3.Dataset

To test the performance of the Raspberry Pi, we generated a dataset of questions and text. The Raspberry Pi had to answer the questions and summarize the texts. The questions were generated with ChatGPT 4. Part of the texts was also generated with ChatGPT 4, and another part consists of text from books or articles.

Here are the questions:

• What is the capital of France?

• When was the Declaration of Independence signed?

• Which planet is known as the Red Planet?

• In which year did the first man land on the moon?

• What is the chemical symbol for gold?

• Which organ in the human body produces insulin?

• How does photosynthesis work?

• What are the main causes of climate change?

• Explain the process of mitosis.

• What is the significance of the Turing Test in artificial intelligence?

• How do tides work?

• Can you explain Einstein's theory of relativity and its impact on modern physics?

• What have been the social and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide?

• Compare the political philosophies of liberalism and conservatism, highlighting their key differences and similarities.

• Discuss the evolution of human rights since the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

• How has the internet changed the global economy?

Here are the texts:

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On a secluded island, an ancient lighthouse stands tall, guiding sailors through treacherous waters. It's a beacon of safety in the darkness, surrounded by wild, untouched nature. Seabirds nest on cliffs, and waves shape the shoreline. Despite modernization, the lighthouse symbolizes hope and perseverance, reminding us of the importance of light in dark times.
This condensed version captures the essence of the original text, focusing on the lighthouse's enduring significance as a guide and symbol amidst the natural beauty and challenges of its environment.

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In a small coastal town, an annual sand sculpture competition brings the community and tourists together. Artists and families spend hours under the sun, turning sand into magnificent sculptures ranging from mythical creatures to iconic landmarks. The beach transforms into an outdoor gallery, with each sculpture telling a story or showcasing an artist's skill. Judges roam, evaluating the creativity, technique, and narrative behind each work. As the day ends, awards are given, but the real victory is the shared joy and memories created. This event highlights the town's vibrant culture and the universal language of art.

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A local library in a suburban neighborhood initiates a "Books for Trees" program to encourage reading and environmental awareness. For every book a member reads, the library pledges to plant a tree in the community park. Participants, ranging from young children to the elderly, dive into their reading lists, motivated by the dual benefits of learning and contributing to the planet's health. The program successfully fosters a sense of community responsibility and love for nature, turning the act of reading into a sustainable endeavor. By year's end, the park flourishes with new life, symbolizing hope and renewal.

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In Neo-Eden, a city where futuristic architecture meets bustling life, the Festival of Lights and Sounds annually celebrates the fusion of tradition and innovation. Drawing worldwide attendees, this event spotlights the harmony between technology and nature through a spectacular display of neon lights, digital art, and holographic exhibitions, embodying the city's creative spirit. Amid this modern marvel, echoes of the past resonate as ancient music and dance performances fill the plazas, connecting the present with the city's rich cultural heritage. The parade of lights, featuring floats illuminated by thousands and moving in sync with a dynamic soundtrack, stands as the festival's pinnacle, symbolizing Neo-Eden's blend of artistic and technological might. This festival not only showcases Neo-Eden's prowess but also knits a diverse community closer, reinforcing that progress and tradition can coexist, guiding our collective identity and aspirations. It's a testament to Neo-Eden's belief in the power of uniting people from different backgrounds to celebrate both where we come from and where we're going, thus fostering a deep sense of belonging and shared future vision among its inhabitants. The Festival of Lights and Sounds, therefore, is more than an event; it's a reflection of Neo-Eden's soul, embodying the city's commitment to sustainability, innovation, and cultural reverence.

