__id",{value:++t}),e.__id},clone:function(e){var t=n.util.type(e);switch(t){case"Object":var a={};for(var r in e)e.hasOwnProperty(r)&&(a[r]=n.util.clone(e[r]));return a;case"Array":return e.map&&e.map(function(e){return n.util.clone(e)})}return e}},languages:{extend:function(e,t){var a=n.util.clone(n.languages[e]);for(var r in t)a[r]=t[r];return a},insertBefore:function(e,t,a,r){r=r||n.languages;var l=r[e];if(2==arguments.length){a=arguments[1];for(var i in a)a.hasOwnProperty(i)&&(l[i]=a[i]);return l}var o={};for(var s in l)if(l.hasOwnProperty(s)){if(s==t)for(var i in a)a.hasOwnProperty(i)&&(o[i]=a[i]);o[s]=l[s]}return n.languages.DFS(n.languages,function(t,n){n===r[e]&&t!=e&&(this[t]=o)}),r[e]=o},DFS:function(e,t,a,r){r=r||{};for(var l in e)e.hasOwnProperty(l)&&(t.call(e,l,e[l],a||l),"Object"!==n.util.type(e[l])||r[n.util.objId(e[l])]?"Array"!==n.util.type(e[l])||r[n.util.objId(e[l])]||(r[n.util.objId(e[l])]=!0,n.languages.DFS(e[l],t,l,r)):(r[n.util.objId(e[l])]=!0,n.languages.DFS(e[l],t,null,r)))}},plugins:{},highlightAll:function(e,t){var a={callback:t,selector:'code[class*="language-"], [class*="language-"] code, code[class*="lang-"], [class*="lang-"] code'};n.hooks.run("before-highlightall",a);for(var r,l=a.elements||document.querySelectorAll(a.selector),i=0;r=l[i++];)n.highlightElement(r,e===!0,a.callback)},highlightElement:function(t,a,r){for(var l,i,o=t;o&&!e.test(o.className);)o=o.parentNode;o&&(l=(o.className.match(e)||[,""])[1],i=n.languages[l]),t.className=t.className.replace(e,"").replace(/\s+/g," ")+" language-"+l,o=t.parentNode,/pre/i.test(o.nodeName)&&(o.className=o.className.replace(e,"").replace(/\s+/g," ")+" language-"+l);var s=t.textContent,u={element:t,language:l,grammar:i,code:s};if(!s||!i)return n.hooks.run("complete",u),void 0;if(n.hooks.run("before-highlight",u),a&&_self.Worker){var c=new Worker(n.filename);c.onmessage=function(e){u.highlightedCode=e.data,n.hooks.run("before-insert",u),u.element.innerHTML=u.highlightedCode,r&&r.call(u.element),n.hooks.run("after-highlight",u),n.hooks.run("complete",u)},c.postMessage(JSON.stringify({language:u.language,code:u.code,immediateClose:!0}))}else u.highlightedCode=n.highlight(u.code,u.grammar,u.language),n.hooks.run("before-insert",u),u.element.innerHTML=u.highlightedCode,r&&r.call(t),n.hooks.run("after-highlight",u),n.hooks.run("complete",u)},highlight:function(e,t,r){var l=n.tokenize(e,t);return a.stringify(n.util.encode(l),r)},tokenize:function(e,t){var a=n.Token,r=[e],l=t.rest;if(l){for(var i in l)t[i]=l[i];delete t.rest}e:for(var i in t)if(t.hasOwnProperty(i)&&t[i]){var o=t[i];o="Array"===n.util.type(o)?o:[o];for(var s=0;s<o.length;++s){var u=o[s],c=u.inside,g=!!u.lookbehind,h=!!u.greedy,f=0,d=u.alias;u=u.pattern||u;for(var p=0;p<r.length;p++){var m=r[p];if(r.length>e.length)break e;if(!(m instanceof a)){u.lastIndex=0;var y=u.exec(m),v=1;if(!y&&h&&p!=r.length-1){var b=r[p+1].matchedStr||r[p+1],k=m+b;if(p<r.length-2&&(k+=r[p+2].matchedStr||r[p+2]),u.lastIndex=0,y=u.exec(k),!y)continue;var w=y.index+(g?y[1].length:0);if(w>=m.length)continue;var _=y.index+y[0].length,P=m.length+b.length;if(v=3,P>=_){if(r[p+1].greedy)continue;v=2,k=k.slice(0,P)}m=k}if(y){g&&(f=y[1].length);var w=y.index+f,y=y[0].slice(f),_=w+y.length,S=m.slice(0,w),O=m.slice(_),j=[p,v];S&&j.push(S);var A=new a(i,c?n.tokenize(y,c):y,d,y,h);j.push(A),O&&j.push(O),Array.prototype.splice.apply(r,j)}}}}}return r},hooks:{all:{},add:function(e,t){var a=n.hooks.all;a[e]=a[e]||[],a[e].push(t)},run:function(e,t){var a=n.hooks.all[e];if(a&&a.length)for(var r,l=0;r=a[l++];)r(t)}}},a=n.Token=function(e,t,n,a,r){this.type=e,this.content=t,this.alias=n,this.matchedStr=a||null,this.greedy=!!r};if(a.stringify=function(e,t,r){if("string"==typeof e)return e;if("Array"===n.util.type(e))return e.map(function(n){return a.stringify(n,t,e)}).join("");var l={type:e.type,content:a.stringify(e.content,t,r),tag:"span",classes:["token",e.type],attributes:{},language:t,parent:r};if("comment"==l.type&&(l.attributes.spellcheck="true"),e.alias){var i="Array"===n.util.type(e.alias)?e.alias:[e.alias];Array.prototype.push.apply(l.classes,i)}n.hooks.run("wrap",l);var o="";for(var s in l.attributes)o+=(o?" ":"")+s+'="'+(l.attributes[s]||"")+'"';return"<"+l.tag+' class="'+l.classes.join(" ")+'" '+o+">"+l.content+"</"+l.tag+">"},!