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In the heart of the ancient forest of Eldoria, a secret society known as the Guardians of the Green convened once every century to perform the Ritual of Renewal. This solemn ceremony was believed to rejuvenate the forest's magic, ensuring balance and prosperity in the natural world. Elders of the society, adorned in robes of emerald and gold, gathered around the ancient Stone of Gaia, a mystical artifact said to be the source of the forest's vitality. As the full moon rose, casting a silver glow through the dense canopy, the ceremony began with the chanting of an old spell, passed down through generations. The air shimmered with energy as wildlife paused, sensing the renewal of their home. This year, however, was different. A young guardian, Lira, had discovered a forgotten verse in the ancient texts, promising to amplify the ritual's power. As she joined the chant, the Stone of Gaia pulsed with a brighter light than ever before, enveloping the forest in a radiant aura. The next morning, the forest awoke transformed, with trees taller and streams clearer. The Guardians of the Green realized that tradition and innovation could coexist, marking a new era for Eldoria and its protectors.

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In the bustling metropolis of Harmony City, an initiative known as "Voices of the Future" brought together young individuals from diverse backgrounds to share their visions for a sustainable world. This platform, created by local environmental and cultural organizations, aimed to foster dialogue and innovation among the city's youth. Participants were invited to present projects and ideas that blended technology, ecology, and social justice, addressing pressing global challenges. Workshops, debates, and exhibitions filled the week-long event, culminating in a community-wide presentation attended by city officials and potential investors. Among the standout projects was a proposal for rooftop gardens on commercial buildings to combat urban heat islands, a plan for a renewable energy-powered public transport system, and a social app connecting volunteers with local environmental initiatives. The event not only highlighted the creativity and passion of Harmony City's younger residents but also sparked a movement towards more inclusive and actionable urban planning. As "Voices of the Future" concluded, there was a renewed sense of hope and determination, with several projects receiving grants and support to move from concept to reality, demonstrating the power of collective imagination in shaping a better future.

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In the expansive valley of Elden, nestled between towering mountains and lush forests, the Elden Environmental and Technological Symposium (EETS) took place, marking its centennial celebration. This grand event, spanning an entire month, was dedicated to showcasing groundbreaking innovations in sustainable living and environmental preservation, attracting experts, activists, and enthusiasts from around the globe.

The symposium was divided into four main themes, each spanning a week: Renewable Energy Innovations, Wildlife Conservation Techniques, Sustainable Urban Development, and Climate Change Mitigation Strategies. The first week focused on advancements in solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, featuring exhibits of cutting-edge technology, such as biodegradable solar panels and turbines that minimized ecological disruption. Workshops on implementing these technologies at the community level fostered a collaborative atmosphere among participants.

Week two shifted focus to wildlife conservation, highlighting successful case studies of species recovery and habitat restoration. Interactive sessions demonstrated the use of technology in tracking animal movements and promoting biodiversity within urban settings. A virtual reality experience allowed visitors to immerse themselves in the lives of endangered species, fostering a deep connection and understanding of the natural world.

The third week explored the concept of green cities, presenting models of urban areas that flourished through vertical gardens, green roofs, and efficient waste management systems. Visionary architects and planners led discussions on eco-friendly building materials and designs that reduced carbon footprints while enhancing residents' quality of life. Pilot projects from around the world offered inspiration and practical advice for attendees looking to make their communities more sustainable.

The final week tackled the urgent issue of climate change, with scientists and policymakers outlining the latest research findings and proposing collaborative international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Innovative approaches to carbon capture, sustainable agriculture, and ocean protection were debated, with a focus on actionable solutions that could be implemented worldwide.

As EETS concluded, the sense of unity and purpose among the participants was palpable. The symposium not only served as a platform for the exchange of ideas but also as a catalyst for action, with numerous initiatives and partnerships formed to tackle environmental challenges. The Elden Declaration, a document summarizing the symposium's findings and commitments, was signed by all participants, symbolizing a global pledge to pursue a sustainable future for all.

Finally, the symposium's legacy extended beyond the month-long event, inspiring a new generation of environmental leaders and fostering a spirit of collaboration and innovation that would shape the world's approach to environmental stewardship for years to come.

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In the serene town of Rivendale, nestled in the heart of the Green Valley, the community faced a pivotal moment that would test their resilience, unity, and commitment to environmental stewardship. The Green Valley, known for its lush landscapes, vibrant ecosystems, and rich agricultural heritage, had become the target of a large corporation planning to establish a vast mining operation. This venture promised economic growth and job opportunities but at a significant environmental cost, threatening the very essence of Rivendale and its surroundings.

The news of the impending project spread quickly, igniting a wave of concern among the townsfolk. The town hall meetings, once sparsely attended, were now overflowing with residents eager to voice their anxieties and seek solutions. Amidst the growing unrest, a group of local environmentalists, scientists, and concerned citizens formed the "Guardians of the Green Valley," a coalition dedicated to protecting their home from the irreversible damage of the proposed mining.

The Guardians launched a multifaceted campaign, employing scientific research, community outreach, and legal challenges to highlight the detrimental environmental impacts of the mining operation. They organized workshops to educate the community on sustainable practices, biodiversity conservation, and the importance of preserving water sources, which were at risk of contamination.

Simultaneously, the corporation embarked on a robust public relations campaign, touting the economic benefits and downplaying the environmental risks. They promised state-of-the-art technology to minimize ecological disruption and generous donations to local development projects.

The tension between economic development and environmental preservation sparked a heated debate within Rivendale. Some residents, facing economic hardships, saw the mining project as a much-needed lifeline. Others feared the loss of their town's soul, envisioning a future where the lush valleys were replaced by barren landscapes and polluted waters.

As the battle lines were drawn, the Guardians of the Green Valley realized they needed a broader strategy. They reached out to national environmental organizations, seeking expertise and legal support. They also launched a digital campaign to garner wider public support, sharing the unique beauty and ecological importance of the Green Valley through social media, blogs, and video content.

The climax of this struggle came when the environmental coalition organized a massive "March for the Green Valley," drawing participants from across the region. The peaceful march demonstrated the community's unity and commitment to protecting their environment. The compelling visuals of families, farmers, and activists standing together caught the attention of national media, bringing the issue to the forefront of public consciousness.

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In the futuristic city of Aeonis, where technology and nature have intertwined to create a utopia, the annual Festival of Renewal celebrates this harmonious existence. However, beneath the surface of celebration, a challenge to the city's sustainability emerges. Aeonis, powered by an advanced AI named Terra, relies on a network of bio-digital forests that cleanse the air, produce energy, and maintain the city's ecological balance. But Terra alerts the city council that the forests are failing, victims of a mysterious blight that technology can't fix.

The council, divided between those who trust in technology to solve the crisis and those who believe in returning to traditional conservation methods, struggles to find a solution. Amid this division, Kai, a young engineer with a passion for botany, discovers ancient seeds in a forgotten vault deep within one of the bio-digital forests. These seeds, according to historical records, belong to plants once known for their restorative properties, capable of healing the land.

Kai, with the help of Lin, a traditional herbalist, and Alex, a software developer, embarks on a journey to reintroduce these plants into the forests. They face opposition from both sides of the council and skepticism from the public, who have grown distant from the natural world. Despite the obstacles, the trio's experiment begins to show signs of success. The ancient plants, with a little help from modified drones and Terra's guidance, start to rejuvenate the forests.

The turning point comes during the Festival of Renewal, when the city witnesses the transformation of the bio-digital forests. The blight recedes, and the forests thrive, blending ancient flora with futuristic technology. The success of Kai's project demonstrates that solutions can be found in the synergy between technology and nature, rather than in choosing one over the other.

The event unites Aeonis, rekindling a city-wide appreciation for the environment and sparking a movement towards integrating more traditional ecological knowledge with technological advancements. The story of Aeonis becomes a beacon of hope for other cities facing environmental challenges, showing that even in a world dominated by technology, the answers may lie in the roots of the past.

Finally, the Festival of Renewal becomes a symbol of Aeonis' commitment to sustainability, innovation, and the preservation of the natural world, inspiring a new era of environmental stewardship and harmony between humanity and nature.