_self.document)return _self.addEventListener?(_self.addEventListener("message",function(e){var t=JSON.parse(e.data),a=t.language,r=t.code,l=t.immediateClose;_self.postMessage(n.highlight(r,n.languages[a],a)),l&&_self.close()},!1),_self.Prism):_self.Prism;var r=document.currentScript||[].slice.call(document.getElementsByTagName("script")).pop();return r&&(n.filename=r.src,document.addEventListener&&!r.hasAttribute("data-manual")&&document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",n.highlightAll)),_self.Prism}();"undefined"!=typeof module&&module.exports&&(module.exports=Prism),"undefined"!=typeof global&&(global.Prism=Prism);
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
!function(e){var t={variable:[{pattern:/\$?\(\([\w\W]+?\)\)/,inside:{variable:[{pattern:/(^\$\(\([\w\W]+)\)\)/,lookbehind:!0},/^\$\(\(/],number:/\b-?(?:0x[\dA-Fa-f]+|\d*\.?\d+(?:[Ee]-?\d+)?)\b/,operator:/--?|-=|\+\+?|\+=|!=?|~|\*\*?|\*=|\/=?|%=?|<<=?|>>=?|<=?|>=?|==?|&&?|&=|\^=?|\|\|?|\|=|\?|:/,punctuation:/\(\(?|\)\)?|,|;/}},{pattern:/\$\([^)]+\)|`[^`]+`/,inside:{variable:/^\$\(|^`|\)$|`$/}},/\$(?:[a-z0-9_#\?\*!@]+|\{[^}]+\})/i]};e.languages.bash={shebang:{pattern:/^#!\s*\/bin\/bash|^#!\s*\/bin\/sh/,alias:"important"},comment:{pattern:/(^|[^"{\\])#.*/,lookbehind:!0},string:[{pattern:/((?:^|[^<])<<\s*)(?:"|')?(\w+?)(?:"|')?\s*\r?\n(?:[\s\S])*?\r?\n\2/g,lookbehind:!0,inside:t},{pattern:/(["'])(?:\\\\|\\?[^\\])*?\1/g,inside:t}],variable:t.variable,"function":{pattern:/(^|\s|;|\||&)(?:alias|apropos|apt-get|aptitude|aspell|awk|basename|bash|bc|bg|builtin|bzip2|cal|cat|cd|cfdisk|chgrp|chmod|chown|chroot|chkconfig|cksum|clear|cmp|comm|command|cp|cron|crontab|csplit|cut|date|dc|dd|ddrescue|df|diff|diff3|dig|dir|dircolors|dirname|dirs|dmesg|du|egrep|eject|enable|env|ethtool|eval|exec|expand|expect|export|expr|fdformat|fdisk|fg|fgrep|file|find|fmt|fold|format|free|fsck|ftp|fuser|gawk|getopts|git|grep|groupadd|groupdel|groupmod|groups|gzip|hash|head|help|hg|history|hostname|htop|iconv|id|ifconfig|ifdown|ifup|import|install|jobs|join|kill|killall|less|link|ln|locate|logname|logout|look|lpc|lpr|lprint|lprintd|lprintq|lprm|ls|lsof|make|man|mkdir|mkfifo|mkisofs|mknod|more|most|mount|mtools|mtr|mv|mmv|nano|netstat|nice|nl|nohup|notify-send|nslookup|open|op|passwd|paste|pathchk|ping|pkill|popd|pr|printcap|printenv|printf|ps|pushd|pv|pwd|quota|quotacheck|quotactl|ram|rar|rcp|read|readarray|readonly|reboot|rename|renice|remsync|rev|rm|rmdir|rsync|screen|scp|sdiff|sed|seq|service|sftp|shift|shopt|shutdown|sleep|slocate|sort|source|split|ssh|stat|strace|su|sudo|sum|suspend|sync|tail|tar|tee|test|time|timeout|times|touch|top|traceroute|trap|tr|tsort|tty|type|ulimit|umask|umount|unalias|uname|unexpand|uniq|units|unrar|unshar|uptime|useradd|userdel|usermod|users|uuencode|uudecode|v|vdir|vi|vmstat|wait|watch|wc|wget|whereis|which|who|whoami|write|xargs|xdg-open|yes|zip)(?=$|\s|;|\||&)/,lookbehind:!0},keyword:{pattern:/(^|\s|;|\||&)(?:let|:|\.|if|then|else|elif|fi|for|break|continue|while|in|case|function|select|do|done|until|echo|exit|return|set|declare)(?=$|\s|;|\||&)/,lookbehind:!0},"boolean":{pattern:/(^|\s|;|\||&)(?:true|false)(?=$|\s|;|\||&)/,lookbehind:!0},operator:/&&?|\|\|?|==?|!=?|<<<?|>>|<=?|>=?|=~/,punctuation:/\$?\(\(?|\)\)?|\.\.|[{}[\];]/};var a=t.variable[1].inside;a["function"]=e.languages.bash["function"],a.keyword=e.languages.bash.keyword,a.boolean=e.languages.bash.boolean,a.operator=e.languages.bash.operator,a.punctuation=e.languages.bash.punctuation}(Prism);
</script>
<script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
(function () {
MathJax.Hub.Config({
'showProcessingMessages': false,
'messageStyle': 'none'
});
if (typeof MathJaxListener !== 'undefined') {
MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook('End', function () {
MathJaxListener.invokeCallbackForKey_('End');
});
}
})();
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.3/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script>
</body>
</html>