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Chapter One

His name was Gaal Dornick and he was just a country boy who had never seen Trantor before. That is, not in real life. He had seen it many times on the hyper-video, and occasionally in tremendous three-dimensional newscasts covering an Imperial Coronation or the opening of a Galactic Council. Even though he had lived all his life on the world of Synnax, which circled a star at the edges of the Blue Drift, he was not cut off from civilization, you see. At that time, no place in the Galaxy was.

There were nearly twenty-five million inhabited planets in the Galaxy then, and not one but owed allegiance to the Empire whose seat was on Trantor. It was the last half-century in which that could be said.

To Gaal, this trip was the undoubted climax of his young, scholarly life. He had been in space before so that the trip, as a voyage and nothing more, meant little to him. To be sure, he had traveled previously only as far as Synnax's only satellite in order to get the data on the mechanics of meteor driftage which he needed for his dissertation, but space-travel was all one whether one travelled half a million miles, or as many light years.

He had steeled himself just a little for the Jump through hyper-space, a phenomenon one did not experience in simple interplanetary trips. The Jump remained, and would probably remain forever, the only practical method of travelling between the stars. Travel through ordinary space could proceed at no rate more rapid than that of ordinary light (a bit of scientific knowledge that belonged among the items known since the forgotten dawn of human history), and that would have meant years of travel between even the nearest of inhabited systems. Through hyper-space, that unimaginable region that was neither space nor time, matter nor energy, something nor nothing, one could traverse the length of the Galaxy in the interval between two neighboring instants of time.

Gaal had waited for the first of those jumps with a little dread curled gently in his stomach, and it ended in nothing more than a trifling jar, a little internal kick which ceased an instant before he could be sure he had felt it. That was all.

And after that, there was only the ship, large and glistening; the cool production of 12,000 years of Imperial progress; and himself, with his doctorate in mathematics freshly obtained and an invitation from the great Hari Seldon to come to Trantor and join the vast and somewhat mysterious Seldon Project.

What Gaal was waiting for after the disappointment of the Jump was that first sight of Trantor. He haunted the View-room. The steel shutter-lids were rolled back at announced times and he was always there, watching the hard brilliance of the stars, enjoying the incredible hazy swarm of a star cluster, like a giant conglomeration of fireflies caught in mid-motion and stilled forever. At one time there was the cold, blue-white smoke of a gaseous nebula within five light years of the ship, spreading over the window like distant milk, filling the room with an icy tinge, and disappearing out of sight two hours later, after another Jump.

The first sight of Trantor's sun was that of a hard, white speck all but lost in a myriad such, and recognizable only because it was pointed out by the ship's guide. The stars were thick here near the Galactic center. But with each Jump, it shone more brightly, drowning out the rest, paling them and thinning them out.

An officer came through and said, "View-room will be closed for the remainder of the trip. Prepare for landing."

Gaal had followed after, clutching at the sleeve of the white uniform with the Spaceship-and-Sun of the Empire on it.

He said, "Would it be possible to let me stay? I would like to see Trantor."

The officer smiled and Gaal flushed a bit. It occurred to him that he spoke with a provincial accent.

The officer said, "We'll be landing on Trantor by morning."

"I mean I want to see it from Space."

"Oh. Sorry, my boy. If this were a space-yacht we might manage it. But we're spinning down, sun-side. You wouldn't want to be blinded, burnt, and radiation-scarred all at the same time, would you?"

Gaal started to walk away.

The officer called after him, "Trantor would only be a gray blur anyway, Kid. Why don't you take a space-tour once you hit Trantor. They're cheap."

Gaal looked back, "Thank you very much."

It was childish to feel disappointed, but childishness comes almost as naturally to a man as to a child, and there was a lump in Gaal's throat. He had never seen Trantor spread out in all its incredibility, as large as life, and he hadn't expected to have to wait longer.

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Biology

Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field.For instance, all organisms are made up of cells that process hereditary information encoded in genes, which can be transmitted to future generations. Another major theme is evolution, which explains the unity and diversity of life. Energy processing is also important to life as it allows organisms to move, grow, and reproduce. Finally, all organisms are able to regulate their own internal environments.

Biologists are able to study life at multiple levels of organization, from the molecular biology of a cell to the anatomy and physiology of plants and animals, and evolution of populations. Hence, there are multiple subdisciplines within biology, each defined by the nature of their research questions and the tools that they use. Like other scientists, biologists use the scientific method to make observations, pose questions, generate hypotheses, perform experiments, and form conclusions about the world around them.

Life on Earth, which emerged more than 3.7 billion years ago, is immensely diverse. Biologists have sought to study and classify the various forms of life, from prokaryotic organisms such as archaea and bacteria to eukaryotic organisms such as protists, fungi, plants, and animals. These various organisms contribute to the biodiversity of an ecosystem, where they play specialized roles in the cycling of nutrients and energy through their biophysical environment.

History

A drawing of a fly from facing up, with wing detail
Diagram of a fly from Robert Hooke's innovative Micrographia, 1665
The earliest of roots of science, which included medicine, can be traced to ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions shaped ancient Greek natural philosophy. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Aristotle (384--322 BCE) contributed extensively to the development of biological knowledge. He explored biological causation and the diversity of life. His successor, Theophrastus, began the scientific study of plants. Scholars of the medieval Islamic world who wrote on biology included al-Jahiz (781--869), Al-Dīnawarī (828--896), who wrote on botany, and Rhazes (865--925) who wrote on anatomy and physiology. Medicine was especially well studied by Islamic scholars working in Greek philosopher traditions, while natural history drew heavily on Aristotelian thought.

Biology began to quickly develop with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's dramatic improvement of the microscope. It was then that scholars discovered spermatozoa, bacteria, infusoria and the diversity of microscopic life. Investigations by Jan Swammerdam led to new interest in entomology and helped to develop techniques of microscopic dissection and staining. Advances in microscopy had a profound impact on biological thinking. In the early 19th century, biologists pointed to the central importance of the cell. In 1838, Schleiden and Schwann began promoting the now universal ideas that (1) the basic unit of organisms is the cell and (2) that individual cells have all the characteristics of life, although they opposed the idea that (3) all cells come from the division of other cells, continuing to support spontaneous generation. However, Robert Remak and Rudolf Virchow were able to reify the third tenet, and by the 1860s most biologists accepted all three tenets which consolidated into cell theory.

Meanwhile, taxonomy and classification became the focus of natural historians. Carl Linnaeus published a basic taxonomy for the natural world in 1735, and in the 1750s introduced scientific names for all his species. Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, treated species as artificial categories and living forms as malleable---even suggesting the possibility of common descent.

In 1842, Charles Darwin penned his first sketch of On the Origin of Species.
Serious evolutionary thinking originated with the works of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, who presented a coherent theory of evolution. The British naturalist Charles Darwin, combining the biogeographical approach of Humboldt, the uniformitarian geology of Lyell, Malthus's writings on population growth, and his own morphological expertise and extensive natural observations, forged a more successful evolutionary theory based on natural selection; similar reasoning and evidence led Alfred Russel Wallace to independently reach the same conclusions.

The basis for modern genetics began with the work of Gregor Mendel in 1865. This outlined the principles of biological inheritance. However, the significance of his work was not realized until the early 20th century when evolution became a unified theory as the modern synthesis reconciled Darwinian evolution with classical genetics. In the 1940s and early 1950s, a series of experiments by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase pointed to DNA as the component of chromosomes that held the trait-carrying units that had become known as genes. A focus on new kinds of model organisms such as viruses and bacteria, along with the discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, marked the transition to the era of molecular genetics. From the 1950s onwards, biology has been vastly extended in the molecular domain.

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Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality And Threatens Democracy by Cathy O'Neil (Allen Lane); Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow by Yuval Noah Harari (Harvill Secker); The Master Algorithm: How The Quest For The Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World by Pedro Domingos (Allen Lane)

It was Greek/French philosopher Cornelius Castoriadis who argued that individuals in most societies do not depend on themselves to lay down their own law --- what he called autonomy. Instead, they assume that law is created by some external force found beyond themselves whether it be gods, nature, history, or reason --- heteronomy. As an increasingly influential force regulating social, electoral and economic outcomes, algorithms are among today's new heteronomous powers. In October 2016, the White House, European parliament and UK House of Commons each independently explored how to prepare society for the widespread use of algorithm-driven artificial intelligence (AI). Reviewing these governments' reports, researchers argued that the design of a 'good AI society' should be based on 'holistic respect' that considers 'the whole context of human flourishing' and 'nurturing of human dignity as the grounding foundation of a better world.' However, they concluded that all three reports lacked an understanding of how this technology can engender responsibility, co-operation and similar values to steer the development and inform the design of a 'good AI society'.

The word 'algorithm' comes from the 9th-century Persian mathematician Muḥammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi. Among his many innovations, al-Khwarizmi's work led to the creation of algebra and advanced the Hindu-Arabic numeral system that we use today. It is the Latin translation of al-Khwarizmi's name to 'Algoritmi' --- combined with an etymological mashup with the Greek word for number (ἀριθμός,pronounced 'are-eeth-mos') --- that gives us 'algorithm'.

Oxford University's Dictionary of Computer Science defines an algorithm as a prescribed set of well-defined rules or instructions for the solution of a problem, such as the performance of a calculation, in a finite number of steps. It is common to describe an algorithm as being similar to a recipe, say, for cooking pasta: 1) boil water, 2) add noodles, 3) stir. More precisely, the instructions need to be detailed enough for a computer to process, such as steps to play a game of tic-tac-toe: 'If you occupy two spaces in a row, play the third to get three in a row.' The work that al-Khwarizmi produced led to solutions for quadratic equations that are today applied to (among other uses) aircrafts taking flight and circuitry for computers and mobile devices. Despite these innovations, algorithms are playing a new role in the social-historical creation of societies, a contest between heteronomy and autonomy. Three interesting and very different books explore their potential use across a wide array of possibilities, from human domination to human liberation.

In his book The Master Algorithm Pedro Domingos, professor of computer science and engineering, provides an exhaustive overview of five rival orientations toward algorithms: 1) the Symbolists, who view learning as the inverse of deduction and take ideas from philosophy, psychology, and logic; 2) the Connectionists, who aspire to reverse engineer the brain and are inspired by neuroscience and physics; 3) the Evolutionaries, who simulate evolution on the computer and draw on genetics and evolutionary biology; 4) the Bayesians, who believe that learning is a form of probabilistic inference and have their roots in statistics; and 5) the Analogisers, who learn by extrapolating from similarity judgments and are influenced by psychology and mathematical optimisation. In his search for the Master Algorithm, Domingos declares his ultimate desideratum: a single algorithm that combines the key features of them all. This is important, he argues, because if it exists, 'the Master Algorithm can derive all knowledge in the world --- past, present, and future --- from data.'

Domingos's book not only sheds light on the inner technical workings of different types of algorithms that Amazon, Netflix, Facebook, Google and other platform capitalisms use to shape our modern heteronomous experiences, but he also provides a sample algorithm --- 'Alchemy' --- to take for a test drive. His proposal for a Master Algorithm is rooted in pragmatic debates in the field as well as ideas for how to move them forward. However, the focus on abstract models distracts from discussion of real world negative impacts of this technology. For instance, Domingos's discussion of 'overfitting', a problem where an algorithm 'finds a pattern in the data that is not actually true in the real world,' seemed a woefully insufficient acknowledgment of the dangerous consequences of unaccountable algorithms --- their data inputs and code --- and the disastrous impact that they can have on people and communities --- such as when the postal code you live in helps determine your credit score and whether or not you qualify for a student or home loan. The book provides a window to see what is possible with a Master Algorithm in a general sense, but it delivers a techno-optimistic message when today's world of vast inequality and global precarity urgently demands that we ask how to leverage such technology for positive social change toward a classless world.